796:
82:
301:
326:
420:
96:
111:
585:
rather than redistribution to smaller farms. Economic difficulties and cash shortage was illustrated by a decree published in
January 1919 prohibiting financial institutions to pay more than 250 rubles per week to any resident. In a country of staunch Catholics and determined nationalists, the Soviet
561:
The LSSR was new, weak and had to rely on
Russian assistance. In Russia, the Soviets were generally supported by the industrial working class, but this was too small in Lithuania. On 21 January the RSFSR granted a loan of 100 million rubles to the provisional government. The LSSR did not form its own
480:, Aleksandras Jakševičius, Konstantinas Kernovičius and Yitzhak Weinstein (Aizikas Vainšteinas). Modern historians doubt if the provisional government really met in Vilnius as claimed by the Soviet sources; it is more likely that the government followed the advancing
506:
and the
Russian Communist Party, eliminated references to the union with Russia and replaced the slogan with "Long live freed Soviet Lithuanian Republic!" Kapsukas did not want to establish an independent Soviet republic as he had campaigned for many years against
562:
army. In
February 1919, Kapsukas sent a telegram to Moscow arguing that conscription of local Lithuanians to the Red Army would only encourage Lithuanians to volunteer for the Lithuanian Army. Meanwhile, in the territory it had occupied, the Soviets created
497:
on 19 December and then announced on radio. It was then published in
Vilnius five days later. A draft of the manifesto, prepared by Kapsukas, stressed the need of close ties with communist Russia and ended with the slogan "Long live the
772:. At the end of February, the Germans started an offensive in Latvia and northern Lithuania. Faced with military difficulties and unreceptive locals, the Soviets decided to combine the weak Lithuanian and Byelorussian SSRs into the
542:, in its infancy, was unable to offer resistance to the Soviet advance. On 5 January 1919 the Red Army captured Vilnius and, by the end of January 1919, the Soviets controlled about two-thirds of Lithuania's territory.
842:: "The fact that the Government of the RSFSR recognized a young Soviet Lithuanian Republic unmasked the lie of the USA and British imperialists that Soviet Russia allegedly sought rapacious aims with regard to the
467:
sent a delegate to bring 15 million rubles to finance the "revolution". On 8 December the CPL formed the eight-member provisional revolutionary government led by
Mickevičius-Kapsukas. Its other members were
491:
The government issued a manifesto, printed with a 16 December date, declaring the establishment of the
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The manifesto was first published in the Russian newspaper
110:
803:
When the tide turned in the Polish–Soviet War, the
Soviets captured Vilnius on 14 July 1920. They did not transfer the city to the Lithuanian administration, as agreed in the
1529:
1568:
411:
and replace national independence movements with Soviet republics. Their forces followed retreating German troops and reached
Lithuania by the end of December 1918.
777:
807:, signed just two days before. Instead, the Soviets planned a coup to overthrow the Lithuanian government and re-establish a Soviet republic as they did with the
1287:
1139:
1593:
1188:
White, James D. (1994). "National
Communism and World Revolution: The Political Consequences of German Military Withdrawal from the Baltic Area in 1918–19".
773:
366:
319:
1588:
581:
200,000 rubles, while 10 rubles were demanded from villages. They nationalized commercial institutions and large estates, assigning land for use in
1603:
828:
527:
499:
241:
538:
on the Lithuanian–Soviet border. The provisional government then seemed to dissolve and did not attempt to gain wider recognition. The
424:
404:
382:
1613:
550:
362:
264:
1608:
1312:
795:
808:
563:
432:
1404:
306:
392:
815:
and were pushed back by the Poles. Some historians credit this victory for saving Lithuania's independence from the Soviet
764:
Between 8 and 15 February 1919, Lithuanian and German volunteers stopped the Soviet advance and prevented them from taking
20:
1598:
448:
81:
804:
1461:
1434:
1377:
1352:
1295:
1261:
1227:
1172:
1147:
1086:
1047:
980:
947:
922:
902:
546:
530:(RSFSR) and it duly recognized the LSSR as an independent state on 22 December. The same day, the Red Army took over
1583:
769:
350:
124:
624:
464:
358:
865:
443:(CPL) was organized by the 34 delegates at its first congress, held in Vilnius between 1 and 3 October 1918.
587:
440:
115:
Map of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919, with uncontrolled territory shown in light green.
860:
751:
738:
688:
799:
A 1968 Soviet stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the first Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1578:
1573:
635:
469:
1278:
1130:
812:
594:
alienated the local population and contributed, ultimately, to the Soviets' eventual withdrawal.
400:
823:, Lithuanian–Soviet relations were generally friendly, but, a few months after the outbreak of
703:
87:
1394:
444:
1451:
1424:
937:
918:
892:
789:
573:
The Soviets demanded large war contributions from captured cities and villages. For example,
1251:
95:
972:
965:
855:
452:
8:
1074:
1008:. Vol. XV. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 94–99.
667:
477:
157:
145:
44:
1513:
1505:
835:
described the occupation as the "restoration of Soviet power by revolutionary masses".
582:
520:
357:. It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by
1517:
1497:
1477:
1457:
1430:
1400:
1373:
1348:
1340:
1319:
1291:
1257:
1223:
1197:
1168:
1143:
1111:
1082:
1043:
1009:
976:
943:
898:
832:
693:
657:
508:
473:
816:
1489:
567:
460:
447:
was elected as the first chairman. The party decided to follow examples set by the
408:
169:
153:
59:
820:
785:
781:
539:
535:
455:
in Lithuania. The plans were instigated and financed by Moscow and supervised by
395:
on 11 November 1918. Its military forces then started retreating from the former
354:
347:
165:
1480:(September 1962). "The Formation of the Lithuanian Foreign Office, 1918–1921".
1081:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 318–323.
838:
A Soviet Party historian, K. Navickas, commented in the November 1959 issue of
574:
516:
399:
territories. Two days later, the government of the Soviet Russia renounced the
1562:
1544:
1531:
1501:
1426:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
1323:
1201:
1115:
843:
428:
403:, which had assured Lithuania's independence. Soviet forces then launched a
824:
776:(Litbel), led by Kapsukas. The communist parties were also merged into the
456:
1453:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
894:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
439:
In Lithuania, the communists were not active until late summer 1918. The
419:
388:
204:
484:. Between 16 December 1918 and 7 January 1920 the government resided in
1509:
1449:
890:
512:
485:
361:. It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with the
16:
Soviet puppet state formed during the Lithuanian-Soviet War (1918–19)
1493:
1102:
White, J. D. (October 1971). "The Revolution in Lithuania 1918–19".
493:
481:
396:
1167:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Valstybės leidybos centras. p. 51.
1004:
Ališauskas, Kazys (1953–1966). "Lietuvos kariuomenė (1918–1944)".
502:
with incorporated Soviet Lithuania!" The final version, edited by
1347:(2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 239–240.
591:
531:
405:
westward offensive against Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine
134:
1456:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 70.
1310:
1013:
897:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 36.
597:
765:
503:
1450:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (1999).
891:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (1999).
488:, which had been captured by the Red Army on 9 December 1918.
423:
Soviet front line in January 1919 (red line). The goal of the
578:
1286:. Lietuvos kariuomenės istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
1138:. Lietuvos kariuomenės istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
778:
Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia
1313:"Pinigų cirkuliacijos Lietuvoje bruožai 1915−1919 m."
1280:
Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920
1132:
Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920
1288:
General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
1140:
General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
780:. However, that had little effect and Polish forces
526:
The newly formed LSSR asked for assistance from the
1311:Kvizikevičius, Linas; Saulius Sarcevičius (2007).
964:
545:Similar republics were established in Latvia (the
1316:Istorija. Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai
774:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
367:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
320:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1560:
1162:
196:Provisional revolutionary government (Lithuania)
36:
1003:
53:Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика
1569:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)
1372:. University of California Press. p. 60.
1222:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Šviesa. p. 36.
939:Transformation in Russia and International Law
605:Members of the Council of People's Commissars
1594:States and territories disestablished in 1919
829:occupy the Baltic states, including Lithuania
598:Members of the Council of People's Commissars
51:
1370:The Baltic States: The Years of Independence
759:
528:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
500:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
942:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 52.
515:and Lithuanian independence. Influenced by
1589:States and territories established in 1918
1335:
1333:
1213:
1211:
109:
1429:. Yale University Press. pp. 62–63.
1181:
935:
886:
884:
882:
880:
1418:
1416:
1392:
1217:
794:
551:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
418:
363:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
1604:Former countries of the interwar period
1443:
1330:
1276:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1208:
1128:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
996:
994:
992:
38:Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika
1561:
1422:
1122:
962:
877:
809:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
577:was required to pay 1 million rubles,
383:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
1413:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1304:
1270:
1187:
1156:
1101:
1476:
1470:
1339:
1249:
1236:
1095:
1056:
1042:. Valkyrie Press. pp. 161–165.
1020:
989:
956:
929:
344:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
30:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
21:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
449:Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
13:
14:
1625:
1345:The Emergence of Modern Lithuania
1040:Lithuania: The Outpost of Freedom
923:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia
732:Commissar of the people's economy
547:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
1614:Vilnius in the Russian Civil War
1220:Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai
1165:Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai
1038:Jurgėla, Constantine R. (1976).
435:in the regions they had vacated.
324:
299:
94:
80:
1079:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija
745:Commissar of trade and industry
1399:. Pegasus Books. p. 118.
1163:Antanas Drilinga, ed. (1995).
911:
827:, the Soviet Union decided to
805:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
770:temporary capital of Lithuania
632:Commissar of internal affairs
519:, he had rejected the idea of
472:, Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras,
1:
919:"Lietuvos Sovietų Respublika"
871:
866:Republics of the Soviet Union
792:. Litbel was also dissolved.
721:Commissar of military affairs
621:Commissar of foreign affairs
556:
409:global proletarian revolution
376:
1253:Lithuania: Stepping Westward
441:Communist Party of Lithuania
414:
230:• Republic established
19:For the later republic, see
7:
1256:. Routledge. pp. 7–8.
1218:Eidintas, Alfonsas (1991).
971:. HarperPerennial. p.
861:Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
849:
752:Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski
739:Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski
716:Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras
710:Commissar of communications
689:Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski
625:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
465:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
407:in an effort to spread the
359:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
10:
1630:
1609:Post–Russian Empire states
1599:Former socialist republics
1318:(in Lithuanian) (68): 35.
1277:Lesčius, Vytautas (2004).
1129:Lesčius, Vytautas (2004).
677:Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras
380:
253:• Capture of Vilnius
18:
1368:Rauch, Georg von (1970).
936:Langstrom, Tarja (2003).
831:, in July 1940. Official
811:. However, they lost the
760:Dissolution and aftermath
702:
666:
656:
634:
623:
604:
570:based on Russian models.
427:was to follow retreating
346:(LSSR) was a short-lived
278:
274:
261:
251:
238:
228:
218:Provisional revolutionary
214:
210:
200:
192:
184:
176:
140:
130:
120:
108:
76:
71:
52:
37:
28:
1423:Snyder, Timothy (2004).
685:Commissar of agriculture
680:Aleksandras Jakševičius
636:Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis
564:revolutionary committees
470:Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis
1393:Mawdsley, Evan (2007).
963:Davies, Norman (1998).
700:Commissar of education
646:Aleksandras Jakševičius
638:(also deputy chairman)
401:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1584:Early Soviet republics
1006:Lietuvių enciklopedija
800:
674:Commissar of transport
616:As of 22 January 1919
436:
1396:The Russian Civil War
1250:Lane, Thomas (2001).
798:
782:took Vilnius in April
664:Commissar of finance
422:
240:• Recognised by
141:Common languages
856:History of Lithuania
786:Minsk in August 1919
613:As of 6 January 1919
453:socialist revolution
1541: /
1190:Europe-Asia Studies
668:Kazimierz Cichowski
654:Commissar of labor
549:) and Estonia (the
478:Kazimierz Cichowski
445:Pranas Eidukevičius
393:Compiègne Armistice
263:• Merged with
1478:Senn, Alfred Erich
1341:Senn, Alfred Erich
801:
583:collective farming
521:self-determination
437:
431:troops and create
220:government formed
180:Socialist republic
1579:1919 in Lithuania
1574:1918 in Lithuania
1406:978-1-933648-15-6
967:Europe: A History
921:(in Lithuanian).
833:Soviet propaganda
790:Polish–Soviet War
757:
756:
704:Vaclovas Biržiška
694:Vaclovas Bielskis
658:Semyon Dimanstein
643:Commissar of food
509:social patriotism
474:Semyon Dimanstein
387:Germany had lost
353:during the early
340:
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331:
312:
311:
1621:
1556:
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953:
933:
927:
926:
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909:
908:
888:
844:Baltic countries
813:Battle of Warsaw
727:Rapolas Rasikas
627:(also chairman)
602:
601:
588:internationalism
463:. On 2 December
461:Dmitry Manuilsky
433:Soviet republics
425:Soviet offensive
328:
327:
316:
315:
303:
302:
296:
295:
280:
279:
270:27 February 1919
247:22 December 1918
234:16 December 1918
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98:
84:
63:
55:
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40:
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1494:10.2307/3000451
1488:(21): 500–507.
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1157:
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1127:
1123:
1110:(23): 192–193.
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:Čepėnas, Pranas
1072:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1021:
1001:(in Lithuanian)
1000:
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983:
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540:Lithuanian Army
451:and organize a
417:
391:and signed the
385:
379:
355:Interwar period
325:
300:
267:
265:SSR Byelorussia
254:
244:
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224:8 December 1918
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1296:
1290:. p. 29.
1269:
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1142:. p. 32.
1121:
1104:Soviet Studies
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821:interwar years
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257:5 January 1919
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1482:Slavic Review
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1436:0-300-10586-X
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351:puppet state
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1548: /
788:during the
649:M. Slivkin
389:World War I
284:Preceded by
205:World War I
193:Legislature
1563:Categories
872:References
840:Komunistas
557:Government
536:Švenčionys
513:separatism
486:Daugavpils
377:Background
177:Government
158:Belarusian
146:Lithuanian
45:Lithuanian
1545:56°N 24°E
1518:156378406
1502:0037-6779
1324:1392-0456
1202:0966-8136
1116:0038-5859
575:Panevėžys
415:Formation
307:Lithuania
72:1918–1919
1343:(1975).
1077:(1986).
1014:55020366
850:See also
610:Position
568:councils
494:Izvestia
482:Red Army
397:Ober Ost
185:Chairman
1510:3000451
592:atheism
532:Zarasai
216:•
170:Yiddish
154:Russian
135:Vilnius
131:Capital
60:Russian
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166:Polish
162:·
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121:Status
101:Emblem
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1514:S2CID
1506:JSTOR
1284:(PDF)
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1536:24°E
1533:56°N
1498:ISSN
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