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1613:
without much fighting is blameworthy, but the fall of Shu Han was actually due to many reasons. Thirdly, for the case of Zhao Yun, Zhao's official position during his life was actually lower than Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong. Hence, Liu Shan's awarding of posthumous
Marquis titles to the latter four but not timely to Zhao Yun was understandable. Finally, Liu Shan's behavior in front of Sima Zhao was purposeful: he pretended to be stupid and despicable so that Sima Zhao would ignore him and spare his family, and Liu Shan was successful. Being able to fool the distrustful Sima Zhao meant Liu Shan was actually not a fool.
1271:— which Jiang Wei, who had surrendered to Zhong Hui, tried to take advantage of to revive Shu. He advised Zhong Hui to falsely accuse Deng Ai of treason and arrest him, and, with their combined troops, rebel against Sima Zhao. Zhong Hui did so, and Jiang Wei planned to next kill Zhong Hui and his followers, and then redeclare Shu's independence under emperor Liu Shan, and had in fact written to Liu Shan to inform him of those plans. However, Zhong Hui's troops rebelled against him, and both Jiang Wei and Zhong Hui were killed in battle. Liu Shan himself was not harmed in the disturbance, although his crown prince
739:
1140:, and this was a fairly devastating loss that left Jiang Wei with a weakened standing with the people. Many officials now openly questioned Jiang Wei's strategy, but Liu Shan took no actions to stop Jiang. Further, in 259, under Jiang Wei's suggestion, Liu Shan approved a plan where the main troops were withdrawn from major border cities to try to induce a Wei attack, with troops positioned in such a way as to intend a trapping of the Wei troops — a strategy that would be used several years later, in 263, when Wei did attack, but which would prove to be a failure.
811:), Liu Shan was commonly perceived as an incapable ruler. He was also accused of indulging in pleasures while neglecting state affairs, allowing corrupt officials to take power. Some modern scholars have taken a more positive view towards Liu Shan's capability, as Liu Shan's long reign in Shu Han was free of bloody court coups unlike its rivals. Nevertheless, the name "Adou" is today still commonly used in Chinese as an epithet for someone so incompetent at a task that no amount of assistance will help them succeed.
1118:, the attacks largely inflicted no real damage against Wei, as Jiang Wei's campaigns were plagued by one problem that had plagued Zhuge Liang's—the lack of adequate food supply—and largely had to be terminated after a short duration. These campaigns instead had a detrimental effect on Shu, whose government no longer had the efficiency that it had during Zhuge Liang's and Jiang Wan's regencies, and therefore was unable to cope with the drain of resources that Jiang Wei's campaigns were having.
1622:
Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang's costly and ineffective campaigns. Finally, Liu Shan's surrender in 262-263 has been viewed with sympathy as an inevitable choice by commentators in both historical records and contemporary times, due to the vast difference in population and military capability between the two states, as well as the tendency of victors to massacre the citizens of enemy states that had refused to surrender. In particular, Liu Shan's surrender is often compared favorably with that of
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32:
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stress on the treasury, albeit not cripplingly so. Jiang Wei was interested in resuming Zhuge Liang's policies of attacking Wei aggressively, a strategy that Fei Yi partially agreed with — as he allowed Jiang Wei to make raids on Wei's borders, but never gave him a large number of troops, reasoning that Shu was in no position for a major military confrontation with Wei.
1626:, a regional warlord who attempted to retake power by allying with Eastern Wu, which eventually resulted in the extermination of his clan, and a bloody massacre of his population base at Liaodong. In contrast, Liu Shan's surrender led to a peaceful transfer of power to the Wei kingdom, with most of the population unharmed, except during the week of unrest caused by
1125:, but was eventually forced to withdraw after his troops ran out of food supplies — allowing Sima Shi to concentrate against Zhuge Ke, dealing Wu forces a devastating defeat that eventually caused so much resentment that Zhuge Ke was assassinated. This was the last of the coordinated attacks by Shu and Wu on Wei in the duration of the Shu-Wu alliance.
926:. Liu Bei made an ambiguous deathbed statement to Zhuge Liang about the possibility of Liu Shan's fitness to rule. The statement meant at minimum that Zhuge Liang was empowered to replace Liu Shan if the crown prince proved incapable, and may have indicated permission for Zhuge Liang to take the throne himself.
1084:
as Fei Yi's assistant, but both were largely involved only in military matters, as Liu Shan gradually became more self-assertive in non-military matters. It was also around this time that he became more interested in touring the countryside and increasing the use of luxury items, both of which added
1024:
Jiang Wan was a capable administrator, and he continued Zhuge Liang's domestic policies, leaving the government largely efficient. He was also known for his tolerance of dissension and his humility. Not having much military aptitude, however, he soon abandoned Zhuge Liang's aggressive foreign policy
824:
noted in his postface that Zhuge Liang did not employ scribes at Liu Shan's court, contrary to tradition. This custom would never be established in Shu Han, so details of Liu Shan's rule are hazy in comparison to the richness of information available for Shu's rival states of Wei and Wu. Much of his
1346:
invited Liu Shan and his followers to a feast, during which Sima Zhao arranged to have entertainers perform traditional Shu music and dance. The former Shu officials present were all saddened, but Liu Shan was visibly unmoved. When asked by Sima Zhao if he missed his former state, Liu Shan replied:
1621:
and many people in Shu Han believed it was a good chance for northern expansion. However, Liu Shan carefully instructed Fei Yi to attack only in combination with
Eastern Wu, and only when Cao Wei was unprepared. Several historical commentators thus compare Liu Shan's caution favorably with that of
1386:
then advised Liu Shan that the appropriate response was to lament how far he had been removed from his family tombs. Liu Shan followed the advice when he was asked the same question later, however Sima Zhao quickly guessed that he had been coached in his answer, and Liu Shan admitted as much. This
1192:
The ruler is incompetent and does not know his errors; his subordinates do the bare minimum to avoid punishment. When I entered their court, I heard no proper speech; when I toured their countryside, the people looked sallow from hunger. Your servant has heard that swallows and sparrows may nests
1612:
argued that even competent emperors like
Emperor Wu of Han had evil courtiers beside him; Liu Shan is not the only case. Moreover, surrounding Liu Shan were not only evil courtiers, but also many competent and talented officers like Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun. Secondly, Liu Shan surrendering
1231:
In 263, Sima Zhao launched his attacks, led by Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu, and Zhong Hui. Liu Shan followed Jiang Wei's previous plans and ordered the border troops to withdraw and prepare to trap Wei forces, rather than to confront them directly. The plan, however, had a fatal flaw — it assumed that Wei
1045:
From that point on, Shu was generally in a defensive posture and no longer posed a threat to Wei. According to histories of the Wu court, Shu's defensive posture was interpreted by many Wu officials as a sign that Shu was abandoning the alliance and had entered into a treaty with Wei; but Wu's
993:
against Wei. All but one were modest military failures, with the Shu forces exhausting their provisions before they were able to inflict significant damage on Wei. On one expedition in 231, Zhuge Liang faced a political crisis. Unable to supply the troops sufficiently, Zhuge Liang's co-regent
1072:, a favourite of Liu Shan's, whose power Dong Yun had curbed, to start aggrandising his power. Huang Hao was viewed as corrupt and highly manipulative in domestic matters, and the governmental efficiency that was achieved during Zhuge Liang's and Jiang Wan's regencies began to deteriorate.
1593:), in his appraisal commends Liu Shan when he appointed Zhuge Liang for following reason but condemns him for the employment of Huang Hao as being ignorant. He noted that when something is without substance, it reflects what's around. And this expression fits Liu Shan perfectly.
1616:
Moreover, there were notable signs of Liu Shan's competence during his reign. He cleverly retook direct control of state affairs after the death of Zhuge Liang and appointed Jiang Wan and Fei Yi so that the two could keep each other in check. In 238, Cao Wei made war with
267:
1212:'s constant attacks, Wei's regent Sima Zhao planned to carry out a major campaign to terminate the Shu threat once and for all. Upon hearing rumours of this plan, Jiang Wei submitted a request to Liu Shan, warning him about the mustering of Wei troops under the generals
1468:
along with a strong army were enough to protect his State yet Liu Shan allowed disorder and corruption in his court, failed to recognize honest officials from dishonest more interested in luxury which is how his State and subordinates became prisoners from another.
1447:
Liu Shan had a very negative reputation among his contemporaries. He was seen as an incompetent ruler, more interested in satisfying his desires than looking after his country and was held responsible for appointing corrupt officials to position of power.
1529:, a former official of Shu gave a mixed appraisal praising him for the employment of Zhuge Liang which allowed him to stabilize his power but also criticizing him for the employment of Huang Hao which allowed the later corruption of his court.
1014:
succeed him, and that Fei Yi succeed Jiang Wan. Zhuge Liang refused to answer Li Fu's next question — who should succeed Fei Yi. Zhuge Liang died soon thereafter. Liu Shan followed these recommendations, installing Jiang Wan as the new regent.
1240:), capturing it. Jiang Wei was able to meet their troops and initially repel them, but Deng Ai led his army through a treacherous mountain pass and deep into Shu territory. There he launched a surprise attack on Jiangyou (江油; in present-day
1163:). Upon hearing this, Jiang Wei advised Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao, but the emperor denied the request, saying that the eunuch was but a servant who ran errands. Fearing retaliation, Jiang Wei left Chengdu to garrison troops at Tazhong (
1463:
described him as a mediocre ruler with Xue Xu further remarking that when he travelled to Shu for his mission as emissary in 261, he saw corruption among the officials and hunger among the people. Lu Kai noted that the natural defences of
1387:
was noted by Sima Zhao as a sign that Liu Shan was an incompetent fool; some later historians believed that it showed Liu Shan's wisdom in intentionally displaying a lack of ambition so that Sima Zhao would not view him as a threat.
985:
and was able to, by both military victories and persuasion, reintegrate the southern region into the empire. For the rest of Zhuge Liang's regency, the southern Nanman people would be key contributors to Shu's campaigns against Wei.
998:
forged an edict by Liu Shan, ordering Zhuge Liang to retreat. When Zhuge Liang discovered this, he recommended that Li Yan be removed from his office and put under house arrest, and Liu Shan accepted the recommendation.
2383:(孫盛曰：...禪雖庸主，實無桀、紂之酷，戰雖屢北，未有土崩之亂，縱不能君臣固守，背城借一，自可退次東鄙以思後圖。是時羅憲以重兵據白帝，霍弋以強卒鎮夜郎。蜀土險狹，山水峻隔，絕巘激湍，非步卒所涉。若悉取舟楫，保據江州，徵兵南中，乞師東國，如此則姜、廖五將自然雲從，吳之三師承命電赴，何投寄之無所而慮於必亡邪？...禪既闇主，周實駑臣，方之申包、田單、范蠡、大夫種，不亦遠乎！) Sun Sheng's annotation in
1193:
atop a great hall, mother and child both content, believing themselves safe. Yet should the rafters suddenly ignite, the birds remain happy, unaware of the disaster about to befall them. The situation is analogous.
1260:
and promptly surrendered. This surrender was criticised by many: Chen Shou alone had sympathetic words, in a laconic coda to the biography of Qiao Zhou, his own former mentor. It would be until the
740:
1523:, Liu Shan's hatred for Dong Yun grew each day. After Chen Zhi's death in 258, Huang Hao was controlling the politics of the State and none among the people of Shu did not miss Dong Yun.
1098:
regent, but with a power vacuum in domestic affairs, as Jiang Wei continued to be on the borders, conducting campaigns against Wei. Huang Hao's influence increased greatly as a result.
3132:
939:
While Zhuge Liang was alive, Liu Shan treated him as a father figure, allowing Zhuge to handle all state affairs. Zhuge Liang recommended many trusted officials, including
963:. During Zhuge Liang's regency, the government was largely efficient and not corrupt, allowing the relatively small state of Shu to prepare itself for military campaigns.
1326:
1049:
In 237, Empress Zhang died. That year, Liu Shan took her younger sister as a consort, and in 238 created her empress. Her title remained the same as her sister,
3910:
1511:. A resounding anecdote when comparing with the events preceding the Wei invasion. When he was Emperor, Liu Shan repeatedly wanted to expand his harem however
774:. His reign of 40 years was the longest of all emperors in the Three Kingdoms era. During Liu Shan's reign, many campaigns were led against the rival state of
1002:
In 234, while Zhuge Liang was on his final campaign against Wei, he grew seriously ill. Hearing about Zhuge's illness, Liu Shan sent his secretary Li Fu (
1577:
where Wang Chong comments that Liu Shan was a mediocre ruler without ambition toward the world and was in part responsible for the decline of his State.
1151:
were able to maintain their posts without flattering Huang Hao. In 262, Huang Hao would in fact try to remove Jiang Wei and replace him with his friend
1152:
782:, but to little avail, due to their drastic mismatch in terms of population and geographic extent. Liu Shan eventually surrendered to Wei in 263 after
1379:), figuratively meaning "joyful and does not think of home / the past". The phrase has a negative connotation with regards to the person's character.
2927:
1232:
forces would siege the border cities, which, instead, Deng Ai and Zhong Hui ignored, and they advanced instead on Yang'an Pass (陽安關; in present-day
3096:
1515:
prevented him from doing so. Liu Shan was too afraid to act against him and for this disliked him. After Dong Yun's death, with the flattery of
1010:) to the front line to visit Zhuge Liang and request instructions on important state matters. Among other things, Zhuge Liang recommended that
1565:), greatly praised Zhuge Liang but lamented that his lord, Liu Shan wasn't the kind of man that could unite a country. In the volume 7 of the
1094:), a former Wei general who had been forced to surrender but who secretly maintained his loyalty to Wei. Fei Yi's death left Jiang Wei as the
857:
stayed behind to protect the family members of Liu Bei. Holding the infant Liu Shan in his arms, Zhao Yun led the mother and child to safety.
1734:
period. In the novel, Liu Shan is generally portrayed as an incapable ruler who was easily swayed by words, especially those from the eunuch
1435:
3128:
2590:
2529:
884:
1655:
1416:, claimed to be a legitimate successor of the Han Dynasty. In that capacity, he bestowed Liu Shan the posthumous name "Emperor Xiaohuai" (
1068:. Jiang Wan, however, remained influential until his death in 245. Soon after Jiang Wan's death, Dong Yun also died — allowing the eunuch
3905:
1396:; "the deep-thinking duke of peace and happiness"). This landless sinecure lasted several generations during Wei's successor state, the
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1813:
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1050:
427:
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3213:
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971:
870:. It was said that Liu Shan, then already several years old, was separated from Liu Bei when the latter was attacked by Cao Cao in
422:
3163:
1488:), he exclaimed that with such an impressive barrier, only a lesser man like Liu Shan could have been submitted by someone else.
1256:. Faced with the prospect of defending Chengdu against Deng Ai's troops with no defences, Liu Shan took the advice of Secretary
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and was sold by slave traders. Only when Liu Bei declared himself emperor in 221 was Liu Shan reunited with his father.
1930:, founder of the Cheng Han regime, created Liu Xuan as his Duke of Anle, after Liu fled to Shu during the chaos of the
1851:
ruled his state for 52 years (200–252). However, he only declared himself emperor in 229, and was emperor for 23 years.
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2422:(蜀郡太守王崇論後主曰：「昔世祖內資神武之大才，外拔四「屯」〔七〕之奇將，猶勤而獲濟。然乃登天衢，車不輟駕，坐不安席。非淵明弘鑒，則中興之業何容易哉。後主庸常之君，雖有一亮之經緯，內無附之謀，外無爪牙之將，焉可包括天下也。」)
1537:
in 263 rather than use the local rugged terrain along with other armies in his government to resist the invaders.
1342:
records an incident which has become the most famous tale to be associated with Liu Shan: One day, the Wei regent
1909:
798:
as "Duke Anle". There he enjoyed his last years peacefully before dying in 271, most probably of natural causes.
116:
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635:
185:
94:
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evaluated Liu Shan as a mediocre and ignorant ruler and denounced him for surrendering so quickly during the
816:
649:
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attacked
Hanzhong, it was Fei Yi who led the troops against Cao Shuang and dealt Wei a major defeat in the
1046:
emperor Sun Quan correctly identified it as merely a sign of weakness, not an abandonment of the alliance.
952:
123:
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persuaded Liu Shan with fortunetelling to take no action on Jiang Wei's requests for war preparations.
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2068:.878: "曹公以江陵有軍實，恐先主據之，乃釋輜重，輕軍到襄陽。聞先主已過，曹公將精騎五千急追之，一日一夜行三百餘里，及於當陽之長坂。先主棄妻子，與諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等數十騎走，曹公大獲其人衆輜重。"
1903:
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in 221, Liu Shan was formally made the crown prince. In the following year, Liu Bei left the capital
461:
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105:
90:
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into key positions. Under Zhuge Liang's advice, Liu Shan entered into an alliance with the state of
919:, eventually died in 223. Before his death, Liu Bei entrusted the young Liu Shan to the care of his
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Liu Xun, Prince of
Xinxing (新興王劉恂; d. 311), sixth son; later succeeded the peerage of Duke of Anle
849:. During his retreat south, Liu Bei was caught up by an elite cavalry force led by Cao Cao at the
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In 243, Jiang Wan grew ill and transferred most of his authority to Fei Yi and Fei's assistant
2543:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4: China, Volume 19. Leiden: Brill. pp. 541–542.
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period. As he ascended the throne at the age of 16, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the
3818:
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2288:(近者漢之衰末，三家鼎立，曹失綱紀，晉有其政。又益州危險。兵多精強，閉門固守，可保萬世，而劉氏以奪乖錯，賞罰失所，君恣意於奢侈，民力竭於不急，是以為晉所伐，君臣見虜，此目前之明驗也。)
1975:(2022) . "Do We Need Or Want Dictatorship?". In Chou, Chih-p’ing; Lin, Carlos Yu-Kai (eds.).
1557:
1397:
1306:
1136:, but in 256, as he tried to again confront the Wei forces, he was instead dealt a defeat by
1025:
towards Wei, and indeed in 241 withdrew most of the troops from the important border city of
2160:
3632:
3491:
3376:
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2466:
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1570:
1495:
thought of Liu Shan's attitude as pleasure seeker, saying that even someone as talented as
853:, and forced to leave behind Lady Gan and Liu Shan to resume his escape. Liu Bei's general
2039:
1860:
It appears likely that Lady Gan had died sometime before 209, because when Liu Bei's wife
1826:
8:
3880:
3875:
3823:
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2314:(司馬文王與禪宴，為之作故蜀技，旁人皆為之感愴，而禪喜笑自若。王謂賈充曰：「人之無情，乃可至於是乎！雖使諸葛亮在，不能輔之久全，而況姜維邪？」充曰：「不如是，殿下何由並之。」)
1675:
1405:
432:
2145:: "主闇而不知其過，臣下容身以求免罪，入其朝不聞正言，經其野民皆菜色。臣聞燕雀處堂，子母相樂，自以為安也，突決棟焚，而燕雀怡然不知禍之將及，其是之謂乎！" Cited in
1605:, challenging the common portrayal of Liu Shan seeing him in a far more positive light.
3702:
3597:
3416:
3234:
2199:
2004:
2000:
1763:
1693:
1443:, whose employment is responsible for most of the contemporary praises toward Liu Shan.
920:
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475:
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2301:(元康中，氐齊萬年反，關西擾亂，頻歲大饑，百姓乃流移就穀，相與入漢川者數萬家。特隨流人將入於蜀，至劍閣，箕踞太息，顧眄險阻曰：「劉禪有如此之地而面縛於人，豈非庸才邪！」)
1885:
era of Cao Huan's reign. This date corresponds to 11 April 264 in the Julian calendar.
1390:
Liu Shan died in 271 in
Luoyang, and was given the posthumous name "Duke Si of Anle" (
1106:
After Fei Yi's death, Jiang Wei assumed command of Shu's troops and began a number of
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there, Deng Ai had virtually no Shu troops left between his army and the Shu capital
1185:
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By 261, Huang Hao's power appeared paramount. Among the key domestic officials, only
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answered to Sima Zhao that this was the same behaviour that allowed them to conquer
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In 255, on one of Jiang Wei's campaigns, he dealt Wei forces a major defeat in the
814:
The main source of historical information about Liu Shan and his contemporaries is
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1472:
This statement about the impressive natural defenses of the region is repeated by
1297:) while his sons and grandsons became marquises. This practice was referred to as
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2370:(司空張華問之曰：「安樂公何如？」密曰：「可次齊桓。」華問其故，對曰：「齊桓得管仲而霸，用豎刁而蟲流。安樂公得諸葛亮而抗魏，任黃皓而喪國，是知成敗一也。」)
2271:(「主闇而不知其過，臣下容身以求免罪，入其朝不聞正言，經其野民皆菜色。臣聞燕雀處堂，子母相樂，自以為安也，突決棟焚，而燕雀怡然不知禍之將及，其是之謂乎！」)
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1979:. China Understandings Today. University of Michigan Press. pp. 55–61.
1545:) as an average individual who had no weight on the existence of his State.
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2462:. Vol. 2 (Vietnamese ed.). Publisher of People's Public Security.
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In 253, Jiang Wei made a coordinated attack on Wei, along with Wu's regent
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845:, who had by then occupied most of northern China, launched a campaign on
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2711:(partial English translation (non-expert)). Translated by Sun Bofu. 2007.
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A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD
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203:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2185:"Rotten Pedant! The Literary and Historical Afterlife of Qiao Zhou"
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944:
900:
875:
854:
838:
615:
959:, helping both states to survive against the much larger state of
3854:
3833:
3813:
3777:
3712:
3687:
3627:
3612:
3607:
3426:
3396:
3361:
3346:
3326:
3187:
3173:
3037:
3032:
2999:
2991:
2976:
2966:
2953:
2945:
2854:
2760:
2753:
2657:
1972:
1864:
effectively divorced Liu Bei in 211, Liu Shan was in her custody.
1730:, which romanticises the historical events before and during the
1574:
1552:
1508:
1485:
1465:
1288:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1213:
1137:
1040:
960:
896:
892:
871:
861:
842:
834:
791:
787:
783:
775:
756:
605:
595:
590:
578:
408:
303:
285:
3717:
3692:
3647:
3561:
3466:
3456:
3280:
2961:
2796:
1542:
1456:
1452:
1181:
1133:
978:
940:
326:
981:
tribes had peeled away from Shu dominion. In 225, Zhuge Liang
3697:
3652:
3642:
3556:
3526:
3401:
2577:] (in Chinese). Yonghe, Taiwan: Zhiyang Publishing House.
1955:
1953:
1951:
1810:
Liu Shan's name is commonly mispronounced as "Liu Chan". See
1473:
1174:
396:
1753:
860:
An alternative story of Liu Shan's early life was given in
266:
2396:(且劉禪凡下之主，費禕中才之相，二人存亡，固無關於興喪。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in
1948:
1400:, before being extinguished in the turmoils caused by the
726:
1877:
recorded that Liu Shan was made the Duke of Anle on the
1720:
Liu Shan appears as a character in the historical novel
1184:, who visited Shu in 261 at the order of the Wu emperor
1088:
In 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by the general Guo Xun (
2011:
1499:
couldn't assist and safeguard him forever so even less
1287:
and his entire family was relocated to the Wei capital
2083:: "先主入益州，吳遣迎孫夫人。夫人欲將太子歸吳，諸葛亮使趙雲勒兵斷江留太子，乃得止。" Cited in
1902:
indicated that he met Liu Shan's younger half-brother
1831:. In addition, when combined with his adopted brother
1264:
that other nuanced or positive assessments were made.
1080:
After Jiang Wan and Dong Yun's deaths, Liu Shan named
801:
Widely known to later generations by his infant name "
2331:(後主常欲採擇以充后宮，允以為古者天子后妃之數不過十二，今嬪嬙已具，不宜增益，終執不聽。後主益嚴憚之。)
2254:: "唯永孫玄奔蜀，李雄偽署安樂公以嗣禪後。永和三年討李勢，盛參戎行，見玄於成都也。" Cited in
1684:
Liu Yao, Prince of Anding (安定王劉瑤; d. 311), second son
1480:. While passing through Jian'ge Pass (劍閣關, in modern
1291:. On 11 April 264, he was enfeoffed as Duke of Anle (
698:
684:
2532:, 429. Hong Kong: Zhonghua Publishing, 1971. 5 vols.
1914:). They met in Chengdu during an expedition against
1687:
Liu Cong, Prince of Xihe (西河王劉琮; d. 262), third son
2935:
2130:.918: "謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」"
1894:Liu Bei's line did not completely die out. In his
1110:—but while they were troubling to the Wei regents
977:In the aftermath of Liu Bei's death, the southern
755:, was the second and last emperor of the state of
1551:, who wrote extensively about the history of the
1132:, nearly capturing the important Wei border city
911:from Liu Bei in 219. Liu Bei was defeated at the
790:. He was quickly relocated to the Wei capital at
3867:
1713:
1188:, the status that Shu was in at this point was:
3171:
2637:
2488:
2139:
2077:
1811:
989:Starting in 227, Zhuge Liang launched his five
2679:
1977:Power of Freedom: Hu Shih's Political Writings
1835:'s name, the two men's names formed the term "
3911:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3157:
2921:
1907:
1417:
1391:
1374:
1354:
1316:
1292:
1278:
1164:
1156:
1089:
1030:
1003:
806:
778:, primarily by Zhuge Liang and his successor
654:
640:
365:
255:
2535:
2451:
1959:
1881:day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the
825:reign is recorded in spare, terse synopsis.
2602:
2581:
2495:
2472:
2435:(後主任賢相則為循理之君，惑閹堅則為昏暗之後，傳曰‘素絲無常，唯所染之’，信矣哉！)
2255:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2166:
2146:
2123:
2107:
2084:
2061:
2045:
2029:
2017:
1661:Noble Lady Wang, of the Wang clan (王貴人 王氏)
1267:In March 264, Zhong Hui would carry out an
1101:
833:Liu Shan was the eldest son of the warlord
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3164:
3150:
2928:
2914:
2705:"Sanguo Zhi Biography - Liu Shan (Gongsi)"
2447:
2445:
1762:video game series, first available in the
891:After Liu Bei declared himself emperor of
16:Chinese emperor of Shu Han from 223 to 263
1984:
786:led a surprise attack on the Shu capital
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2621:
2565:
2357:(祗死後，皓從黃門令為中常侍、奉車都尉，操弄威柄，終至覆國。蜀人無不追思允。)
1818:[How to pronounce Adou's name].
1601:However, modern historians have taken a
1583:, who wrote Liu Shan's biography in the
1434:
934:
2592:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
2442:
1971:
1351:I am too happy here to think about Shu.
885:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
3868:
2656:
2182:
2100:
1018:
3145:
2909:
2344:(自祗之有寵，後主追怨允日深，謂為自輕，由祗媚茲一人，皓構間浸潤故耳。)
1787:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
1708:
1648:, of the Zhang clan (敬哀皇后 張氏; d. 237)
1573:'s eulogy toward his former State of
1459:, officials from the allied State of
915:and, having retreated to the city of
888:but refused to give it any credence.
1752:Liu Shan is a playable character in
1743:Battle of Changban § In fiction
1569:, he ends Liu Shan's biography with
837:and was born to Liu Bei's concubine
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
1075:
13:
3906:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
2671:A Brief History of the Wei Dynasty
1747:
1702:Liu Qian (劉虔; d. 311), seventh son
1670:(皇太子 劉璿; 224–March 264), first son
1422:; "the filial and kind emperor").
14:
3922:
2697:
2549:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7
41:This article has multiple issues.
1922:regime, in 347 (3rd year of the
1690:Liu Zan (劉瓚; d. 311), fourth son
265:
173:
71:
30:
2692:. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing.
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2429:
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2210:
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2133:
2117:
2094:
1888:
1867:
1854:
1476:, when he led his clan back to
1430:
1180:According to the Wu ambassador
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2885:Reason for succession failure:
2457:Analysis of the Three Kingdoms
2198:(2). Academica Sinica: 59–99.
2071:
2055:
1965:
1842:
1804:
1197:
909:invade and seize Jing Province
699:
685:
655:
641:
1:
3097:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2575:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
2521:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1825:. No. 11. Archived from
1792:
1723:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1715:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1654:, of the Zhang clan (張皇后 張氏;
1586:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1425:
1275:was killed in the confusion.
882:included this account in his
874:in 200. He somehow landed in
828:
817:Records of the Three Kingdoms
3886:3rd-century Chinese monarchs
2617:] (annotated genealogy).
2615:Pedigree of the House of Shu
1941:
1873:Cao Huan's biography in the
1820:Zhonghua Shuju Wenshi Zhishi
1283:In early 264, Liu Shan with
1060:. In 244, when Wei's regent
7:
2720:Emperor Xiaohuai of Shu Han
2598:. Taipei: Dingwen Printing.
2183:Farmer, J. Michael (2008).
1775:
1412:, one of the states in the
1169:; northwest of present-day
903:, who had sent his general
199:the claims made and adding
10:
3927:
2509:
1740:
1696:(北地王劉諶; d. 263), fifth son
1637:
1541:qualified him (along with
1279:Life after the fall of Shu
1224:near the border. However,
1201:
841:. In 208, Liu Bei's rival
715:
19:For the Ming general, see
18:
3842:
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3580:
3294:
3258:
3228:Princes and royal figures
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2944:
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2837:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2758:
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2745:
2718:
2153:.1255 n. 1, biography of
1908:
1694:Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi
1678:, of the Li clan (李昭儀 李氏)
1633:
1596:
1418:
1392:
1375:
1363:This phrase has become a
1355:
1317:
1293:
1165:
1157:
1090:
1031:
1004:
966:In 223, Liu Shan married
807:
770:and Imperial Secretariat
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634:
630:
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611:
601:
589:
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476:Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi
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309:
299:
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280:
264:
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2673:] (private history).
2665:
2652:] (private history).
2650:Chronicle of Han and Jin
2645:
2626:
2610:
2594:
2570:
2459:
1918:, the last ruler of the
1822:
1814:
1812:Lü Youren (吕友仁) (1988).
1797:
1782:List of Chinese monarchs
1327:Chronicle of Han and Jin
1102:Jiang Wei's semi-regency
929:
636:Traditional Chinese
275:illustration of Liu Shan
2539:(2007). "Liu Shan 劉禪".
2005:10.3998/mpub.12258711.5
1926:era). Sun claimed that
650:Simplified Chinese
566:Emperor Xiaohuai (孝懷皇帝)
341:Crown Prince of Shu Han
295:June 223 – December 263
21:Liu Shan (Ming dynasty)
2890:Conquest of Shu by Wei
2877:Royal descent claimant
1906:'s grandson Liu Xuan (
1535:Conquest of Shu by Wei
1491:As previously stated,
1444:
1361:
1269:attempt to seize power
1208:In 262, aggravated by
1204:Conquest of Shu by Wei
1147:and Zhuge Liang's son
899:on a campaign against
563:Duke Si of Anle (安樂思公)
536:Jianxing (建興; 223–237)
349:19 June 221 – June 223
3901:People from Xiangyang
3843:Other notable figures
2862:— TITULAR —
2622:Wang Yin (王隱) (340).
2409:(諸葛亮雖資英霸之能，而主非中興之器，)
1986:10.3998/mpub.12258711
1829:on November 29, 2006.
1558:Chronicles of Huayang
1438:
1349:
1108:campaigns against Wei
935:Zhuge Liang's regency
542:Jingyao (景耀; 258–263)
462:Crown Prince Liu Xuan
3172:Prominent people of
1738:, whom he favoured.
1640:Shu Han family trees
1382:Former Shu official
991:Northern Expeditions
91:improve this article
3787:Other notable women
2223:.150: "丁亥，封劉禪為安樂公。"
1960:de Crespigny (2007)
1248:). After defeating
1019:Jiang Wan's regency
539:Yanxi (延熙; 238–257)
2846:Titles in pretence
2761:Emperor of Shu Han
2537:de Crespigny, Rafe
2501:
2478:
2473:Chen and Pei (429)
2261:
2238:
2222:
2172:
2167:Chen and Pei (429)
2152:
2129:
2113:
2090:
2067:
2051:
2046:Chen and Pei (429)
2035:
2030:Chen and Pei (429)
2018:Chen and Pei (429)
1764:seventh instalment
1709:In popular culture
1445:
913:Battle of Xiaoting
851:Battle of Changban
184:possibly contains
3896:Family of Liu Bei
3863:
3862:
3753:Zhang Yi (Bogong)
3581:Military officers
3139:
3138:
2958:
2904:
2903:
2895:Succeeded by
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2236:
2220:
2170:
2150:
2127:
2111:
2088:
2065:
2049:
2033:
1996:978-0-472-07526-3
1769:Warriors Orochi 3
1519:and influence of
1408:, the founder of
1066:Battle of Xingshi
1035:; in present-day
714:
713:
706:
705:
673:Standard Mandarin
621:
620:
573:
572:
545:Yanxing (炎興; 263)
247:
246:
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186:original research
167:
166:
159:
141:
64:
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3891:Shu Han emperors
3758:Zhang Yi (Junsi)
3166:
3159:
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3143:
3142:
2956:
2936:Emperors of the
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2869:Emperor of China
2860:
2852:Preceded by
2751:Preceded by
2741:
2734:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2693:
2674:
2653:
2634:
2618:
2599:
2578:
2562:
2518:(280s or 290s).
2503:
2496:Chen and Pei 429
2486:
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2256:Chen and Pei 429
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2233:Chen and Pei 429
2230:
2224:
2217:Chen and Pei 429
2214:
2208:
2207:
2194:. Third Series.
2189:
2180:
2174:
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2158:
2147:Chen and Pei 429
2137:
2131:
2124:Chen and Pei 429
2121:
2115:
2108:Chen and Pei 429
2098:
2092:
2085:Chen and Pei 429
2075:
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2062:Chen and Pei 429
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2053:
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2015:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1969:
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1852:
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1840:
1830:
1808:
1772:, also by Koei.
1766:, as well as in
1759:Dynasty Warriors
1657:
1603:revisionist view
1421:
1420:
1414:Sixteen Kingdoms
1395:
1394:
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1076:Fei Yi's regency
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2690:
2683:, ed. (1956) .
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2643:Han–Jin Chunqiu
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2491:Han–Jin Chunqiu
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2142:Han–Jin Chunqiu
2138:
2134:
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2080:Han–Jin Chunqiu
2076:
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1970:
1966:
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1949:
1944:
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1748:In modern works
1745:
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1646:Empress Jing'ai
1642:
1636:
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1567:Huayang Guo Zhi
1563:Huayang Guo Zhi
1433:
1428:
1352:
1331:
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1130:Battle of Didao
1104:
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616:Empress Zhaolie
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2020:, p. i.
2013:
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1667:Crown Prince
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1619:Gongsun Yuan
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1610:Yi Zhongtian
1608:Among them,
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748:, 207–271),
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718:Chinese name
680:Hanyu Pinyin
584:House of Liu
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437:Consort Wang
393:Xinye County
273:Qing dynasty
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89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3819:Lady Xiahou
3768:Zhuge Shang
3733:Xiang Chong
3638:Huang Zhong
3266:Zhuge Liang
3077:16 Kingdoms
2770:Zhuge Liang
2587:Pei Songzhi
2526:Pei Songzhi
2494:, cited in
2106:, cited in
1539:Pei Songzhi
1497:Zhuge Liang
1478:Yi Province
1441:Zhuge Liang
1398:Jin dynasty
1332: [
1305: [
1198:Fall of Shu
953:Xiang Chong
924:Zhuge Liang
880:Pei Songzhi
768:Zhuge Liang
759:during the
722:family name
510:Given name:
317:Zhuge Liang
300:Predecessor
3881:271 deaths
3876:207 births
3870:Categories
3809:Lady Huang
3773:Zhuge Zhan
3633:Huang Quan
3572:Zhuge Qiao
3522:Xiang Lang
3492:Wang Chong
3487:Shou Liang
3452:Meng Guang
3372:Guo Youzhi
3209:Empress Wu
3069:3 Kingdoms
3015:Eastern Wu
2815:Abolished
2681:Sima Guang
2608:Shu shi pu
2569:(1998) .
2530:annotation
2262:.908 n. 1.
2251:Shu shi pu
2192:Asia Major
2091:.906 n. 1.
1896:Shu Shi Pu
1823:中华书局《文史知识》
1793:References
1741:See also:
1665:Liu Xuan,
1571:Wang Chong
1461:Eastern Wu
1439:Statue of
1426:Assessment
1250:Zhuge Zhan
1149:Zhuge Zhan
1062:Cao Shuang
957:Eastern Wu
949:Guo Youzhi
921:chancellor
917:Baidicheng
829:Early life
765:Chancellor
694:Wade–Giles
193:improve it
117:newspapers
106:"Liu Shan"
46:improve it
3824:Li Zhaoyi
3804:Lady Guan
3743:Zhang Nan
3738:Zhang Fei
3728:Xiahou Ba
3708:Wang Ping
3623:Gao Xiang
3567:Zhang Bao
3537:Yang Hong
3507:Wang Lian
3462:Qiao Zhou
3392:Huang Hao
3367:Guan Xing
3317:Chen Zhen
3312:Chen Shou
3286:Jiang Wei
3271:Jiang Wan
3202:Empresses
3028:Sun Liang
2810:(253–263)
2806:Jiang Wei
2801:(245–253)
2792:(245–246)
2783:(234–245)
2779:Jiang Wan
2774:(223–234)
2639:Xi Zuochi
2604:Sun Sheng
2585:(1977) .
2583:Chen Shou
2516:Chen Shou
2437:Sanguozhi
2398:Sanguozhi
2385:Sanguozhi
2359:Sanguozhi
2346:Sanguozhi
2333:Sanguozhi
2320:Sanguozhi
2305:vol. 120.
2290:Sanguozhi
2277:Sanguozhi
2239:.902 n 1.
2036:.896–899.
1942:Citations
1920:Cheng Han
1900:Sun Sheng
1875:Sanguozhi
1837:Feng Shan
1736:Huang Hao
1681:Unknown:
1676:Li Zhaoyi
1628:Jiang Wei
1591:Sanguozhi
1581:Chen Shou
1531:Sun Sheng
1521:Huang Hao
1505:Jia Chong
1501:Jiang Wei
1493:Sima Zhao
1482:Guangyuan
1370:lèbùsīshǔ
1344:Sima Zhao
1340:Xi Zuochi
1258:Qiao Zhou
1226:Huang Hao
1222:Zhong Hui
1210:Jiang Wei
1116:Sima Zhao
1082:Jiang Wei
1070:Huang Hao
1012:Jiang Wan
968:Zhang Fei
822:Chen Shou
796:enfeoffed
780:Jiang Wei
528:Era dates
354:Successor
332:Jiang Wei
322:Jiang Wan
197:verifying
52:talk page
3850:Meng Huo
3799:Lady Gan
3763:Zhao Yun
3748:Zhang Ni
3703:Ma Zhong
3683:Luo Xian
3668:Liao Hua
3603:Deng Zhi
3598:Cheng Ji
3593:Chen Shi
3588:Chen Dao
3552:Yao Zhou
3517:Xi Zheng
3502:Wang Hua
3482:She Yuan
3447:Ma Liang
3422:Li Zhuan
3417:Li Xiang
3352:Fan Jian
3337:Du Qiong
3332:Dong Jue
3322:Chen Zhi
3307:Chang Xu
3302:Chang Ji
3276:Dong Yun
3245:Liu Yong
3240:Liu Xuan
3235:Liu Chen
3193:Liu Shan
3181:Emperors
3023:Sun Quan
3005:Liu Shan
2982:Cao Huan
2972:Cao Fang
2898:Cao Huan
2835:264–271
2788:Dong Yun
2606:(300s).
2455:(2010).
2439:vol. 33.
2387:vol. 42.
2374:vol. 88.
2361:vol. 39.
2348:vol. 39.
2335:vol. 39.
2322:vol. 33.
2292:vol. 61.
2279:vol. 53.
2204:41649956
2155:Xue Zong
1928:Li Xiong
1904:Liu Yong
1862:Lady Sun
1849:Sun Quan
1833:Liu Feng
1815:阿斗的大名怎样读
1776:See also
1658:237–264)
1549:Chang Qu
1517:Chen Zhi
1513:Dong Yun
1410:Han Zhao
1406:Liu Yuan
1384:Xi Zheng
1273:Liu Xuan
1242:Mianyang
1234:Hanzhong
1218:Zhuge Xu
1145:Dong Jue
1123:Zhuge Ke
1112:Sima Shi
1096:de facto
1058:Dong Yun
1037:Mianyang
1027:Hanzhong
945:Dong Yun
901:Sun Quan
876:Hanzhong
855:Zhao Yun
839:Lady Gan
734:Liu Shan
716:In this
700:Liu Shan
686:Líu Shàn
626:Liu Shan
512:Shan (禪)
483:Liu Qian
469:Liu Cong
358:Liu Xuan
252:Liu Shan
3855:Shamoke
3834:Yuan Fu
3829:Lady Hu
3814:Lady Mi
3778:Zong Yu
3713:Wei Yan
3688:Ma Chao
3678:Liu Yin
3673:Liu Yan
3628:Gong Lu
3618:Fu Rong
3613:Fu Qian
3608:Feng Xi
3547:Yang Yi
3542:Yang Xi
3532:Xu Jing
3497:Wang Fu
3427:Liao Li
3412:Li Miao
3397:Lai Min
3362:Fei Shi
3347:Du Zhen
3327:Dong He
3259:Regents
3188:Liu Bei
3174:Shu Han
3038:Sun Hao
3033:Sun Xiu
3000:Liu Bei
2992:Shu Han
2977:Cao Mao
2967:Cao Rui
2954:Cao Cao
2946:Cao Wei
2882:223–263
2855:Liu Bei
2839:Unknown
2765:223–263
2754:Liu Bei
2660:(265).
2658:Yu Huan
2589:(ed.).
2510:Sources
2426:vol. 7.
2413:vol. 7.
2400:vol. 4.
2372:Jin Shu
2303:Jin Shu
1973:Hu Shih
1932:Yongjia
1879:dinghai
1575:Shu Han
1553:Sichuan
1509:Shu Han
1486:Sichuan
1466:Sichuan
1329:
1302:
1289:Luoyang
1254:Chengdu
1246:Sichuan
1238:Shaanxi
1214:Deng Ai
1186:Sun Xiu
1138:Deng Ai
1041:Sichuan
961:Cao Wei
905:Lü Meng
897:Chengdu
893:Shu Han
872:Xiaopei
862:Yu Huan
843:Cao Cao
835:Liu Bei
792:Luoyang
788:Chengdu
784:Deng Ai
776:Cao Wei
757:Shu Han
606:Liu Bei
596:Shu Han
591:Dynasty
506:Liu (劉)
480:Liu Xun
472:Liu Zan
466:Liu Yao
433:Lady Li
411:, Henan
409:Luoyang
378:264–271
304:Liu Bei
286:Shu Han
282:Emperor
191:Please
131:scholar
3718:Wu Ban
3693:Ma Dai
3663:Li Hui
3658:Li Yan
3648:Huo Yi
3562:Yin Mo
3512:Wen Li
3472:Ren Xi
3467:Qin Mi
3457:Mi Zhu
3437:Lü Kai
3432:Liu Ba
3387:He Zhi
3382:He Sui
3377:He Pan
3357:Fei Li
3342:Du Wei
3281:Fei Yi
3250:Liu Li
3109:W. Xia
2962:Cao Pi
2797:Fei Yi
2736:
2663:Weilüe
2633:].
2624:Shu Ji
2555:
2202:
2173:.1031.
2103:Weilüe
2003:
1993:
1924:Yonghe
1916:Li Shi
1883:Xianxi
1634:Family
1597:Modern
1543:Fei Yi
1457:Lu Kai
1453:Xue Xu
1356:此間樂不思蜀
1307:simple
1220:, and
1182:Xue Xu
1153:Yan Yu
996:Li Yan
979:Nanman
941:Fei Yi
867:Weilüe
794:, and
772:Li Yan
753:Gongsi
720:, the
612:Mother
602:Father
452:Detail
416:Spouse
375:Tenure
346:Tenure
327:Fei Yi
310:Regent
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
3723:Wu Yi
3698:Ma Su
3653:Ju Fu
3643:Hu Ji
3557:Yi Ji
3527:Xu Ci
3442:Lü Yi
3407:Li Mi
3402:Li Fu
3053:Shang
2768:with
2738:Died:
2731:Born:
2669:[
2648:[
2629:[
2613:[
2573:[
2479:.897.
2249:Sun,
2200:JSTOR
2188:(PDF)
2052:.905.
2001:JSTOR
1934:era.
1798:Notes
1527:Li Mi
1474:Li Te
1451:Both
1402:Wu Hu
1336:]
1313:]
1175:Gansu
1134:Didao
930:Reign
579:House
495:Names
446:Issue
397:Henan
292:Reign
138:JSTOR
124:books
3125:Qing
3121:Ming
3117:Yuan
3105:Song
3101:Liao
3093:Tang
3057:Zhou
2689:資治通鑑
2646:漢晉春秋
2595:三國志注
2571:三國演義
2553:ISBN
2489:Xi,
2140:Xi,
2101:Yu,
2078:Xi,
1991:ISBN
1754:Koei
1455:and
1419:孝懷皇帝
1393:安樂思公
1376:樂不思蜀
1324:The
1321:).
1318:二王三恪
1114:and
951:and
803:Adou
403:Died
387:Born
110:news
3133:PRC
3129:ROC
3113:Jīn
3089:Sui
3073:Jìn
3065:Han
3061:Qin
3049:Xia
2740:271
2733:207
2611:蜀世譜
2545:doi
2460:品三國
1981:doi
1756:'s
1726:by
1656:fl.
1338:by
1294:安樂公
1177:).
907:to
864:'s
805:" (
727:Liu
724:is
390:207
367:安樂公
284:of
195:by
93:by
3872::
3131:/
3127:→
3123:→
3119:→
3115:→
3111:/
3107:/
3103:/
3099:→
3095:→
3091:→
3087:→
3083:/
3079:→
3075:/
3071:→
3067:→
3063:→
3059:→
3055:→
3051:→
2707:.
2666:魏略
2641:.
2627:蜀記
2551:.
2528:,
2524:.
2500:33
2498:,
2477:33
2475:,
2444:^
2260:34
2258:,
2237:33
2235:,
2219:,
2196:21
2190:.
2171:42
2169:,
2151:53
2149:,
2128:35
2126:,
2112:33
2110:,
2089:34
2087:,
2066:32
2064:,
2050:34
2048:,
2034:33
2032:,
1999:.
1989:.
1950:^
1910:劉玄
1898:,
1839:".
1503:.
1484:,
1404:.
1367:—
1334:zh
1311:zh
1309:;
1244:,
1236:,
1216:,
1173:,
1166:沓中
1159:閻宇
1091:郭循
1053:.
1043:).
1039:,
1032:涪縣
1006:李福
974:.
947:,
943:,
808:阿斗
656:刘禅
642:劉禪
395:,
271:A
257:劉禪
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3158:t
3151:v
2929:e
2922:t
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2547::
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2206:.
2157:.
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