264:(PSP)'s Pro-Independence Movement (MPI) in 1959. Joining the central committee of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, she became very active in the movement to gain independence from the United States. As an Afro–Puerto Rican woman, a radical socialist, and nationalist, she openly criticized the government, leading to police surveillance. Figueroa's second book,
365:– 1900), which evaluated the invasion of the island by Europeans and later, the Americans. The volumes are her most important work, giving a history of the island, incorporating her doctoral research. The first two volumes cover the period up to the American intervention in the 1890s on the island and the last volume discusses the turbulent period when
153:(MPI) and a prominent member of the Central Committee of the party. After being asked to teach a course on Puerto Rican history and discovering there were no textbooks for students to study, she wrote a three volume history of the island, which is considered her most important work. She also wrote several texts questioning the
315:(Brief History of Puerto Rico: From its beginnings to 1800) in two volumes. The first was published 1968 and the second in 1969, after being asked to teach a course on Puerto Rican history and finding that there were no textbooks for students to study. In 1971, she moved to New York and taught as a visiting scholar at
50:
224:
between 1942 and 1957. In 1947 and again in 1955, she served as acting school principal. Her first marriage ended in divorce and on
December 25, 1944, she married Ismael Olivieri. The couple subsequently had two daughters, Antonia and Rebeca Olivieri Figueroa. In 1947, she published her first book of
197:
and later that same year, on
December 31, 1936, she married Julio Cesar Flores. The couple decided that her schooling should take priority, and Figueroa took up residence in the female dormitory. She had to work to put herself through school, holding a variety of jobs at the school including
335:(Three Key Points: Homes, language, sovereignty), which discussed Puerto Rican nationalism, was published. In 1974, she retired from the University of Puerto Rico and moved to New York City. She was hired to teach the Puerto Rican Studies program at
184:
Figueroa completed her primary schooling at the Yauco
Elementary School, completing eighth grade in 1931. Because her father became ill and was unable to work, she left school at that time and began working as a
404:
covering the period from 1900 to 1921 in Puerto Rico's history. She was awarded the
National Cultural Medal by the Cuban Ministry of Culture for her historiographical work on the relationship between the two
347:
to evaluate the linguistic and social history of the island. Figueroa joined students in protesting the curtailment of autonomy for the program and after a two-year battle, they won their fight.
177:
and though neither had a formal education, they both urged their children to attend school and were knowledgeable about the island's history. She was raised in a household composed of a
339:, which had been founded in 1971, but a change in the administration around the time of her arrival imposed restrictions about course materials that she opposed. In 1975, she published
783:
678:
Cancel-SepĂşlveda, Mario R. (2016). "Figueroa
Mercado, Loida (1917–1996), historian, poet, novelist, political leader". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.).
241:. After her divorce from Olivieri, Figueroa married José Nelson Castro Vega, with whom she had her last daughter, Avaris Castro Figueroa. The couple would also divorce.
189:. After two years, she returned to her education, entering the Escuela Superior de Yauco (High School of Yauco), intent on becoming a nurse. Graduating as the class
237:. The groups' works tend to focus on the rapid urbanization going on in Puerto Rico during the 1950s and the concern that cultural heritage was being supplanted by
908:
202:. When she became pregnant with her first daughter, Eunice Flores Figueroa, the school forced her to leave, but she returned the following semester, graduating
679:
400:
in 1988. After her retirement, Figueroa traveled widely promoting Puerto Rican independence. At the time of her death, she was working on a forth volume of
380:
In 1980, Figueroa, who had returned to Puerto Rico, ran as a mayoral candidate for the city of MayagĂĽez. She continued publishing, with works such as
923:
918:
795:
426:
716:
157:
used to develop social histories of
Caribbean nations. She was awarded the National Cultural Medal by the Cuban Ministry of Culture in 1996.
253:
719:[Loida Figueroa Mercado: A century of Puerto Rican history] (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: El Post Antillano. Archived from
938:
799:
373:(The Case of Puerto Rico at the International Level), which analyzed the liberation movement beginning in 1948 and the response of the
943:
928:
194:
429:
and she is widely remembered in Puerto Rico. In 2017, celebrations occurred throughout the island for the centenary of her birth.
903:
865:(in Spanish). Yauco, Puerto Rico: Registro Civil de Yauco. 29 December 1944. p. 2020. Digital Folder #004538908, Image 2020
825:(in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Registro Civil de Yauco. 5 January 1937. p. 170. Digital Folder #004554688, Image 3066
772:
697:
845:(in Spanish). Yauco, Puerto Rico: Registro Civil de Yauco. 18 December 1996. p. 44. Digital Folder #004563192, Image 44
220:
of
English and French languages, as well as Puerto Rican and United States history. She shifted to high school, working in
198:
babysitting the teacher's children; working in the kitchen and dining room; tutoring; and assisting with the institution's
150:
369:
were struggling for control. She continued teaching at
Brooklyn until her retirement in 1977. In 1979, Figueroa published
913:
898:
356:
Breve historia de Puerto Rico: Desde el crepúsculo del dominio español hasta la antesala de la Ley
Foraker, c. 1892–1900
953:
749:
948:
933:
858:
838:
818:
301:
261:
233:, but which placed her within the first generation of academic and professional Puerto Ricans known as the
146:
324:
418:
88:
358:(Brief history of Puerto Rico: From the twilight of Spanish rule to the forerunner of the Foraker Law,
720:
181:, Juan Arroyo Mercado; three sisters Priscilla, Rachel and Elsie; and a foster sister, Sonia VĂ©lez.
320:
257:
422:
221:
273:
138:
737:
760:
397:
366:
285:
248:
in New York City, in the
Faculty of Political Sciences in 1952. Her dissertation was titled
893:
888:
689:
293:
217:
8:
384:(The Historical and Social Role of Women in the Hispanic Caribbean, 1982) and coauthored
245:
393:
281:
166:
70:
289:
768:
745:
693:
170:
685:
336:
268:, was published in 1961. A novel, the book evaluates the social problems, such as
250:
The Development of Political Consciousness in Puerto Rico during the 19th Century
238:
230:
204:
174:
169:, to Emetria Mercado and AgustĂn Figueroa. Her father was a sugarcane cutter and
141:
intellectual who was a member of the mid-twentieth century movement known as the
786:[Inventory of the Collection of Dr. Loida Figueroa Mercado, 1917–1996]
374:
344:
316:
154:
388:(Hosts), a series of essays with Cuban writer Emilio GodĂnez Sosa in 1987 and
882:
632:
630:
199:
190:
178:
20:
555:
859:"Puerto Rico, Registro Civil, Matrimonios 1937–1948: Olivieri / Figueroa"
784:"Inventario de la ColecciĂłn de la Dra. Loida Figueroa Mercado, 1917-1996"
627:
499:
331:, which incorporated both Spanish volumes into one book. That same year,
269:
49:
839:"Puerto Rico, Registro Civil, Matrimonios 1936–1937: Flores / Figueroa"
186:
767:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 78–80.
744:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 261–262.
244:
While still working as a teacher, she earned a master's degree from
216:
Figueroa began teaching in 1942, as an elementary school teacher in
520:
518:
516:
514:
406:
308:(Puerto Rico before the application of the Special Laws of Spain).
277:
705:
765:
American Women Historians, 1700s-1990s: A Biographical Dictionary
24:
511:
462:
592:
590:
343:(Historiography of Puerto Rico), which challenged the accepted
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
382:
El papel histórico y social de la mujer en el Caribe Hispánico
292:, Puerto Rico's largest sugar factory and an iconic symbol of
717:"Loida Figueroa Mercado: Un siglo de historia puertorriqueña"
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
452:
450:
448:
446:
313:
Breve historia de Puerto Rico: Desde sus comienzos hasta 1800
306:
Puerto Rico ante la oferta de las Leyes Especiales por España
742:
Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia
857:
837:
817:
636:
567:
561:
505:
350:
In 1977, Figueroa published the third volume in the series
819:"Puerto Rico, Registro Civil, Defunciones, 1996: Figueroa"
530:
443:
392:(Aspects of the nationalism question in Puerto Rico) with
681:
Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
297:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
327:
system. In 1972 Figueroa published, in English, the
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
421:, and was buried in Los Cipreses Memorial Park, in
794:(in Spanish). RĂo Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico:
735:
602:
524:
474:
468:
736:Ruiz, Vicki L.; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006).
329:History of Puerto Rico from the Beginning to 1892
880:
677:
642:
596:
792:Library System of the University of Puerto Rico
390:Aspectos de la cuestiĂłn nacional en Puerto Rico
31: and the second or maternal family name is
909:Interamerican University of Puerto Rico alumni
796:University of Puerto Rico, RĂo Piedras Campus
758:
549:
456:
427:University of Puerto Rico, RĂo Piedras Campus
137:(October 6, 1917 – December 14, 1996) was an
684:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
371:El caso de Puerto Rico a nivel internacional
333:Tres puntos claves: Lares, idioma, soberanĂa
759:Scanlon, Jennifer; Cosner, Shaaron (1996).
254:University of Puerto Rico, MayagĂĽez Campus
48:
165:Figueroa was born on October 6, 1917, in
919:Complutense University of Madrid alumni
417:Figueroa died on December 14, 1996, in
296:. In 1963, Figueroa graduated with her
881:
781:
621:
493:
738:"Figueroa Mercado, Loida (1917-1996)"
252:. In 1957, she began teaching at the
145:. She was one of the founders of the
714:
690:10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001
661:
229:, which was described by critics as
924:People of Afro–Puerto Rican descent
412:
409:in 1996, shortly before her death.
195:Instituto Politécnico de San Germán
13:
260:became one of the founders of the
16:Puerto Rican historian (1917–1996)
14:
965:
939:University of Puerto Rico faculty
761:"Figueroa Mercado, Loida (1917-)"
944:City College of New York faculty
929:African-American women academics
637:Puerto Rican Civil Registry 1996
562:Puerto Rican Civil Registry 1944
506:Puerto Rican Civil Registry 1937
670:
425:. Her papers are housed at the
904:People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
525:Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol 2006
469:Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol 2006
1:
782:Torres, Yarelis, ed. (2014).
715:Cruz, FĂ©liz (15 March 2017).
432:
359:
341:HistoriografĂa de Puerto Rico
160:
126:Breve historia de Puerto Rico
437:
302:Central University of Madrid
262:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
147:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
23:, the first or paternal
7:
367:Spain and the United States
325:City University of New York
107:historian, writer, educator
10:
970:
914:Columbia University alumni
899:20th-century women writers
345:methods used by historians
18:
954:American women historians
550:Scanlon & Cosner 1996
457:Scanlon & Cosner 1996
211:
193:in 1936, she entered the
173:. Her mother served as a
151:Pro-Independence Movement
119:
111:
103:
95:
77:
56:
47:
40:
419:RĂo Piedras, Puerto Rico
208:with her class in 1941.
89:RĂo Piedras, Puerto Rico
710:(subscription required)
706:Oxford University Press
311:Figueroa published her
949:Lehman College faculty
934:Puerto Rican academics
704: – via
155:methodology historians
135:Loida Figueroa Mercado
42:Loida Figueroa Mercado
597:Cancel-SepĂşlveda 2016
398:University of Chicago
235:Generation of the 50s
143:Generation of the 50s
128:, 3 volumes 1968–1977
708:'s Reference Online
300:in history from the
294:American imperialism
256:and while living in
805:on 6 September 2017
723:on 6 September 2017
288:, which existed in
246:Columbia University
394:James Morris Blaut
323:, both within the
282:labor exploitation
167:Yauco, Puerto Rico
71:Yauco, Puerto Rico
774:978-0-313-29664-2
699:978-0-199-93580-2
407:Antillean nations
139:Afro-Puerto Rican
132:
131:
112:Years active
81:December 14, 1996
961:
874:
872:
870:
854:
852:
850:
834:
832:
830:
814:
812:
810:
804:
798:. Archived from
789:
778:
755:
732:
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728:
711:
703:
665:
659:
640:
634:
625:
619:
600:
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547:
528:
522:
509:
503:
497:
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472:
466:
460:
454:
413:Death and legacy
364:
361:
337:Brooklyn College
304:with her thesis
122:
84:
66:
64:
52:
38:
37:
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
960:
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828:
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726:
724:
709:
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673:
668:
660:
643:
635:
628:
620:
603:
595:
568:
564:, p. 2020.
560:
556:
548:
531:
523:
512:
504:
500:
492:
475:
467:
463:
455:
444:
440:
435:
415:
362:
290:Central Guánica
274:gender violence
239:Americanization
214:
205:magna cum laude
163:
120:
91:
86:
82:
73:
68:
67:October 6, 1917
62:
60:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
967:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
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916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
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835:
815:
779:
773:
756:
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733:
712:
698:
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:
641:
626:
601:
566:
554:
529:
527:, p. 262.
510:
508:, p. 170.
498:
473:
471:, p. 261.
461:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
414:
411:
402:Breve Historia
375:United Nations
352:Breve Historia
317:Lehman College
284:, poverty and
213:
210:
162:
159:
130:
129:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:(aged 79)
79:
75:
74:
69:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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937:
935:
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905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
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864:
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856:
844:
840:
836:
824:
820:
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797:
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766:
762:
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753:
751:0-253-11169-2
747:
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718:
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707:
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695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
676:
675:
663:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
639:, p. 44.
638:
633:
631:
623:
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608:
606:
598:
593:
591:
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558:
552:, p. 79.
551:
546:
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459:, p. 78.
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196:
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171:coffee worker
168:
158:
156:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
124:
118:
114:
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106:
104:Occupation(s)
102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:
59:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
867:. Retrieved
863:FamilySearch
862:
847:. Retrieved
843:FamilySearch
842:
827:. Retrieved
823:FamilySearch
822:
807:. Retrieved
800:the original
791:
764:
741:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
680:
671:Bibliography
624:, p. 2.
557:
501:
496:, p. 1.
464:
416:
401:
389:
385:
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355:
351:
349:
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332:
328:
321:City College
312:
310:
305:
265:
249:
243:
234:
231:neo-Romantic
226:
215:
203:
200:poultry farm
191:Salutatorian
187:needleworker
183:
179:half-brother
164:
142:
134:
133:
125:
121:Notable work
83:(1996-12-14)
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
894:1996 deaths
889:1917 births
869:6 September
849:6 September
829:6 September
809:6 September
727:6 September
622:Torres 2014
494:Torres 2014
363: 1892
270:colonialism
96:Nationality
883:Categories
433:References
227:Acridulces
161:Early life
63:1917-10-06
662:Cruz 2017
438:Citations
115:1942–1996
319:and the
278:machismo
266:Arenales
258:MayagĂĽez
175:domestic
99:American
29:Figueroa
19:In this
423:BayamĂłn
396:of the
225:poetry
222:Guánica
218:Fajardo
33:Mercado
25:surname
771:
748:
696:
386:Hostos
286:racism
212:Career
803:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
871:2017
851:2017
831:2017
811:2017
769:ISBN
746:ISBN
729:2017
694:ISBN
276:and
78:Died
57:Born
686:doi
298:PhD
149:'s
27:is
885::
861:.
841:.
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740:.
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360:c.
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