332:
catalogues of texts, Nattier suggests that T224 and T418 are representative of Lokakṣema and might stand as "core texts", i.e. as representative of his style of translating, although both show some signs of later editing. A second tier of texts—T280, T350, T458, and T807—all strongly resemble Lokakṣema's core texts, though with occasional anomalies. T624 and T626 form a third tier with more deviations from the distinctive style of Lokakṣema. If T313 was indeed a translation by Lokakṣema, it has been extensively revised by an unknown editor, though the prose sections are closer to his style than the verse.
3194:
3205:
603:
590:
580:
331:
A characteristic of Lokakṣema's translation style was the extensive transliteration of Indic terms and his retention of India stylistic features such as long sentences. He typically rendered Indic verse as
Chinese prose, making no attempt to capture the meter. Based on evidence from Chinese
118:
The name 婁迦讖 is usually rendered in
Sanskrit as Lokakṣema, though this is disputed by some scholars, and variants such as Lokakṣama have been proposed. In particular the character 讖 can be read as
243:
189:
and
Mahayana Buddhism. It would seem that Kanishka was not ill-disposed towards Mahayana Buddhism, opening the way for missionary activities in China by monks such as Lokakṣema.
259:
226:. With the decline and fall of the Han, the empire fell into chaos and Lokakṣema disappears from the historical record so that we do not know the date of his death.
1344:
2259:
734:
3336:
3242:
2263:
2487:
704:
534:
3316:
812:
547:
569:
182:
3079:
2531:
3311:
2734:
714:
115:(僧祐; pinyin: Sēngyòu; 445–518 CE) and his text "Collected Records concerning the Tripitaka" (出三藏記集 Chu sanzang jìjí, T2145).
3326:
542:
517:
897:
739:
3301:
3235:
3074:
2971:
2521:
616:
385:
3331:
817:
3064:
2749:
2494:
3141:
3131:
960:
287:
3321:
3228:
3086:
2739:
2541:
2432:
2377:
950:
155:
143:
60:
475:
3341:
3056:
2754:
2437:
729:
562:
535:
A Guide to the
Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods
492:
A Guide to the
Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods
2639:
2511:
2482:
2184:
2330:
2239:
1709:
1354:
867:
762:
1874:
3179:
2659:
2135:
1621:
744:
577:
222:(around 286 CE) illustrate the key role Central Asians had in propagating Buddhism to the countries of
2069:
3069:
2882:
2872:
2744:
1727:
1307:
1068:
1043:
204:(r.147-168), and between 178 and 189 CE translated a number of Mahayāna Buddhist texts into Chinese.
1093:
317:(T313), and considers that T418 is the product of revision and does not date from Lokakṣema's time.
3174:
2526:
2340:
2318:
2311:
2214:
1747:
1367:
1183:
1128:
749:
555:
528:
The
Earliest Chinese translations of Mahayana Buddhist Sutras: Some Notes on the Works of Lokaksema
3111:
3091:
2422:
2402:
2159:
1889:
1133:
238:
Tripiṭaka attribute twelve texts to Lokakṣema. These attributions have been studied in detail by
527:
3121:
2961:
2629:
2599:
2372:
2323:
2164:
2112:
2107:
1869:
1690:
1587:
1339:
1334:
1083:
1451:
3126:
3096:
2677:
2609:
2442:
2357:
2352:
2276:
2271:
2189:
719:
1742:
3149:
3116:
3101:
2619:
2516:
2462:
2347:
2286:
2254:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2209:
2174:
2087:
1779:
1702:
1005:
945:
694:
661:
611:
2989:
1604:
1473:
1399:
1275:
1013:
8:
3306:
2956:
2835:
2669:
2644:
2634:
2594:
2571:
2454:
2427:
2387:
2306:
2296:
2224:
2151:
1582:
1439:
1220:
1198:
1150:
970:
770:
626:
606:
375:
201:
930:
857:
3019:
2924:
2766:
2729:
2724:
2654:
2604:
2551:
2546:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2301:
2281:
2244:
2169:
1974:
1675:
1599:
1477:
1419:
1260:
1160:
1088:
1063:
709:
639:
174:
2818:
3265:
3197:
3159:
2855:
2840:
2803:
2788:
2561:
2477:
2392:
2229:
2194:
2179:
1906:
1896:
1577:
1424:
1409:
1280:
1203:
1123:
1058:
990:
877:
634:
538:
513:
2141:
935:
835:
2845:
2798:
2793:
2649:
2614:
2589:
2584:
2335:
2291:
2204:
1879:
1535:
1528:
1312:
1302:
1188:
852:
724:
271:
131:
94:
90:
1924:
320:
Conversely, Harrison considers that the following ought to be considered genuine:
3209:
3154:
3106:
3034:
2904:
2702:
2682:
2624:
2536:
2199:
2097:
1944:
1680:
1663:
1648:
1626:
1178:
1048:
882:
862:
253:
Zürcher considers it reasonably certain that Lokakṣema translated the following:
219:
186:
1954:
1108:
1098:
239:
3280:
3164:
2867:
2717:
2499:
2079:
2059:
1979:
1668:
1658:
1592:
1429:
915:
778:
380:
106:
3295:
2934:
2783:
2092:
1994:
1852:
1653:
1631:
1567:
1238:
1033:
1028:
920:
589:
505:
476:"The Realm of Aksobhya: A Missing Piece in the History of Pure Land Buddhism"
163:
1392:
1382:
754:
3024:
3009:
2979:
2929:
2919:
2761:
2556:
2049:
1884:
1762:
1550:
1545:
1372:
1243:
1118:
579:
347:(a version of the Suramgama-samādhi-siitra, already lost in Sengyou's time)
1807:
1792:
1752:
1449:
1113:
689:
2994:
2823:
1964:
1949:
1732:
1540:
1468:
1248:
1078:
980:
827:
699:
247:
193:
86:
44:
3220:
2984:
1444:
2939:
2897:
2773:
2579:
2504:
2118:
2102:
2064:
2044:
1939:
1914:
1822:
1757:
1737:
1483:
1414:
1285:
1168:
1138:
1073:
1023:
681:
671:
644:
494:. The International Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.
313:
According to
Nattier, Harrison "expresses reservations" concerning the
185:. The proceedings of this council actually oversaw the formal split of
48:
1959:
955:
3260:
2914:
2887:
2054:
1929:
1641:
1557:
1434:
1324:
1297:
1290:
1253:
1210:
1173:
940:
905:
872:
847:
802:
223:
211:
170:
covered a broad area of what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and
Pakistan.
2687:
1523:
1377:
1143:
925:
794:
786:
235:
3204:
3044:
2999:
2944:
2909:
2813:
2472:
2039:
2034:
1984:
1919:
1837:
1802:
1797:
1458:
1329:
1317:
1228:
887:
584:
178:
82:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1827:
1697:
965:
150:) prefix added to his Chinese name suggests that Lokaksema was of
3275:
2949:
2892:
2877:
2024:
2014:
1989:
1864:
1859:
1817:
1787:
1719:
1685:
1572:
1513:
1508:
1362:
1265:
1103:
1053:
840:
666:
215:
208:
197:
112:
78:
40:
1636:
1404:
537:, Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica, IRIAB Vol. X, 73–88;
111:
Details of Lokakṣema's life come to us via a short biography by
3029:
3014:
2850:
2712:
2692:
2467:
2129:
2009:
1999:
1934:
1562:
1518:
1503:
1493:
1463:
1387:
1270:
1038:
910:
654:
649:
151:
68:
510:
Religions of the Silk Road
Premodern Patterns of Globalization
177:, at a time when Buddhism was actively sponsored by the king,
3169:
3004:
2862:
2828:
2808:
2778:
2707:
2124:
1969:
1847:
1842:
1812:
1767:
1614:
1609:
1488:
1193:
1018:
985:
975:
340:
Several translations attributed to Lokakṣema have been lost:
480:
207:
Lokaksema's translation activities, as well as those of the
3039:
1832:
1498:
995:
2697:
1233:
162:) ethnicity. He is traditionally said to have been a
295:
Mañjuśrī's Inquiry Concerning the Bodhisattva Career
416:
414:
3293:
411:
3236:
563:
1345:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
173:Lokaksema was born in Gandhara, a center of
250:, and some have been called into question.
3243:
3229:
570:
556:
530:," Buddhist Studies Review 10 (2), 135-177
93:, and, as such, is an important figure in
3250:
308:The Hundred Jewels of the Inner Treasury.
3337:Buddhist monks from the Western Regions
2532:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
473:
218:slightly earlier, or his fellow Yuezhi
3294:
2735:List of Buddhist architecture in China
229:
3224:
551:
504:
439:
437:
435:
353:"Sutra on the Samadhi of Luminosity"
77:) (flourished 147–189) was a Kushan
326:Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra
89:and translated Buddhist texts into
13:
3317:Foreign relations of ancient India
2522:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
498:
386:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
302:Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra
268:The Scripture on the Tusita Heaven
260:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
257:T224. 道行般若經. A translation of the
14:
3353:
432:
85:who traveled to China during the
3203:
3193:
3192:
2750:Thai temple art and architecture
2495:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
735:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
601:
588:
578:
16:2nd-century Indian Buddhist monk
602:
467:
282:T350. 說遺日摩尼寶經. Kaśyapaparivrata
200:toward the end of the reign of
2740:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2542:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1622:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
813:Places where the Buddha stayed
455:
446:
423:
402:
159:
147:
73:
64:
1:
3312:People from the Kushan Empire
2755:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
391:
365:("The Original *Puṣya Sutra")
335:
3327:Indian Buddhist missionaries
2512:Buddhism and the Roman world
2488:Decline of Buddhism in India
2483:History of Buddhism in India
583: Topics in
396:
100:
7:
1710:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1450:
369:
126:. Sengyou refers to him as
10:
3358:
3302:2nd-century Buddhist monks
2660:The unanswerable questions
443:Nattier (2008), pp. 76-77.
359:"The Hu Parinirvāṇa Sutra"
288:Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra
166:, though the Chinese term
104:
3256:
3188:
3140:
3055:
2970:
2745:Buddhist temples in Korea
2668:
2570:
2453:
2150:
2078:
1905:
1778:
1718:
1353:
1308:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1219:
1211:Three planes of existence
1159:
1004:
896:
826:
818:Buddha in world religions
680:
625:
597:
192:Lokaksema arrived in the
135:
36:
28:
21:
3332:2nd-century Indian monks
2527:Persecution of Buddhists
1748:Four stages of awakening
1129:Three marks of existence
715:Physical characteristics
526:Harrison, Paul (1993). "
1890:Ten principal disciples
773:(aunt, adoptive mother)
183:Fourth Buddhist council
2600:Buddhism and democracy
2113:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2108:Chinese Buddhist canon
1340:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1335:Early Buddhist schools
512:. Palgrave MacMillan.
3322:Han dynasty Buddhists
3251:Han dynasty Buddhists
2610:Eight Consciousnesses
720:Life of Buddha in art
533:Nattier, Jan (2008).
474:Nattier, Jan (2000).
351:Guangming sanmei jing
3342:People from Gandhara
3087:East Asian religions
2517:Buddhism in the West
2088:Early Buddhist texts
1703:Four Right Exertions
1169:Ten spiritual realms
662:Noble Eightfold Path
490:Nattier, Jan. 2008.
270:, part of the proto-
3210:Religion portal
2957:Temple of the Tooth
2836:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
1875:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1368:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1151:Two truths doctrine
971:Mahapajapati Gotamī
771:Mahapajapati Gotamī
461:Nattier 2008: 78-85
376:History of Buddhism
234:The editors of the
230:Extant translations
202:Emperor Huan of Han
181:, who convened the
3132:Western philosophy
2730:Dzong architecture
2552:Vipassana movement
2547:Buddhist modernism
1975:Emperor Wen of Sui
1743:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1676:Threefold Training
1478:Vipassana movement
1194:Hungry Ghost realm
1014:Avidyā (Ignorance)
961:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
710:Great Renunciation
705:Eight Great Events
587:
452:Nattier 2008: 75-6
429:Nattier 2008: 76-7
408:Nattier 2008: 73-4
357:Hu banniehuan jing
179:Kanishka the Great
175:Greco-Buddhist art
3289:
3288:
3218:
3217:
2856:Om mani padme hum
2562:Women in Buddhism
2478:Buddhist councils
2348:Western countries
2136:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
1897:Shaolin Monastery
1474:Samatha-vipassanā
1084:Pratītyasamutpāda
888:Metteyya/Maitreya
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
635:Four Noble Truths
543:978-4-904234-00-6
519:978-0-230-62125-1
324:T624 伅真陀羅所問如來三昧經
293:T458. 文殊師利問菩薩署經.
54:
53:
3349:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3035:Sacred languages
2883:Maya Devi Temple
2846:Mahabodhi Temple
2650:Secular Buddhism
2615:Engaged Buddhism
1455:
1303:Tibetan Buddhism
1254:Vietnamese Thiền
853:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
605:
604:
592:
582:
572:
565:
558:
549:
548:
523:
487:
462:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
430:
427:
421:
420:Nattier 2008: 73
418:
409:
406:
345:Shoulengyan jing
272:Avatamsaka Sutra
161:
149:
137:
95:Chinese Buddhism
75:
66:
19:
18:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3252:
3249:
3219:
3214:
3202:
3184:
3136:
3051:
2966:
2703:Ordination hall
2664:
2566:
2537:Buddhist crisis
2449:
2146:
2098:Mahayana sutras
2074:
2070:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1901:
1774:
1714:
1664:Bodhisattva vow
1349:
1215:
1155:
1114:Taṇhā (Craving)
1049:Five hindrances
1000:
892:
822:
676:
621:
593:
576:
520:
501:
499:Further reading
470:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
433:
428:
424:
419:
412:
407:
403:
399:
394:
372:
338:
306:T807. 佛說內藏百寶經.
232:
109:
103:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:Greco-Buddhist
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:Burmese pagoda
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2500:Greco-Buddhism
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:United Kingdom
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Czech Republic
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2142:Abhidharmadīpa
2139:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:B. R. Ambedkar
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Songtsen Gampo
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Eight precepts
1656:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1430:Five Strengths
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Mental factors
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
921:Mahamoggallāna
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
836:Avalokiteśvara
832:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
809:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
658:
657:
652:
647:
637:
631:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
598:
595:
594:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
546:
545:
531:
524:
518:
506:Foltz, Richard
500:
497:
496:
495:
488:
469:
466:
464:
463:
454:
445:
431:
422:
410:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
383:
381:Buddhist texts
378:
371:
368:
367:
366:
360:
354:
348:
337:
334:
329:
328:
315:Akṣohhya-vyūha
311:
310:
304:
298:
291:
285:T418. 般舟三昧經.
283:
280:
278:Akṣohhya-vyūha
274:
264:
231:
228:
107:Greco-Buddhism
102:
99:
74:Zhī Lóujiāchèn
52:
51:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2972:Miscellaneous
2969:
2963:
2962:Vegetarianism
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Buddha in art
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:United States
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Padmasambhava
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1907:Major figures
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:Western tulku
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Five precepts
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Dhamma vicaya
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Buddhābhiṣeka
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:Enlightenment
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Dhamma theory
1032:
1030:
1029:Buddha-nature
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Samantabhadra
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
833:
831:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
801:
799:
793:
791:
785:
783:
777:
775:
769:
767:
761:
759:
753:
752:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
683:
679:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
628:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
600:
599:
596:
591:
586:
581:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
550:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
471:
458:
449:
440:
438:
436:
426:
417:
415:
405:
401:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
341:
333:
327:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
309:
305:
303:
300:T626. 阿闍世王經.
299:
296:
292:
290:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:T313. 阿閦佛國經.
275:
273:
269:
266:T280. 佛說兜沙經.
265:
262:
261:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
245:
244:Paul Harrison
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
157:
153:
145:
141:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
108:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Buddhist monk
76:
70:
62:
58:
50:
46:
42:
41:Buddhist monk
39:
37:Occupation(s)
35:
31:
27:
20:
3270:
3150:Bodhisattvas
3070:Christianity
3065:Baháʼí Faith
2930:Dharmachakra
2920:Prayer wheel
2910:Prayer beads
2678:Architecture
2557:969 Movement
2341:Saudi Arabia
2319:Central Asia
2312:South Africa
2134:
2117:
2050:Panchen Lama
1955:Buddhapālita
1551:Satipatthana
1546:Mindful Yoga
1459:Recollection
1373:Brahmavihara
1244:Japanese Zen
1239:Chinese Chan
1199:Animal realm
1006:Key concepts
828:Bodhisattvas
640:Three Jewels
509:
491:
486:(1): 71–102.
483:
479:
468:Bibliography
457:
448:
425:
404:
362:
356:
350:
344:
339:
330:
325:
319:
314:
312:
307:
301:
294:
286:
277:
267:
258:
252:
240:Erik Zürcher
233:
206:
191:
172:
167:
139:
127:
123:
119:
117:
110:
72:
56:
55:
2995:Dharma talk
2824:Asalha Puja
2620:Eschatology
2423:Switzerland
2403:New Zealand
2331:Middle East
2240:Philippines
2160:Afghanistan
1965:Bodhidharma
1950:Buddhaghosa
1870:Householder
1780:Monasticism
1733:Bodhisattva
1588:Prostration
1541:Mindfulness
1469:Anapanasati
1452:Kammaṭṭhāna
1249:Korean Seon
1189:Asura realm
1184:Human realm
1124:Ten Fetters
1079:Parinirvana
981:Uppalavanna
946:Mahākaccana
931:Mahākassapa
863:Kṣitigarbha
858:Ākāśagarbha
755:Suddhodāna
700:Four sights
627:Foundations
248:Jan Nattier
220:Dharmarakṣa
87:Han dynasty
59:(लोकक्षेम,
43:, scholar,
3307:147 births
3296:Categories
3112:Psychology
3092:Gnosticism
3080:Comparison
3075:Influences
3057:Comparison
2940:Bhavacakra
2898:Kushinagar
2873:Pilgrimage
2819:Māgha Pūjā
2774:Bodhi Tree
2590:Buddhology
2580:Abhidharma
2572:Philosophy
2505:Menander I
2373:Costa Rica
2324:Uzbekistan
2165:Bangladesh
2119:Dhammapada
2103:Pali Canon
2065:Ajahn Chah
2045:Dalai Lama
1945:Kumārajīva
1940:Vasubandhu
1915:The Buddha
1823:Zen master
1758:Sakadagami
1738:Buddhahood
1669:Pratimokṣa
1484:Shikantaza
1440:Meditation
1415:Deity yoga
1286:Madhyamaka
1179:Deva realm
1074:Mindstream
1024:Bodhicitta
936:Aṅgulimāla
803:Devadatta
779:Yaśodharā
682:The Buddha
672:Middle Way
392:References
363:Bo benjing
336:Lost works
105:See also:
49:missionary
45:translator
3271:Lokaksema
3261:An Shigao
3180:Festivals
3160:Buddhists
3122:Theosophy
2925:Symbolism
2915:Hama yumi
2888:Bodh Gaya
2655:Socialism
2630:Evolution
2605:Economics
2443:Venezuela
2358:Australia
2353:Argentina
2277:Sri Lanka
2272:Singapore
2190:Indonesia
2152:Countries
2093:Tripiṭaka
2055:Ajahn Mun
1930:Nagarjuna
1925:Aśvaghoṣa
1808:Anagārika
1803:Śrāmaṇerī
1798:Śrāmaṇera
1793:Bhikkhunī
1753:Sotāpanna
1642:Passaddhi
1583:Offerings
1558:Nekkhamma
1435:Iddhipada
1355:Practices
1325:Theravada
1298:Vajrayana
1291:Yogachara
1261:Pure Land
1174:Six Paths
1161:Cosmology
941:Anuruddha
916:Sāriputta
906:Kaundinya
898:Disciples
873:Vajrapāṇi
725:Footprint
690:Tathāgata
397:Citations
224:East Asia
212:An Shigao
209:Parthians
101:Biography
57:Lokakṣema
23:Lokaksema
3266:Liu Ying
3198:Category
3127:Violence
3097:Hinduism
3045:Sanskrit
3000:Hinayana
2985:Amitābha
2945:Swastika
2814:Uposatha
2804:Holidays
2789:Calendar
2635:Humanism
2473:Kanishka
2463:Timeline
2287:Thailand
2255:Kalmykia
2250:Buryatia
2235:Pakistan
2220:Mongolia
2215:Maldives
2210:Malaysia
2175:Cambodia
2040:Shamarpa
2035:Nichiren
1985:Xuanzang
1920:Nagasena
1838:Rinpoche
1568:Pāramitā
1410:Devotion
1330:Navayana
1318:Dzogchen
1281:Nichiren
1229:Mahayana
1221:Branches
1099:Saṅkhāra
848:Mañjuśrī
805:(cousin)
797:(cousin)
765:(mother)
757:(father)
745:Miracles
695:Birthday
612:Glossary
585:Buddhism
508:(2010).
370:See also
196:capital
83:Gandhara
3281:Zhi Yao
3276:Ze Rong
3175:Temples
3155:Buddhas
3117:Science
3107:Judaism
3102:Jainism
3020:Lineage
2980:Abhijñā
2950:Thangka
2893:Sarnath
2878:Lumbini
2799:Funeral
2794:Cuisine
2670:Culture
2645:Reality
2595:Creator
2585:Atomism
2455:History
2428:Ukraine
2388:Germany
2307:Senegal
2297:Vietnam
2225:Myanmar
2025:Shinran
2015:Karmapa
1990:Shandao
1960:Dignāga
1885:Śrāvaka
1865:Donchee
1860:Kappiya
1818:Sayadaw
1788:Bhikkhu
1763:Anāgāmi
1720:Nirvana
1686:Samadhi
1573:Paritta
1514:Tonglen
1509:Mandala
1464:Smarana
1445:Mantras
1393:Upekkha
1363:Bhavana
1313:Shingon
1266:Tiantai
1119:Tathātā
1109:Śūnyatā
1104:Skandha
1094:Saṃsāra
1089:Rebirth
1064:Kleshas
1054:Indriya
956:Subhūti
841:Guanyin
795:Ānanda
787:Rāhula
667:Nirvana
607:Outline
216:An Xuan
198:Luoyang
156:Chinese
144:Chinese
138:). The
132:Chinese
128:Zhīchèn
113:Sengyou
91:Chinese
61:Chinese
3170:Sutras
3165:Suttas
3030:Siddhi
3015:Koliya
2990:Brahmā
2905:Poetry
2851:Mantra
2841:Kasaya
2713:Pagoda
2693:Kyaung
2688:Vihāra
2683:Temple
2625:Ethics
2468:Ashoka
2418:Sweden
2413:Poland
2408:Norway
2398:Mexico
2383:France
2368:Canada
2363:Brazil
2302:Africa
2282:Taiwan
2245:Russia
2170:Bhutan
2130:Vinaya
2010:Naropa
2000:Saraha
1935:Asanga
1691:Prajñā
1600:Refuge
1563:Nianfo
1524:Tertön
1519:Tantra
1504:Ganana
1494:Tukdam
1420:Dhyāna
1388:Mudita
1383:Karuṇā
1276:Risshū
1271:Huayan
1204:Naraka
1144:Anattā
1139:Dukkha
1134:Anicca
1039:Dharma
991:Channa
926:Ānanda
911:Assaji
878:Skanda
781:(wife)
750:Family
730:Relics
655:Sangha
650:Dharma
645:Buddha
541:
516:
236:Taishō
187:Nikaya
168:Yuezhi
164:Kushan
158::
152:Yuezhi
146::
134::
71::
69:pinyin
63::
47:, and
32:147 CE
3142:Lists
3010:Kalpa
3005:Iddhi
2868:Music
2863:Mudra
2829:Vassa
2809:Vesak
2779:Budai
2725:Candi
2708:Stupa
2640:Logic
2393:Italy
2292:Tibet
2230:Nepal
2200:Korea
2195:Japan
2185:India
2180:China
2125:Sutra
2080:Texts
2030:Dōgen
2020:Hōnen
2005:Atiśa
1970:Zhiyi
1880:Achar
1848:Tulku
1843:Geshe
1828:Rōshi
1813:Ajahn
1768:Arhat
1728:Bodhi
1698:Vīrya
1615:Sacca
1610:Satya
1605:Sādhu
1593:Music
1536:Merit
1529:Terma
1489:Zazen
1425:Faith
1378:Mettā
1059:Karma
1019:Bardo
986:Asita
976:Khema
966:Upāli
951:Nanda
789:(son)
763:Māyā
740:Films
617:Index
81:from
3040:Pāḷi
3025:Māra
2935:Flag
2336:Iran
2260:Tuva
2205:Laos
1833:Lama
1681:Śīla
1649:Śīla
1637:Pīti
1627:Sati
1578:Puja
1499:Koan
1405:Dāna
996:Yasa
883:Tārā
539:ISBN
514:ISBN
246:and
214:and
124:chan
120:chen
65:支婁迦讖
29:Born
2762:Art
2698:Wat
1234:Zen
194:Han
140:Zhī
122:or
3298::
2264:ru
484:23
482:.
478:.
434:^
413:^
242:,
160:月支
136:支讖
97:.
67:;
3244:e
3237:t
3230:v
2266:)
2262:(
1480:)
1476:(
571:e
564:t
557:v
522:.
297:.
263:.
154:(
148:支
142:(
130:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.