779:(as Emperor Zhuangzong). When the news reached Liu Yan, Liu Yan became fearful of this powerful new state in the north, and in 925 sent his official He Ci (何詞) to Later Tang to try to seek friendly relations in humble terms (referring to himself as "the King of the Great Han" rather than emperor while addressing Emperor Zhuangzong as "the Emperor of the Great Tang") and to find out more about the strength of this new dynasty. After He Ci returned, He Ci reported that Emperor Zhuangzong had become arrogant and excessive and that there was no need to be fearful of him; Liu Yan was pleased, and from this point on no longer sought communications with Later Tang.
951:
open, tying people to heated iron poles, and boiling people. He also sometimes put poisonous snakes in the water and threw criminals into the water, referring to this as "water prison." When the chancellor Yang
Dongqian tried to correct his ways, he would not listen to Yang. In his late years, he was particularly suspicious of the intelligentsia, believing that the officials would be more concerned about the welfare of their descendants rather than of the state, and therefore became trusting of eunuchs. Therefore, from this point on, Southern Han had many eunuchs.
903:
Công Tiễn and occupied Jiao
Prefecture. When Liu Hongcao prepared to attack, Ngô Quyền set a trap for him—setting large wooden planks covered with iron into the tidal zone, such that when Liu Hongcao attacked at high tide, the planks were invisible, but when the tide fell, the Southern Han ships became stuck on the planks and unable to move. Ngô Quyền then counterattacked, killing more than half of the Southern Han soldiers, including Liu Hongcao. Liu Yan, hearing the news, cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet. (This became known as the
470:) under siege. Liu Yin personally led an army and repelled Lu Guangchou from Chao, and then prepared to attack Shao. Under Liu Zhi's advice (as Liu Zhi believed that a direct attack would not be successful due to the strength of Lu Yanchang's army), he put Shao under siege to try to wear out Lu Yanchang's defense, but the strategy backfired when, due to high water levels on the river, the Qinghai army's food supplies were disrupted. Lu Guangchou then launched a relief army from Qian, repelling Liu Yin from Shao.
845:, Vietnam) built up a personal army of 3,000 adoptive sons, wanting to take control of Jinghai. Although Li knew about this, he did nothing as he was receiving regular bribes from Dương. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ put Jiao Prefecture under siege. Liu Yan sent the general Cheng Bao (程寶) to try to lift the siege, but before Cheng could get there, the city fell. Li fled back to Xingwang, where Liu put him to death. Cheng tried to recapture Jiao Prefecture, but Dương Đình Nghệ defeated and killed him in battle.
859:
activities, as Liu Hongdu was commonly regarded as the heir, Liu Yan refused to listen. When Yang subsequently observed the guards pillage gold and silk from merchants and the merchants' fear causing them not to report the matter, Yang lamented, "If the rule is as troubled as this, what is a chancellor for?" He thus claimed an illness and retired to his mansion. Liu Yan subsequently never again summoned Yang for any audiences, and Yang eventually died at his home without returning to chancellorship.
616:, so Yao took the people and left Rong Prefecture, allowing Liu to take control of the Rong Prefecture region, as well as Gao Prefecture. Hearing of the war between two of his vassals, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent a delegation led by the official Wei Jian (韋戩) to try to mediate a peace between Ma and Liu. Liu responded by sending a large tribute of gold, silver, rhinoceros horns, ivory, and other assorted jewels and spices, to Emperor Taizu.
612:, Tan claimed to be ill and retired from the Qian Prefecture army. Hearing of this, Liu Yan dispatched an army to attack Shao Prefecture and captured it; its prefect Liao Shuang (廖爽) fled to Chu, allowing Liu Yan to take Shao under his control. Meanwhile, he also again attacked Rong Prefecture. Yao Yanzhang was unable to stand up against his attacks despite being aided by a Chu relief force commanded by
790:("white dragon") and changed his own name to Gong (龔). However, later in the year, when foreign monks informed him that the character "Gong" was not favorable to Southern Han's fortune, he further changed his name to a newly created character (龑, Yǎn), showing the character of a dragon (龍) over that of heaven (天). The pronunciation was similar to his birth name, but distinct in tone. (The
565:, which Zhu had established as its Emperor Taizu, and carried the title of Prince of Nanping or Nanhai), when Liu Zhi attacked Liu Changlu at Gao Prefecture. Liu Changlu repelled his attack, but figured that he would not be able to indefinitely hold out against the Liu brothers, and therefore, along with Pang, offered to submit to
822:, and also sent the general Su Zhang (蘇章) to take a fleet manned with well-trained archers to try to lift the siege on Feng. Su engaged the Chu fleet and pretended to withdraw after a skirmish, inducing the Chu fleet to chase; he then caught the Chu fleet in an ambush and defeated it, forcing the Chu forces to withdraw.
902:
as the military governor of
Jinghai and changed his title to Prince of Jiao, having him command an army to head to Jiao Prefecture while Liu Yan himself commanded a follow-up army. By the time that Liu Hongcao was approaching Jiao Prefecture, however, Ngô Quyền had already defeated and killed Kiều
950:
region was where rare jewels could be gathered, so he was luxurious in his living and favored beautiful things, adorning his palaces with gold, jades, and pearls. He was cruel in his punishments, using methods including cutting off noses, cutting off tongues, dismemberment, cutting pregnant women
930:
the Prince of Yue, to be an appropriate successor. He thus considered sending Liu Hongdu and Liu Hongxi out of the capital and making Liu
Hongchang his heir. However, the official Xiao Yi (蕭益) persuaded him that bypassing older sons would cause disturbances, and so Liu Yan did not carry out this
910:
In 939, Zhao
Guangyi, pointing out that there had not been any emissaries sent between Southern Han and Chu after Empress Ma's death and that the two states, related by marriage, should be friendly to each other, recommended the official Li Shu (李紓) as an appropriate emissary. Liu Yan agreed, and
825:
In 930, Liu Yan sent his generals Liang Kezhen (梁克貞) and Li Shoufu (李守鄜) to attack Jiao
Prefecture; they captured it and took Khúc Thừa Mỹ (曲承美, son and successor of Khúc Hạo) captive, taking (for the time being) Jinghai Circuit (靜海, Vietnamese: Tĩnh Hải, headquartered at Jiao Prefecture) under
858:
the Prince of Qin (Liu Hongdu's older brothers Liu Yaoshu and Liu Guitu having died earlier) to form a guard force of his own, but these guard ranks were filled with hoodlums that Liu Hongdu was close to. When Yang
Dongqian tried to speak on this matter to advise Liu Yan to curb Liu Hongdu's
631:
the Prince of Jun and committed suicide. Zhu
Youzhen, who took the throne and changed his name to Zhu Zhen, then gave Liu the title of not only military governor of Qinghai, but also of Jianwu Circuit (建武, headquartered at Yong Prefecture), and also created him the Prince of Nanping, a title
554:, there were some 70 camps of people who did not recognize Liu Yin's authorities. It was said that after Liu Yin entrusted the military matters to Liu Zhi, Liu Zhi gradually had these warlords expelled or forced into submission, such that he became known as the preeminent general in the
666:
In fall 917, Liu went further and declared himself emperor of a new state of Yue, at his capital of Panyu (which he renamed
Xingwang). He posthumously honored his grandfather Liu Anren (劉安仁), father Liu Qian, and brother Liu Yin as emperors. He commissioned the Later Liang emissaries
580:
In 911, Liu Yin grew deathly ill. He submitted a petition recommending Liu Zhi as acting military governor, and died shortly after. Liu Zhi took over the circuit. Shortly after, Later Liang's
Emperor Taizu made Liu Zhi full military governor. His name was changed back to Liu Yan.
412:
outside the home, a Lady Duan, and it was to Lady Duan that Liu Yan was born. When Lady Wei found out, she killed Lady Duan, but could not bear to kill the infant Liu Yan, and she took him back home to be raised as her own, as a younger brother to her own sons
501:
commissioned Liu Yin as full military governor in 904. Liu Zhi served as Liu Yin's deputy military governor. It was said that at that time, in addition to the continued conflict with Lu Guangchou, substantial portions of the region were controlled by other
437:
died, leaving a recommendation to Emperor Zhaozong that Liu Yin be made acting military governor, and Liu Yin subsequently took that title. Liu Zhi continued serving under his brother, and was first recorded to have participated in a campaign in 902, when
745:), near the Min border. The Min general Wang Yanmei (Wang Shenzhi's son or nephew) decided to launch a surprise attack on Liu Yan's train, but before Wang Yanmei's forces arrived, Liu Yan received the news and fled Meikou before Min forces could attack.
647:, carried the greater title of Prince of Wuyue. He made a request to Zhu Zhen that he be created the similarly honored title of Prince of Nanyue and be given a further title as commander of the circuits. When Zhu Zhen refused, Liu commented:
420:
As Liu Yan grew up, it was said that he was tall and capable in both horsemanship and archery. After Liu Yin became the commander of the army of the circuit (which had been renamed Qinghai (清海)) by that point under the military governor
480:
as the new military governor of Qinghai, but Cui, while on the way to Qinghai, heard about popular uprisings in the region and also was worried that Liu Yin would not yield the position to him, and therefore returned to then-capital
898:(吳權), rose at Ai Prefecture and subsequently attacked Jiao Prefecture, Kiều Công Tiễn sought aid from Southern Han. Liu Yan wanted to use this opportunity to take over Jinghai again, so he commissioned his son
643:
as his bride, and Ma sent his brother Ma Cun (馬存) to escort her to Qinghai. Meanwhile, Liu was dissatisfied that he was only given the title of Prince of Nanping, while another Later Liang vassal,
710:
In 918, after Liu Yan offered sacrifices to heaven and earth and issued a general pardon, he changed the name of his state from Yue to Han (and thus his state became known as Southern Han).
919:(whose Later Jin state had earlier taken over Later Tang's territory) seeking a military alliance where they would attack Chu and divide its territory; the Later Jin emperor declined.
737:
In 922, there was an incident where Liu Yan, believing in the words of a sorcerer that he needed to leave the capital to avoid a disaster, left Xingwang to visit Meikou (梅口, in modern
1937:
2661:
911:
after Li visited Chu, Chu also sent emissaries to Southern Han, reestablishing relations between the two states. Despite this, in 941, Liu Yan sent an emissary to
425:
the Prince of Xue in 896, Liu Yan was also given the title of military advisor to Li Zhirou as the Prince of Xue, and his name was changed from Liu Yan to Liu Zhi.
800:, sent his brother Zheng Zhaochun (鄭昭淳) to Southern Han to seek a marriage alliance, Liu Yan gave another niece, the Princess Zengcheng, to Zheng Min in marriage.
1427:
The traditional sources indicate that Liu Hua was a daughter of Liu Yan's, not Liu Yin's, but her tombstone indicated that she was Liu Yin's daughter. See
1930:
692:
2625:
1923:
2705:
2710:
1742:
363:
2657:
1248:
593:
to serve on his staff, and often made them prefects of the circuit's prefectures, so among the prefects there were no military officers.
589:
It was said that Liu Yan, while serving as military governor, frequently invited members of the intelligentsia who had fled from the
1946:
367:
2641:
2613:
2609:
1542:
1103:
904:
635:
Also in 913, Liu Yan sought a marital alliance with Ma Yin, and Ma agreed. In 915, Liu sent a delegation to Chu's capital
2601:
2715:
1775:
1759:
1729:
1713:
1682:
1663:
1647:
1631:
1612:
1596:
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1507:
1488:
1472:
1451:
1415:
1394:
1367:
1348:
1332:
1316:
1300:
1212:
1181:
1158:
782:
Later in the year, it was said that a white dragon was discovered in the Han palace. In response, Liu Yan changed his
942:
Gaozu was observant and capable of political tactics, but was self-important, often referring to the emperors of the
1814:
1795:
1530:
1525:
1176:
808:
In 928, a Chu fleet attacked Southern Han and put Feng Prefecture under siege. In response, Liu Yan, believing that
1068:
Liu Hongjiǎn (劉弘簡) (note different tone than his brother), the Prince of Tong (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
2605:
2597:
1071:
Liu Hongjiàn (劉弘建) (note different tone than his brother), the Prince of Yi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
497:), who had the Tang imperial court under his physical control by that point, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
2690:
299:
1051:(劉弘操), initially the Prince of Wan (created 932), later the Prince of Jiao (created and killed in battle 938).
2637:
838:
312:
2012:
1964:
1863:
562:
2516:
2002:
668:
834:
and pillaged it of its treasure. Liu stationed his general Li Jin (李進) at Jiao Prefecture to defend it.
561:
One of these campaigns was described as in or around 910 (by which time Liu Yin was a vassal of the new
2720:
2138:
2088:
2042:
2022:
916:
912:
768:
680:
474:
2695:
983:
922:
In 942, Liu Yan grew seriously ill. He considered both of his oldest surviving sons, Liu Hongdu and
640:
627:(太傅, "emperor's professor") on Liu. He was subsequently defeated in a countercoup led by his brother
891:
2700:
2589:
2476:
2393:
2388:
1027:
923:
379:
20:
573:. Ma sent troops to safely escort Liu Changlu and Pang back to his territory and had his general
2581:
2449:
2128:
2123:
1023:, initially the Prince of Bin (created 932), later the Prince of Qin (created 932), later emperor
748:
In 924, Liu Yan launched an attack on Min, advancing on the borders of Min's Ting (汀洲, in modern
695:, the daughter of his brother Liu Yin, whom he had created the Princess Qingyuan, in marriage to
1915:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2585:
2383:
2378:
2251:
2178:
1889:
1834:
1020:
855:
414:
117:
87:
542:); and Liu Qian (劉潜, different person than Liu Zhi's father) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern
2617:
2593:
2577:
2454:
943:
887:(Ma Yin's son) personally went to Gui Prefecture to defend against the attack, Sun withdrew.
837:
The Southern Han hold on Jinghai would not last long, however. After the fall of the Khúcs,
590:
842:
1807:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume One, Part One): From early times to c. 1500
1284:
1002:
727:
1253:
8:
2685:
2680:
2008:
1433:
the Tombstone Text of the Deceased Lady Minghui, Lady Liu of Yan, from Pengcheng, of Tang
551:
477:
796:
placed this second name change in 941.) Also in 925, when Zheng Min (鄭旻) the emperor of
394:) and was married to a Lady Wei, the niece of Wei Zhou (韋宙), a prior military governor (
2464:
991:
704:
570:
498:
450:) region as Qian's prefect, attacked Qinghai, capturing Shao Prefecture (韶州, in modern
192:
707:(who remained a Later Liang vassal), to cement a relationship between the two states.
1810:
1791:
867:
In 936, Liu Yan sent his general Sun Dewei (孫德威) to attack Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern
659:. How can I send emissaries over the mountains and the seas to serve a false dynasty?
656:
1870:
675:(who were previously detained by Liu Yin), as well as his deputy military governor
652:
623:
the Prince of Ying. In early 913, Zhu Yougui bestowed the honorary title of acting
355:
19:
This article is about the founder of the Southern Han dynasty. For other uses, see
1098:
967:
or Liu Qian, posthumously honored Emperor Shengwu with the temple name of Daizu ).
926:
the Prince of Jin, to be arrogant and unrestrained, and considered a younger son,
895:
663:
Thereafter, Liu stopped sending tributes and emissaries to the Later Liang court.
1126:
797:
244:
180:
33:
938:, summarizing the opinions from other sources, commented about Liu Yan's reign:
503:
386:(also known as Liu Qian) was then the prefect of Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern
1207:
894:(矯公羨), who took over Jinghai. In 938, when another former general of Dương's,
792:
531:
159:
1083:
Liu Hongzheng (劉弘政), the Prince of Tong (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 955)
827:
519:
2674:
2557:
2547:
2522:
2436:
2274:
1998:
1033:
927:
676:
1063:
Liu Hongmiao (劉弘邈), the Prince of Gao (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 954
2552:
2481:
2421:
2370:
2256:
2183:
2165:
2155:
2114:
2101:
2096:
1905:
1841:
1428:
1086:
Liu Hongyi (劉弘益), the Prince of Ding (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
1080:
Liu Hongzhao (劉弘照), the Prince of Yi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
1077:
Liu Hongdao (劉弘道), the Prince of Gui (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
1074:
Liu Hongji (劉弘濟), the Prince of Bian (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
1045:
Liu Hongze (劉弘澤), the Prince of Zhen (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 944)
1042:
Liu Hongya (劉弘雅), the Prince of Shao (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 945)
700:
574:
439:
359:
287:
69:
29:
1060:
Liu Hongwei (劉弘暐), the Prince of En (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
1057:(劉弘杲), the Prince of Xun (born 923, created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 943).
2496:
2491:
2486:
2411:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2220:
2150:
1982:
1859:
1054:
1048:
1039:
Liu Hongbi (劉弘弼), the Prince of Qi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
964:
899:
696:
628:
597:
459:
383:
347:
256:
228:
767:
Meanwhile, in 923, Later Liang had been conquered by its northern rival
2506:
2501:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2297:
2279:
2243:
2202:
2188:
2069:
2033:
2018:
1977:
931:
plan. He soon died, and Liu Hongdu became emperor (as Emperor Shang).
776:
731:
672:
620:
609:
408:), which Feng Prefecture belonged to. However, he also secretly had a
320:
317:
307:
304:
2312:
2266:
2215:
2173:
2074:
2064:
2048:
1874:
757:
742:
619:
In late 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated and succeeded by his son
547:
539:
489:
the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
467:
455:
434:
422:
409:
405:
401:
391:
726:
In 920, at Yang Dongqian's request, Liu Yan established schools and
651:
Now the Central Plain is in confusion. No one knows who is the true
608:. As Li Qiu had considered killing Lu Guangchou's chief strategist
2562:
2542:
2345:
2059:
884:
841:- the prefect of Ai Prefecture (愛州, Vietnamese: Ái châu, in modern
818:
that would portend good fortune in battle, changed the era name to
783:
772:
730:, apparently following the Tang model. He also sent emissaries to
644:
636:
613:
605:
463:
451:
396:
387:
95:
826:
Southern Han control and ending the control of the circuit by the
2444:
2426:
2416:
2403:
2289:
2210:
1972:
1945:
1878:
947:
880:
872:
814:
749:
738:
555:
535:
527:
523:
515:
490:
486:
482:
447:
443:
282:
272:
1129:
510:, Vietnam); Liu Shizheng (劉士政) at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern
2335:
2327:
1036:(劉弘昌), the Prince of Yue (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 944)
987:
876:
868:
831:
761:
753:
601:
566:
511:
325:
1013:
Liu Yaoshu (劉耀樞), the Prince of Yong (created 932), died early
764:) Prefectures. A Min counterattack defeated him, and he fled.
604:, who subsequently died and was succeeded by another officer,
2534:
1016:
Liu Guitu (劉龜圖), the Prince of Kang (created 932), died early
543:
507:
494:
854:
Also in 934, Liu Yan allowed his then-surviving oldest son
485:. Subsequently, after Liu Yin bribed the powerful warlord
848:
In 932, Liu Yan created his 19 sons as imperial princes.
596:
Meanwhile, also in 911, Lu Guangchou's son and successor
400:) of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern
185:
530:); Pang Juzhao (龐巨昭) at Rong Prefecture (容州, in modern
534:); Liu Changlu (劉昌魯) at Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern
1431:
The Study and Explanation of the Fujian Discovery of
442:, who controlled the Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern
890:In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was killed by his general
723:In 919, Liu Yan created his wife Lady Ma empress.
462:, and then putting Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern
1804:
1005:, mother of Prince Hongdu, later consort dowager.
2672:
1030:, the Prince of Jin (created 932), later emperor
1931:
1790:. Harvard University Press. pp. 11, 15.
713:
473:Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the
378:Liu Yan was born in 889, during the reign of
49:
1281:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1249:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
16:Founding emperor of the Southern Han dynasty
1809:. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
1938:
1924:
1785:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1674:
1672:
1623:
1621:
1588:
1586:
1553:
1551:
1499:
1497:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1443:
1441:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1359:
1357:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1243:
1241:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
342:(劉陟) (from c. 896 to 911) and briefly as
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1171:
1169:
1167:
522:(葉廣略) at Yong Prefecture (邕州, in modern
428:
1765:
1749:
1719:
1688:
1669:
1653:
1637:
1618:
1602:
1583:
1567:
1548:
1494:
1457:
1438:
1400:
1373:
1354:
955:
584:
506:(曲顥) at Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern
2673:
1947:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1513:
1322:
1187:
1135:
946:as "prefect of Luo Prefecture" . The
775:declared himself the emperor of a new
368:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
239:After 918: Emperor of Great Han (大漢皇帝)
2706:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
1919:
1259:
1218:
1164:
975:Lady Duan, Liu Zhiqian's concubine ).
699:, a son of his northeastern neighbor
691:Also in 917, Liu Yan gave his niece,
577:take up garrison at Rong Prefecture.
2711:Tang dynasty generals from Guangdong
1122:
1120:
1118:
686:
237:917–918: Emperor of Great Yue (大越皇帝)
13:
2041:
1130:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
201:later Yán (巖) again (changed 911),
14:
2732:
1526:New History of the Five Dynasties
1115:
1026:Liu Hongxi (劉弘熙), later renamed
1019:Liu Hongdu (劉弘度), later renamed
600:was assassinated by his officer
62:Emperor of Great Han (After 918)
1805:Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999).
1735:
1536:
1478:
1421:
1338:
803:
235:911–917: Prince of Nanhai (南海王)
1306:
1290:
734:, seeking friendly relations.
718:
433:In 901, Li Zhirou's successor
330:
316:
303:
158:Kang Mausoleum (康陵; in modern
60:Emperor of Great Yue (917–918)
1:
2626:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1177:History of the Five Dynasties
1109:
862:
830:. Liang further advanced to
550:). In addition, east of the
373:
352:Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han
203:later Gōng (龔) (changed 925),
199:later Zhì (陟) (changed ~896),
79:5 September 917 – 10 June 942
46:Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han
632:previously held by Liu Yin.
7:
1957:(and other northern states)
1092:
756:) and Zhang (漳州, in modern
458:) and giving it to his son
205:later Yǎn (龑) (changed 925)
10:
2737:
714:As emperor of Southern Han
27:
18:
2716:Politicians from Zhaoqing
2575:
2533:
2515:
2472:
2463:
2435:
2402:
2369:
2326:
2288:
2265:
2242:
2236:(other than Northern Han)
2233:
2201:
2164:
2146:
2137:
2110:
2087:
2055:
2032:
1991:
1963:
1954:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1868:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1788:Imperial China (900–1800)
1104:Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)
905:Battle of Bạch Đằng River
875:) and Gui (桂州, in modern
851:In 934, Empress Ma died.
639:to welcome Ma's daughter
334:; 889 – 10 June 942), né
281:
271:
262:
255:
250:
243:
234:
227:
218:
213:
176:
171:
167:
153:
145:
137:
133:
123:
113:
105:
93:
83:
75:
67:
58:
50:
45:
1842:Prince of Nanhai/Nanping
380:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
346:(劉龔), also known by his
21:Liu Yan (disambiguation)
2129:Emperor Shizong of Liao
2124:Emperor Taizong of Liao
1906:Emperor of Southern Han
1743:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1900:None (dynasty founded)
953:
883:). When Chu's prince
812:was a phrase from the
661:
354:(南漢高祖), was the first
128:Proclaimed the emperor
2691:Southern Han emperors
1543:Book of Southern Tang
940:
728:imperial examinations
649:
429:Service under Liu Yin
251:Tiānhuáng Dàdì (天皇大帝)
219:Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917–925
149:10 June 942 (aged 53)
956:Personal information
585:As military governor
360:Southern Han dynasty
221:Báilóng (白龍) 925–928
1992:Concurrent warlords
1786:Mote, F.W. (1999).
1545:“龑音儼”；【韻會】儼，疑檢切，嚴上聲
300:traditional Chinese
197:Originally Yán (巖),
843:Thanh Hóa Province
499:Emperor Ai of Tang
417:and Liu Tai (劉台).
313:simplified Chinese
223:Dàyǒu (大有) 928–942
99:of Qinghai Circuit
2721:Founding monarchs
2668:
2667:
2571:
2570:
2529:
2528:
2229:
2228:
2197:
2196:
2083:
2082:
1914:
1913:
1887:Succeeded by
1849:Succeeded by
687:As emperor of Yue
657:Mandate of Heaven
338:(劉巖), also named
293:
292:
267:
266:
2728:
2696:Lingnan jiedushi
2470:
2469:
2240:
2239:
2144:
2143:
2039:
2038:
1961:
1960:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1898:Preceded by
1871:Emperor of China
1857:Preceded by
1832:Preceded by
1824:
1823:
1820:
1801:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1707:
1686:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1522:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1455:
1445:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1398:
1388:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1257:
1245:
1216:
1204:
1185:
1173:
1162:
1152:
1133:
1124:
999:Major Concubine
990:, the prince of
332:
323:
310:
169:
168:
54:
53:
52:
43:
42:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2701:Jianwu jiedushi
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2567:
2525:
2511:
2459:
2431:
2398:
2365:
2322:
2284:
2261:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2160:
2133:
2112:
2106:
2079:
2051:
2028:
1987:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1892:(Emperor Shang)
1883:
1866:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1817:
1798:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1740:
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1708:
1689:
1677:
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1658:
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1642:
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1626:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1502:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1446:
1439:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1401:
1389:
1374:
1362:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1260:
1246:
1219:
1205:
1188:
1174:
1165:
1153:
1136:
1127:Academia Sinica
1125:
1116:
1112:
1095:
958:
865:
839:Dương Đình Nghệ
806:
771:, whose prince
721:
716:
689:
587:
431:
376:
358:of the Chinese
245:Posthumous name
238:
236:
222:
220:
209:
206:
204:
202:
200:
198:
189:
163:
100:
68:1st Emperor of
61:
48:
47:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2666:
2665:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1955:Five Dynasties
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:Regnal titles
1822:
1821:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1772:Zizhi Tongjian
1764:
1756:Zizhi Tongjian
1748:
1734:
1726:Zizhi Tongjian
1718:
1710:Zizhi Tongjian
1687:
1679:Zizhi Tongjian
1668:
1660:Zizhi Tongjian
1652:
1644:Zizhi Tongjian
1636:
1628:Zizhi Tongjian
1617:
1609:Zizhi Tongjian
1601:
1593:Zizhi Tongjian
1582:
1574:Zizhi Tongjian
1566:
1558:Zizhi Tongjian
1547:
1535:
1512:
1504:Zizhi Tongjian
1493:
1485:Zizhi Tongjian
1477:
1469:Zizhi Tongjian
1456:
1448:Zizhi Tongjian
1437:
1429:Chen Hongjun,
1420:
1412:Zizhi Tongjian
1399:
1391:Zizhi Tongjian
1372:
1364:Zizhi Tongjian
1353:
1345:Zizhi Tongjian
1337:
1329:Zizhi Tongjian
1321:
1313:Zizhi Tongjian
1305:
1297:Zizhi Tongjian
1289:
1258:
1217:
1208:Zizhi Tongjian
1186:
1163:
1155:Zizhi Tongjian
1134:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
995:
986:, daughter of
978:
977:
976:
970:
969:
968:
957:
954:
936:Zizhi Tongjian
892:Kiều Công Tiễn
864:
861:
805:
802:
793:Zizhi Tongjian
720:
717:
715:
712:
703:the Prince of
688:
685:
586:
583:
569:the Prince of
532:Yulin, Guangxi
430:
427:
375:
372:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
253:
252:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
231:
225:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
196:
190:
184:
177:
174:
173:
165:
164:
160:Panyu District
157:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
65:
64:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2733:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Qian Hongzong
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Qian Yuanguan
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2523:Wang Yanzheng
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:Southern Tang
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Meng Zhixiang
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:Liu Shouguang
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1816:0-521-66369-5
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1797:0-674-01212-7
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1680:
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1673:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:Liu Hongchang
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
993:
989:
985:
982:
981:
979:
974:
973:
971:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
952:
949:
945:
944:Central Plain
939:
937:
932:
929:
928:Liu Hongchang
925:
920:
918:
917:Emperor Gaozu
914:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
857:
852:
849:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
816:
811:
801:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
711:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
677:Yang Dongqian
674:
670:
664:
660:
658:
654:
653:Son of Heaven
648:
646:
642:
638:
633:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
591:Central Plain
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:Zhu Quanzhong
484:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
426:
424:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
382:. His father
381:
371:
369:
365:
362:, one of the
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
322:
319:
314:
309:
306:
301:
297:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
233:
230:
226:
217:
212:
194:
191:
187:
182:
179:
178:
175:
170:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
97:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
66:
63:
57:
44:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
2614:N. Dynasties
2610:S. Dynasties
2553:Qian Hongzuo
2482:Wang Shenzhi
2422:Yang Longyan
2371:Southern Han
2257:Wang Zongyan
2234:Ten Kingdoms
2179:Liu Chengjun
2166:Northern Han
2156:Liu Chengyou
2102:Shi Chonggui
2097:Shi Jingtang
1904:
1869:
1840:
1806:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1678:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1538:
1524:
1503:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1447:
1430:
1423:
1411:
1390:
1363:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1247:
1206:
1175:
1154:
1064:
1003:Consort Zhao
941:
935:
933:
921:
909:
889:
866:
853:
850:
847:
836:
824:
819:
813:
809:
807:
804:Middle reign
791:
787:
781:
766:
747:
736:
725:
722:
709:
701:Wang Shenzhi
690:
669:Zhao Guangyi
665:
662:
650:
634:
624:
618:
595:
588:
579:
575:Yao Yanzhang
560:
472:
440:Lu Guangchou
432:
419:
395:
377:
364:Ten Kingdoms
351:
343:
339:
335:
329:
295:
294:
288:Southern Han
162:, Guangzhou)
127:
94:
70:Southern Han
59:
37:
30:Chinese name
25:
2606:16 Kingdoms
2497:Wang Jipeng
2492:Wang Yanjun
2487:Wang Yanhan
2412:Yang Xingmi
2318:Gao Jichong
2308:Gao Baorong
2303:Gao Conghui
2221:Guo Zongxun
2151:Liu Zhiyuan
2117:occupation)
2111:Interregnum
1983:Zhu Youzhen
1965:Later Liang
1864:Later Liang
1055:Liu Honggao
1049:Liu Hongcao
965:Liu Zhiqian
900:Liu Hongcao
828:Khúc family
719:Early reign
697:Wang Yanjun
681:chancellors
629:Zhu Youzhen
598:Lu Yanchang
563:Later Liang
552:Pearl River
520:Ye Guanglüe
460:Lu Yanchang
384:Liu Zhiqian
366:during the
348:temple name
257:Temple name
229:Regnal name
181:Family name
114:Predecessor
34:family name
2686:942 deaths
2681:889 births
2675:Categories
2598:3 Kingdoms
2507:Zhu Wenjin
2502:Wang Yanxi
2361:Ma Xichong
2351:Ma Xiguang
2341:Ma Xisheng
2298:Gao Jixing
2280:Meng Chang
2244:Former Shu
2203:Later Zhou
2189:Liu Jiyuan
2070:Li Conghou
2034:Later Tang
2019:Li Maozhen
1978:Zhu Yougui
1110:References
984:Empress Ma
924:Liu Hongxi
863:Late reign
856:Liu Hongdu
777:Later Tang
732:Former Shu
673:Li Yinheng
641:Empress Ma
621:Zhu Yougui
610:Tan Quanbo
475:chancellor
374:Background
263:Gāozǔ (高祖)
193:Given name
2477:Wang Chao
2394:Liu Chang
2389:Liu Sheng
2313:Gao Baoxu
2267:Later Shu
2252:Wang Jian
2216:Chai Rong
2184:Liu Ji'en
2174:Liu Chong
2139:Later Han
2089:Later Jin
2075:Li Congke
2065:Li Siyuan
2049:Li Keyong
2009:Wang Rong
1875:Guangdong
1099:Ngô Quyền
1028:Liu Sheng
1010:Children
913:Later Jin
896:Ngô Quyền
758:Zhangzhou
743:Guangdong
655:with the
548:Guangdong
540:Guangdong
502:warlords—
468:Guangdong
456:Guangdong
435:Xu Yanruo
423:Li Zhirou
410:concubine
406:Guangdong
402:Guangzhou
392:Guangdong
214:Era dates
172:Full name
124:Successor
109:911 – 917
84:Successor
2563:Qian Chu
2543:Qian Liu
2346:Ma Xifan
2060:Li Cunxu
1910:917–942
1884:917–942
1860:Zhu Zhen
1846:913–917
1776:vol. 292
1760:vol. 291
1746:, vol. 5
1730:vol. 285
1714:vol. 287
1683:vol. 284
1664:vol. 281
1648:vol. 280
1632:vol. 279
1613:vol. 278
1597:vol. 277
1578:vol. 276
1562:vol. 282
1508:vol. 274
1489:vol. 272
1473:vol. 273
1452:vol. 271
1416:vol. 269
1395:vol. 268
1368:vol. 267
1349:vol. 265
1333:vol. 263
1317:vol. 262
1301:vol. 260
1252:(十國春秋),
1213:vol. 283
1182:vol. 135
1159:vol. 270
1093:See also
885:Ma Xifan
784:era name
773:Li Cunxu
645:Qian Liu
637:Changsha
614:Xu Dexun
606:Li Yantu
558:region.
504:Khúc Hạo
478:Cui Yuan
464:Chaozhou
452:Shaoguan
397:Jiedushi
388:Zhaoqing
344:Liu Gong
101:(清海軍節度使)
96:Jiedushi
28:In this
2450:Li Jing
2445:Li Bian
2427:Yang Pu
2417:Yang Wo
2384:Liu Bin
2379:Liu Yan
2356:Ma Xi'e
2290:Jingnan
2211:Guo Wei
1973:Zhu Wen
1890:Liu Bin
1879:Guangxi
1835:Liu Yin
1531:vol. 65
1285:vol. 61
1254:vol. 58
1021:Liu Bin
972:Mother
961:Father
948:Lingnan
881:Guangxi
873:Guangxi
815:I Ching
798:Changhe
788:Bailong
750:Longyan
739:Meizhou
693:Liu Hua
556:Lingnan
536:Maoming
528:Guangxi
524:Nanning
516:Guangxi
491:Kaifeng
483:Luoyang
448:Jiangxi
444:Ganzhou
415:Liu Yin
356:emperor
350:as the
340:Liu Zhi
336:Liu Yan
331:Liú Yǎn
296:Liu Yan
283:Dynasty
118:Liu Yin
88:Liu Bin
2638:W. Xia
2336:Ma Yin
1949:rulers
1813:
1794:
988:Ma Yin
877:Guilin
869:Wuzhou
832:Champa
762:Fujian
754:Fujian
602:Li Qiu
567:Ma Yin
512:Guilin
328::
326:pinyin
315::
302::
154:Burial
106:Tenure
32:, the
2582:Shang
2535:Wuyue
2455:Li Yu
980:Wife
820:Dayou
810:Dayou
625:Taifu
544:Yunfu
508:Hanoi
495:Henan
273:House
76:Reign
2654:Qing
2650:Ming
2646:Yuan
2634:Song
2630:Liao
2622:Tang
2586:Zhou
2115:Liao
2013:Zhao
1851:None
1811:ISBN
1792:ISBN
934:The
671:and
146:Died
138:Born
51:南漢高祖
2662:PRC
2658:ROC
2642:Jīn
2618:Sui
2602:Jìn
2594:Han
2590:Qin
2578:Xia
2517:Yin
2465:Min
2328:Chu
2043:Jin
2003:Yan
1862:of
992:Chu
915:'s
907:.)
786:to
769:Jin
705:Min
571:Chu
518:);
277:Liu
188:(劉)
186:Liú
141:889
38:Liu
36:is
2677::
2660:/
2656:→
2652:→
2648:→
2644:→
2640:/
2636:/
2632:/
2628:→
2624:→
2620:→
2616:→
2612:/
2608:→
2604:/
2600:→
2596:→
2592:→
2588:→
2584:→
2580:→
2404:Wu
2023:Qi
1881:)
1774:,
1758:,
1728:,
1712:,
1690:^
1681:,
1671:^
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1630:,
1620:^
1611:,
1595:,
1585:^
1576:,
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1550:^
1529:,
1515:^
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1496:^
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1471:,
1459:^
1450:,
1440:^
1414:,
1402:^
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1375:^
1366:,
1356:^
1347:,
1331:,
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1299:,
1283:,
1261:^
1220:^
1211:,
1189:^
1180:,
1166:^
1157:,
1137:^
1117:^
879:,
871:,
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752:,
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683:.
679:,
546:,
538:,
526:,
514:,
493:,
466:,
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446:,
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390:,
370:.
324:;
311:;
195::
183::
2113:(
2025:)
2021:(
2015:)
2011:(
2005:)
2001:(
1939:e
1932:t
1925:v
1877:/
1873:(
1819:.
1800:.
1778:.
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1685:.
1666:.
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1454:.
1435:.
1418:.
1397:.
1370:.
1351:.
1335:.
1319:.
1303:.
1287:.
1256:.
1215:.
1184:.
1161:.
1132:.
994::
321:䶮
318:刘
308:龑
305:劉
298:(
40:.
23:.
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