828:, which has the shortest half life (2–6 hours) of all coagulation factors measured in INR. An elevated INR in patients with liver disease, however, does not necessarily mean the patient has a tendency to bleed, as it only measures procoagulants and not anticoagulants. In liver disease the synthesis of both are decreased and some patients are even found to be hypercoagulable (increased tendency to clot) despite an elevated INR. In liver patients, coagulation is better determined by more modern tests such as
481:
The AST/ALT ratio increases in liver functional impairment. In alcoholic liver disease, the mean ratio is 1.45, and mean ratio is 1.33 in post necrotic liver cirrhosis. Ratio is greater than 1.17 in viral cirrhosis, greater than 2.0 in alcoholic hepatitis, and 0.9 in non-alcoholic hepatitis. Ratio is
142:
cause only mild symptoms initially, but these diseases must be detected early. Hepatic (liver) involvement in some diseases can be of crucial importance. This testing is performed on a patient's blood sample. Some tests are associated with functionality (e.g., albumin), some with cellular integrity
803:
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is significantly expressed in foetal liver. However, the mechanism that led to the suppression of AFP synthesis in adults is not fully known. Exposure of the liver to cancer-causing agents and arrest of liver maturation in childhood can lead to the rise in AFP. AFP can reach
629:
metabolism by transporting peptides across the cell membrane. Much like ALP, GGT measurements are usually elevated if cholestasis is present. In acute viral hepatitis, the GGT levels can peak at 2nd and 3rd week of illness, and remained elevated at 6 weeks of illness. GGT is also elevated in 30% of
529:
of the kidneys, bone, liver, and placenta. It plays an important role in lipid transposition in small intestines and calcification of bones. 50% of all the serum ALP activities in blood are contributed by bone. Acute viral hepatitis usually has normal or increased ALP. For example, hepatitis A has
317:
to reduce the amount of bilirubin in the blood. Pathological jaundice in newborns should be suspected when the serum bilirubin level rises by more than 5 mg/dL per day, serum bilirubin more than the physiological range, clinical jaundice more than 2 weeks, and conjugated bilirubin (dark urine
171:
Although example reference ranges are given, these will vary depending on method of analysis used at the administering laboratory, as well as age, gender, ethnicity, and potentially unrelated health factors. Individual results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the
450:
namely mitochondrial form and cytoplasmic form. It is found in highest concentration in the liver, followed by heart, muscle, kidney, brain, pancreas, and lungs. This wide range of AST containing organs makes it a relatively less specific indicator of liver damage compared to ALT. An increase of
362:
reaction, and only exists in a cytoplasmic form. Any kind of liver injury can cause a rise in ALT. A rise of up to 300 IU/L is not specific to the liver, but can be due to the damage of other organs such as the kidneys or muscles. When ALT rises to more than 500 IU/L, causes are usually from the
158:
Several biochemical tests are useful in the evaluation and management of patients with hepatic dysfunction. These tests can be used to detect the presence of liver disease. They can help distinguish among different types of liver disorders, gauge the extent of known liver damage, and monitor the
167:
Standard liver tests for assessing liver damage include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Bilirubin may be used to estimate the excretory function of the liver and coagulation tests and albumin can be used to evaluate the metabolic
308:
The measurement of bilirubin levels in the newborns is done through the use of bilimeter or transcutanoeus bilirubinometer instead of performing LFTs. When the total serum bilirubin increases over 95th percentile for age during the first week of life for high risk babies, it is known as
159:
response to treatment. Some or all of these measurements are also carried out (usually about twice a year for routine cases) on individuals taking certain medications, such as anticonvulsants, to ensure that these medications are not adversely impacting the person's liver.
735:
found throughout the body, in the cytoplasmic membrane, catalyzing the conversion to inorganic phosphates from nucleoside-5-phosphate. Its level is raised in conditions such as obstructive jaundice, parenchymal liver disease, liver metastases, and bone disease.
585:
induced by large amounts of estrogens. Levels in the third trimester can be as much as 2-fold greater than in non-pregnant women. As a result, ALP is not a reliable marker of hepatic function in pregnant women. In contrast to ALP, levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and
459:
and chronic liver disease. More than 80% of the liver AST activity are contributed by mitochondrial form of the isoenzymes, while the circulating AST in blood are contributed by cytoplasmic form of AST. AST is especially markedly raised in those with
251:. When the total bilirubin level exceeds 17 ÎĽmol/L, it indicates liver disease. When total bilirubin levels exceed 40 ÎĽmol/L, bilirubin deposition at the sclera, skin, and mucous membranes will give these areas a yellow colour, thus it is called
878:(LDH) is found in many body tissues, including the liver. Elevated levels of LDH may indicate liver damage. LDH isotype-1 (or cardiac) is used for estimating damage to cardiac tissue, although troponin and creatine kinase tests are preferred.
696:
becomes lower than the extravascular space. An alternative to albumin measurement is prealbumin, which is better at detecting acute changes (half-life of albumin and prealbumin is about 2 weeks and about 2 days, respectively).
258:
The increase in predominantly unconjugated bilirubin is due to overproduction, reduced hepatic uptake of the unconjugated bilirubin and reduced conjugation of bilirubin. Overproduction can be due to the reabsorption of a
1593:
Nageh T, Sherwood RA, Harris BM, Byrne JA, Thomas MR (2003). "Cardiac troponin T and I and creatine kinase-MB as markers of myocardial injury and predictors of outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention".
653:
In pregnancy conditions GGT activity is reduced in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. In hyperemesis gravidarum, GGT level value can reach 45 IU/L, 17 IU/L in pre-eclampsia, and 35 IU/L in HELPP syndrome.
630:
the hepatitis C patients. GGT can increase by 10 times in alcoholism. GGT can increase by 2 to 3 times in 50% of the patients with non-alcoholic liver disease. When GGT levels is elevated, the
464:. AST can be released from a variety of other tissues and if the elevation is less than two times the normal AST, no further workup needs to be performed if a patient is proceeding to surgery.
597:
In pregnancy conditions such as hyperemesis gravdirum, ALP levels can reach 215 IU/L, meanwhile, in pre-eclampsia, ALP can reach 14 IU/L, and in HELLP syndrome ALP levels can reach 15 IU/L.
534:(impaired bile formation or bile flow obstruction) and would have the feature of prolonged itching. Other causes include: infiltrative liver diseases, granulomatous liver disease, abscess,
383:(inflammation of fatty liver disease) are associated with a rise in ALT. Rise in ALT is also associated with reduced insulin response, reduced glucose tolerance, and increased free
286:
can also cause the rise in conjugated bilirubin. In parenchymal liver disease and incomplete extrahepatic obstruction, the rise in conjugated bilirubin is less than the complete
247:
in red blood cells). The liver is responsible for clearing the blood of unconjugated bilirubin, by 'conjugating' it (modified to make it water-soluble) through an enzyme named
808:. AFP concentration of more than 400 ÎĽg/L is associated with greater tumour size, involvement of both lobes of liver, portal vein invasion and a lower median survival rate.
775:, pregnancy, non-Wilson liver disease and obstructive jaundice. In Wilson disease, the ceruloplasmin level is depressed which lead to copper accumulation in body tissues.
680:
is a protein made specifically by the liver, and can be measured cheaply and easily. It is the main constituent of total protein (the remaining constituents are primarily
1709:
467:
In certain pregnancy related conditions such as hyperemesis gravidarum, AST can reach as high as 73 IU/L, 66 IU/L in pre-eclampsia, and 81 IU/L in HELLP syndrome.
155:). Because some of these tests do not measure function, it is more accurate to call these liver chemistries or liver tests rather than liver function tests.
414:
consumption can reduce the risk of ALT elevation in those who consume alcohol, overweight people, impaired glucose metabolism, and viral hepatitis.
398:
In pregnancy, ALT levels would rise during the second trimester. In one of the studies, measured ALT levels in pregnancy-related conditions such as
1702:
305:, total bilirubin can rise from 20.52 ÎĽmol/L to 143 ÎĽmol/L. In pregnant women, the total bilirubin level is low in all three trimesters.
1682:
1695:
1243:"Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates: Types, Causes, Clinical Examinations, Preventive Measures and Treatments: A Narrative Review Article"
295:
843:. This test is also called "ProTime INR" and "INR PT". They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in the measure of
664:
1285:
Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Larry
Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (6 February 2018).
625:
GGT is a microsomal enzyme found in hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, renal tubules, pancreas, and intestines. It helps in
634:
level is elevated also. With insulin treatment, the GGT level can reduce. Other causes of elevated GGT are: diabetes mellitus,
358:
Apart from being found in high concentrations in the liver, ALT is found in the kidneys, heart, and muscles. It catalyses the
322:
is the commonest cause of pathological jaundice. Those babies with Rh hemolytic disease, ABO incompatibility with the mother,
1379:
1346:
1020:
993:
932:
116:
2069:
1397:"Estrogen pharmacology. I. The influence of estradiol and estriol on hepatic disposal of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in man"
1362:
McComb, Robert B.; Bowers, George N.; Posen, Solomon (1979). "Clinical
Utilization of Alkaline Phosphatase Measurements".
239:
includes both unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct) bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is a breakdown product of
107:), also referred to as a hepatic panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's
2007:
1550:
1659:
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was 149. ALT levels would reduce by greater than 50% in three days after child delivery. Another study also shows that
1294:
376:
323:
887:
319:
363:
liver. It can be due to hepatitis, ischemic liver injury, and toxins that causes liver damage. The ALT levels in
391:. Bright liver syndrome (bright liver on ultrasound suggestive of fatty liver) with raised ALT is suggestive of
326:(G-6-PD) deficiency and minor blood group incompatibility are at increased risk of getting haemolytic jaundice.
821:
36:
643:
282:
The degree of rise in conjugated bilirubin is directly proportional to the degree of hepatocyte injury. Viral
2266:
2208:
1964:
513:
836:
692:, where it is lost through the urine. The consequence of low albumin can be edema since the intravascular
1900:
1862:
1524:
539:
272:
1641:
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859:
The serum glucose test, abbreviated as "BG" or "Glu", measures the liver's ability to produce glucose (
543:
526:
291:
276:
248:
148:
2271:
1792:
835:
Prothrombin time (PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and INR are measures of the
771:
synthesized in the liver. It is the carrier of the copper ion. Its level is increased in infections,
620:
1568:
1942:
1673:
1635:
805:
56:
1937:
1805:
1770:
864:
372:
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1952:
1895:
1857:
892:
427:
423:
399:
339:
128:
1010:
983:
922:
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rises more than in hepatitis A and B. Persistent ALT elevation more than 6 months is known as
135:
are useful biomarkers of liver injury in a patient with some degree of intact liver function.
1997:
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1890:
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of the liver. It can also be found on the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine,
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554:, and can reach normal level in 4 months. In contrast, low levels of ALP is found in
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310:
46:
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1146:
Shivaraj, Gowda; Prakash, B Desai; Vinayak, V Hull; et al. (22 November 2009).
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Johnston DE (1999). "Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests".
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824:(INR) can be used as a marker of liver synthetic function as it includes
817:
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364:
70:
86:
1912:
1852:
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Serum NT levels are higher during 2nd and 3rd trimesters in pregnancy.
542:. Mild elevation of ALP can be seen in liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and
447:
384:
244:
1551:"Liver Function Test: How Often Should you Check Your Liver Function?"
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2002:
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Other tests are requested alongside LFT to rule out specific causes.
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681:
591:
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283:
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124:
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The liver is responsible for the production of the vast majority of
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452:
411:
252:
1525:"Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR): MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1038:"ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries"
684:). Albumin levels are decreased in chronic liver disease, such as
573:
ALP activity is significantly increased in the third trimester of
2104:
677:
590:
are only slightly changed or largely unchanged during pregnancy.
120:
1036:
Kwo, Paul Y.; Cohen, Stanley M.; Lim, Joseph K. (January 2017).
863:); it is usually the last function to be lost in the setting of
2109:
551:
1677:
1194:"Evaluating Elevated Bilirubin Levels in Asymptomatic Adults"
1145:
582:
379:(NAFLD), fat accumulation in liver during childhood obesity,
108:
1569:"Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1446:"Using albumin and prealbumin to assess nutritional status"
451:
mitochondrial AST in bloods is highly suggestive of tissue
240:
127:(direct and indirect), and others. The liver transaminases
1668:
1241:
Sana, Ullah; Khaista, Rahman; Mehdi, Hedayati (May 2016).
147:), and some with conditions linked to the biliary tract (
1683:
Further workup of abnormal liver tests: "etiology panel"
1592:
1331:
Handbook of
Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy
1284:
1717:
1355:
1002:
988:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 288.
600:
1500:"Prealbumin Blood Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1361:
1289:(Twentieth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill LLC.
1012:Family medicine: ambulatory care & prevention
594:levels are significantly decreased in pregnancy.
267:leading to increased red blood cell destruction.
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1009:Mengel, Mark B.; Schwiebert, L. Peter (2005).
577:. This is due to increased synthesis from the
1703:
1394:
1329:Gronowski, Ann M. (2004). "Human Pregnancy".
1311:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1148:"A review on laboratory liver function tests"
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16:Blood tests indicating the state of the liver
1388:
1084:
924:Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
1198:Journal of the American Medical Association
1035:
954:
948:
521:(ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the
19:"LFTs" redirects here. For other uses, see
1710:
1696:
1287:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
1180:
981:
1634:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1420:
1328:
1258:
1217:
1163:
1015:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 268.
820:factors. In patients with liver disease,
296:multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2)
279:enzyme, affecting bilirubin conjugation.
870:
290:obstruction due to malignant causes. In
298:causes a rise in conjugated bilirubin.
162:
2259:
1191:
914:
581:as well as increased synthesis in the
1691:
1443:
1395:Mueller MN, Kappas A (October 1964).
1192:Lisa B, VanWagner (3 February 2015).
832:(TEG) or thomboelastrometry (ROTEM).
117:activated partial thromboplastin time
1548:
1462:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000511805.83334.df
1280:
1278:
1042:American Journal of Gastroenterology
778:
172:laboratory that performed the test.
129:aspartate transaminase (AST or SGOT)
2008:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1596:International Journal of Cardiology
920:
811:
309:hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn (
13:
708:
175:
133:alanine transaminase (ALT or SGPT)
14:
2293:
1625:
1366:. Springer US. pp. 525–786.
1275:
377:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
324:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
1247:Iranian Journal of Public Health
888:Reference ranges for blood tests
854:
742:
470:
1674:Abnormal Liver Tests Curriculum
1586:
1561:
1542:
1517:
1492:
1437:
1333:. Humana Press. pp. 1–13.
1152:The Pan African Medical Journal
982:McClatchey, Kenneth D. (2002).
646:, hyperthyroidism, obesity and
601:Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
1444:Smith, Susan H. (April 2017).
1234:
1029:
822:international normalized ratio
782:
746:
712:
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660:
604:
497:
431:
343:
1:
1965:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1657:Abnormal Liver Function Tests
1608:10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00105-0
908:
514:Elevated alkaline phosphatase
985:Clinical laboratory medicine
418:Aspartate transaminase (AST)
31:S.G.O.T.(ALT), S.G.P.T.(AST)
7:
1901:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
1863:Total iron-binding capacity
1372:10.1007/978-1-4613-2970-1_9
1339:10.1007/978-1-59259-787-1_1
921:Lee, Mary (10 March 2009).
881:
540:peripheral arterial disease
10:
2298:
2242:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
847:dosage, liver damage, and
796:
760:
688:. It is also decreased in
656:
618:
544:congestive cardiac failure
527:proximal convoluted tubule
511:
494:Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
474:
421:
333:
330:Alanine transaminase (ALT)
277:UDP-glucuronyl-transferase
249:UDP-glucuronyl-transferase
187:Reference range in adults
179:
149:gamma-glutamyl transferase
18:
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2016:
1973:
1911:
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1669:Overview of liver enzymes
638:, myocardial infarction,
621:Gamma-glutamyltransferase
550:is a benign condition in
83:
69:
55:
45:
35:
30:
1636:Medical Subject Headings
806:hepatocellular carcinoma
1771:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1210:10.1001/jama.2014.12835
865:fulminant liver failure
644:Guillain–Barré syndrome
373:Alcoholic liver disease
273:Crigler–Najjar syndrome
198:Unconjugated bilirubin
168:activity of the liver.
2204:Elevated transaminases
1896:Thyroid function tests
1858:Transferrin saturation
1718:Clinical biochemistry
893:Elevated transaminases
804:until 400–500 μg/L in
428:Elevated transaminases
424:Aspartate transaminase
400:hyperemesis gravidarum
340:Elevated transaminases
292:Dubin–Johnson syndrome
111:. These tests include
1998:Lactate dehydrogenase
1960:Basic metabolic panel
1891:ACTH stimulation test
1662:11 April 2012 at the
927:. ASHP. p. 259.
876:Lactate dehydrogenase
871:Lactate dehydrogenase
588:lactate dehydrogenase
530:increased ALP due to
457:myocardial infarction
235:Measurement of total
201:Conjugated bilirubin
2267:Liver function tests
2018:Liver function tests
1873:Transferrin receptor
1642:Liver Function Tests
1632:Liver Function Tests
1364:Alkaline Phosphatase
1054:10.1038/ajg.2016.517
773:rheumatoid arthritis
767:Ceruloplasmin is an
519:Alkaline phosphatase
482:greater than 4.5 in
336:Alanine transaminase
275:have defects in the
163:Standard liver panel
153:alkaline phosphatase
97:Liver function tests
2034:Serum total protein
2029:Human serum albumin
1644:at Lab Tests Online
769:acute phase protein
320:Haemolytic jaundice
318:staining clothes).
188:
1806:Arterial blood gas
1549:Kingston, Hannah.
755:200–600 mg/L
690:nephrotic syndrome
648:myotonic dystrophy
636:acute pancreatitis
548:hyperphosphataemia
446:AST exists in two
393:metabolic syndrome
303:acute appendicitis
269:Gilbert's syndrome
186:
2254:
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2250:
2249:
2183:
2182:
2136:Blood sugar level
2115:Pancreatic lipase
1953:Total cholesterol
1783:Serum osmolal gap
1778:Plasma osmolality
1413:10.1172/JCI105064
1381:978-1-4613-2972-5
1348:978-1-4684-9862-2
1022:978-0-07-142322-9
995:978-0-683-30751-1
934:978-1-58528-180-0
837:extrinsic pathway
830:thromboelastogram
799:Alpha-fetoprotein
795:
794:
779:Alpha-fetoprotein
759:
758:
725:
724:
675:
674:
617:
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560:pernicious anemia
538:of the liver and
510:
509:
444:
443:
369:chronic hepatitis
356:
355:
311:neonatal jaundice
233:
232:
192:Parameters/units
94:
93:
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2272:Gastroenterology
2226:Hyperproteinemia
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1602:(2–3): 285–293.
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812:Coagulation test
786:Reference range
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750:Reference range
747:
716:Reference range
713:
694:oncotic pressure
671:3.5 to 5.3 g/dL
661:
640:anorexia nervosa
608:Reference range
605:
568:hypophosphatasia
501:Reference range
498:
435:Reference range
432:
402:was 103.5 IU/L,
347:Reference range
344:
294:, a mutation in
288:common bile duct
263:and ineffective
195:Total bilirubin
189:
185:
113:prothrombin time
87:edit on Wikidata
79:
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2214:Hypoproteinemia
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2127:Small molecules
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2012:
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1664:Wayback Machine
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1573:medlineplus.gov
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1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1529:medlineplus.gov
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1504:medlineplus.gov
1498:
1497:
1493:
1442:
1438:
1407:(10): 1905–14.
1393:
1389:
1382:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1283:
1276:
1239:
1235:
1190:
1181:
1144:
1085:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1003:
996:
980:
976:
953:
949:
939:
937:
935:
919:
915:
911:
898:Liver disorders
884:
873:
861:gluconeogenesis
857:
814:
801:
781:
765:
745:
711:
709:5' Nucleotidase
703:
665:Reference range
659:
623:
603:
564:zinc deficiency
516:
506:41 to 133 IU/L
496:
488:hyperthyroidism
479:
473:
462:liver cirrhosis
430:
422:Main articles:
420:
381:steatohepatitis
342:
334:Main articles:
332:
313:) and requires
184:
178:
176:Total bilirubin
165:
90:
75:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Cardiac marker
1979:
1977:
1975:Cardiovascular
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:Hemoglobin A1c
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1756:Renal function
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1627:
1626:External links
1624:
1622:
1621:
1585:
1560:
1555:LetsGetChecked
1541:
1516:
1491:
1436:
1387:
1380:
1354:
1347:
1310:
1295:
1274:
1253:(5): 558–568.
1233:
1204:(5): 516–517.
1179:
1083:
1028:
1021:
1001:
994:
974:
963:(8): 2223–30.
947:
933:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
883:
880:
872:
869:
856:
853:
813:
810:
797:Main article:
793:
792:
788:
787:
780:
777:
761:Main article:
757:
756:
752:
751:
744:
741:
723:
722:
718:
717:
710:
707:
702:
699:
673:
672:
668:
667:
658:
655:
619:Main article:
615:
614:
610:
609:
602:
599:
556:hypothyroidism
512:Main article:
508:
507:
503:
502:
495:
492:
484:Wilson disease
475:Main article:
472:
469:
442:
441:
437:
436:
419:
416:
408:HELLP syndrome
360:transamination
354:
353:
349:
348:
331:
328:
265:erythropoiesis
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
180:Main article:
177:
174:
164:
161:
140:liver diseases
92:
91:
84:
81:
80:
73:
67:
66:
59:
53:
52:
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43:
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39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
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2:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Hyperuricemia
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:Hyperglycemia
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:AST/ALT ratio
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:transaminases
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Troponin test
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Triglycerides
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:Blood glucose
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
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1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
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1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
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1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
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1749:
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1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:J Clin Invest
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:9781259644047
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1071:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
936:
930:
926:
925:
917:
913:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
879:
877:
868:
866:
862:
855:Serum glucose
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
809:
807:
800:
790:
789:
785:
784:
776:
774:
770:
764:
763:Ceruloplasmin
754:
753:
749:
748:
743:Ceruloplasmin
740:
737:
734:
730:
721:0 to 15 IU/L
720:
719:
715:
714:
706:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
670:
669:
666:
663:
662:
654:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
622:
613:9 to 85 IU/L
612:
611:
607:
606:
598:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
523:biliary ducts
520:
515:
505:
504:
500:
499:
491:
489:
485:
478:
477:AST/ALT ratio
471:AST/ALT ratio
468:
465:
463:
458:
454:
449:
439:
438:
434:
433:
429:
425:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:pre-eclampsia
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:triglycerides
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
351:
350:
346:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
316:
315:light therapy
312:
306:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
183:
173:
169:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2209:Elevated ALP
2195:
2175:Hypouricemia
2144:Hypoglycemia
2080:Unconjugated
2045:
2017:
1728:Electrolytes
1599:
1595:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1456:(4): 65–66.
1453:
1449:
1439:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1363:
1357:
1330:
1286:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1201:
1197:
1155:
1151:
1048:(1): 18–35.
1045:
1041:
1031:
1011:
1004:
984:
977:
960:
956:
950:
938:. Retrieved
923:
916:
874:
858:
834:
815:
802:
766:
738:
733:glycoprotein
729:Nucleotidase
726:
704:
676:
652:
632:triglyceride
624:
596:
572:
546:. Transient
517:
480:
466:
445:
397:
357:
307:
300:
281:
257:
234:
170:
166:
157:
145:transaminase
137:
104:
100:
96:
95:
41:K-70 to K-77
25:
2282:Blood tests
2158:Nitrogenous
1993:CPK-MB test
1933:Lipid panel
1868:Transferrin
1816:Bicarbonate
1811:Base excess
1720:blood tests
1652:Mayo Clinic
1578:25 February
1534:25 February
1509:25 February
1450:Nursing2021
841:coagulation
818:coagulation
731:(5NT) is a
701:Other tests
627:glutathione
536:amyloidosis
532:cholestasis
385:fatty acids
365:hepatitis C
243:(a part of
71:MedlinePlus
2277:Hepatology
2261:Categories
2085:Conjugated
1913:Metabolism
1853:Serum iron
1840:Iron tests
1761:Creatinine
1158:(17): 17.
909:References
826:factor VII
791:0-15 ÎĽg/L
448:isoenzymes
440:0-35 IU/L
352:7-56 IU/L
245:hemoglobin
115:(PT/INR),
37:ICD-10-PCS
2075:Bilirubin
2025:Proteins
2003:Myoglobin
1801:Anion gap
1793:Acid-base
1741:Potassium
1470:0360-4039
1305:990065894
1062:0002-9270
849:vitamin K
686:cirrhosis
682:globulins
592:Bilirubin
575:pregnancy
406:was 115,
284:hepatitis
261:haematoma
237:bilirubin
182:Bilirubin
125:bilirubin
2188:Proteins
2165:Azotemia
2097:Pancreas
1883:Hormones
1848:Ferritin
1746:Chloride
1660:Archived
1648:Overview
1616:14659867
1486:45694428
1478:28328780
1431:14236214
1269:27398328
1228:25647209
1174:21532726
1078:23788795
1070:27995906
969:10221307
940:5 August
882:See also
851:status.
845:warfarin
579:placenta
453:necrosis
412:caffeine
253:jaundice
226:< 12
215:0.1–0.4
119:(aPTT),
47:ICD-9-CM
2105:Amylase
1830:Lactate
1825:content
1751:Calcium
1260:4935699
1219:4424929
1165:2984286
678:Albumin
657:Albumin
552:infants
229:< 8
223:2.0–21
220:ÎĽmol/L
212:0.2–0.7
209:0.1–1.0
143:(e.g.,
121:albumin
63:D008111
51:570–573
2110:Lipase
1736:Sodium
1638:(MeSH)
1614:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1429:
1422:289635
1419:
1378:
1345:
1303:
1293:
1267:
1257:
1226:
1216:
1172:
1162:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1019:
992:
967:
931:
566:, and
206:mg/dL
77:003436
2235:Other
1678:AASLD
1482:S2CID
1074:S2CID
583:liver
138:Most
109:liver
85:[
1766:Urea
1612:PMID
1580:2021
1536:2021
1511:2021
1474:PMID
1466:ISSN
1427:PMID
1376:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1301:OCLC
1291:ISBN
1265:PMID
1224:PMID
1170:PMID
1066:PMID
1058:ISSN
1017:ISBN
990:ISBN
965:PMID
942:2011
929:ISBN
426:and
387:and
338:and
271:and
241:heme
151:and
131:and
101:LFTs
57:MeSH
2196:LFT
2070:GGT
2058:AST
2053:ALT
2041:ALP
1943:HDL
1938:LDL
1676:at
1650:at
1604:doi
1458:doi
1417:PMC
1409:doi
1368:doi
1335:doi
1255:PMC
1214:PMC
1206:doi
1202:313
1160:PMC
1050:doi
1046:112
839:of
727:5'
486:or
455:in
301:In
105:LFs
103:or
21:LFT
2263::
1821:CO
1610:.
1600:92
1598:.
1571:.
1553:.
1527:.
1502:.
1480:.
1472:.
1464:.
1454:47
1452:.
1448:.
1425:.
1415:.
1405:43
1403:.
1399:.
1374:.
1341:.
1313:^
1299:.
1277:^
1263:.
1251:45
1249:.
1245:.
1222:.
1212:.
1200:.
1196:.
1182:^
1168:.
1154:.
1150:.
1086:^
1072:.
1064:.
1056:.
1044:.
1040:.
961:59
959:.
867:.
650:.
642:,
570:.
562:,
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490:.
395:.
375:,
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255:.
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1697:v
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1557:.
1538:.
1513:.
1488:.
1460::
1433:.
1411::
1384:.
1370::
1351:.
1337::
1307:.
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1230:.
1208::
1176:.
1156:3
1080:.
1052::
1025:.
998:.
971:.
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99:(
89:]
23:.
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