222:
282:, who was Prince of Lu in the early Han dynasty. Because his branch of the Liu family was powerful, and because he proved himself to be an able statesman, he quickly rose through the ranks of the court. However, in July 160, with the death of his teacher Zhu Tian (祝恬), he resigned his position to observe a mourning period as per the traditions of the day. The highest post he reached was that of
403:
in an attempt to attack the capital and seize it. With the help of his sons in the city, the armies attacked, but were defeated. In the hasty retreat, Liu Fan and Liu Dan were captured by Li Jue's forces as they tried to flee Chang'an, and were tortured and killed. Liu Zhang, however, barely managed
352:) and take over his territory. Zhang Lu first killed Zhang Xiu, and after absorbing the latter's armies he successfully managed to kill Su Gu and take control of the territory, which created an independent buffer state between Liu Yan's Yi Province and the Han central government.
740:
In 208, when Cao Cao attacked
Jingzhou, Liu Mao was alive at the start of the invasion, as Cao Cao recommended that he be granted a position as general. Liu Mao only died from illness after this. (璋闻曹公征荆州，已定汉中，遣河内阴溥致敬于曹公。加璋振威将军，兄瑁平寇将军。瑁狂疾物故。)
355:
His next step in gaining control of the region was to rein in the power of the local families, who had their own wealth and large private armies. He executed the leaders of over 10 families, but another powerful family leader Jia Long
411:. It is said that the grief caused by the loss of two sons and the stress from the Mianzhu fire caused him to develop an illness on his back, which would eventually cause his death later in the year.
223:
605:
Although Liu Yan's birth year was not recorded, he should be at least in his 20s when his teacher Zhu Tian died in July 160. Thus, his birth year should be in the late 130s or before.
310:, at that time considered a backward and distant province of the Han Empire, would be auspicious. Liu Yan took the advice, and with his private army set off for his new post in 188.
362:) banded together with others and rebelled. Although the armies of the families were powerful, Liu Yan's forces eventually prevailed. The next threat was from the
731:. In Liu Yan's biography, Liu Mao was recorded as being Liu Yan's youngest son. However, in Liu Zhang's biography, Liu Mao became Liu Zhang's elder brother.
296:, the central court became a politically dangerous place, which Liu Yan wanted to distance himself from. Initially, Liu Yan wanted to be the Governor of
407:
In summer of the same year, Liu Yan's residence in
Mianzhu was struck by lightning and burnt down, forcing him to relocate the provincial capital to
395:'s death, three of Liu Yan's sons (Liu Fan, Liu Dan, and Liu Zhang) were in Chang'an serving in various government posts. Liu Yan joined forces with
332:
Once firmly in control of the region, he plotted to gain independence from the central Han government. The first step in his plan was to send
885:
829:
880:
875:
860:
242:
of China. He was also a member of the extended family of the Han emperors. For most of his career he served as the governor of
766:
761:, translated by Moss Roberts. page 5. Foreign Languages Press. Tenth Printing 2007. First Edition 1995. Beijing, China 1995.
621:
stated that Liu Yan died in the 1st year of the
Xingping era (9 Feb 194 - 28 Jan 195 in the Julian calendar) in the reign of
586:
870:
688:
only indicated that his teacher's surname was Zhu; it was Pei
Songzhi who identified Master Zhu as Zhu Tian, who was
642:
era. This corresponds to 9 April to 7 May 194 in the Julian calendar.(三月，韩遂、马腾与郭汜、樊稠战于长平观，遂、腾败绩，左中郎将刘范、前益州刺史种劭战殁。)
865:
813:
781:
573:
551:
850:
638:
dated the battle between Han Sui, Ma Teng and Guo Si, Fan Chou to the 3rd month of the 1st year of the
424:
279:
363:
329:. Liu Yan enlisted the help of powerful local families to raise an army and put down the rebellion.
372:). However, Liu Yan's forces were able to successfully defend their territory from being ravaged.
560:
326:
333:
797:
443:
380:
254:), which he developed into an independent power base. His domain was passed on to his son
8:
855:
622:
466:
428:
293:
255:
239:
156:
93:
81:
76:
792:
313:
After arriving in Yi
Province, Liu Yan was confronted with his first crisis. Ma Xiang (
762:
292:), or person responsible for ceremonies related to the emperor. During the reign of
567:, who rallied an army of volunteers to help him fight the Yellow Turban rebels. In
114:
707:
204:
577:, however, there is no record of Liu Yan assuming governorship of You Province.
414:
His death left his fourth and youngest son Liu Zhang in control of Yi
Province.
469:, inherited Liu Yan's position as Governor of Yi Province, lost Yi province to
404:
to escape and join up with his father, who returned once again to Yi
Province.
283:
267:
844:
808:
754:
232:
174:
200:
824:
388:
307:
243:
39:
776:
568:
463:), served as Senior Major, died from illness between late 208 and 214
392:
251:
474:
454:), served as Imperial Clerk Preparer of Documents, killed by Li Jue
343:
727:
There is ambiguity in the birth order of Liu Zhang and Liu Mao in
708:"An Outline of the Local Administrations of the Later Han Empire"
564:
556:
532:
505:
492:
470:
408:
400:
396:
297:
263:
259:
247:
134:
130:
325:) started a rebellion in the region, claiming to be part of the
384:
442:), served as General of the Household of the Left, killed by
238:, was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived in the late
118:
675:
era. This corresponds to 29 Jul 160 in the Julian calendar.
209:
342:) to attack the forces of the official Han governor of
495:
after her husband's death, became known as
Empress Mu
692:
before his death. (后以师祝公丧去官。 <臣松之案：祝公，司徒祝恬也>)
541:
705:
842:
613:
611:
608:
526:
517:
511:
499:
486:
458:
449:
437:
367:
366:, who attacked Liu Yan's capital of Mianzhu (
357:
347:
337:
320:
314:
301:
287:
830:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
671:day of the 6th month of the 3rd year of the
654:indicated that he died after this incident.
559:in northern China during the events of the
759:Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel: No. 1
306:), suggested that being the Governor of
696:, vol.31, with Pei Songzhi's annotation
843:
646:vol.09. Liu Yan's biographies in both
587:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
549:In the 14th-century historical novel
667:indicated that Zhu Tian died on the
886:Political office-holders in Sichuan
477:, died shortly after the defection.
13:
699:
300:, but an adviser of his, Dong Fu (
14:
897:
881:Political office-holders in Henan
876:Political office-holders in Hebei
861:Han dynasty government officials
516:), Liu Zhang's wife, Fei Guan (
748:
734:
721:
678:
657:
628:
599:
555:, Liu Yan was the governor of
504:), Liu Fan's wife, related to
487:
473:, joined Liu Bei, defected to
459:
450:
438:
338:
321:
315:
16:Eastern Han warlord (died 194)
1:
814:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
782:Records of the Three Kingdoms
592:
574:Records of the Three Kingdoms
552:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
544:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
376:
663:Emperor Huan's biography in
278:Liu Yan was a descendant of
7:
580:
491:), Liu Mao's wife, married
262:, who founded the state of
10:
902:
871:Politicians from Qianjiang
706:Rafe de Crespigny (1967).
198:
527:
518:
512:
500:
417:
368:
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348:
302:
288:
193:
183:
173:
165:
140:
124:
108:
103:
99:
87:
72:
46:
37:
33:
28:
21:
684:Liu Yan's biography in
634:Liu Xie's biography in
561:Yellow Turban Rebellion
327:Yellow Turban Rebellion
273:
284:Minister of Ceremonies
246:(covering present-day
798:Book of the Later Han
665:Book of the Later Han
636:Book of the Later Han
866:Han dynasty warlords
625:. (... 興平元年，癕疽發背而卒。)
258:, and eventually to
187:Marquis of Yangcheng
623:Emperor Xian of Han
240:Eastern Han dynasty
169:Politician, warlord
82:Emperor Xian of Han
77:Emperor Ling of Han
851:2nd-century births
522:)'s younger sister
482:Daughters-in-law:
387:gained control of
767:978-7-119-00590-4
715:Chung-chi Journal
535:'s younger sister
197:
196:
893:
811:(14th century).
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379:April 194, when
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340:
324:
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319:) and Zhao Zhi (
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230:
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226:
104:Personal details
90:
68:
66:
60:
58:
51:
19:
18:
901:
900:
896:
895:
894:
892:
891:
890:
841:
840:
827:(5th century).
795:(5th century).
779:(3rd century).
773:
772:
753:
749:
739:
735:
726:
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710:
704:
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683:
679:
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658:
633:
629:
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609:
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583:
547:
427:, fifth son of
420:
336:and Zhang Xiu (
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161:
129:
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88:
80:
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5:
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809:Luo, Guanzhong
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275:
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268:Three Kingdoms
231:) (died 194),
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44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
898:
887:
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872:
869:
867:
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849:
848:
846:
836:
835:Sanguozhi zhu
832:
831:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
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807:
804:
800:
799:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
778:
775:
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768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Luo Guanzhong
751:
744:
737:
730:
724:
716:
709:
702:
695:
691:
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681:
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234:
233:courtesy name
227:
225:pronunciation
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175:Courtesy name
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83:
78:
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71:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
20:
834:
828:
825:Pei, Songzhi
819:Sanguo Yanyi
818:
812:
802:
796:
786:
780:
758:
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742:
736:
728:
723:
714:
701:
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685:
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672:
668:
664:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
618:
601:
572:
557:You Province
550:
548:
543:
429:Emperor Jing
413:
406:
374:
364:Qiang people
354:
331:
312:
294:Emperor Ling
277:
235:
216:
215:
208:
201:Chinese name
179:Junlang (君郎)
89:Succeeded by
48:
38:Governor of
498:Lady Pang (
308:Yi Province
266:during the
244:Yi Province
205:family name
40:Yi Province
856:194 deaths
845:Categories
777:Chen, Shou
593:References
525:Lady Cui (
510:Lady Fei (
423:Ancestor:
166:Occupation
803:Houhanshu
787:Sanguozhi
743:Sanguozhi
729:Sanguozhi
694:Sanguozhi
686:Sanguozhi
652:Sanguozhi
648:Houhanshu
644:Houhanshu
640:Xing'ping
619:Sanguozhi
569:Chen Shou
563:. He met
485:Lady Wu (
467:Liu Zhang
457:Liu Mao (
448:Liu Dan (
436:Liu Fan (
393:Dong Zhuo
346:, Su Gu (
256:Liu Zhang
252:Chongqing
157:Liu Zhang
115:Qianjiang
94:Liu Zhang
49:In office
745:, vol.31
717:: 57–71.
581:See also
475:Sun Quan
389:Chang'an
344:Hanzhong
334:Zhang Lu
270:period.
199:In this
141:Children
73:Monarchs
793:Fan, Ye
669:xinchou
565:Liu Bei
533:Cui Yan
506:Pang Xi
493:Liu Bei
471:Liu Bei
409:Chengdu
401:Ma Teng
397:Han Sui
298:Jiaozhi
264:Shu Han
260:Liu Bei
248:Sichuan
236:Junlang
217:Liu Yan
184:Peerage
153:Liu Mao
150:Liu Dan
147:Liu Fan
135:Sichuan
131:Chengdu
112:Unknown
63: (
55: (
23:Liu Yan
765:
673:Yan'xi
444:Li Jue
433:Sons:
425:Liu Yu
418:Family
391:after
385:Guo Si
381:Li Jue
280:Liu Yu
203:, the
711:(PDF)
189:(陽城侯)
119:Hubei
42:(益州牧)
763:ISBN
690:situ
650:and
617:The
399:and
383:and
274:Life
250:and
125:Died
109:Born
61:–194
571:'s
542:In
531:),
375:In
210:Liu
207:is
128:194
65:194
57:188
53:188
847::
837:).
821:).
805:).
789:).
757:,
713:.
610:^
528:崔氏
519:費觀
513:費氏
501:龐氏
488:吳氏
460:劉瑁
451:劉誕
439:劉範
377:c.
369:綿竹
359:賈龍
349:蘇固
339:張脩
322:趙祗
316:馬相
303:董扶
289:太常
133:,
117:,
79:/
29:劉焉
833:(
817:(
801:(
785:(
356:(
286:(
219:(
213:.
67:)
59:)
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