4612:
539:. The conquest led to a strong decrease in the number of speakers of the Livonian language, empty Livonian lands inhabited by the Latvians, which contributed to the replacement of the Livonian language in favor of Latvian. It is estimated that at the time of the German colonization, there were 30,000 Livonians. In the 19th century the number of speakers of the Couronian dialect is estimated as follows: 2,074 people in 1835, 2,324 people in 1852, 2,390 people in 1858, 2,929 people in 1888. According to the
671:
571:, published in 1863 in London in both the eastern and western Courland dialects. It was translated into eastern Couronian by Nick Pollmann and into western Couronian by Jānis Prints and Peteris. The plan with the book was to establish a standard orthography by F. Wiedemann, which consisted of 36 letters with many diacritics. The total circulation was 250 copies. The Livonians received only one copy of each dialect. The second book in Livonian was the same
263:
251:
4175:
690:
726:, Viktors Bertholds was born in 1921 and probably belonged to the last generation of children who started their (Latvian-medium) primary school as Livonian monolinguals; only a few years later it was noted that Livonian parents had begun to speak Latvian with their children. During World War II, Bertholds, unlike most Livonian men, managed to avoid being mobilized in the armies of either occupation force
715:(10 July 1921 – 28 February 2009), one of the last Livonian speakers of the generation who learnt Livonian as a first language in a Livonian-speaking family and community, died on 28 February 2009. Though it was reported that he was the last native speaker of the language, Livonians themselves claimed that there were more native speakers still alive, albeit very few.
443:
745:
from 1949. According to linguist and activist Valts Ernštreits, she spoke
Livonian as well "as if she had stepped out of her home farm in a Livonian coastal village just yesterday" and qualified as the last living native speaker of the Livonian language of her generation. She died on June 2, 2013.
2242:
loanwords were adopted through
Latvian. Latvian, however, was influenced by Livonian as well. Its regular syllable stress, which is based on Livonian, is very unusual in a Baltic language. Especially as of the end of the nineteenth century there was a great deal of contact with Estonians, namely
749:
The survival of the
Livonian language now depends on young Livonians who learnt Livonian in their childhood from grandparents or great-grandparents of the pre-war generations. There are not many of them, though there are a few hundred ethnic Livonians in Latvia now who are interested in their
733:
Bertholds' Livonian-speaking brother and wife died in the 1990s. In the early 2000s, many other prominent "last
Livonians" also died, such as Poulin Klavin (1918–2001), keeper of many Livonian traditions and the last Livonian to reside permanently on the Courland coast, and Edgar Vaalgamaa
792:
In 2020 Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne started teaching
Livonian as the first language to their newborn daughter Kuldi Medne. As of 2023 she was the only Livonian native speaker in Latvia. In October 2022, her parents published
349:
valley. Although its last known native speaker died in 2013, a child, Kuldi Medne, born in 2020 is reported to be a native speaker of
Livonian. Her parents are Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne. Also, there are about 40 reported
543:, 226 people were Livonian, and almost half of them spoke Livonian. According to estimates of the Liv Culture Center in 2010, only 40 people spoke Livonian in everyday life. In 2013, there were none who spoke Livonian in everyday life.
616:. The whole area of the Livonian Coast became a restricted border zone under tight Soviet supervision. Coastal fishing was gradually eliminated in the smaller villages and concentrated in the larger population centres of
405:
in 2007 stated that there were only 182 registered
Livonians and a mere six native speakers. In a 2009 conference proceeding, it was mentioned that there could be "at best 10 living native" speakers of the language.
2789:
637:" was published in Livonian in 1994, dedicated to the Livonian culture, art, and figures of the national movement, and in 1998 with the support of the "Open Society," the first collection of poetry in Livonian, "
534:
In the 13th century, the native
Livonians inhabited all the areas around the Gulf of Riga, except for the Estonian island of Saaremaa. In the 12th–13th centuries the Livonian lands were conquered by the
730:. After the war, Bertholds worked in various professions and shared his knowledge of the Livonian language with many field linguists; in the 1990s, he also taught Livonian in children's summer camps.
2189:* denotes letters that were used for phonemes that were unrounded in later generations; these were retired when a song book was published in 1980 with new rules, but sometimes used as late as 1997.
628:. Limits were placed on freedom of movement for inhabitants. All of these factors contributed to the decline of the language, although some initiatives appeared from the early 1970s onwards.
3130:
Juhrneeku svehtas dseesmas un luhgschanas, sadomahtas no zitkahrtiga Pises basnizas ķestera Jahņa Prinz, un viņņa vezzaka dehla Jahņa. Jelgavā pee Jahņa Wridriķķa
Steffenhagen un dehla. 1845
2255:
spread among those
Livonians and words of Estonian origin also came into Livonian. There are about 800 Estonian loanwords in Livonian, most of which were borrowed from the Saaremaa dialect.
750:
Livonian roots. Some young Livonians not only sing folk-songs in Livonian but even strive to use Livonian actively in everyday communication. One such younger generation Livonian speaker is
643:", was published and presented in Finland and Estonia. It combines the works of famous Livonian poets. To date, the only Livonian media outlet is the trilingual (English-Latvian-Livonian)
4743:
3693:
393:, who died on 28 February 2009, was the last native speaker who started Latvian-language school as a monolingual. Some other Livonians had argued, however, that there were some
2817:
2639:
810:
Latvian National Commission and the Latvian National Cultural Center, with various events held by individuals and institutions. In January 2023, the first of 171 approved
2793:
4969:
3556:
590:, there were several dozen books published in Livonian, mainly with the help of Finnish and Estonian organizations. In 1930, the first newspaper in Livonian, "
454:
In the 19th century, about 2,000 people still spoke Livonian; in 1852, the number of Livonians was 2,394. Various historical events have led to the near total
4955:
4086:
3668:
3281:
Tā ir 1998. gadā Rīgā iznākusī lībiešu dzejas antoloģija „Es viltīgāks par tevi, menca", kurā apkopoti visu zināmāko lībiešu dzejnieku – pavisam 24 – darbi.
106:
4103:
4734:
3296:
2251:
or other islands. Many inhabitants of the islands of Western Estonia worked in the summer in Kurzeme Livonian villages. As a result, a knowledge of
751:
693:
839:
850:
4235:
3447:"Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane″ ("The last native speaker of Livonian from the older generation has died"), March 4, 2009.
273:
4401:
3721:"«Līvõdõn ja līvõ kīelõn istōrilizt Loul ja daņtš pivād – kūord sūrkontsert "Tīrums. Dziesmas ceļš" ... - LI Līvõd institūt | Facebook"
3696:[The sign of the name of Talsi Municipality now also in Livonian; similar signs will be placed in 44 Livonian Coast villages].
434:
and Sweden, which constantly increases the pool of people with some knowledge of the language who do not permanently reside in Latvia.
3616:
2593:
1135:
were present in earlier generations but merged with other vowels in later generations; these were present dialectally as late as 1997
734:(1912–2003), clergyman in Finland, translator of the New Testament and author of a book on the history and culture of the Livonians.
799:('Golden Child'), a book in Livonian and Latvian for children and parents, with plans for subsequent books and an audio version.
5145:
4124:
3144:
2943:
3265:
3093:
5140:
3552:
2920:
2992:
1618:
402:
295:
2660:
4179:
4031:
1628:
381:, but because ethnic Livonians are a small minority, opportunities to use Livonian are limited. The Estonian newspaper
409:
The promotion of the Livonian language as a living language has been advanced mostly by the Livonian Cultural Centre (
354:
and 210 having reported some knowledge of the language. Possibly uniquely among the Uralic languages but similarly to
4228:
4041:
3787:
3371:
3077:
3039:
3388:
1481:
2698:
1460:
1072:
1016:
823:
492:
285:
3842:
3720:
3317:
2899:"Latvia's tiny Livonian minority struggles to keep its language alive | Baltic States news & analytics"
2618:
4394:
3957:
3440:
3353:
2875:
1045:
1010:
466:
4454:
3578:
1532:
976:
527:
423:– is represented by the Latvian Bureau of Lesser Used Languages (LatBLUL), formerly a national branch of the
4057:
View of the Russian Empire During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Present Century
5135:
4221:
3241:
1512:
1471:
1055:
1027:
237:
3507:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1213:
1209:
1160:
1132:
1128:
2716:"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"
1494:
954:
552:
1190:
similar to Danish. As in other languages with this feature, it is thought to be a vestige of an earlier
255:
Medieval Livonian areas (brown). Inset shows the Livonian villages at the beginning of the 20th century.
5125:
4780:
4325:
2230:
in Livonian, for example, is very unusual for a Finnic language. There are about 2,000 Latvian and 200
1595:
1565:
1356:
986:
5130:
4964:
4387:
4370:
3527:
3322:(in Russian). D-PiLS.LV. Информационно-развлекательный портал Даугавпилса. 2011-03-09. Archived from
1678:
1522:
1376:
1086:
965:
378:
3759:
789:) was established to promote research and awareness of the language. It is led by Valts Ernštreits.
567:
by Jānis Prints and his son Jānis Jr. and was published in 1845. The first book in Livonian was the
5076:
4859:
4854:
4548:
4419:
1366:
993:
4061:
4896:
4864:
4565:
1405:
1386:
1174:. Short vowels are written as indicated in the table; long vowels are written with an additional
651:
90:
20:
4132:
3694:"Talsu novada nosaukums tagad arī lībiešu valodā; šādi uzraksti būs vismaz 14 piekrastes ciemos"
3019:
Ariste, P.A. (1958). "Известия АН Латвийской ССР: Ливы и ливский язык". No. 11. p. 32.
4989:
4984:
4882:
4448:
1425:
485:
5071:
4642:
4091:
2714:
Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08).
5102:
5066:
5061:
5056:
4808:
4356:
4351:
1555:
1415:
1315:
1305:
1191:
478:
363:
131:
2888:" ("The last native speaker of Livonian from the older generation has died"), March 4, 2009.
826:, for the first time in the history of the event, a song with Livonian lyrics was featured.
4775:
2727:
1435:
1325:
811:
782:
555:. The first written sources about Livonian appeared in the 16th century. The collection of
540:
416:
738:
398:
83:
8:
4913:
4803:
4721:
4310:
4295:
4244:
4115:
4055:
3416:
2898:
883:
359:
4108:
2820:["Kūldaläpš. Golden Child" - Livonian book for children and parents published].
2731:
5032:
4841:
4831:
4770:
4436:
4330:
4274:
3988:
2750:
2715:
2239:
1335:
1175:
1108:
Back versus central articulation is not significant for non-front unrounded vowels, so
819:
815:
420:
2931:
2685:
760:
756:
721:
384:
229:
5039:
4996:
4611:
4593:
4560:
4555:
4442:
4300:
4197:
4128:
4120:
4037:
3992:
3980:
3804:
3783:
3572:
3472:
3349:
3140:
3073:
3035:
2939:
2755:
2252:
2196:
1292:
1282:
1038:
875:
712:
572:
568:
447:
390:
4620:
3778:
Posti, Lauri (1973). "Alustava ehdotus liivin yksinkertaistetuksi transkriptioksi".
3139:
Latvian encyclopedia . Volume 4. Riga: Valery Belokon's Publishing. 2007 p. 832-833
291:
4979:
4849:
4790:
4543:
4536:
4521:
4516:
4427:
4410:
4335:
4258:
4202:
4152:
3972:
3816:
2745:
2735:
2223:
2212:
1277:
1272:
844:
679:
675:
655:
564:
505:
470:
355:
326:
136:
126:
77:
24:
4702:
4692:
4469:
1681:
or half-voiced in the word-final position, or before another unvoiced consonants (
855:
5007:
5001:
4871:
4823:
4813:
4752:
4599:
4499:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4113:. "Livonian at the crossroads of language contacts". In: Santeri Junttila (ed.).
3855:
3444:
3375:
3269:
3097:
2935:
2879:
2772:
Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021).
2740:
2557:
2235:
1709:
1547:
1287:
727:
587:
580:
556:
118:
605:
242:
5096:
5025:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4927:
4921:
4876:
4729:
4587:
4570:
4486:
4474:
4459:
3821:
2702:
2565:
2551:
772:
703:
683:
670:
576:
536:
455:
394:
330:
96:
60:
4661:
4648:
4636:
2818:"«Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns» – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem"
2640:""Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem"
898:
in the table below. Additionally two archaic vowels are given in parentheses:
5119:
4889:
4798:
4762:
4582:
4526:
4506:
4492:
4479:
4051:
3984:
2664:
914:
879:
617:
597:
4666:
4739:
4464:
2759:
1171:
621:
609:
518:
514:
498:
346:
334:
4697:
4687:
4655:
4531:
4141:"Syntactic and aspectual functions of Latvian verbal prefixes in Livonian"
3468:
3368:
2844:
213:
3976:
3940:
3528:"Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103"
2777:
2594:"Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103"
2227:
2195:
instead of comma due to technical limitations, similar to the issue with
1580:
948:
909:
766:
741:, née Bertholde (1910–2013, a cousin of Viktors Bertholds), who lived in
697:
613:
477:, leading to contention of rule of the area between these orders and the
351:
102:
4707:
4671:
3396:
2231:
1949:
1299:
1261:
1202:
1066:
919:
4213:
4157:
4140:
3417:"Latvia's tiny Livonian minority struggles to keep its language alive"
501:. Russians, Swedes, Danes, Lithuanians and Poles fought over the area.
4010:
3669:"Re:voice - The First Livonian Language Road Sign Unveiled in Latvia"
3512:
3435:
3323:
2870:
2790:"Obituary: Last Native Speaker of the Livonian Language Died Age 103"
2699:
Keeping Livonian – Latvia's Lesser Known Language – Alive, 17.06.2007
2622:
2598:
1448:
1198:
1004:
832:(Latvian: 'Livonians are coming'), the 2nd part of the musical cycle
625:
222:
206:
70:
4072:Ливский язык: Языки народов СССР: Финно-угорские и самодийские языки
4014:
Basics Finno-Ugric Linguistics (Finnic, Sami and Mordovia languages)
2928:
Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences
262:
4379:
2248:
2244:
1699:
665:
601:
338:
303:
3486:
3319:Латыши без ливов — как суп без соли: настоящий лив живет в… Канаде
1673:
are restricted to loans, except for some interjections containing
3592:
3297:"Kultūras centrā 'Noass' notiks Lībiešu valodas dienas svinēšana"
2192:
1996:
1756:
1345:
659:
511:
1918: The founding of Latvia; the Livonian language re-blossomed.
474:
431:
299:
4207:
3346:
Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas
2217:
1240:
are realized as falling , . The same applies to the triphthongs
1186:
4174:
4096:. "Development, Research and Sources of Written Livonian". In:
3698:
3622:
2921:"Personal Names of Livonian Origin in Latvia: Past and Present"
2822:
895:
807:
742:
689:
342:
270:
250:
192:
50:
4192:
3805:"Main features of the Livonian sound system and pronunciation"
2926:. In Wolfgang Ahrens; Sheila Embleton; André Lapierre (eds.).
3644:
2713:
424:
4187:
2226:
in terms of grammar, phonology and word derivation etc. The
814:
with Latvian and Livonian text were placed on the border of
608:, with help from the Finnish linguist Lauri Kettunen. After
415:), an organisation of mostly young Livonians. Livonian as a
377:
Some ethnic Livonians are learning or have learned Livonian
4060:. London: T. N. Longman, O. Rees, and J. Debrett. pp.
430:
The language is taught in universities in Latvia, Estonia,
2181:
2170:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2051:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1941:
1930:
1914:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1811:
1791:
1766:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1702:
is a hybrid which mixes Latvian and Estonian orthography.
1216:
vary in their stress placement depending on length: short
462:
In the 13th century, speakers of Livonian numbered 30,000.
442:
302:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3155:
3153:
2222:
Livonian has for centuries been thoroughly influenced by
802:
2023 was proclaimed as Livonian Heritage Year (Livonian:
644:
3171:
3169:
806:) by the UoL Livonian Institute in cooperation with the
631:
After Latvia regained its independence, the newsletter "
4119:. Uralica Helsingiensia 7. Helsinki: 2015. pp. 97-150.
4100:
48, nr. 1 (2012). pp. 55-67. DOI: 10.3176/lu.2012.1.05.
2993:"Twenty Speakers, but Three Poets: Writing in Livonian"
269:
Livonian is classified as Critically Endangered by the
3922:
Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft
3896:
Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft
3883:
Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft
3487:"Maailma viimane emakeelne liivlane sai 100-aastaseks"
3242:"Livones.net – The Livonians during the Soviet period"
3150:
2247:) Livonian fishers or mariners and the Estonians from
818:. Similar signs are being placed in Latgale featuring
508:. Northern Livonia became provinces of Tsarist Russia.
3268:(in Latvian). livones.net. 2011-12-12. Archived from
3166:
3096:(in Latvian). livones.net. 2011-11-11. Archived from
2176:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1966:
1936:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1726:
3034:. Paris; Budapest; Torino: L'Harmattan. p. 16.
1184:. The Livonian vowel system is notable for having a
1116:
can also be marked as central ( and , respectively).
559:
poems "Mariners sacred songs and prayers" (Latvian:
169:
2642:. Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji (LSM.lv). 2022-10-18
4002:Livisches Wörterbuch: mit grammatischer Einleitung
3617:"2023 will be year of Livonian cultural heritage"
2932:23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences
612:, books in Livonian were no longer published, as
5117:
4116:Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages
3484:
1677:. Voiced obstruents are subject to being either
666:Speakers of Livonian in the twenty-first century
596:", was published. In 1942, a translation of the
401:, who died in 2013. An article published by the
4068:
3228:
3118:
2979:
465:The German invasion: around the year 1200, the
4208:Livonian – Latvian/Estonian/Finnish dictionary
3955:
3348:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 307.
2563:
2549:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2299:
2285:
2275:
2265:
1682:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1179:
1124:
1122:
794:
770:
719:
701:
638:
632:
591:
551:The first Livonian words were recorded in the
491:1557: The Russian invasion, also known as the
410:
382:
320:
38:
4395:
4229:
3559:. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016
3525:
2883:
2774:Geographical database of the Uralic languages
2619:"Viimane emakeelne liivlane lahkus jäädavalt"
2218:Language contacts with Latvians and Estonians
861:
860:was performed during the Grand Choir Concert
833:
827:
3691:
2885:Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane
3782:. Castrenianumin toimitteita. Vol. 7.
3469:Edgar Vaalgamaa – Muistokirjoitus – Muistot
2587:
2585:
2583:
1178:("ˉ") over the letter, so, for example, =
1119:
579:, with an orthography based on Latvian and
530:started after the last native speaker died.
397:left, including Viktors Bertholds' cousin,
4402:
4388:
4236:
4222:
4203:Livonian language resources at Giellatekno
3516:, 09.12.2011. (Accessed December 9, 2011.)
765:, who performs with the Livonian-Estonian
261:
249:
4156:
3820:
3761:Сравнительный обзор финно-угорских языков
3070:Ливский язык: Языки мира. Уральские языки
3029:
2749:
2739:
1205:. These can also occur as short or long.
4138:
4033:Parlons live – Une langue de la Baltique
3809:Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri
3757:
2580:
882:, but unlike Estonian, it has also lost
737:The last native speaker of Livonian was
688:
669:
441:
425:European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages
274:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4840:
4243:
4021:
4011:
3853:
3745:
3645:"Livonian Heritage Year - Lībiešu gads"
3215:
3176:
3160:
3055:
3032:Parlons live: une langue de la Baltique
3006:
2918:
2845:"Sketch of Livonian Sounds and Grammar"
2591:
614:Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union
296:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5118:
3939:
3908:
3550:
3299:(in Latvian). www.DELFI.lv. 2007-05-17
3067:
3018:
2966:
2778:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
2238:loanwords in Livonian and most of the
1228:are realized as rising , , while long
718:As reported in the Estonian newspaper
696:performing with the Livonian-Estonian
4383:
4217:
4069:
4050:
3802:
3777:
3423:, 6 June 2013 (retrieved 6 June 2013)
2812:
2810:
2632:
2570:– Livonian-Estonian world music group
4409:
4198:Latvian–Livonian–English Phrase Book
3780:FU-transkription yksinkertaistaminen
3343:
3291:
3289:
1197:Livonian has also a large number of
647:operated by the Liv Culture Center.
561:Jūrnieku svētās dziesmas un lūgšanas
3954:
3202:
3189:
2766:
2707:
546:
403:Foundation for Endangered Languages
362:, Livonian has been described as a
13:
5101:Languages between parentheses are
4210:(robust finite-state, open-source)
4080:
4026:. München: LINCOM EUROPA (English)
4004:. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
3692:Ozola-Balode, Zanda (2023-01-27).
3508:Teadusdoktor käib mööda liivi radu
3386:
2807:
345:but also used to be spoken in the
14:
5157:
4167:
3286:
3072:. Moscow: Наука. pp. 76–77.
2686:"Glottolog 4.5 – Salaca Livonian"
2258:
1627:
1617:
1594:
1564:
1554:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1493:
1480:
1470:
1459:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1147:may either be pronounced as or .
1085:
1071:
1054:
1044:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1009:
992:
985:
975:
964:
953:
16:Finnic language in western Latvia
4610:
4173:
3551:Jakobs, Hubert (July 10, 2000).
528:Revival of the Livonian language
524:Declared extinct on 6 June 2013.
3933:
3914:
3901:
3888:
3875:
3854:Everson, Michael (2001-11-12).
3847:
3836:
3796:
3771:
3767:. Syktyvkar: Kola. p. 191.
3751:
3738:
3713:
3685:
3661:
3637:
3609:
3585:
3544:
3519:
3500:
3485:Tapio Mäkeläinen (2010-03-19).
3478:
3462:
3450:
3426:
3410:
3380:
3362:
3337:
3310:
3258:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3133:
3124:
3111:
3086:
3061:
3048:
3023:
3012:
2999:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2912:
2901:. The Baltic Course. 2012-10-17
2891:
2861:
2837:
1646:
1150:
1138:
1102:
824:Latvian Song and Dance Festival
650:Two sites were included in the
82:2 June 2013, with the death of
5146:Languages extinct in the 2010s
5105:of the language on their left.
2919:Balodis, Pauls (August 2009).
2782:
2692:
2678:
2653:
2612:
787:Lețmō Iļīzskūol Līvõd institūt
521:: marginalisation of Livonian.
484:1522: The introduction of the
467:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
337:, located in the north of the
1:
4074:. Moscow: Nauka. p. 139.
4022:Moseley, Christopher (2002).
2792:. GeoCurrents. Archived from
2592:Charter, David (2013-06-05).
2574:
1255:
3553:"Defender of a Small Nation"
3526:David Charter (2013-06-05).
2741:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648
869:
640:Ma akūb sīnda vizzõ, tūrska!
446:Title page in German of the
7:
5141:Extinct languages of Europe
3389:"The last Livonian is dead"
2661:"LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA"
2543:
1693:
1208:The two opening diphthongs
902:Vowel phonemes in Livonian
553:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
389:erroneously announced that
371:
10:
5162:
3822:10.12697/jeful.2016.7.1.06
2210:
2206:
2187:
1947:
1707:
771:
702:
437:
379:in an attempt to revive it
18:
5087:
5049:
5017:
4912:
4822:
4789:
4761:
4720:
4680:
4628:
4619:
4608:
4426:
4417:
4371:Language policy in Latvia
4365:
4344:
4288:
4267:
4251:
4139:Jantunen, Santra (2019).
4030:de Sivers, Fanny (2001).
3924:, page 83. Wiesbaden 1965
3898:, page 82. Wiesbaden 1965
3885:, page 81. Wiesbaden 1965
3577:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3475:, Retrieved 2 March 2015.
1579:
1546:
1447:
1344:
1298:
1269:
1201:, as well as a number of
918:
913:
908:
906:
889:
329:whose native land is the
282:
260:
248:
236:
220:
204:
199:
182:
177:
159:
115:
89:
76:
66:
56:
46:
37:
32:
4549:Siberian Ingrian Finnish
4420:List of Uralic languages
4000:Kettunen, Lauri (1938).
3758:Tsypanov, Е. А. (2008).
3318:
2826:(in Latvian). 2022-10-18
674:Trilingual signposts in
645:Livones.lv (livones.net)
368:restricted tone language
19:Not to be confused with
3956:Ernštreits, V. (2007).
3863:The Alphabets of Europe
3369:Picture of V. Bertholds
2564:
2550:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2300:
2286:
2276:
2266:
1683:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1180:
804:Līvõd pierāndõks āigast
803:
795:
786:
652:Atlas Linguarum Europae
639:
633:
604:. It was translated by
592:
575:, published in 1880 in
419:in Latvia – along with
411:
321:
316:
39:
21:Livvi-Karelian language
4036:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3958:"Livonian Orthography"
3673:revoice.falmouth.ac.uk
3457:Valkoisen hiekan kansa
3068:Viitso, Т.-Р. (1993).
3030:de Sivers, F. (2001).
2884:
2191:** some texts may use
1688:/ˈku̯olməs~ˈku̯olməz̥/
862:
834:
828:
728:by hiding in the woods
720:
709:
686:
560:
486:Protestant Reformation
451:
383:
284:This article contains
4357:Russian Sign Language
4352:Latvian Sign Language
4145:Uralica Helsingiensia
3843:Livonian Orthography.
3803:Tuisk, Tuuli (2016).
3557:Central Europe Review
3344:Eder, Birgit (2003).
863:Tīrums. Dziesmas ceļš
692:
673:
541:Soviet Census of 1989
479:Archbishopric of Riga
445:
364:pitch-accent language
4455:Northeastern coastal
4182:at Wikimedia Commons
4070:Vääri, E.E. (1966).
4012:Laanest, A. (1975).
3977:10.3176/lu.2007.1.02
3947:. Tallinn: Valgus.
3266:"Lībiešu literatūra"
3229:Schätzung Vääri 1966
3119:Schätzung Vääri 1966
2980:Schätzung Vääri 1966
2938:. pp. 105–116.
812:road signs in Latvia
796:Kūldaläpš Zeltabērns
783:University of Latvia
563:) was translated to
417:lesser used language
5136:Languages of Latvia
4245:Languages of Latvia
4098:Linguistica Uralica
3965:Linguistica Uralica
2934:. Toronto, Canada:
2796:on October 26, 2013
2732:2022PLoSO..1769648R
2336:Vȯndzist ūdāigastõ!
2274:Enjoy your meal! –
1655:becomes preceding
903:
884:consonant gradation
654:to study Livonian:
184:Recognised minority
4437:Bjarmian languages
4289:Minority languages
4268:Regional languages
4016:. Moscow: Science.
3443:2011-07-20 at the
3374:2012-02-22 at the
2878:2011-07-20 at the
2332:Happy new year! –
1170:All vowels can be
901:
822:. During the 2023
816:Talsi Municipality
779:Livonian Institute
710:
687:
493:Russo-Swedish War.
452:
5126:Livonian language
5113:
5112:
5097:extinct languages
4908:
4907:
4781:Northwestern Mari
4716:
4715:
4377:
4376:
4252:Official language
4180:Livonian language
4178:Media related to
4158:10.33341/uh.85032
4125:978-952-5667-67-7
3387:Laakso, Johanna.
3145:978-9984-9482-4-9
2945:978-1-55014-521-2
2776:(v1.0) . Zenodo.
2204:
2203:
2200:
1642:
1641:
1633:⟨ļ⟩
1623:⟨l⟩
1612:
1600:⟨j⟩
1587:
1570:⟨ŗ⟩
1560:⟨r⟩
1537:⟨ž⟩
1527:⟨z⟩
1517:⟨v⟩
1508:
1499:⟨h⟩
1486:⟨š⟩
1476:⟨s⟩
1465:⟨f⟩
1455:
1440:⟨g⟩
1430:⟨ḑ⟩
1420:⟨d⟩
1410:⟨b⟩
1401:
1391:⟨k⟩
1381:⟨ț⟩
1371:⟨t⟩
1361:⟨p⟩
1352:
1330:⟨ņ⟩
1320:⟨n⟩
1310:⟨m⟩
1098:
1097:
1091:⟨a⟩
1077:⟨ä⟩
1060:⟨o⟩
1050:⟨ȯ⟩
1032:⟨ö⟩
1021:⟨e⟩
998:⟨u⟩
981:⟨õ⟩
970:⟨y⟩
959:⟨i⟩
943:
938:
933:
928:
739:Grizelda Kristiņa
713:Viktors Bertholds
600:was published in
573:Gospel of Matthew
569:Gospel of Matthew
450:in Livonian, 1863
448:Gospel of Matthew
412:Līvõ Kultūr Sidām
399:Grizelda Kristiņa
391:Viktors Bertholds
310:
309:
292:rendering support
288:phonetic symbols.
84:Grizelda Kristiņa
5153:
5131:Finnic languages
4973:
4959:
4838:
4837:
4747:
4626:
4625:
4614:
4537:Siberian Finnish
4483:
4411:Uralic languages
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4177:
4162:
4160:
4112:
4095:
4087:Valts Ernštreits
4076:
4075:
4065:
4047:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3962:
3951:
3950:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:www.facebook.com
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3460:
3459:, Jyväskylä 2001
3454:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3395:. Archived from
3384:
3378:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3094:"Lībiešu valoda"
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2663:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:, June 14, 2013
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2589:
2569:
2560:of the Livonians
2555:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2295:
2284:Good morning! –
2281:
2278:Jõvvõ sīemnaigõ!
2271:
2213:Livonian grammar
2188:
1705:
1704:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1453:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1267:
1266:
1260:Livonian has 23
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1183:
1164:
1163:is realized as .
1162:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1106:
1092:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1013:
999:
996:
989:
982:
979:
971:
968:
960:
957:
941:
936:
931:
926:
904:
900:
865:
859:
848:
837:
831:
798:
776:
775:
764:
725:
707:
706:
642:
636:
595:
547:Early literature
506:Treaty of Nystad
471:Teutonic knights
414:
388:
324:
276:
265:
253:
232:
216:
209:
186:language in
171:
121:
42:
30:
29:
25:Livonian dialect
5161:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5083:
5077:Proto-Samoyedic
5045:
5013:
4967:
4953:
4904:
4860:Southern Khanty
4855:Northern Khanty
4836:
4818:
4785:
4757:
4737:
4735:Shoksha dialect
4712:
4676:
4615:
4606:
4561:Karelian proper
4477:
4422:
4413:
4408:
4378:
4373:
4361:
4340:
4284:
4263:
4247:
4242:
4193:Virtual Livonia
4170:
4106:
4089:
4083:
4081:Further reading
4045:
4005:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3597:www.livones.net
3591:
3590:
3586:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:Wayback Machine
3437:Eesti Päevaleht
3432:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3381:
3376:Wayback Machine
3367:
3363:
3356:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3246:www.livones.net
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2995:. 15 July 2019.
2991:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2936:York University
2923:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2880:Wayback Machine
2872:Eesti Päevaleht
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2849:Virtual Livonia
2843:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2726:(6): e0269648.
2712:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2558:national anthem
2546:
2261:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2190:
1950:Minuscule forms
1719:capital letters
1710:Majuscule forms
1696:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1622:
1599:
1569:
1559:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1498:
1485:
1475:
1464:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1258:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1076:
1059:
1049:
1031:
1020:
997:
980:
969:
958:
894:Livonian has 8
892:
874:Livonian, like
872:
853:
842:
777:. In 2018, the
754:
722:Eesti Päevaleht
678:, Livonian and
668:
588:interwar period
549:
440:
395:native speakers
385:Eesti Päevaleht
327:Finnic language
290:Without proper
278:
277:
268:
256:
228:
212:
205:
195:
191:
187:
185:
178:Official status
155:
141:Southern Finnic
122:
119:Language family
117:
110:
100:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5159:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
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5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5053:
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5036:
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5021:
5019:
5015:
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5004:
4999:
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4987:
4977:
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4975:
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4940:
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4938:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:Southern Mansi
4893:
4886:
4879:
4877:Northern Mansi
4869:
4868:
4867:
4865:Eastern Khanty
4862:
4857:
4846:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
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4795:
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4778:
4773:
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4755:
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4748:
4726:
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4695:
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4684:
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4659:
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4640:
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4609:
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4524:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4472:
4467:
4460:South Estonian
4457:
4452:
4440:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4345:Sign languages
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
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4233:
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4218:
4212:
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4205:
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4190:
4184:
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4169:
4168:External links
4166:
4165:
4164:
4136:
4101:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4066:
4052:Tooke, William
4048:
4028:
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4008:
3998:
3952:
3945:Keelekontaktid
3935:
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3815:(1): 121–143.
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3649:libiesugads.lv
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3506:Raimu Hanson.
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2516:kōdõkstuoistõn
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2470:
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2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
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2340:
2330:
2320:
2312:Good night! –
2310:
2296:
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2259:Common phrases
2257:
2219:
2216:
2211:Main article:
2208:
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2019:
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2009:
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907:
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888:
871:
868:
684:Livonian Coast
667:
664:
577:St. Petersburg
548:
545:
537:Teutonic Order
532:
531:
525:
522:
512:
509:
502:
495:
489:
482:
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456:language death
439:
436:
331:Livonian Coast
308:
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294:, you may see
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266:
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200:Language codes
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125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
93:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
61:Livonian Coast
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5158:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:Reconstructed
5048:
5042:
5041:
5037:
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5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4990:Tundra Nenets
4988:
4986:
4985:Forest Nenets
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4978:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4960:
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4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:Eastern Mansi
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:Western Mansi
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
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4802:
4800:
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4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
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4760:
4754:
4751:
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4733:
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4731:
4728:
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4725:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
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4663:
4660:
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4657:
4653:
4651:
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4646:
4644:
4641:
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4504:
4502:
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4488:
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4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
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4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Laiuse Romani
4446:
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4309:
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4297:
4294:
4293:
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4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
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4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
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4250:
4246:
4239:
4234:
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4227:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4159:
4154:
4151:(14): 15–53.
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4104:Riho Grünthal
4102:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4042:2-7475-1337-8
4039:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3949:(in Estonian)
3946:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3923:
3920:Gyula Décsy:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3894:Gyula Décsy:
3891:
3884:
3881:Gyula Décsy:
3878:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3789:951-45-0282-5
3785:
3781:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3748:, p. 18)
3747:
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3670:
3664:
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3646:
3640:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3598:
3594:
3593:"Livones.net"
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3514:
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3474:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3433:(in Estonian)
3429:
3422:
3421:Baltic Course
3418:
3413:
3399:on 2009-04-15
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:on 2014-12-27
3325:
3321:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3272:on 2014-12-27
3271:
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3146:
3142:
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3120:
3114:
3100:on 2014-12-22
3099:
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3089:
3081:
3079:5-02-011069-8
3075:
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3041:2-7475-1337-8
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2868:(in Estonian)
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2667:on 2014-02-02
2666:
2662:
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2628:(in Estonian)
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2538:
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2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:īdõkstuoistõn
2521:
2518:
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2511:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2491:
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2487:
2481:
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2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:kuolmtuoistõn
2461:
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2328:
2327:
2322:Thank you! –
2321:
2318:
2317:
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2308:
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2297:
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2293:
2292:Jõvvõ ūomõgt!
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2110:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:small letters
1956:
1953:(also called
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
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1900:
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1890:
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1743:
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1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:(also called
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:The Livonian
1691:
1685:
1680:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1609:
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1446:
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1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:long or short
1159:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
995:
991:
988:
984:
978:
974:
967:
962:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
940:
935:
930:
925:
924:
921:
916:
911:
905:
899:
897:
887:
885:
881:
880:vowel harmony
877:
867:
864:
857:
852:
846:
841:
840:Inese Zandere
836:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
768:
762:
758:
753:
747:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
724:
723:
716:
714:
705:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
672:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:New Testament
594:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:of Livonian:
457:
449:
444:
435:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
386:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
344:
341:peninsula in
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
318:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
281:
275:
272:
264:
259:
252:
247:
244:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
208:
203:
198:
194:
189:
181:
176:
167:
164:
163:
162:
158:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
120:
114:
111:~210 at A1–A2
108:
104:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
5092:
5067:Proto-Finnic
5057:Proto-Uralic
5038:
5031:
5024:
5006:
4963:
4949:
4942:
4933:
4926:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4809:Komi-Permyak
4681:Western Sámi
4654:
4647:
4635:
4629:Eastern Sámi
4592:
4577:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4447:
4435:
4367:
4279:
4148:
4144:
4114:
4097:
4071:
4056:
4032:
4023:
4013:
4001:
3968:
3964:
3944:
3941:Ariste, Paul
3934:Bibliography
3929:
3921:
3916:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3849:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3812:
3808:
3798:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3753:
3746:Laanest 1975
3740:
3729:. Retrieved
3727:. 2023-07-07
3724:
3715:
3704:. Retrieved
3702:(in Latvian)
3697:
3687:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:
3663:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3626:. 2022-12-08
3620:
3611:
3600:. Retrieved
3596:
3587:
3561:. Retrieved
3546:
3535:. Retrieved
3531:
3521:
3511:
3502:
3491:. Retrieved
3489:. FennoUgria
3480:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:the original
3392:
3382:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3312:
3301:. Retrieved
3280:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:the original
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:
3236:
3223:
3216:Moseley 2002
3210:
3197:
3184:
3177:Moseley 2002
3161:Laanest 1975
3135:
3126:
3113:
3102:. Retrieved
3098:the original
3088:
3069:
3063:
3056:Moseley 2002
3050:
3031:
3025:
3014:
3007:Moseley 2002
3001:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2927:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2893:
2871:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2821:
2798:. Retrieved
2794:the original
2784:
2773:
2768:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2694:
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:the original
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
2634:
2621:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2597:
2556: – the
2535:
2525:
2515:
2506:seistuoistõn
2505:
2502:seventeen -
2495:
2485:
2476:nēļatuoistõn
2475:
2465:
2456:kakštuoistõn
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2306:Jõvvõ päuvõ!
2305:
2301:
2298:Good day! –
2291:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2221:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1669:
1648:
1259:
1207:
1196:
1192:pitch accent
1185:
1169:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1113:
1109:
1104:
893:
873:
801:
791:
778:
752:Julgī Stalte
748:
736:
732:
717:
711:
694:Julgī Stalte
649:
630:
606:Kōrli Stalte
585:
550:
533:
519:Soviet Union
515:World War II
499:Livonian War
453:
429:
408:
376:
367:
347:Salaca River
335:Gulf of Riga
312:
311:
283:
221:
144:
5033:Meshcherian
4968: [
4954: [
4776:Meadow Mari
4738: [
4478: [
4107: [
4090: [
4046:(in French)
4006:(in German)
3909:Ariste 1981
3563:February 2,
2967:Ariste 1981
2522:nineteen -
2512:eighteen -
2496:kūžtuoistõn
2486:vīžtuoistõn
2472:fourteen -
2462:thirteen -
2446:ikštuoistõn
2316:Jõvvõ īedõ!
2288:Jõvā ūomõg!
2228:dative case
2199:typography.
1581:Approximant
1203:triphthongs
1156:Unstressed
878:, has lost
854: [
843: [
829:Lībieši nāk
785:(Livonian:
767:world music
755: [
698:world music
656:Miķeļtornis
497:1558–1583:
352:L2 speakers
315:(Livonian:
298:instead of
132:Finno-Ugric
103:L2 speakers
5120:Categories
5072:Proto-Sámi
4804:Komi-Yazva
4311:Lithuanian
4296:Belarusian
4188:Livones.lv
3868:2015-06-01
3856:"Livonian"
3731:2023-07-19
3706:2023-07-19
3678:2023-07-19
3654:2023-07-19
3630:2023-07-19
3602:2022-01-05
3537:2013-12-01
3493:2011-04-01
3403:2009-06-09
3355:3631528736
3330:2014-12-27
3303:2014-12-27
3276:2014-12-27
3251:2022-01-05
3104:2014-12-22
2905:2013-12-01
2854:2020-03-22
2830:2023-07-19
2800:2013-12-01
2671:2012-01-19
2646:2022-10-22
2605:2013-12-01
2575:References
2492:sixteen -
2482:fifteen -
2302:Jõvā pǟva!
1690:"third").
1262:consonants
1256:Consonants
1199:diphthongs
851:Valts Pūce
504:1721: The
473:conquered
360:Lithuanian
97:L1 speaker
5103:varieties
5095:indicate
4914:Samoyedic
4832:Hungarian
4771:Hill Mari
4722:Mordvinic
4594:Krevinian
4532:Meänkieli
4522:Fingelska
4368:See Also:
4331:Ukrainian
4275:Latgalian
4133:1797-3945
3993:245508379
3985:0868-4731
3828:March 13,
3532:The Times
3513:Postimees
3231:, p. 138)
3121:, p. 139)
2623:Postimees
2599:The Times
2566:Tuļļi Lum
2552:Min izāmō
2536:kakškimdõ
2532:twenty -
2452:twelve -
2442:eleven -
2264:Hello! –
2243:between (
2232:Low Saxon
1955:lowercase
1715:uppercase
1454:voiceless
1449:Fricative
1351:voiceless
937:unrounded
927:unrounded
870:Phonology
820:Latgalian
773:Tuļļi Lum
704:Tuļļi Lum
626:Ventspils
427:(EBLUL).
421:Latgalian
223:Glottolog
207:ISO 639-3
71:Livonians
67:Ethnicity
5062:homeland
5040:Muromian
4997:Nganasan
4842:Ob-Ugric
4703:Southern
4693:Northern
4578:Livonian
4556:Karelian
4443:Estonian
4301:Estonian
4280:Livonian
4054:(1799).
4024:Livonian
3943:(1981).
3911:, p. 79)
3573:cite web
3441:Archived
3372:Archived
3218:, p. 11)
3205:, p. 15)
3192:, p. 14)
3163:, p. 21)
2969:, p. 78)
2951:23 April
2876:Archived
2760:35675367
2720:PLOS ONE
2544:See also
2412:eight –
2402:seven –
2362:three –
2268:Tēriņtš!
2253:Estonian
2249:Saaremaa
2240:Germanic
2197:Romanian
1997:d̦
1757:D̦
1700:alphabet
1694:Alphabet
1679:devoiced
1246: :
876:Estonian
602:Helsinki
557:Livonian
469:and the
322:rāndakēļ
317:līvõ kēļ
313:Livonian
304:Help:IPA
243:Livonian
230:livv1244
165:Courland
160:Dialects
145:Livonian
40:līvõ kēļ
33:Livonian
5093:Italics
4965:Karagas
4600:Kukkuzi
4544:Ingrian
4517:Finnish
4500:Kraasna
4336:Yiddish
4326:Russian
4259:Latvian
3393:Tangyra
3203:Uralica
3190:Uralica
3179:, p. 8)
3058:, p. 6)
3009:, p. 5)
2751:9176854
2728:Bibcode
2422:nine –
2382:five –
2372:four –
2245:Kurzeme
2224:Latvian
2207:Grammar
2193:cedilla
1684:kuolmõz
1611:lateral
1586:central
1346:Plosive
1293:Glottal
1283:Palatal
942:rounded
932:rounded
915:Central
781:at the
708:in 2009
682:at the
680:English
676:Latvian
660:Mazirbe
586:In the
565:Latvian
475:Livonia
438:History
432:Finland
356:Latvian
339:Kurzeme
333:of the
325:) is a
300:Unicode
168:Salaca
91:Revival
78:Extinct
5018:Others
5008:Yurats
5002:Selkup
4980:Nenets
4935:Koibal
4850:Khanty
4814:Udmurt
4791:Permic
4753:Moksha
4662:Kildin
4649:Kainuu
4637:Akkala
4428:Finnic
4321:Romani
4316:Polish
4306:German
4131:
4123:
4040:
3991:
3983:
3786:
3699:Lsm.lv
3623:lsm.lv
3352:
3143:
3076:
3038:
2942:
2823:Lsm.lv
2758:
2748:
2432:ten –
2416:kōdõks
2392:six –
2352:two –
2342:one –
2326:Tienū!
2236:German
1507:voiced
1400:voiced
1278:Dental
1273:Labial
1176:macron
896:vowels
890:Vowels
835:Nācēji
808:UNESCO
769:group
743:Canada
700:group
624:, and
581:German
370:, see
343:Latvia
271:UNESCO
193:Latvia
137:Finnic
127:Uralic
109:and up
99:(2022)
57:Region
51:Latvia
5026:Merya
4972:]
4958:]
4951:Taygi
4944:Mator
4928:Kamas
4922:Enets
4872:Mansi
4824:Ugric
4746:]
4730:Erzya
4667:Skolt
4643:Inari
4588:Votic
4571:Ludic
4566:Livvi
4507:Leivu
4493:Ludza
4487:Tartu
4482:]
4475:Mulgi
4111:]
4094:]
4064:–527.
3989:S2CID
3971:(1).
3961:(PDF)
3859:(PDF)
3765:(PDF)
3473:hs.fi
2924:(PDF)
2703:dw.de
2426:īdõks
2366:kuolm
1548:Trill
1300:Nasal
1288:Velar
949:Close
910:Front
858:]
847:]
763:]
618:Kolka
593:Līvli
372:below
4799:Komi
4763:Mari
4698:Pite
4688:Lule
4656:Kemi
4621:Sámi
4583:Veps
4527:Kven
4470:Võro
4465:Seto
4129:ISSN
4121:ISBN
4038:ISBN
3981:ISSN
3830:2022
3784:ISBN
3621:eng.
3579:link
3565:2007
3350:ISBN
3141:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3036:ISBN
2953:2011
2940:ISBN
2756:PMID
2406:seis
2376:nēļa
2356:kakš
2234:and
1671:/fh/
1214:/uo/
1212:and
1210:/ie/
1187:stød
1131:and
1112:and
1067:Open
920:Back
849:and
658:and
622:Roja
610:WWII
517:and
366:(or
358:and
101:~40
4708:Ume
4672:Ter
4153:doi
4062:523
3973:doi
3817:doi
2746:PMC
2736:doi
2701:at
2436:kim
2396:kūž
2386:vīž
2346:ikš
1957:or
1717:or
1675:/h/
1661:/ɡ/
1659:or
1657:/k/
1653:/n/
1249:ūoi
1243:uoi
1161:/ɨ/
1133:/œ/
1129:/y/
1005:Mid
838:by
634:Õvā
374:).
319:or
286:IPA
238:ELP
214:liv
105:at
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4956:ru
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2017:g
2012:f
2007:ē
2002:e
1992:d
1987:b
1982:ǟ
1977:ä
1972:ā
1967:a
1942:Ž
1937:Z
1933:*
1931:Ȳ
1927:*
1925:Y
1920:V
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1889:S
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1879:R
1874:P
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1864:Õ
1860:*
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1854:*
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1837:Ō
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1482:ʃ
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1461:f
1458:(
1436:ɡ
1426:ɟ
1406:b
1387:k
1377:c
1357:p
1336:ŋ
1326:ɲ
1316:n
1306:m
1181:ō
1158:õ
1145:e
1114:ȯ
1110:õ
1087:ɑ
1073:æ
1056:o
1046:ɤ
1039:ə
1028:œ
1025:(
1017:e
1014:~
1011:ɛ
994:u
987:ɯ
977:ɨ
966:y
963:(
955:i
488:.
481:.
306:.
170:†
27:.
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