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mobile, it is more beneficial for prey to hunt in larger groups, this way they can more efficiently circle large groups of prey, such as krill or smaller fish. Group hunting behaviour is also more common when the prey involved move in schools, this is because it is easier for predators to herd and crowd these schools for a more efficient capture. Using some examples, the Oamaru colony predominantly feed on smaller schooling species such as sprat and gudgeon, therefore the foraging behaviour which they exhibit is in. In
Stewart/Codfish island colonies, individuals have been found to more often hunt in solitude, and this is likely linked to predominantly feeding on cephalopods, making up 58% of the diet, and being ~<10gm
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81:
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879:, Australia. In early March 2007, 25 of the 37 penguins died from an unknown toxin following a change of gravel in their enclosure. It is still not known what caused the deaths of the penguins, and it was decided not to return the 12 surviving penguins to the same enclosure where the penguins became ill. A new enclosure for the little penguin colony was opened at Sea World in 2008.
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is something that has been found to be significantly influenced by age. Foraging success has found stabilising selection for middle aged penguins. This is because feeding is a learnt behaviour therefore it develops with age, but also is a behaviour which requires good physical fitness and condition.
709:
For the Philip Island and other
Southern Australian colonies, anchovies are the primary food source Anchovies are rich in oils and nutritional value, although the diet of Philip Island colony has diversified to include selections of cephalopods and krill, during the post guard stage of their life
782:
off New
Zealand in 2011, which killed 2,000 seabirds (including little penguins) directly, and killed an estimated 20,000 in total based on wider ecosystem impacts. Oil spills are the most common cause of the little penguins being admitted to the rehabilitation facilities at Phillip Island Nature
627:
Overall, little penguin populations in New
Zealand have been decreasing. Some colonies have become extinct, and others continue to be at risk. Some new colonies have been established in urban areas. The species is not considered endangered in New Zealand, with the exception of the white-flippered
496:
species typically grow to between 30 and 33 cm (12 and 13 in) tall and on average weigh 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). The head and upper parts are blue in colour, with slate-grey ear coverts fading to white underneath, from the chin to the belly. Their flippers are blue in colour. The dark
717:
forage, and this usually ranges across colonies depending on what food is available. When prey is larger and individuals are only catching 1-2 items at a time they are more likely to hunt in solitude as they will have less competition from others. Whereas when the prey is smaller and more highly
898:. Since 2017, the National Aquarium of New Zealand, has featured a monthly "Penguin of the Month" board, declaring two of their resident animals the "Naughty" and "Nice" penguin for that month. Photos of the board have gone viral and gained the aquarium a large worldwide social media following.
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are central place foragers, meaning they will travel distances to forage but always return to the same nest or colony. They are also a species where both parents are required to raise chicks, and alternate foraging trips while the other is guarding and incubating the nest during the post guard
529:
There are also behavioural differences that help differentiate these penguins. Those of the
Australian lineage will swim together in a large group after dusk and walk along the shore to reach their nesting sites. This may be an effective predator avoidance strategy by traveling in a large group
742:
in New
Zealand for the risk it poses to little penguins and their habitat. Protesters claimed that they exhausted all legal means to oppose the project and have had to resort to occupation and non-violent resistance. Several arrests have been made for trespassing.
661:
stage. These stints can last anywhere between 1-10 days during incubation. Despite nesting in the shore, little penguins forage at sea and feed on a diet ranging from small schooling fish, to cephalopods, krill, and microzooplankton. As
1721:
Chiaradia, A., Forero, M. G., Hobson , K. A., Swearer, S., Hume , F., Dann, P., & Renwick, L. (2011). Diet segregation between two colonies of little penguins
Eudyptula minor in southeast Australia . Austral Ecology , 37(5), 610–619.
865:. Enclosures include nesting boxes or similar structures for the animals to retire into, a reconstruction of a pool and in some cases, a transparent aquarium wall to allow patrons to view the animals underwater while they swim.
1616:
Braidwood, J., Kunz, J., & Wilson, K. J. (2011). Effect of habitat features on the breeding success of the blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) on the West Coast of New
Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 38(2),
1699:
Pelletier, L., Chiaradia, A., Kato, A., & Ropert-Coudert, Y. (2014). Fine-scale spatial age segregation in the limited foraging area of an inshore seabird species, the little penguin. Oecologia, 176(2), 399+.
497:
grey-black beak is 3–4 cm long, the irises pale silvery- or bluish-grey or hazel, and the feet pink above with black soles and webbing. An immature individual will have a shorter bill and lighter upperparts.
557:
and changing sources of food that are available. This behaviour has also been observed in the Otago population, indicating this may be genetically-mediated behaviour in the populations of
Australian lineage.
319:
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have been observed to double brood. Birds will double brood by laying a second clutch of eggs after the first has fledged to increase their reproductive success. They may also do this due to the increasing
783:
Park (PINP). These oil spill recurrences have endangered not just the little penguins, but the entire penguin population. This can further decline the population, which can lead to possible extinction.
1145:
Cole, Theresa L; Ksepka, Daniel T; Mitchell, Kieren J; Tennyson, Alan J D; Thomas, Daniel B; Pan, Hailin; Zhang, Guojie; Rawlence, Nicolas J; Wood, Jamie R; Bover, Pere; Bouzat, Juan L (1 April 2019).
1709:
Dann, P., & Chambers, L. (2013). Ecological effects of climate change on little penguins
Eudyptula minor and the potential economic impact on tourism . Climate Research, 58(1), 67–79.
2287:
1687:
Zimmer, I., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Kato, A., Ancel, A., & Chiaradia, A. (2011). Does Foraging Performance Change with Age in Female Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor)? PLoS One, 6(1)
665:
are widely distributed across a range of habitats in New Zealand and Australia, variation in diet and foraging choice has also arisen. Important little penguin prey items include
1731:
Sutton, G. J., Hoskins, A. J., & Arnould, J. P. Y. (2015). Benefits of Group Foraging Depend on Prey Type in a Small Marine Predator, the Little Penguin. PLoS ONE, 10(12).
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cycle where greater amounts of energy is required for chick development and egg production they are known to predominantly rely on anchovies when more energy is required.
1828:
2071:
1257:
Banks, Jonathan C.; Mitchell, Anthony D.; Waas, Joseph R. & Paterson, Adrian M. (2002): An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin (
1573:
1985:
1672:
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1740:
Mattern, Thomas & Wilson, Kerry-Jayne. (2018). New Zealand penguins - current knowledge and research priorities. 10.13140/RG.2.2.16180.50564/3.
617:
was most likely due to anthropogenic effects, such as being hunted by humans as well as introduced predators, including dogs brought from overseas.
1607:
Mattern, Thomas & Wilson, Kerry-Jayne. (2018). New Zealand penguins - current knowledge and research priorities. 10.13140/RG.2.2.16180.50564/3.
751:
Introduced mammalian predators present the greatest terrestrial risk to little penguins and include cats, dogs, rats, and particularly ferrets and
2249:
1085:
Grosser, Stefanie; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Anderson, Christian N. K.; Smith, Ian W. G.; Scofield, R. Paul; Waters, Jonathan M. (10 February 2016).
1598:
Olsson, O., Helf, K. L., & Brown, J. S. (2008). A guide to central place effects in foraging . Theoretical Population Biology, 74(1), 22–33
2803:
2039:
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636:. Since the 1960s, the mainland population has declined by 60-70%; though a small increase has occurred on Motunau Island. A colony exists in
601:
was originally endemic to Australia. Using ancient-DNA analysis and radiocarbon dating using historical, pre-human, as well as archaeological
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remains, the arrival of the Australian species in New Zealand was determined to have occurred roughly between AD 1500 and 1900. When the
1405:
2215:
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1912:"Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). II. Post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled birds"
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This article is about the species endemic to New Zealand. For the species found in Australia and Otago, New Zealand, see
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partially supported these results. A 2016 study described the Australian little penguin as a new and separate species,
2427:
1292:
755:. As examples significant dog attacks have been recorded at the colony at Little Kaiteriteri Beach, and a suspected
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1992:
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1287:. Rory P. Wilson, P. Dee Boersma, David L. Stokes, Jeff Davies, John Busby. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1245:
Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). The Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife, 2d Edition. Princeton University Press.
4191:
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4173:
2754:
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2123:
1458:
Grosser, Stefanie; Burridge, Christopher P.; Peucker, Amanda J.; Waters, Jonathan M. (14 December 2015).
1346:
Grosser, Stefanie; Burridge, Christopher P.; Peucker, Amanda J.; Waters, Jonathan M. (14 December 2015).
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1949:
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701:, for which they travel and dive quite extensively including to the sea floor. Foraging efficiency in
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in Otago arrived even more recently than previously estimated due to mulitlocus coalescent analyses.
593:
452:
299:
27:
2046:
1147:"Mitogenomes Uncover Extinct Penguin Taxa and Reveal Island Formation as a Key Driver of Speciation"
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Little penguins from New Zealand and Australia were once considered to be the same species, called
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1269:
1087:"Invader or resident? Ancient-DNA reveals rapid species turnover in New Zealand little penguins"
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4113:
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1950:"Wildlife Act 1953 No 31 (as at 02 August 2019), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation"
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experiments show that in very exceptional cases they may live up to 25 years in captivity.
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Little penguin populations have been significantly affected by a major oil spill with the
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region of New Zealand, is considered a separate species by a 2016 study and a 2019 study.
8:
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3223:
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2017:
988:
674:
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70:
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consider the white-flippered penguin to be a subspecies or morph of the little penguin.
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434:, as well as the white-flippered penguin, and a second containing little penguins of
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State of Penguins: Little (blue) penguin – detailed and current species account of
1923:
1489:
1479:
1460:"Coalescent Modelling Suggests Recent Secondary-Contact of Cryptic Penguin Species"
1377:
1367:
1348:"Coalescent Modelling Suggests Recent Secondary-Contact of Cryptic Penguin Species"
1158:
1114:
1098:
1006:
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386:
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are known, but a precise classification of these is still a matter of dispute. The
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National Aquarium of New Zealand > New Zealand Land Animals - Little Penguin
2148:
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431:
3283:
2365:"Cincinnati Zoo Visitors Over the Moon for Penguin Ambassadors Mars and Rover"
1910:
Goldsworthy, S. D.; Giese, M.; Gales, R. P.; Brothers, N.; Hamill, J. (2000).
4482:
4336:
4136:
3742:
3737:
3710:
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3700:
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2759:
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1935:
1521:
1172:
1110:
997:
834:
767:, New Zealand claimed the lives of 29 little blue penguins in November 2014.
670:
518:
In addition, the vocalisation patterns of the New Zealand lineage located on
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90:
85:
57:
1302:
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1146:
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simultaneously. This has not been seen by those of the New Zealand lineage.
504:
species have a long lifespan. The average for the species is 6.5 years, but
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3632:
3511:
3385:
3247:
3112:
2936:
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2482:
2463:
1776:"Arrests at Waiheke's Kennedy Point as fight to protect penguins escalates"
1503:
1391:
1180:
1128:
1102:
1034:"Fig 1. Map of distribution of Eudyptula penguins. Blue and red colours..."
934:
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588:
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is found in Australia and Otago. A 2019 study supported the recognition of
423:
323:
2288:"Naughty Penguin of the Month is Giving Twitter Life to this Viral Thread"
1911:
1433:"NZ's southern little penguins are recent Aussie invaders: Otago research"
4434:
4387:
4310:
4145:
3727:
3562:
3349:
2577:
1282:
858:
526:. Females are known to prefer the local call of the New Zealand lineage.
427:
390:
374:
260:
61:
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4302:
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3523:
3451:
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2698:
2603:
2474:
1406:"Australian and New Zealand Little Blue Penguins are Different Species"
726:
698:
694:
637:
338:
331:
738:
Protestors have opposed the development of a marina at Kennedy Point,
44:
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3390:
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1973:
910:
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435:
418:
292:
177:
117:
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1927:
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species are classified as "at risk - declining" under New Zealand's
4130:
3884:
3136:
842:
817:
706:
Therefore requirements favour penguins in the middle age class.
342:
137:
609:
population declined in New Zealand, it left a genetic opening for
537:
only recently encountered terrestrial vertebrate predators, while
4199:
3177:
2567:
2535:
764:
678:
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breeds along most of the coastline of New Zealand, including the
514:
does not have the distinct bright blue feathers that distinguish
481:
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region of New Zealand. Preliminary analysis of braying calls and
354:
256:
167:
157:
4400:
4186:
3124:
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862:
760:
752:
523:
127:
20:
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1909:
1522:"Penguins: Little (Blue or Fairy) Penguins - Eudyptula minor"
756:
682:
584:
439:
413:
409:
307:
276:
1550:. Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington. Archived from
1457:
1345:
1084:
19:"Kororā" redirects here. For the extinct penguin genus, see
3842:
3305:
2504:
980:
823:
Zoological exhibits featuring purpose-built enclosures for
394:
147:
56:), moving up from the shore at night towards its burrow on
1144:
713:
The nature of their diet also impacts the method of which
389:
treated the little penguin and white-flippered penguin as
3852:
3395:
490:
species have developed into flippers used for swimming.
2100:. Taronga Conservation Society Australia. Archived from
730:
Traffic sign warning of little penguins crossing on the
1678:, New Zealand (28 February 2014). Retrieved 2014-07-26.
1091:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1751:"Police arrest three at Waiheke Island marina protest"
986:
587:, which is located on the east coast of New Zealand's
4061:
2195:
Authorities find unknown toxin in Sea World Penguins
2314:"Penguin Cove – Little Penguin Conservation Center"
2277:, Nationalaquarium.vo.nz, Accessed 27 December 2014
1012:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en
568:List of little penguin colonies § New Zealand
422:: one containing little penguins of New Zealand's
1829:"Stoat suspected in Little blue penguin massacre"
330:The little penguin was first described by German
4480:
1883:"Rena: Oil clean-up chemical worries Greenpeace"
1654:) diet at three breeding colonies in New Zealand
2340:"Little Penguins Make a Big Splash - Bronx Zoo"
1524:. International Penguin Conservation Work Group
1398:
2552:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1856:"Penguin reigns in battle for nation's hearts"
1574:"Matiu/Somes Island - Nature and conservation"
1515:
1513:
620:It has been determined that the population of
2797:
2520:
2045:. National Zoo & Aquarium. Archived from
2422:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2124:"Little Penguins | SEA LIFE Sydney Aquarium"
1689:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016098
1439:. University of Otago: Department of Zoology
522:vary from the Australian lineage located in
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4018:
4001:
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3871:
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1541:
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561:
285:
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279:-blue plumage and are also known by their
226:
79:
43:
2455:at the International Penguin Conservation
1853:
1847:
1493:
1483:
1381:
1371:
1227:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1201:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1162:
1118:
1010:
2811:
2417:
1620:
1536:
1280:
1253:
1251:
1221:"Eudyptula minor chathamensis; holotype"
829:species can be seen in Australia at the
807:
725:
541:would have had to deal with carnivorous
317:
2250:"Seaworld opens new haven for penguins"
1854:Backhouse, Matthew (28 December 2011).
1545:
1274:
746:
355:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
4481:
2395:Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden®
2369:Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden®
1991:. Zoos South Australia. Archived from
1800:
1309:
1195:"Eudyptula minor variabilis; holotype"
803:
689:Little penguins feed by hunting small
4112:
4111:
2785:
2508:
2487:
2176:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2174:"Mystery penguin deaths at Sea World"
1803:"DOC devastated by death of penguins"
1801:Carson, Jonathan (3 September 2014).
1711:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24896130
1248:
4375:b631d723-9fb3-4719-9db8-d087a79874dc
1826:
1315:
1140:
1138:
1080:
1078:
4489:IUCN Red List least concern species
1663:: 199–205 Accessed 30 January 2014.
1430:
998:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
849:, Caversham Wildlife Park (Perth),
13:
2411:
2213:Sea World probes mysterious deaths
1794:
1548:"Little Penguin - Penguin Project"
373:) is currently considered by most
14:
4525:
2470:Philip Island Nature Park website
2437:
1135:
1075:
460:is endemic to New Zealand, while
322:A white-flippered penguin in the
4095:
4083:
4071:
3956:North Island little spotted kiwi
3193:
1827:Mead, Thomas (5 November 2014).
1519:
1284:The penguins : Spheniscidae
933:
896:National Aquarium of New Zealand
104:
2383:
2357:
2332:
2306:
2280:
2268:
2242:
2231:Penguin deaths remain a mystery
2224:
2206:
2188:
2166:
2141:
2116:
2090:
2064:
2032:
2010:
1978:
1967:
1942:
1903:
1875:
1820:
1768:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1715:
1703:
1693:
1681:
1666:
1644:Flemming, S.A., Lalas, C., and
1638:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1566:
1424:
1151:Molecular Biology and Evolution
987:BirdLife International (2020).
786:
3907:North Island stout-legged wren
3902:South Island stout-legged wren
2459:Little penguin at PenguinWorld
1658:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1318:"Longevity in Little Penguins"
1239:
1213:
1187:
1050:
1026:
951:
886:penguin exhibits exist at the
763:attack at Doctor's Point near
475:
1:
974:
770:
353:are in the collection of the
263:. They are commonly known as
2653:(or northern little penguin)
2534:
1485:10.1371/journal.pone.0144966
1373:10.1371/journal.pone.0144966
957:This IUCN assessment treats
905:penguins can be seen at the
647:
351:Eudyptula minor chathamensis
7:
2755:Northern rockhopper penguin
2750:Southern rockhopper penguin
2098:"Australian Little Penguin"
2074:. Perth Zoo. Archived from
920:
839:National Zoo & Aquarium
393:. However, as of 2012, the
313:
10:
4530:
4504:Subterranean nesting birds
4027:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
3101:South Island oystercatcher
2418:Williams, Tony D. (1995).
1673:"Little Penguin Factsheet"
1578:Department of Conservation
1281:Williams, Tony D. (1995).
871:penguin exhibit exists at
721:
652:
565:
516:Eudyptula novaehollandiae.
306:), from Australia and the
25:
18:
4120:
3868:Auckland Island merganser
3797:
3677:
3551:
3326:
3202:
3191:
2819:
2722:
2696:
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2632:
2601:
2575:
2557:
2548:: Sphenisciformes ·
2542:
2128:www.sydneyaquarium.com.au
1546:Grabski, Valerie (2009).
1005:: e.T22697805A202126091.
964:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
628:subspecies found only on
622:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
594:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
591:. The Australian species
550:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
539:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
453:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
304:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
300:Australian little penguin
234:
225:
206:
199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
77:
68:
51:
42:
37:
28:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
3880:Chatham Island merganser
3447:Northern royal albatross
3435:New Zealand storm petrel
2647:(or little blue penguin)
2464:West Coast Penguin Trust
2218:13 February 2011 at the
2200:13 February 2011 at the
1974:Sea Life Sydney Aquarium
1831:. 3 News. Archived from
1634:New Zealand Birds Online
1580:. New Zealand Government
944:
855:Sea Life Sydney Aquarium
562:Distribution and habitat
555:sea surface temperatures
500:Like most seabirds, the
4514:Birds described in 1781
3500:South Island saddleback
3488:North Island saddleback
3464:Orange-fronted parakeet
3236:North Island brown kiwi
2651:White-flippered penguin
2607:(brush-tailed penguins)
2490:"Little (Blue) Penguin"
1631:In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.)
1626:Flemming, S.A. (2013) "
812:Little penguins at the
520:Tiritiri Matangi Island
359:white-flippered penguin
335:Johann Reinhold Forster
4048:
4031:
4019:
4002:
3990:
3948:
3926:
3889:
3872:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3786:
3774:
3752:
3715:
3693:
3666:
3654:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3596:
3579:
3567:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3411:New Zealand fairy tern
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3315:
3298:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3142:Variable oystercatcher
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3040:
3028:
3006:
2994:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2479:The Birds of Australia
2153:Ballarat Wildlife Park
1888:The New Zealand Herald
1861:The New Zealand Herald
1103:10.1098/rspb.2015.2879
901:In the United States,
877:Gold Coast, Queensland
851:Ballarat Wildlife Park
820:
735:
399:BirdLife International
327:
286:
4422:Paleobiology Database
4039:New Zealand musk duck
3986:Scarlett's shearwater
3863:South Island adzebill
3858:North Island adzebill
3748:Erect-crested penguin
3592:Chatham oystercatcher
3423:New Zealand king shag
3065:New Zealand rock wren
2745:Erect-crested penguin
2391:"Little Blue Penguin"
2236:21 March 2008 at the
1986:"Little Blue Penguin"
1164:10.1093/molbev/msz017
811:
729:
472:as separate species.
412:in 2002 revealed two
321:
4509:Birds of New Zealand
3689:Antipodean albatross
3679:Subantarctic islands
3002:New Zealand dotterel
2901:Double-banded plover
2813:Birds of New Zealand
1316:Dann, Peter (2005).
967:as just one species.
747:Introduced predators
642:Matiu / Somes Island
269:little blue penguins
3998:North Island takahē
3873:rakiraki maungahuka
3819:New Zealand bittern
3807:South Island piopio
3760:Reischek's parakeet
3406:South Island kōkako
3401:North Island kōkako
3289:South Island takahē
3272:Yellow-eyed penguin
3260:Southern brown kiwi
3224:Little spotted kiwi
2708:Yellow-eyed penguin
2078:on 28 February 2014
1954:legislation.govt.nz
1835:on 11 November 2014
1554:on 16 December 2011
1476:2015PLoSO..1044966G
1437:University of Otago
1431:Grosser, Stefanie.
1364:2015PLoSO..1044966G
1058:"Fossorial animals"
804:Zoological exhibits
71:Conservation status
4236:BirdLife-Australia
3966:South Island snipe
3961:North Island snipe
3782:Subantarctic snipe
3733:Campbell albatross
3723:Antipodes parakeet
3667:kawau o rangihaute
3338:Black-fronted tern
3212:Great spotted kiwi
3154:White-fronted tern
3019:North Island robin
3014:South Island robin
2973:Long-tailed cuckoo
2913:New Zealand falcon
2728:(crested penguins)
2673:Magellanic penguin
2492:. Photo Volcaniaca
1891:. 25 November 2011
1412:. 16 December 2015
1410:MessagetoEagle.com
1325:Marine Ornithology
1225:Collections Online
1199:Collections Online
1097:(1824): 20152879.
940:Animals portal
927:Smallest organisms
821:
736:
613:. The decrease of
611:E. novaehollandiae
599:E. novaehollandiae
583:does not occur in
480:Like those of all
470:E. novaehollandiae
462:E. novaehollandiae
345:of the subspecies
328:
255:) is a species of
16:Species of penguin
4476:
4475:
4409:Open Tree of Life
4114:Taxon identifiers
4059:
4058:
4010:New Zealand goose
3831:New Zealand quail
3575:Chatham albatross
3294:Fiordland penguin
3036:Paradise shelduck
3024:New Zealand scaup
2961:Sacred kingfisher
2949:Grey-faced petrel
2841:Black-billed gull
2779:
2778:
2735:Fiordland penguin
2683:Galapagos penguin
2666:(banded penguins)
2638:(little penguins)
2619:Chinstrap penguin
2446:(Eudyptula minor)
2149:"Little Penguins"
1916:Wildlife Research
798:Wildlife Act 1953
777:grounding of the
597:occurs in Otago.
381:or subspecies of
363:E. m. albosignata
337:in 1781. Several
275:, owing to their
243:
242:
94:
4521:
4469:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4443:
4442:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4218:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:151738D51BE6DDA4
4195:
4194:
4182:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4044:New Zealand swan
4034:
4022:
4005:
3993:
3951:
3929:
3897:Long-billed wren
3892:
3875:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3789:
3777:
3755:
3718:
3696:
3669:
3657:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:Chatham parakeet
3599:
3587:Chatham gerygone
3582:
3570:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3318:
3301:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3043:
3031:
3009:
2997:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2877:Buff-banded rail
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2765:Macaroni penguin
2678:Humboldt penguin
2581:(great penguins)
2529:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2433:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2210:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2104:on 24 March 2014
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2072:"Little Penguin"
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2052:on 12 March 2014
2051:
2044:
2040:"AdventureTrail"
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2018:"Little Penguin"
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:Auckland Council
1670:
1664:
1650:Little penguin (
1642:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1470:(12): e0144966.
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1358:(12): e0144966.
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1272:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
984:
968:
955:
938:
937:
882:In New Zealand,
675:Graham's gudgeon
444:cluster analysis
383:Eudyptula minor.
347:E. m. variabilis
289:
230:
212:
109:
108:
88:
83:
82:
52:Little penguin (
47:
35:
34:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4466:Eudyptula-minor
4464:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4383:Observation.org
4381:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4192:eudyptula-minor
4190:
4185:
4179:Eudyptula_minor
4177:
4172:
4166:Eudyptula_minor
4164:
4159:
4152:Eudyptula minor
4150:
4149:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4122:Eudyptula minor
4116:
4106:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4055:
3939:Waitaha penguin
3934:Chatham penguin
3799:
3793:
3681:
3673:
3555:
3553:Chatham Islands
3547:
3476:Red-billed gull
3469:kākāriki karaka
3330:
3328:
3322:
3204:
3198:
3189:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2770:Chatham penguin
2718:
2713:Waitaha penguin
2692:
2688:African penguin
2656:
2628:
2614:Adélie penguin
2597:
2593:Emperor penguin
2571:
2553:
2538:
2533:
2495:
2493:
2453:Little penguins
2440:
2430:
2414:
2412:Further reading
2409:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2320:. 20 April 2016
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2238:Wayback Machine
2229:
2225:
2220:Wayback Machine
2211:
2207:
2202:Wayback Machine
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2020:. Zoos Victoria
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1928:10.1071/wr99076
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1807:The Nelson Mail
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1667:
1652:Eudyptula minor
1643:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1259:Eudyptula minor
1256:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1143:
1136:
1083:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
991:Eudyptula minor
985:
981:
977:
972:
971:
959:Eudyptula minor
956:
952:
947:
932:
923:
806:
789:
773:
749:
724:
715:Eudyptula minor
703:Eudyptula minor
688:
663:Eudyptula minor
658:Eudyptula minor
655:
650:
630:Banks Peninsula
581:Eudyptula minor
577:Chatham Islands
573:Eudyptula minor
570:
564:
512:Eudyptula minor
506:flipper ringing
484:, the wings of
478:
406:Eudyptula minor
377:to be a colour
316:
252:Eudyptula minor
237:Eudyptula minor
221:
214:
210:Eudyptula minor
208:
195:
158:Sphenisciformes
103:
95:
84:
80:
73:
54:Eudyptula minor
38:Little penguin
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4457:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4379:
4369:
4365:little-penguin
4359:
4346:
4333:
4320:
4307:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4258:
4245:
4241:little-penguin
4232:
4219:
4209:
4196:
4183:
4170:
4157:
4142:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3981:Imber's petrel
3978:
3973:
3971:Forbes's snipe
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3944:Eyles' harrier
3941:
3936:
3931:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3882:
3877:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3770:Snares penguin
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:tawaki nana hī
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3650:Magenta petrel
3647:
3642:
3630:
3621:Chatham pigeon
3618:
3609:Chatham petrel
3606:
3601:
3589:
3584:
3572:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3303:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3077:Shining cuckoo
3074:
3062:
3050:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3016:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Snares penguin
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2645:Little penguin
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2624:Gentoo penguin
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2485:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:in New Zealand
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2382:
2356:
2331:
2318:Louisville Zoo
2305:
2294:. 21 July 2018
2279:
2267:
2256:. 8 March 2008
2254:Brisbane Times
2241:
2223:
2205:
2187:
2165:
2140:
2115:
2089:
2063:
2031:
2009:
1998:on 15 May 2013
1977:
1966:
1941:
1922:(6): 573–582.
1902:
1874:
1846:
1819:
1793:
1782:. 17 June 2021
1767:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1714:
1702:
1692:
1680:
1665:
1646:van Heezik, Y.
1637:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1565:
1535:
1509:
1450:
1423:
1397:
1338:
1308:
1293:
1273:
1247:
1238:
1212:
1186:
1157:(4): 784–797.
1134:
1074:
1049:
1025:
978:
976:
973:
970:
969:
949:
948:
946:
943:
930:
929:
922:
919:
915:Cincinnati Zoo
907:Louisville Zoo
892:Wellington Zoo
814:Birch Aquarium
805:
802:
788:
785:
772:
769:
748:
745:
740:Waiheke Island
734:of New Zealand
723:
720:
654:
651:
649:
646:
634:Motunau Island
563:
560:
477:
474:
432:Chatham Island
408:. Analysis of
315:
312:
265:fairy penguins
247:little penguin
241:
240:
232:
231:
223:
222:
215:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
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145:
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131:
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125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
97:
96:
78:
75:
74:
69:
66:
65:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4526:
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4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
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4484:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
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4308:
4304:
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4286:
4282:
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4259:
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4237:
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4216:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
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4188:
4184:
4180:
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4171:
4167:
4162:
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4153:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4015:Finsch's duck
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Haast's eagle
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Campbell teal
3741:
3739:
3738:Campbell shag
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3716:tētē kākāriki
3712:
3711:Auckland teal
3709:
3707:
3706:Auckland shag
3704:
3702:
3701:Auckland rail
3699:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Chatham snipe
3643:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
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3522:
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3510:
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3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:endemic birds
3325:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:kiwi pukupuku
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3082:pīpīwharauroa
3078:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3030:
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3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
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2996:
2991:
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2962:
2959:
2955:
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2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2853:Brown creeper
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Royal penguin
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2711:
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2700:
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2511:
2510:
2507:
2491:
2486:
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2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:(New Zealand)
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2429:0-19-854667-X
2425:
2421:
2416:
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2396:
2392:
2386:
2371:. 21 May 2021
2370:
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2119:
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2019:
2013:
1994:
1987:
1981:
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1921:
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1604:
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1579:
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1569:
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1542:
1540:
1523:
1520:Dann, Peter.
1516:
1514:
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1501:
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1294:0-19-854667-X
1290:
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864:
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852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Melbourne Zoo
832:
828:
827:
819:
815:
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799:
795:
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784:
781:
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733:
728:
719:
716:
711:
707:
704:
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692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:slender sprat
668:
664:
659:
645:
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631:
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623:
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498:
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491:
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488:
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473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
448:morphometrics
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
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415:
411:
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400:
396:
392:
388:
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364:
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336:
333:
325:
320:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
288:
282:
278:
274:
273:blue penguins
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
238:
235:The range of
233:
229:
224:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
192:E. minor
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
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133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
98:
92:
87:
86:Least Concern
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:Kapiti Island
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
4121:
3922:Laughing owl
3917:Chatham kākā
3912:Lyall's wren
3765:Snares snipe
3633:Chatham shag
3512:Shore plover
3386:Foveaux shag
3311:Blue penguin
3310:
3248:Okarito kiwi
3113:Spotted shag
3041:pūtangitangi
2937:Grey warbler
2723:
2697:
2661:
2644:
2633:
2602:
2588:King penguin
2576:
2566:
2558:
2494:. Retrieved
2477:
2445:
2420:The Penguins
2419:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2344:bronxzoo.com
2343:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2226:
2208:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1980:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1859:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1717:
1705:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1526:. Retrieved
1467:
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1331:17 September
1329:. Retrieved
1324:
1311:
1283:
1276:
1270:PDF fulltext
1268:(1): 29–38.
1265:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1154:
1150:
1094:
1090:
1065:. Retrieved
1062:Animalia.bio
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1037:ResearchGate
1036:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1002:
996:
990:
982:
962:
958:
953:
931:
902:
900:
888:Auckland Zoo
883:
881:
868:
867:
831:Adelaide Zoo
824:
822:
791:
790:
787:Conservation
778:
774:
750:
737:
714:
712:
708:
702:
687:
662:
657:
656:
626:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:South Island
580:
572:
571:
549:
547:
538:
534:
531:
528:
515:
511:
510:
501:
499:
493:
492:
485:
479:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
424:North Island
417:
405:
403:
382:
367:E. m. minor
366:
362:
350:
346:
329:
324:South Island
303:
297:
284:
272:
268:
264:
251:
250:
246:
244:
239:is in blue.
236:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
168:Spheniscidae
53:
32:
4435:SeaLifeBase
4311:iNaturalist
4146:Wikispecies
4090:New Zealand
4032:ruru hinapō
3728:Bounty shag
3563:Black robin
3350:Black stilt
3183:ngutuparore
3147:tōrea pango
3058:tītipounamu
3007:tūturiwhatu
2882:moho-pererū
2578:Aptenodytes
2488:Roscoe, R.
2298:27 December
1839:11 November
1812:4 September
1558:25 November
1528:25 November
1327:(33): 71–72
1261:) complex.
1067:22 December
1018:13 November
859:Taronga Zoo
699:crustaceans
695:cephalopods
667:arrow squid
632:and nearby
579:. However,
548:Australian
476:Description
428:Cook Strait
391:allospecies
375:taxonomists
371:albosignata
291:. They are
261:New Zealand
62:New Zealand
4483:Categories
4461:Xeno-canto
4020:manutahora
3976:Snipe-rail
3890:mātuhituhi
3536:Yellowhead
3524:Stitchbird
3452:Otago shag
3440:takahikare
3327:Endangered
3203:Flightless
3118:pārekareka
2930:pīwakawaka
2865:Brown teal
2699:Megadyptes
2663:Spheniscus
2604:Pygoscelis
2292:Bustle.com
2260:24 January
1584:3 November
975:References
913:, and the
894:, and the
857:, and the
771:Oil spills
732:West Coast
640:Harbor on
638:Wellington
566:See also:
543:marsupials
339:subspecies
332:naturalist
4494:Eudyptula
3775:pokotiwha
3662:Pitt shag
3517:tūturuatu
3481:tarāpunga
3428:kawau tūī
3362:Blue duck
3343:tarapiroe
3171:pōpokotea
3166:Whitehead
3089:Silvereye
2772:(extinct)
2715:(extinct)
2635:Eudyptula
2180:15 August
1936:1448-5494
1755:NZ Herald
1173:0737-4038
1111:0962-8452
911:Bronx Zoo
903:Eudyptula
884:Eudyptula
875:, on the
873:Sea World
869:Eudyptula
847:Perth Zoo
826:Eudyptula
793:Eudyptula
648:Behaviour
603:Eudyptula
532:Eudyptula
502:Eudyptula
494:Eudyptula
487:Eudyptula
436:Australia
419:Eudyptula
385:In 2008,
343:holotypes
293:fossorial
186:Species:
179:Eudyptula
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
4499:Penguins
4342:22697805
4228:22697805
4223:BirdLife
4212:BioLib:
4131:Wikidata
3885:Bushwren
3787:tutukiwi
3416:tara-iti
3374:Fernbird
3331:(flying)
3130:miromiro
3070:pīwauwau
3053:Rifleman
2995:pīhoihoi
2942:riroriro
2918:kārearea
2906:pohowera
2889:Dabchick
2846:tarāpuka
2834:korimako
2829:Bellbird
2725:Eudyptes
2536:Penguins
2496:13 April
2349:21 April
2324:21 April
2234:Archived
2216:Archived
2198:Archived
2158:21 April
2133:23 April
2108:12 March
2082:12 March
2056:12 March
2024:12 March
2002:12 March
1895:28 March
1867:28 March
1648:(2013) "
1617:131–141.
1504:26675310
1464:PLOS ONE
1392:26675310
1352:PLOS ONE
1303:30736089
1263:Notornis
1181:30722030
1129:26842575
921:See also
843:Canberra
818:La Jolla
691:clupeoid
615:E. minor
607:E. minor
482:penguins
466:E. minor
458:E. minor
438:and the
387:Shirihai
314:Taxonomy
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
4303:2481646
4290:litpen1
4264:litpen1
4200:Avibase
4137:Q203628
4102:Oceania
4064:Portals
3949:kērangi
3824:kaoriki
3798:Extinct
3614:ranguru
3265:tokoeka
3178:Wrybill
3029:pāpango
2978:koekoeā
2925:Fantail
2568:Species
2475:Gould's
2400:9 March
2375:9 March
1786:17 June
1760:17 June
1495:4682933
1472:Bibcode
1383:4682933
1360:Bibcode
1231:17 July
1205:17 July
1120:4760177
765:Dunedin
722:Threats
679:red cod
653:Feeding
295:birds.
257:penguin
220:, 1781)
218:Forster
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
4453:225932
4427:143760
4414:613299
4401:225932
4372:NZOR:
4362:NZBO:
4329:174460
4187:ARKive
3991:ōiruki
3927:whēkau
3836:koreke
3812:piopio
3568:karure
3457:Matapo
3379:mātātā
3316:kororā
3299:tawaki
3284:Kākāpō
3125:Tomtit
3094:tauhou
3048:Pūkeko
2985:Kererū
2966:kōtare
2894:weweia
2870:pāteke
2858:pipipi
2820:Common
2550:family
2426:
1959:28 May
1934:
1502:
1492:
1443:11 May
1416:12 May
1390:
1380:
1301:
1291:
1179:
1171:
1127:
1117:
1109:
1042:15 May
890:, the
863:Sydney
837:, the
761:ferret
753:stoats
697:, and
693:fish,
681:, and
524:Oamaru
414:clades
369:morpha
357:. The
287:kororā
21:Korora
4448:WoRMS
4440:73707
4388:73571
4355:37083
4285:eBird
4277:6H8KC
4261:BOW:
4254:30308
4078:Birds
4049:poūwa
3800:birds
3694:Toroa
3682:birds
3655:tāiko
3638:papua
3626:parea
3597:tōrea
3580:toroa
3556:birds
3541:mōhua
3505:tīeke
3493:tīeke
3277:hoiho
3241:roroa
3217:roroa
3205:birds
3106:tōrea
2990:Pipit
2822:birds
2560:Genus
2546:order
2483:plate
2050:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1780:Stuff
1321:(PDF)
945:Notes
757:stoat
683:ahuru
585:Otago
535:minor
440:Otago
410:mtDNA
379:morph
308:Otago
283:name
281:Māori
277:slate
271:, or
259:from
4396:OBIS
4350:NCBI
4337:IUCN
4324:ITIS
4316:3817
4298:GBIF
4249:BOLD
4215:8356
4003:moho
3843:Huia
3529:hihi
3391:Kākā
3367:whio
3355:kakī
3306:Weka
3253:rowi
3159:tara
2498:2008
2424:ISBN
2402:2023
2377:2023
2351:2020
2326:2020
2300:2021
2262:2019
2182:2012
2160:2020
2135:2020
2110:2014
2084:2014
2058:2014
2026:2014
2004:2014
1961:2020
1932:ISSN
1897:2012
1869:2012
1841:2014
1814:2014
1788:2021
1762:2021
1586:2023
1560:2011
1530:2011
1500:PMID
1445:2016
1418:2016
1388:PMID
1333:2012
1299:OCLC
1289:ISBN
1233:2010
1207:2010
1177:PMID
1169:ISSN
1125:PMID
1107:ISSN
1069:2023
1044:2022
1020:2021
1003:2020
961:and
909:the
779:Rena
468:and
430:and
397:and
395:IUCN
349:and
298:The
245:The
148:Aves
4272:CoL
4174:AFD
4161:ADW
3853:Moa
3396:Kea
3137:Tūī
1924:doi
1656:".
1629:".
1490:PMC
1480:doi
1378:PMC
1368:doi
1159:doi
1115:PMC
1099:doi
1095:283
1007:doi
861:in
841:in
759:or
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416:in
365:or
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