64:
32:
560:
Livedo reticularis is diagnosed by its clinical appearance and history. No further test or examination confirms idiopathic livedo reticularis. However, further investigations may be undertaken where an underlying cause is suspected such as skin biopsies, or blood tests for antibodies associated with
252:
Idiopathic livedo reticularis – the most common form of livedo reticularis, completely benign condition of unknown cause affecting mostly young women during the winter: It is a lacy purple appearance of skin in extremities due to sluggish venous blood flow. It may be mild, but ulceration may occur
1445:
Pachlopnik Schmid, Jana; Lemoine; Nehme, Nadine; Cormier-Daire, Valéry; Revy, Patrick; Debeurme, Franck; Debré, Marianne; Nitschke, Patrick; Bole-Feysot, Christine; Legeai-Mallet, Laurence; Lim, Annick; de
Villartay, Jean-Pierre; Picard, Capucine; Durandy, Anne; Fischer, Alain; de Saint Basile,
1011:
Rot, Uroš; Ledinek, Alenka Horvat (December 2013). "Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and
Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis".
543:(a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown cause, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages)
2477:
2462:
1728:
Camacho, Diana; Machan, Shalma; Pilesanski, Ursula; Revelles, Juan Maria; MartĂn, Lucia; Requena, Luis (2012). "Generalized Livedo
Reticularis Induced by Silicone Implants for Soft Tissue Augmentation".
1834:
ENDO, Yuichiro; MIYACHI, Yoshiki; YOSHIKAWA, Yoshiaki (2011). "John Libbey
Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres".
1259:
Langhof H, Braun G, Matzkowski H (1957). "Livedo reticularis durch Kältegelierung des Blutes bei γ-Plasmocytom" [Livedo reticularis due to cold gelation of the blood by gamma-plasmacytoma].
2573:
651:
1869:
Johnson, Philip L.; Neperud, Julie; Arnold, Jill; Thomas, James (2011). "Livedo
Reticularis and Bowel Ischemia after Carbon Dioxide Arteriography in a Patient with CREST Syndrome".
1302:
Kazmier F, Sheps S, Bernatz P, Sayre G (1966). "Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms".
1098:
Cruz, Boris Afonso; de
Queiroz, Eustáquio; Nunes, Simone Vilela; Cruz Filho, Achiles; Campos, Gilberto Belisario; de Carvalho Monteiro, Ernesto Lentz; Crivellari, Humberto (2000).
1329:
Stewart W, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê M, Leroy D (1977). "Les manifestations cutanées des emoblies de critaux de cholestérol" [Cutaneous cholesterol emboli].
2566:
1652:
Singh S, Tai C, Ganz G, et al. (April 1999). "Steroid-responsive pleuropericarditis and livedo reticularis in an unusual case of adult-onset primary hyperoxaluria".
2559:
1609:
Shih HA, Kao DM, Elenitsas R, Leyden JJ (October 2000). "Livedo reticularis, ulcers, and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria".
669:
Kroshinsky; Stone, John H.; Bloch, Donald B.; Sepehr, Alireza (February 2009). "Case 5-2009 — A 47-Year-Old Woman with a Rash and
Numbness and Pain in the Legs".
1574:
Marconi V, Mofid MZ, McCall C, Eckman I, Nousari HC (February 2002). "Primary hyperoxaluria: report of a patient with livedo reticularis and digital infarcts".
475:
infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes)
1985:
1764:
Bilgili SG, Akdeniz N, Karadag AS, Akbayram S, Calka O, Ozkol HU (2011). "Mucocutaneous disorders in children with down syndrome: case-controlled study".
976:
Gould, Jennifer W.; Helms, Stephen E.; Schulz, Susan M.; Stevens, Seth R. (1998). "Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis".
1055:
Fox, Michelle; Tahan, Steven; Kim, Caroline C. (2012). "Livedo
Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma".
577:
Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo, idiopathic livedo reticularis may improve with warming the area.
1936:
2930:
498:
1421:
1160:
1937:"John Libbey Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres"
723:
2170:
Liel Y (June 2004). "Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies".
236:
2043:
Gambichler, T.; Baier, P.; Altmeyer, P. (2009). "Generalized livedo reticularis as the first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma".
1448:"Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ('FILS syndrome')"
2386:
512:
Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity
466:
FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature)
434:
2334:
van Geest AJ, van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Andriessen MP, Blomjous CE, Go IH (January 1999). "Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia".
1216:
Blume, Jonathan E.; Miller, Craig C. (2007). "Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa®)".
941:
Sigmund W, Shelley W (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis".
717:
636:
656:
1791:
Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, Yoosefi M (2007). "Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down syndrome".
249:– association of livedoid vasculitis and systemic vascular disorders, such as strokes, due to underlying genetic cause
596:
1102:[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report].
503:
Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and
2809:
1539:
Bogle MA, Teller CF, Tschen JA, Smith CA, Wang A (October 2003). "Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman".
1181:
Syed, Reema H.; Moore, Terry L. (2008). "Methylphenidate and
Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy".
604:(AKA livedo recticularis e calore) - a rash caused by prolonged heat exposure (e.g. hot water bottle or heat pad)
2551:
2291:
Shrestha NK, Gordon SM, Isada CM (2002). "Livedo reticularis associated with the use of a midline catheter".
2129:
Takanashi, Tetsuo; Horigome, Reiko; Okuda, Yasuaki; Nose, Masato; Matsuda, Masayuki; Ikeda, Shu-Ichi (2007).
2086:
Erel, Arzu; Ozsoy, Esra; University, Gazi (2001). "Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma".
1964:
535:
1100:"FĂŞnomeno de Raynaud grave associado a terapia com interferon-beta para esclerose mĂşltipla: relato de caso"
607:
566:
279:
2871:
521:
562:
377:
2248:
Richards, Kristen A.; Paller, Amy S. (2003). "Livedo
Reticularis in a Child with Moyamoya Disease".
63:
39:
Livedo reticularis secondary to obscure severe infrarenal aortoiliac stenosis with severe transient
2492:
1689:"Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: Case report and literature review"
168:
2846:
2876:
356:
836:
Gibbs, Mark B.; English, Joseph C.; Zirwas, Matthew J. (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update".
2794:
2598:
1498:
Jorquera-Barquero, E.; SĂşarez-Marrero, M.C.; Fernández GirĂłn, F.; Borrero MartĂn, J.J. (2013).
1447:
1398:
448:– connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types
445:
195:
2532:
2004:"Livedo Vasculopathy Associated with IgM Anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin Complex Antibody"
1140:
705:
704:
James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020).
2935:
2675:
1979:
430:
2546:
1497:
2821:
546:
Associated with the use of a midline catheter. ( atheroempolic renal DX )due to angioplasty
509:
Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody
289:
274:
155:), including a wide array of pathological and nonpathological conditions. Examples include
147:). This can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person's risk of forming
209:
It may be aggravated by exposure to cold, and occurs most often in the lower extremities.
8:
2904:
2784:
2734:
2590:
2481:
919:
884:
586:
456:
408:
268:
172:
96:
504:
478:
Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation
2851:
2836:
2744:
2582:
2486:
2378:
2359:
2347:
2316:
2273:
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2218:
2111:
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1634:
1475:
1284:
1241:
1080:
1037:
818:
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203:
191:
72:
2421:
1904:
Marzano, AV; Balice, Y; Tavecchio, S; Desimine, C; Colombo, A; Berti, E (April 2015).
1665:
1552:
989:
871:
Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R (1955). "Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations".
2861:
2841:
2816:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2503:
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2351:
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2265:
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1746:
1710:
1669:
1626:
1591:
1556:
1521:
1480:
1413:
1379:
1358:"Livedo Reticularis in a Patient with Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy"
1338:
1311:
1276:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1152:
1121:
1072:
1068:
1029:
993:
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371:
352:
48:
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2214:
2179:
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2015:
1948:
1878:
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1111:
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1021:
985:
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880:
845:
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765:
757:
678:
601:
540:
451:
418:
246:
2899:
2497:
1742:
1194:
591:
472:
460:
348:
284:
123:
consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like
40:
31:
2304:
954:
2894:
2886:
2866:
2831:
2826:
2581:
1882:
1705:
1688:
849:
426:
394:
383:
213:
156:
120:
100:
2508:
2471:
190:. Its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases,
2924:
2625:
1516:
1499:
906:
Golden R (March 1963). "Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus".
744:
Sundriyal, Deepak; Kumar, Naveen; Kumar, Gaurav; Walia, Meenu (15 May 2014).
482:
329:
160:
2333:
1905:
1587:
793:
Sneddon IB (April 1965). "Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis".
761:
2729:
2637:
2608:
2355:
2312:
2269:
2226:
2191:
2156:
2107:
2064:
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1156:
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814:
779:
690:
682:
390:
307:
299:
262:
2429:
2020:
2003:
1952:
1847:
1444:
1315:
997:
2804:
2739:
2632:
2618:
2613:
2527:
1466:
1399:"Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation"
1374:
1357:
1342:
140:
85:
53:
2454:
2131:"Buerger's Disease Manifesting Nodular Erythema with Livedo Reticularis"
2789:
2761:
2586:
1272:
386:(raised blood calcium levels which may be deposited in the capillaries)
343:
323:
259:
240:
232:
A number of conditions may cause the appearance of livedo reticularis:
152:
148:
108:
57:
2749:
361:
187:
136:
2708:
2680:
2653:
2205:
Bandyopadhyay, D. (2003). "Celecoxib-induced fixed drug eruption".
401:
317:
294:
144:
132:
81:
1790:
1139:
Strowd, Lindsay C.; Lee, Andrew D.; Yosipovitch, Gil (June 2012).
627:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
487:
Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy
186:
The condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying
143:, resulting in deoxygenated blood showing as blue discoloration (
77:
2663:
2658:
2466:
1727:
1687:
Arslan, Ferhat; Batirel, Ayse; Mert, Ali; Ozer, Serdar (2012).
1356:
Buckley, Sarah A.; Lessing, Juan N.; Mark, Nicholas M. (2013).
199:
180:
164:
124:
104:
1903:
518:
Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare)
374:– proteins in the blood that clump together in cold conditions
2695:
2001:
1763:
1097:
176:
128:
16:
Purplish discoloration of the skin due to reduced blood flow
2724:
1328:
746:"Livedo reticularis heralding hypercalcaemia of malignancy"
206:. It can usually (in 80% of cases) be diagnosed by biopsy.
2128:
1935:
Yamamoto, Toshiyuki; Takenoshita, Hideo (September 2010).
1868:
668:
515:
As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare)
1141:"Livedo Reticularis Associated With Rasagiline (Azilect)"
703:
127:
of the skin. The discoloration is caused by reduction in
2002:
Tabata, N; Oonami, K; Ishibashi, M; Yamazaki, M (2010).
1573:
1301:
743:
2042:
975:
2377:
Ngan, Vanessa (September 2016). Oakley, Amanda (ed.).
1608:
1538:
1362:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1258:
469:
Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy)
2408:
Fleischer A, Resnick S (1990). "Livedo reticularis".
1686:
870:
626:
440:
Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts)
271:– with painful ulceration occurring in the lower legs
2444:
1833:
1261:
Archiv fĂĽr Klinische und Experimentelle Dermatologie
1138:
2290:
2085:
1934:
1397:Yong AA, Tan AW, Giam YC, Tang MB (December 2012).
712:(13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 817.
710:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology
1355:
835:
1984:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2922:
2407:
1910:Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia
1871:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1997:
1995:
1396:
2247:
978:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
940:
2567:
2204:
499:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1992:
1693:The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
1651:
1897:
1502:[Oxalosis and Livedo Reticularis].
1215:
1054:
2574:
2560:
1010:
62:
30:
2146:
2019:
1704:
1515:
1474:
1373:
1180:
1115:
769:
697:
237:Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita
1731:The American Journal of Dermatopathology
905:
481:As a rare skin finding in children with
792:
620:
2923:
2169:
435:Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency
212:The condition's name derives from
2931:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
2555:
2389:from the original on February 4, 2018
2207:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2045:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2376:
2088:International Journal of Dermatology
1218:International Journal of Dermatology
920:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590150015002
885:10.1001/archderm.1955.03730310033007
549:Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia.
415:status after cardiac catheterization
400:Infections (infective endocarditis,
1014:Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
342:Livedo reticularis associated with
13:
2348:10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb00808.x
2219:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01285_5.x
807:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14628.x
631:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1615.
397:(excessive red cells or platelets)
14:
2947:
2440:
597:Perinatal gangrene of the buttock
494:angiography (rare, reported case)
2262:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20205.x
2184:10.1097/00007611-200406000-00019
2148:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0143
2100:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.00895.x
2057:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02801.x
1805:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00412.x
1455:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1230:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x
1183:Journal of Clinical Rheumatology
1069:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x
706:"35.Cutaneous vascular diseases"
2810:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
2401:
2370:
2327:
2284:
2241:
2198:
2163:
2122:
2079:
2036:
1941:European Journal of Dermatology
1928:
1862:
1836:European Journal of Dermatology
1827:
1784:
1757:
1721:
1680:
1645:
1602:
1582:(2 Suppl Case Reports): S16–8.
1567:
1532:
1500:"Oxalosis y livedo reticularis"
1491:
1438:
1427:from the original on 2016-03-04
1390:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1252:
1209:
1174:
1163:from the original on 2021-03-05
1145:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1132:
1117:10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300025
1091:
1048:
1004:
969:
934:
726:from the original on 2023-03-18
671:New England Journal of Medicine
1623:10.1001/archderm.136.10.1272-a
1026:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027
899:
864:
829:
795:British Journal of Dermatology
786:
737:
662:
645:
256:Secondary livedo reticularis:
1:
2422:10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30506-0
1666:10.1016/s0272-6386(99)70246-5
1553:10.1067/s0190-9622(03)00119-1
1104:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
990:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70290-7
613:
497:A less common skin lesion of
404:, tuberculosis, Lyme disease)
2336:J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol
1743:10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5
1195:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa
657:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
608:List of cutaneous conditions
572:
567:systemic lupus erythematosus
555:
389:Haematological disorders of
368:Obstruction of capillaries:
280:Systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
2305:10.1080/0036554021000026942
1504:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
955:10.1056/NEJM195411182512104
580:
527:As a rare manifestation of
335:Beta interferon treatment,
220: 'bluish' and
10:
2952:
2008:Acta Dermato Venereologica
1906:"Granulomatous vasculitis"
1883:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012
1706:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002
850:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051
756:(may14 4): bcr2013201371.
224: 'net-like pattern'.
139:that supply the cutaneous
2885:
2760:
2717:
2694:
2646:
2597:
2518:
2448:
629:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
563:antiphospholipid syndrome
459:and its association with
378:Antiphospholipid syndrome
227:
92:
71:
47:
38:
29:
24:
2872:Wolf's isotopic response
1517:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019
391:polycythaemia rubra vera
380:due to small blood clots
169:nutritional deficiencies
1955:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1947:(5). Jle.com: 640–641.
1588:10.1067/mjd.2002.105475
762:10.1136/bcr-2013-201371
524:(as an initial symptom)
357:peripheral vasculopathy
196:cardiovascular diseases
683:10.1056/NEJMcpc0807822
446:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
125:purplish discoloration
2293:Scand. J. Infect. Dis
2250:Pediatric Dermatology
2021:10.2340/00015555-0835
1953:10.1684/ejd.2010.1034
1848:10.1684/ejd.2010.1226
1842:(2). Jle.com: 266–7.
1576:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1541:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1331:Ann Dermatol Venereol
1057:Pediatric Dermatology
457:Livedoid vasculopathy
339:in multiple sclerosis
263:autoimmune conditions
2877:Munro's microabscess
2837:Koebner's phenomenon
2379:"Livedo reticularis"
1467:10.1084/jem.20121303
1375:10.1210/jc.2012-2842
652:"livedo reticularis"
433:autosomal recessive
304:Chronic pancreatitis
290:Rheumatoid arthritis
275:Polyarteritis nodosa
253:later in the summer.
88:, skin discoloration
2895:Aldrich-Mees' lines
2591:subcutaneous tissue
1020:(Suppl 1): S79–81.
587:Livedoid dermatitis
409:acute kidney injury
269:Livedoid vasculitis
204:endocrine disorders
173:autoimmune diseases
97:Autoimmune diseases
2805:Fitzpatrick's sign
2795:Dennie–Morgan fold
2669:Livedo reticularis
2583:Signs and symptoms
2519:External resources
1446:Geneviève (2012).
1273:10.1007/BF00693523
838:J Am Acad Dermatol
536:pernicious anaemia
505:Sjögren's syndrome
423:cholesterol emboli
413:cholesterol emboli
117:Livedo reticularis
25:Livedo reticularis
2918:
2917:
2847:Leser-Trelat sign
2822:Hutchinson's sign
2770:Asboe-Hansen sign
2542:
2541:
2135:Internal Medicine
1654:Am. J. Kidney Dis
1106:(in Portuguese).
873:AMA Arch Dermatol
719:978-0-323-54753-6
638:978-1-4160-2999-1
522:Buerger's disease
372:Cryoglobulinaemia
353:dextroamphetamine
194:(rheumatologic),
163:hematological or
114:
113:
19:Medical condition
2943:
2905:Muehrcke's lines
2785:Braverman's sign
2704:Peripheral edema
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1932:
1926:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1793:Pediatr Dermatol
1788:
1782:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1660:(4): e5.1–e5.6.
1649:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1452:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1008:
1002:
1001:
984:(6): 1035–1036.
973:
967:
966:
938:
932:
931:
903:
897:
896:
868:
862:
861:
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
783:
773:
750:BMJ Case Reports
741:
735:
734:
732:
731:
701:
695:
694:
666:
660:
649:
643:
642:
624:
602:erythema ab igne
541:Moyamoya disease
534:Associated with
452:Pheochromocytoma
419:Arteriosclerosis
407:Associated with
247:Sneddon syndrome
67:
66:
34:
22:
21:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2881:
2852:Nikolsky's sign
2756:
2713:
2690:
2642:
2600:
2599:Disturbances of
2593:
2580:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2514:
2513:
2457:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2332:
2328:
2289:
2285:
2246:
2242:
2203:
2199:
2168:
2164:
2127:
2123:
2084:
2080:
2041:
2037:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1933:
1929:
1902:
1898:
1867:
1863:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1785:
1762:
1758:
1726:
1722:
1685:
1681:
1650:
1646:
1607:
1603:
1572:
1568:
1537:
1533:
1496:
1492:
1461:(13): 2323–30.
1450:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1412:(12): e258–60.
1406:Singapore Med J
1401:
1395:
1391:
1354:
1350:
1327:
1323:
1300:
1296:
1257:
1253:
1214:
1210:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1137:
1133:
1096:
1092:
1053:
1049:
1009:
1005:
974:
970:
939:
935:
904:
900:
869:
865:
834:
830:
791:
787:
742:
738:
729:
727:
720:
702:
698:
667:
663:
650:
646:
639:
625:
621:
616:
592:Livedo racemosa
583:
575:
558:
531:hyperthyroidism
493:
473:Cytomegalovirus
461:factor V Leiden
349:Methylphenidate
285:Dermatomyositis
230:
61:
41:lactic acidosis
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Wickham striae
2864:
2862:Russell's sign
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Koplik's spots
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Janeway lesion
2824:
2819:
2817:Gottron's sign
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Borsari's sign
2777:
2775:Auspitz's sign
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:skin sensation
2595:
2594:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2489:
2474:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:Classification
2442:
2441:External links
2439:
2436:
2435:
2400:
2369:
2326:
2283:
2240:
2197:
2162:
2141:(21): 1815–9.
2121:
2094:(4): 299–300.
2078:
2035:
1991:
1927:
1916:(2): 193–202.
1896:
1861:
1826:
1783:
1756:
1720:
1679:
1644:
1617:(10): 1272–4.
1601:
1566:
1531:
1506:(in Spanish).
1490:
1437:
1389:
1348:
1321:
1294:
1251:
1224:(12): 1307–8.
1208:
1173:
1131:
1090:
1047:
1003:
968:
933:
914:(3): 299–301.
898:
863:
844:(6): 1009–19.
828:
785:
736:
718:
696:
661:
644:
637:
618:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
599:
594:
589:
582:
579:
574:
571:
557:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
547:
544:
538:
532:
525:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
501:
495:
491:
488:
485:
479:
476:
470:
467:
464:
454:
449:
443:
442:
441:
438:
427:homocystinuria
416:
405:
398:
395:thrombocytosis
387:
384:Hypercalcaemia
381:
375:
366:
365:
364:
359:
346:
340:
333:
327:
321:
320:(side effect)
314:Drug-related:
312:
311:
310:
305:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
254:
250:
244:
229:
226:
157:hyperlipidemia
135:) through the
112:
111:
101:hyperlipidemia
94:
90:
89:
75:
69:
68:
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2910:Terry's nails
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Pastia's sign
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Darier's sign
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:Hyperesthesia
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:(2): 347–54.
2415:
2411:
2410:Dermatol Clin
2404:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:(11): 845–6.
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:South. Med. J
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1967:on 2014-02-16
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:(3): 317–20.
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1772:(4): 385–92.
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:Arch Dermatol
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:(2): 439–40.
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(in French).
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:(4): 343–50.
1266:
1263:(in German).
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:(2B): 556–9.
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:(21): 851–3.
948:
944:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Arch Dermatol
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
725:
721:
715:
711:
707:
700:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:(7): 711–20.
676:
672:
665:
659:
658:
653:
648:
640:
634:
630:
623:
619:
609:
606:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
578:
570:
568:
564:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
489:
486:
484:
483:Down syndrome
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
447:
444:
439:
436:
432:
431:Chromosome 21
428:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
334:
332:(side effect)
331:
330:Bromocriptine
328:
326:(side effect)
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
309:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:, hyper- and
170:
166:
162:
161:microvascular
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
84:of the skin,
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
59:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2936:Rheumatology
2900:Beau's lines
2730:Desquamation
2668:
2638:Hyperalgesia
2609:Hypoesthesia
2585:relating to
2526:
2502:
2491:
2476:
2461:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2342:(1): 47–50.
2339:
2335:
2329:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2256:(2): 124–7.
2253:
2249:
2243:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2178:(6): 601–3.
2175:
2171:
2165:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2051:(2): 253–4.
2048:
2044:
2038:
2014:(3): 313–4.
2011:
2007:
1980:cite journal
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1944:
1940:
1930:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1877:(3): 395–9.
1874:
1870:
1864:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1769:
1766:Genet. Couns
1765:
1759:
1737:(2): 203–7.
1734:
1730:
1723:
1699:(5): 482–5.
1696:
1692:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1547:(4): 725–8.
1544:
1540:
1534:
1510:(9): 815–8.
1507:
1503:
1493:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1409:
1405:
1392:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1310:(1): 12–24.
1307:
1303:
1297:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1189:(1): 30–33.
1186:
1182:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1151:(6): 764–5.
1148:
1144:
1134:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1063:(3): 333–5.
1060:
1056:
1050:
1017:
1013:
1006:
981:
977:
971:
946:
943:N Engl J Med
942:
936:
911:
907:
901:
879:(1): 31–42.
876:
872:
866:
841:
837:
831:
801:(4): 180–5.
798:
794:
788:
753:
749:
739:
728:. Retrieved
709:
699:
674:
670:
664:
655:
647:
628:
622:
576:
559:
336:
308:Tuberculosis
300:Pancreatitis
231:
221:
217:
211:
208:
185:
121:skin finding
119:is a common
116:
115:
2832:Kerr's sign
2740:Diaphoresis
2647:Circulation
2633:Hypoalgesia
2619:Formication
2614:Paresthesia
2528:MedlinePlus
2393:February 2,
149:blood clots
141:capillaries
86:blood clots
54:Dermatology
2925:Categories
2790:Crowe sign
2735:Induration
2504:DiseasesDB
2383:DermNet NZ
2213:(4): 452.
1971:2014-03-19
1431:2014-03-22
1337:(1): 5–8.
1167:2014-03-21
730:2023-03-18
614:References
344:rasagiline
324:Amantadine
260:Vasculitis
241:congenital
192:autoimmune
153:thrombosis
137:arterioles
109:drug abuse
58:cardiology
2750:Neck mass
2686:Blanching
573:Treatment
556:Diagnosis
362:Gefitinib
355:-induced
243:condition
239:, a rare
222:reticular
188:pathology
49:Specialty
2709:Anasarca
2681:Petechia
2676:Flushing
2654:Cyanosis
2387:Archived
2364:23748363
2356:10188150
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