99:
20:
2389:
3424:
3437:
539:. Subsequently, felsic magmatism and explosive eruption resumed. All of this has been thought to be linked to changes in the stress field of the volcanoes and their plumbing system caused by unloading of ice. As deglaciation proceeded faster in the north there is an apparent lag in the onset of this behavior among volcanoes. The period of less explosive volcanism spanned from about 17–4 ka BP in
477:
After the general Late
Glacial Maximum a new pulse of glacier advance occurred about 14,850 ka BP. At this point the Golfo Corcovado lobe (ca. 43° S) exceeded any extent it had in the last 30,000 ka BP. Other lobes advanced inside the limits of their earlier Late Glacial Maximum extent. Deglaciation
382:
Despite glacier advances much of the area west of
Llanquihue Lake was still ice-free during the Last Glacial Maximum. During the coldest period of the Last Glacial Maximum vegetation at this location was dominated by Alpine herbs in wide open surfaces. The global warming that followed caused a slow
286:, during the Llanquihue glaciation. One interstadial begun 57,000 years before present (yrs BP) and ended no later than 49.000 yrs BP, another that begun 50,000 yrs BP and ended no later than 47,000 yrs BP and a third one from 45,000 to 35,000 yrs BP. During the interstadials of the glaciation the
305:
at latitudes between 41° and 43° S. Between 30 and 40° S glaciers reached their maximum advance about 40 to 35 ka BP, exceeding any extent they had during the global Last
Glacial Maximum. Compared to the Llanquihue and Chiloé area maximum glacier advance was achieved much earlier in
122:, the extent of the Llanquihue glaciation was controlled by precipitation which increases to the south. Maximum glaciers advances were not synchronous across the whole latitudinal gradient as they were triggered by north and southward shifts in the moisture-bringing
401:
was depressed about 1000 m relative to present day elevations during the coldest period, but it rose gradually until 19,300 yr BP. At that time a cold reversal caused a replacement of much of the arboreal vegetation with
Magellanic moorland and Alpine species.
1290:
GarcĂa, Juan-Luis; Hein, Andrew S.; Binnie, Steven A.; GĂłmez, Gabriel A.; González, Mauricio A.; Dunai, Tibor J. (2018). "The MIS 3 maximum of the Torres del Paine and Ăšltima
Esperanza ice lobes in Patagonia and the pacing of southern mountain glaciation".
469:
species that had thrived in unglaciated areas during the 19,300–17,800 ka BP cold interval were largely wiped out as conditions changed from hyper-humid to humid. The deglaciation pulse that begun in 17,800 was paralleled by similar events in
1618:
GarcĂa, Juan-Luis; Hall, Brenda L.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Vega, Rodrigo M.; Strelin, Jorge A. (2014). "Glacial geomorphology of the Torres del Paine region (southern
Patagonia): Implications for glaciation, deglaciation and paleolake history".
137:
During large glacier advances the
Llanquihue glaciation in Chile showed a marked difference north and south of latitude 41.5° S. To the south Andean valley glacier lobes coalesced and spread out occupying what is today the
166:(39–41.5° S) spread out forming large but separate glacier lobes, meaning that the glaciation remained restricted by topography being a glaciation of valley glaciers, or in other words one of Alpine type.
1031:
Heusser, Calvin J.; Heusser, Linda E.; Lowell, Thomas V. (1999). "Paleoecology of the
Southern Chilean Lake District-Isla Grande de Chiloé during MiddleLate Llanquihue Glaciation and Deglaciation".
720:; Coronato, Andrea M.; Salemme, MĂłnica (2005). "Chronology of the Late Cenozoic Patagonian glaciations and their correlation with biostratigraphic units of the Pampean region (Argentina)".
478:
was almost complete after ice-lobes collapsed rapidly after 14,000 ka BP. The
Magellanic moorland vegetation around Llanquihue Lake was replaced by North Patagonian Rain Forest including
1257:"PaleodistribuciĂłn del alerce y ciprĂ©s de las Guaitecas durante perĂodos interestadiales de la GlaciaciĂłn Llanquihue: provincias de Llanquihue y ChiloĂ©, RegiĂłn de Los Lagos, Chile"
1341:; Aliotta, Guida (1979). "Sedimentology of two superimposed tills in the Bariloche Moraine (Nahuelo Huapi Drift, Late Glacial), Rio Negro, Argentina". In SchlĂĽchter, Ch. (ed.).
3318:
803:
Zech, Roland; May, Jan-Hendrik; Kull, Christoph; Ilgner, Jana; Kubik, Peter W.; Heinz, Veit (2008). "Timing of the late
Quaternary glaciation in the Andes from 15 to 40° S".
2838:
867:; Lowell, Thomas V.; Putnam, Aaron E.; Kaplan, Michael R. (2015). "Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia".
368:. Even between neighboring glacier lobes maximum glacier extent was not synchronous; as the glacier occupying the Puyhue basin (40°41' S) was retreating calving at a
267:
when compared to neighboring regions would have been the result of the Llanquihue glaciation covering almost the total of it, leaving little or no space for refugua.
321:
in the southern Chilean Lake District and Chiloé (40–42.5° S). These advances occurred at ~33,600, ~30,800, ~26,900, ~26,000 and 17,700–18,100 years before present.
2788:
1370:; Urrutia, Roberto (2011). "Detailed seismic stratigraphy of Lago Puyehue: implications for the mode and timing of glacier retreat in the Chilean Lake District".
3105:
2260:
3047:
2320:
3017:
455:
Rapid warming started 17,800 years before present leading to interglacial temperatures within 1000 years accompanied by the retreat of glaciers and the rapid
1068:
2346:
235:
though the glaciation. Yet, small glaciers existed in the highest part of the Chilean Coast Range. Above altitudes of 100 m (Cordillera Piuchén) or 600 m (
247:
remained free of disturbance by the glacial, glacifluvial and periglacial meaning these regions (in particular around Cordillera de Nahuelbuta) served as
2108:
1213:
1479:
Pfanzelt, S.; Albach, D.; von Hagen, K.B. (2017). "Tabula rasa in the Patagonian Channels? The phylogeography of Oreobolus obtusangulus (Cyperaceae)".
2798:
1962:
1033:
1672:"Evolution of the Great Tehuelche Paleolake in the Torres del Paine National Park of Chilean Patagonia during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene"
508:, to lose ground to other vegetation types over much of the lowlands and obtaining its modern discontinuous distribution in the cool heights of the
3323:
2007:
1997:
1967:
1952:
1992:
1977:
1982:
318:
3303:
2597:
1532:
Rawson, Harriet; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Smith, Victoria C.; Fontijn, Karen; Lachowycz, Stefan M.; Naranjo, José A. (2016).
1725:
939:
GarcĂa, Juan L. (2012). "Late Pleistocene ice fluctuations and glacial geomorphology of the ArchipiĂ©lago de ChiloĂ©, southern Chile".
3486:
2388:
243:(a periglacial process). Between 41 and 37° S, the coastal region, the lower slopes of the Chilean Coast Range, and the westernmost
3313:
722:
1172:
Veit, Heinz; Garleff, Karsten (1995). "EvoluciĂłn del paisaje cuaternario y los suelos de Chile Central-Sur". In Armesto, Juan J.;
3481:
3461:
627:
Heusser, C.J. (1974). "Vegetation and climate of the southern Chilean Lake District during and since the last interglaciation".
417:
and the Last Glacial Maximum is associated with increased humidity and the verified advance of at least some mountain glaciers.
3476:
3288:
1132:
3471:
1154:; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe (2005). "Esquema biogeográfico de Chile". In Llorente Bousquests, Jorge; Morrone, Juan J. (eds.).
773:"Fossil leaves from the last interglacial in Central-Southern Chile: Inferences regarding the vegetation and paleoclimate"
3466:
3308:
999:"Uso forestal de los ecosistemas de "ñadi": Riesgos ambientales de la transformación de suelos en la Región de Los Lagos"
130:. Glaciers in Central Chile were particularly sensitive to shifts in the precipitation pattern and those to the south in
3215:
2171:
1193:
531:
from explosive eruptions to a period of lower ash and pyroclast production associated with a change in magma type from
3273:
3263:
1424:
Lowell, T.V.; Heusser, C.J.; Andersen, B.J.; Moreno, P.I.; Hauser, A.; Heusser, L.E.; SchlĂĽchter, C.; Marchant, D.R.;
3293:
2645:
1734:
1256:
450:
340:. Glaciers extended about 7 km west of the modern Llanquihue Lake but not more than 2 to 3 km south of it.
3120:
134:(39–43° S) were sensitive to both precipitation and temperature, correlating better with global temperature trends.
3511:
67:
belonging to the last glacial period have been identified. The glaciation is the last episode of existence of the
2660:
173:
formed during the Llanquihue glaciation occupies positions between Llanquihue moraines and moraines of the older
1577:"Glacial geomorphology of the central and southern Chilotan Archipelago (42.2°S–43.5°S), northwestern Patagonia"
3491:
3344:
3298:
2590:
1350:
336:
merged and descended from the Andes occupying lacustrine and marine basins where they spread out forming large
252:
1089:
Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, Antarctica
397:
forest, and as warming progressed even warm-climate trees begun to grow in the area. It is estimated that the
2523:
2027:
1944:
1718:
1372:
1323:
805:
772:
1366:
Heirman, Katrien; De Batist, Marc; Charlet, Francois; Moernaut, Jasper; Chapron, Emmanuel; BrĂĽmmer, Robert;
3506:
3125:
248:
3268:
3245:
3225:
3002:
2138:
Note: Glaciers are ordered by latitude from north to south. Mountains with significant glaciers are shown
3501:
3389:
1575:
Soteres, Rodrigo; Sagredo, Esteban A.; Moreno, Patricio I.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Alloway, Brent V. (2022).
3496:
3283:
3278:
3240:
3230:
2728:
2220:
1293:
1085:
Harrison, Stephan (2004). "The Pleistocene glaciations of Chile". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (eds.).
3130:
2713:
3399:
3052:
2583:
2405:
567:
3220:
2298:
1914:
311:
174:
3384:
3153:
3007:
2848:
1711:
1534:"The magmatic and eruptive response of arc volcanoes to deglaciation: Insights from southern Chile"
236:
548:
3195:
2911:
2858:
2758:
2411:
2085:
1621:
1185:
465:
and the subsequent development of Valdivian temperate rainforest in the formerly glaciated area.
110:
in the east (background) coalesced and entered the lake basin forming a large glacier lobe there.
1158:(in Spanish). Mexico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jiménez Editores.
192:
period. Similarly the dry areas east of the Andes in Patagonia were not glaciated but developed
3409:
2723:
2565:
2436:
2252:
2164:
1124:
1094:
456:
425:
302:
244:
159:
3379:
2916:
2743:
1987:
998:
3235:
3168:
3163:
2961:
2873:
2853:
2833:
2650:
2528:
2373:
2193:
2188:
2065:
1873:
1062:
594:
had named the last glacial period in South America "Finiglacial" after an existing scheme in
406:
163:
154:
glaciation during large glacier advances. In contrast during times of glacier advance Andean
24:
3135:
2868:
1921:
1252:
1209:
1173:
1151:
1116:
1086:
672:
Porter, Stephen C. (1981). "Pleistocene glaciation in the southern Lake District of Chile".
357:
279:
256:
3095:
3062:
3012:
2926:
2793:
2778:
2773:
2733:
2655:
2256:
2248:
2229:
2045:
1957:
1630:
1590:
1547:
1490:
1437:
1381:
1302:
1042:
950:
876:
814:
731:
683:
638:
540:
520:
330:
68:
3173:
2921:
2768:
1773:
8:
2828:
2548:
2482:
2463:
2459:
2430:
2338:
2264:
2225:
2215:
2035:
941:
674:
629:
509:
466:
390:
228:
143:
32:
3359:
3067:
1634:
1594:
1551:
1494:
1441:
1385:
1306:
1218:
1046:
954:
880:
818:
735:
687:
642:
142:
and other marine basins. At times the ice reached all the way across to the foot of the
3115:
3037:
2763:
2748:
2620:
2501:
1972:
1514:
1461:
1397:
1367:
976:
830:
768:
699:
654:
484:
461:
3404:
2738:
2244:
2050:
1667:
405:
Little is known about the extent of glaciers during Last Glacial Maximum north of the
3110:
3042:
3032:
2901:
2843:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2708:
2698:
2312:
2304:
2286:
2272:
2268:
2157:
2113:
2095:
1934:
1868:
1538:
1506:
1481:
1453:
1401:
1346:
1189:
1177:
1128:
1117:
1087:
1054:
980:
962:
834:
703:
695:
658:
650:
552:
341:
301:
had much greater geographical extent than at present growing during that time in the
98:
72:
1518:
1465:
1314:
1275:
1232:
888:
3077:
3057:
3027:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2941:
2936:
2883:
2863:
2753:
2606:
2474:
2342:
2294:
2290:
2123:
2118:
2103:
2040:
1688:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1598:
1555:
1498:
1445:
1425:
1389:
1318:
1310:
1270:
1227:
1050:
966:
958:
892:
884:
822:
747:
739:
691:
646:
595:
571:
544:
438:
337:
307:
201:
48:
1603:
1576:
1449:
563:
365:
147:
139:
19:
3394:
3100:
3022:
2951:
2946:
2906:
2878:
2823:
2818:
2783:
2334:
2326:
2282:
2070:
2017:
2012:
1581:
864:
743:
559:
430:
369:
103:
60:
56:
2635:
1752:
523:
in the Chilean Lake District underwent transition from high production rates of
264:
3428:
3374:
2538:
2533:
2518:
2451:
2080:
2060:
2055:
1849:
1794:
1742:
1679:
1261:
777:
591:
333:
297:
232:
185:
155:
131:
119:
3455:
3364:
3354:
3339:
3158:
2718:
2703:
2330:
2316:
2308:
2237:
1855:
1766:
1759:
1338:
1112:
1111:
Trombotto Liaudat, DarĂo (2008). "Geocryology of Southern South America". In
717:
421:
414:
217:
170:
115:
1928:
1693:
383:
change in vegetation towards a sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by
3441:
3369:
3349:
2543:
2075:
1510:
1457:
1428:(1995). "Interhemispheric Correlation of Late Pleistocene Glacial Events".
524:
376:
372:
283:
240:
221:
209:
83:
1808:
2493:
2233:
2002:
997:
RamĂrez, Carlos; Mac Donald, Roberto; San MartĂn, Cristina (March 1996).
471:
353:
193:
127:
64:
1651:
971:
897:
752:
2994:
2931:
2447:
2210:
2202:
1907:
1829:
385:
275:
260:
189:
123:
114:
The characteristics of the glaciation differ according to latitude. In
36:
3423:
1502:
150:. This meant that the region south of 41.5° S was subject to a proper
106:. During much of the Llanquihue glaciations glaciers flowing from the
3187:
3072:
2893:
2625:
2422:
2397:
2365:
1890:
1879:
1862:
1840:
1815:
1560:
1533:
1393:
826:
528:
479:
410:
398:
345:
197:
151:
3145:
3087:
2985:
2681:
2630:
2575:
2357:
1801:
1787:
1780:
490:
434:
360:
glacier advance peaked in 26,000 yrs BP forming a long north–south
291:
188:
high mountains (>5000) have remained ice-free through the whole
87:
1703:
2690:
2640:
2553:
2361:
2180:
562:
existed during the deglaciation including Castro Lake in central
501:
496:
361:
344:
in Argentina was also glaciated by the same time. In the city of
287:
86:
is known as the Valdivia interglacial after its type locality of
178:
1822:
1365:
925:. Developments in Quaternary Science. Elsevier. pp. 25–29.
532:
1156:
RegionalizaciĂłn Biogeográfica en IberoámerĂca y tĂłpicos afines
607:
However, not all of the reported features have been verified.
536:
513:
213:
205:
107:
40:
2149:
1423:
996:
349:
314:(51-52° S) where glaciation peaked about 48,000 years ago.
1574:
1216:[Biogeographical history of bryophytes in Chile].
1146:
1144:
862:
282:
reveal the existence of at least three warm periods, or
1478:
1665:
716:
1531:
1289:
1141:
429:
suggest that this plant survived glaciation in three
239:) soils in the Chilean Coast Range were disturbed by
231:
remained glacier-free and parts of it also free from
1617:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1030:
348:, at the shore of Nahuel Huapi Lake, a Late Glacial
1119:
The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
1214:"Historia biogeográfica de las briófitas de Chile"
1167:
1165:
227:The coast of Chile north of 42° S and most of the
177:. At present these outwashs contain a distinctive
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1324:20.500.11820/d73c13fd-aeb3-4417-9158-4618d8263360
1251:
1240:
1150:
1110:
1067:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1034:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
942:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
802:
27:where the Llanquihue glaciation has been defined.
3453:
1106:
1104:
905:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
352:has been interpreted to indicate it formed in a
317:There is evidence for five westward advances of
270:
1670:; Airo, Alessandro; CalderĂłn, Mauricio (2012).
1162:
1080:
1078:
1611:
1408:
1337:
798:
796:
794:
792:
169:In the Chilean Lake District and Chiloé large
2591:
2165:
1719:
1101:
841:
1075:
934:
932:
500:. Further warming is thought to have caused
1171:
789:
766:
519:As glaciers retreated the volcanoes of the
437:, the eastern Patagonian Andes and eastern
224:deposits during the Llanquihue glaciation.
2598:
2584:
2172:
2158:
1726:
1712:
992:
990:
93:
75:the equivalent glaciation is known as the
1692:
1666:Solari, Marcelo A.; Le Roux, Jacobus P.;
1650:
1602:
1559:
1322:
1274:
1231:
1208:
970:
929:
896:
751:
389:species. Within this parkland vegetation
1182:EcologĂa de los bosques nativos de Chile
1084:
723:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
97:
18:
987:
920:
863:Moreno, Patricio I.; Denton, Geoge H.;
626:
324:
3454:
1659:
938:
671:
379:(40°49' S) was at its maximum extent.
2579:
2153:
1707:
16:Last glacial period in southern Chile
2605:
1255:; LeĂłn, Ana; Roig, Fidel A. (2004).
1733:
13:
364:system along the eastern coast of
14:
3523:
3435:
3422:
2387:
1055:10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00058.x
963:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00471.x
1568:
1525:
1472:
1359:
1331:
1315:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.013
1283:
1276:10.4067/S0716-02082004000100008
1233:10.4067/S0717-66432021000100077
1202:
1024:
889:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.027
601:
444:
1643:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.036
760:
710:
665:
620:
584:
253:Valdivian temperate rainforest
55:). Its type area lies west of
1:
3487:Geology of RĂo Negro Province
2524:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
2028:Southern Patagonian Ice Field
1945:Northern Patagonian Ice Field
1604:10.1080/17445647.2021.2008538
1450:10.1126/science.269.5230.1541
1373:Journal of Quaternary Science
1123:. Elsevier Science. pp.
806:Journal of Quaternary Science
614:
451:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
271:Development of the glaciation
2179:
744:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.07.004
696:10.1016/0033-5894(81)90013-2
651:10.1016/0033-5894(74)90018-0
7:
3482:Geology of Neuquén Province
3472:Geology of Los Lagos Region
3462:Geology of AraucanĂa Region
10:
3528:
3477:Geology of Los RĂos Region
3467:Geology of Chubut Province
2221:Penultimate Glacial Period
1294:Quaternary Science Reviews
1262:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
869:Quaternary Science Reviews
543:(39°25' S), 10–2 ka BP in
448:
181:type soil and vegetation.
3418:
3400:Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault
3332:
3254:
3208:
3186:
3144:
3086:
2993:
2984:
2892:
2689:
2680:
2669:
2613:
2562:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2446:
2421:
2396:
2385:
2356:
2201:
2187:
2136:
2094:
2026:
1943:
1899:
1889:
1839:
1741:
547:(39°55' S), 6–2 ka BP in
3385:Magallanes-Fagnano Fault
3121:Nacientes del BiobĂo Fm.
590:Previously in the 1930s
577:
237:Cordillera de Nahuelbuta
53:GlaciaciĂłn de Llanquihue
3512:Climate change in Chile
3196:Llano de Chocolate Beds
2412:Late Paleozoic icehouse
1694:10.5027/andgeoV39N1-a01
1186:Editorial Universitaria
409:. To the north, in the
356:environment. Over most
94:General characteristics
3390:Mocha-Villarrica Fault
3126:Nacientes del Teno Fm.
2566:Timeline of glaciation
2433:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
1057:(inactive 2024-09-22).
923:Ice Age Southern Andes
921:Heusser, C.J. (2004).
521:Southern Volcanic Zone
426:Oreobolus obtusangulus
338:piedmont glacier lobes
312:Ăšltima Esperanza Sound
303:Chilean Central Valley
276:Palynological analysis
245:Chilean Central Valley
175:Santa MarĂa glaciation
160:Chilean Central Valley
111:
52:
28:
3492:Pleistocene Argentina
3216:Coastal central Chile
2529:Great Oxidation Event
1184:. Santiago de Chile:
1006:Ambiente y Desarrollo
549:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
506:Fitzroya cupressoides
491:Fitzroya cupressoides
407:Chilean Lake District
259:the low diversity of
164:Chilean Lake District
101:
45:Llanquihue glaciation
39:is known in southern
25:Chilean Lake District
22:
3345:BiobĂo-AluminĂ© Fault
3314:Quebrada del Carrizo
2729:Caleta Herradura Fm.
2414:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
2408:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
2230:Last Glacial Maximum
331:Last Glacial Maximum
325:Last Glacial Maximum
69:Patagonian Ice Sheet
3507:Last Glacial Period
3432: •
3380:Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault
3053:Punta del Cobre Fm.
3003:Baños del Flaco Fm.
2839:Quebrada Macusa Fm.
2549:Milankovitch cycles
2226:Last Glacial Period
1635:2014Geomo.204..599G
1595:2022JMaps..18..151S
1552:2016Geo....44..251R
1495:2017MolEc..26.4027P
1442:1995Sci...269.1541L
1436:(5230): 1541–1549.
1386:2011JQS....26..665H
1343:Moraines and Varves
1307:2018QSRv..185....9G
1253:Villagrán, Carolina
1210:Villagrán, Carolina
1174:Villagrán, Carolina
1152:Villagrán, Carolina
1047:1999GeAnA..81..231H
955:2012GeAnA..94..459G
881:2015QSRv..122..233M
819:2008JQS....23..635Z
736:2005JSAES..20...81R
688:1981QuRes..16..263P
675:Quaternary Research
643:1974QuRes...4..290H
630:Quaternary Research
568:Paleolake Tehuelche
510:Chilean Coast Range
467:Magellanic moorland
435:south-central Chile
391:Magellanic moorland
229:Chilean Coast Range
144:Chilean Coast Range
65:end moraine systems
35:and its associated
33:last glacial period
3502:Pleistocene events
3429:Geology portal
3154:Canto del Agua Fm.
3008:Cerro Colorado Fm.
2621:Arequipa-Antofalla
2462:(717 to 660 Mya);
2439:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
1345:. pp. 81–92.
1188:. pp. 29–49.
1178:Arroyo, Mary Kalin
558:Various ephemeral
504:forest, including
485:Nothofagus dombeyi
462:Nothofagus dombeyi
257:Carolina Villagrán
112:
77:Nahuel Huapi Drift
29:
3497:Pleistocene Chile
3449:
3448:
3289:Cordillera Darwin
3204:
3203:
3182:
3181:
3131:Pan de AzĂşcar Fm.
2980:
2979:
2912:Caleta Chonos Fm.
2859:Santo Domingo Fm.
2759:Cola de Zorro Fm.
2714:BahĂa Inglesa Fm.
2573:
2572:
2504:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
2383:
2382:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2131:
2096:Cordillera Darwin
1935:Gran Campo Nevado
1503:10.1111/mec.14156
1489:(15): 4027–4044.
1482:Molecular Ecology
1134:978-0-444-52954-1
342:Nahuel Huapi Lake
73:Nahuel Huapi Lake
3519:
3442:Chile portal
3440:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3360:El Arrayán Fault
3324:Tierra del Fuego
3241:South Patagonian
3231:North Patagonian
2991:
2990:
2724:Caleta Godoy Fm.
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2607:Geology of Chile
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2485:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
2475:Paleoproterozoic
2466:(650 to 635 Mya)
2391:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2150:
1922:Mocho-Choshuenco
1897:
1896:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1676:
1668:Hervé, Francisco
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:10.1130/G37504.1
1529:
1523:
1522:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1394:10.1002/jqs.1491
1363:
1357:
1356:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1219:Gayana. Botánica
1206:
1200:
1199:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1003:
994:
985:
984:
974:
936:
927:
926:
918:
903:
902:
900:
860:
839:
838:
827:10.1002/jqs.1200
813:(6–7): 635–647.
800:
787:
786:
764:
758:
757:
755:
714:
708:
707:
669:
663:
662:
624:
608:
605:
599:
596:Nordic countries
588:
572:Torres del Paine
560:proglacial lakes
545:Mocho-Choshuenco
439:Tierra del Fuego
393:alternated with
308:Torres del Paine
202:patterned ground
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3421:
3414:
3410:Valeriano Fault
3405:San RamĂłn Fault
3395:Pichilemu Fault
3328:
3309:Punta de Choros
3256:
3250:
3246:Vicuña Mackenna
3226:Futrono-Riñihue
3200:
3178:
3169:Santa Juana Fm.
3164:Panguipulli Fm.
3140:
3082:
3018:Chañarcillo Gp.
2976:
2922:Cura-MallĂn Gp.
2888:
2874:Trapa-Trapa Fm.
2769:Cura-MallĂn Gp.
2673:
2671:
2665:
2609:
2604:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2507:
2488:
2469:
2442:
2417:
2392:
2379:
2376:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
2364:
2360:
2352:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2148:
2143:
2128:
2090:
2022:
1939:
1885:
1835:
1774:Nevado del Ruiz
1737:
1735:Andean glaciers
1732:
1702:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1616:
1612:
1582:Journal of Maps
1573:
1569:
1530:
1526:
1477:
1473:
1422:
1409:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1336:
1332:
1288:
1284:
1250:
1241:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1109:
1102:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1001:
995:
988:
937:
930:
919:
906:
861:
842:
801:
790:
765:
761:
730:(1–2): 81–103.
715:
711:
670:
666:
625:
621:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
589:
585:
580:
551:(40°35' S) and
453:
447:
431:glacial refugia
420:A study of the
375:the glacier at
334:valley glaciers
327:
273:
255:. According to
156:valley glaciers
104:Llanquihue Lake
96:
57:Llanquihue Lake
17:
12:
11:
5:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Lanalhue Fault
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Chacarilla Fm.
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Quiriquina Fm.
3060:
3058:Purilactis Gp.
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Divisadero Gp.
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Chacarilla Fm.
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Pupunahue Beds
2959:
2957:Purilactis Gp.
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:La Cascada Fm.
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:San Pedro Beds
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Pupunahue Beds
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:La Portada Fm.
2791:
2789:La Montaña Fm.
2786:
2781:
2779:La Cascada Fm.
2776:
2774:Farellones Fm.
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Campanario Fm.
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Snowball Earth
2536:
2534:Little Ice Age
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Glacial period
2515:
2513:
2512:Related topics
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2452:Snowball Earth
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2406:Andean-Saharan
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
2323:
2301:
2279:
2241:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1743:Tropical Andes
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1680:Andean Geology
1658:
1610:
1589:(2): 151–167.
1567:
1546:(4): 251–254.
1524:
1471:
1407:
1380:(7): 665–674.
1358:
1351:
1339:Rabassa, Jorge
1330:
1282:
1269:(1): 133–151.
1265:(in Spanish).
1239:
1222:(in Spanish).
1201:
1195:978-9561112841
1194:
1161:
1140:
1133:
1100:
1074:
1041:(2): 231–284.
1023:
1008:(in Spanish).
986:
949:(4): 459–479.
928:
904:
840:
788:
778:Geologica Acta
759:
718:Rabassa, Jorge
709:
682:(3): 263–292.
664:
637:(3): 290–315.
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
600:
592:Carl Caldenius
582:
581:
579:
576:
446:
443:
433:; these being
326:
323:
298:Pilgerodendron
272:
269:
233:periglaciation
196:features like
186:Atacama Desert
171:outwash plains
132:southern Chile
120:Atacama Desert
95:
92:
82:The preceding
59:where various
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Futrono Fault
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Domeyko Fault
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Atacama Fault
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Eastern Andes
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Coihaique Gp.
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Coihaique Gp.
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:CheuquemĂł Fm.
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:RĂo FrĂas Fm.
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Puduhuapi Fm.
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:CheuquemĂł Fm.
2742:
2740:
2739:Chaicayán Gp.
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Angostura Fm.
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Madre de Dios
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Pre-Illinoian
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Pre-Illinoian
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:Younger Dryas
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Late Cenozoic
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2086:Tyndall/Geike
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Perito Moreno
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:San Francisco
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:Pico Bonpland
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:Pico Humboldt
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:(11° N–20° S)
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:Geomorphology
1614:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1000:
993:
991:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
935:
933:
924:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
799:
797:
795:
793:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
767:Astorga, G.;
763:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
713:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
668:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
623:
619:
604:
597:
593:
587:
583:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:Chiloé Island
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
475:
473:
468:
464:
463:
458:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
423:
422:cushion grass
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
380:
378:
377:Rupanco basin
374:
371:
367:
366:Chiloé Island
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
322:
320:
319:glacier lobes
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:
289:
285:
284:interstadials
281:
277:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
218:cryoturbation
215:
211:
210:rock glaciers
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
158:entering the
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:sea of Chiloé
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Central Chile
109:
105:
100:
91:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
3433:
3420:
3370:Gastre Fault
3350:Cachet Fault
3221:Elqui-LimarĂ
3136:TobĂfera Fm.
3116:La Negra Fm.
3048:Ă‘irehuao Fm.
3038:Hornitos Fm.
2869:Traiguén Fm.
2764:Coquimbo Fm.
2749:Cholchol Fm.
2719:Caldera Beds
2564:
2544:Interglacial
2276:
2139:
1958:Exploradores
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1878:
1861:
1854:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1753:Pico BolĂvar
1751:
1684:
1678:
1661:
1652:10533/129777
1626:
1620:
1613:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1433:
1429:
1426:Denton, G.H.
1377:
1371:
1361:
1342:
1333:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1181:
1155:
1118:
1088:
1063:cite journal
1038:
1032:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
1005:
972:10533/134803
946:
940:
922:
898:10533/148448
872:
868:
865:Moreno, Hugo
810:
804:
782:
776:
762:
753:11336/150967
727:
721:
712:
679:
673:
667:
634:
628:
622:
603:
586:
557:
555:(41°20' S).
525:volcanic ash
518:
505:
495:
489:
483:
476:
460:
457:colonization
454:
445:Deglaciation
424:
419:
404:
394:
384:
381:
373:Puyehue Lake
328:
316:
296:
290:
274:
265:Aysén Region
241:solifluction
226:
222:solifluction
183:
168:
136:
128:storm tracks
113:
84:interglacial
81:
76:
44:
30:
23:View of the
3304:Puerto Edén
3264:BahĂa Mansa
3255:Metamorphic
3236:Panguipulli
3174:Tralcán Fm.
3159:Choiyoi Gp.
3111:La Liga Fm.
3043:La Liga Fm.
3033:Dorotea Fm.
2902:Abanico Fm.
2844:Ranquil Fm.
2814:Navidad Fm.
2809:Mininco Fm.
2804:Malleco Fm.
2709:Ayacara Fm.
2699:Abanico Fm.
2670:Sedimentary
2494:Mesoarchean
2437:Baykonurian
2299:Santa MarĂa
2253:Weichselian
2036:Jorge Montt
1988:San QuintĂn
1893:(35°–55° S)
1843:(20°–35° S)
1687:(1): 1–21.
1629:: 599–616.
1368:Pino, Mario
1113:Rabassa, J.
1093:. pp.
1016:24 November
875:: 233–249.
785:(1): 45–54.
472:New Zealand
354:glaciokarst
329:During the
194:periglacial
118:, south of
3456:Categories
3299:Mejillones
3209:Batholiths
3106:Ibáñez Fm.
3078:Zapata Fm.
3068:Viñita Fm.
2995:Cretaceous
2972:Vargas Fm.
2967:Temuco Fm.
2942:Lupica Fm.
2937:Loreto Fm.
2884:Vargas Fm.
2864:Temuco Fm.
2754:Chucal Fm.
2674:and groups
2672:formations
2656:Mejillonia
2448:Cryogenian
2343:Beestonian
2295:Wolstonian
2277:Llanquihue
2261:Midlandian
2211:Antarctica
2203:Quaternary
2189:Quaternary
2140:in italics
1973:San Rafael
1915:Villarrica
1908:Sollipulli
1830:Chacaltaya
1795:Chimborazo
1352:9061910390
1012:(1): 82–88
615:References
541:Villarrica
529:pyroclasts
449:See also:
395:Nothofagus
386:Nothofagus
370:proglacial
261:bryophytes
198:ice wedges
190:Quaternary
124:Westerlies
37:glaciation
3257:complexes
3188:Paleozoic
2952:Parga Fm.
2947:Oxaya Fm.
2907:Azapa Fm.
2894:Paleogene
2879:Tubul Fm.
2824:Parga Fm.
2819:Oxaya Fm.
2799:Lauca Fm.
2784:Lacui Fm.
2661:Patagonia
2626:Chaitenia
2423:Ediacaran
2398:Paleozoic
2374:Antarctic
2366:Oligocene
2325:7th–8th:
2321:Rio Llico
2303:3rd–6th:
2287:Illinoian
2257:Devensian
2249:Wisconsin
2216:Greenland
2114:Marinelli
2109:Garibaldi
2046:O'Higgins
1891:Wet Andes
1880:Tupungato
1869:La Paloma
1863:Marmolejo
1841:Dry Andes
1816:Sabancaya
1809:Huascarán
1402:128944179
981:128632559
835:140643645
704:140544020
659:129840921
574:(51° S).
480:Myrtaceae
411:dry Andes
399:tree line
346:Bariloche
152:ice sheet
71:. Around
3274:Chañaral
3146:Triassic
3088:Jurassic
2986:Mesozoic
2932:Lebu Gp.
2682:Cenozoic
2646:Fitz Roy
2631:Chilenia
2614:Terranes
2483:Huronian
2464:Marinoan
2460:Sturtian
2431:Gaskiers
2358:Pliocene
2339:Menapian
2265:Pinedale
2181:Ice ages
2124:Stopanni
2119:Romanche
2104:Alemania
2041:Bernardo
1929:Tronador
1802:Alpamayo
1788:Cotopaxi
1781:Antisana
1519:46743451
1511:28437593
1466:13594891
1458:17789444
1301:: 9–26.
1212:(2021).
1180:(eds.).
771:(2011).
512:and the
292:Fitzroya
288:conifers
126:and its
102:View of
88:Valdivia
3073:Way Gp.
2691:Neogene
2641:Cuyania
2554:Stadial
2502:Pongola
2362:Miocene
2347:Caracol
2317:Anglian
2071:Dickson
2051:BrĂĽggen
2018:Steffen
2013:Colonia
1963:Reicher
1631:Bibcode
1591:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1539:Geology
1491:Bibcode
1438:Bibcode
1430:Science
1382:Bibcode
1303:Bibcode
1115:(ed.).
1043:Bibcode
951:Bibcode
877:Bibcode
815:Bibcode
769:Pino, M
732:Bibcode
684:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
553:Calbuco
502:conifer
497:Lomatia
415:Central
362:moraine
249:refugia
216:, soil
184:In the
162:in the
49:Spanish
43:as the
3333:Faults
3319:TrafĂşn
3284:Chonos
3279:Choapa
2636:Chiloé
2313:Elster
2305:Mindel
2273:Merida
2269:Fraser
2081:Amalia
2061:Upsala
2056:Viedma
2008:Cachet
1998:Benito
1968:Gualas
1953:Grosse
1856:Juncal
1850:Polish
1823:Ampato
1517:
1509:
1464:
1456:
1400:
1349:
1192:
1131:
1127:–268.
979:
833:
702:
657:
533:felsic
358:Chiloé
280:Chiloé
214:palsas
206:pingos
148:Chiloé
61:drifts
3269:Belén
2291:Saale
2281:2nd:
2243:1st:
2234:Older
1993:Soler
1978:Fiero
1900:Other
1675:(PDF)
1515:S2CID
1462:S2CID
1398:S2CID
1226:(2).
1002:(PDF)
977:S2CID
831:S2CID
700:S2CID
655:S2CID
578:Notes
537:mafic
514:Andes
108:Andes
41:Chile
2335:Elbe
2327:GĂĽnz
2283:Riss
2245:WĂĽrm
2236:and
2076:Grey
1983:Leon
1507:PMID
1454:PMID
1347:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1097:–97.
1069:link
1018:2013
566:and
527:and
494:and
350:till
310:and
295:and
251:for
179:ñadi
31:The
2337:or
2003:Nef
1689:doi
1647:hdl
1639:doi
1627:204
1599:doi
1556:doi
1499:doi
1446:doi
1434:269
1390:doi
1319:hdl
1311:doi
1299:185
1271:doi
1228:doi
1125:255
1051:doi
1010:XII
967:hdl
959:doi
893:hdl
885:doi
873:122
823:doi
748:hdl
740:doi
692:doi
647:doi
570:in
535:to
459:of
413:of
278:in
263:in
220:,
146:in
63:or
3458::
2345:,
2341:,
2333:,
2329:,
2319:,
2315:,
2311:,
2307:,
2297:,
2293:,
2289:,
2285:,
2275:,
2271:,
2263:,
2255:,
2251:,
2247:,
2232:,
2191:/
1685:39
1683:.
1677:.
1645:.
1637:.
1625:.
1597:.
1587:18
1585:.
1579:.
1554:.
1544:44
1542:.
1536:.
1513:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:26
1485:.
1460:.
1452:.
1444:.
1432:.
1410:^
1396:.
1388:.
1378:26
1376:.
1317:.
1309:.
1297:.
1267:31
1259:.
1242:^
1224:77
1176:;
1164:^
1143:^
1103:^
1095:91
1077:^
1065:}}
1061:{{
1049:.
1039:81
1037:.
1004:.
989:^
975:.
965:.
957:.
947:94
945:.
931:^
907:^
891:.
883:.
871:.
843:^
829:.
821:.
811:23
809:.
791:^
781:.
775:.
746:.
738:.
728:20
726:.
698:.
690:.
680:16
678:.
653:.
645:.
633:.
516:.
488:,
482:,
474:.
441:.
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
90:.
79:.
51::
2599:e
2592:t
2585:v
2450:-
2267:/
2259:/
2240:)
2228:(
2173:e
2166:t
2159:v
2142:.
1727:e
1720:t
1713:v
1697:.
1691::
1655:.
1649::
1641::
1633::
1607:.
1601::
1593::
1564:.
1558::
1550::
1521:.
1501::
1493::
1468:.
1448::
1440::
1404:.
1392::
1384::
1355:.
1327:.
1321::
1313::
1305::
1279:.
1273::
1236:.
1230::
1198:.
1137:.
1071:)
1053::
1045::
1020:.
983:.
969::
961::
953::
901:.
895::
887::
879::
837:.
825::
817::
783:9
756:.
750::
742::
734::
706:.
694::
686::
661:.
649::
641::
635:4
598:.
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
