London, Midland and Scottish Railway

369: 4178: 1915:, which not only formed the body but also formed the load-bearing part of the carriage, meaning that a heavy underframe was not required. The new technique also meant that the carriages were stronger under collision conditions, as proved during an accident at Dinwoodie – Wamphray on 25 October 1928 when the leading "all-steel" carriage absorbed most of the impact. Construction of the carriages was carried out for the LMS by external companies, largely to provide work for them during a difficult economic period, but within a couple of years the company returned to more conventional construction methods, as it could no longer justify using external contractors due to efficiency improvements within its own workshops, which were set up to produce carriages of more traditional configuration. 40: 1763: 965:. In 1923, Wilkinson advised Superintendent of Advertising and Publicity of the LMS, T.C Jeffrey, to improve rail sales and other LMS services by incorporating fine art into the design of their advertisement posters. In this time, fine art already had a distinguished association in Europe and North America with good taste, longevity and quality. Jeffrey wanted LMS’ commercial image to align with these qualities and therefore accepted Wilkinson's advice. For the first series of posters, Wilkinson personally invited 16 of his fellow alumni from the 2802: 992: 627: 1694: 602:. These lines were automatically included in the LMS Group, along with the rest of the Midland Railway system, which meant that the LMS had a considerable presence in a part of the country (south Essex) which could be said to form part of the natural territory of the LNER. The process of Grouping under the Railways Act did not address geographical anomalies of this kind, although this particular arrangement did provide a competitive choice for residents of 1964:, derailing the goods train that it was part of. A signal post was partially knocked over, obstructing the adjacent line. An express passenger train had the sides of its carriages ripped open by the signal post, killing eleven people. A direct consequence of this accident was that private owner wagons had to be registered with railway companies before they were allowed to run on main lines. They were also subject to a detailed inspection every ten years. 2328: 2139:. Due to a signalman's error a milk train ran into its rear. Wreckage spread across all four lines, with the result that a few minutes later the Camden to Holyhead freight collided with the debris, followed a few seconds later by the Toton to Willesden coal train. All four lines were blocked for some time and the driver of the milk train was killed. Contemporaneous newsreel footage shows the aftermath of the four-fold accident. 2660: 2610: 1644: 865:. The company operated around 7,000 route miles of railway line, servicing 2,944 goods depots and 2,588 passenger stations, using 291,490 freight vehicles, 20,276 passenger vehicles and 9,914 locomotives. The company directly employed 263,000 staff, and through its annual coal consumption of over six and a half million tons, could claim to indirectly employ a further 26,500 coal miners. 1668:" to mass-produce components to a set pattern and size. Once these had been checked any example of a specific part could be used interchangeably with any other of the same type. The technique was applied to any item which could be manufactured in large numbers (as there were significant costs in producing the initial jigs) such as doors, ventilators, windows and seats. 877:. In practice this meant that the commercial managers found themselves subservient to the needs of the operating departments. This changed in 1932 when a major restructuring was completed, replacing the traditional board of directors with an executive headed by a president, supported by vice-presidents each with responsibility for a specific area. 1680:

prior to grouping, and was adopted in Wolverton during 1925, with Newton Heath following two years later. By using this method, the time taken to construct a typical carriage fell from six weeks to six days and by 1931 Derby and Wolverton were able to handle the entire LMS carriage building workload,

974:

print on double royal satin paper, filling 45 X 35 inches. The mass-produced posters were pasted inside railway stations in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. LMS decided the subject advertised, but choices of style and approach were left to the artist's discretion. LMS’ open design brief

929:

Numerous special fares were introduced to encourage travel, develop niche markets and overcome competitors. The cheap day return ticket offered return travel at a price usually equivalent to the single fare, although in areas with rival bus services they were sometimes offered at less than the single

1728:

Each of the constituent companies of the LMS had their own liveries for locomotives and rolling stock. The board of directors of the LMS was dominated by former Midland Railway officers, and the company adopted the "crimson lake" livery for coaching stock as had been used by the Midland and Glasgow

901:

Davies created a commercial research section, increased the sales force and provided them with specialist training. The emphasis of the organisation switched from operators dictating what was reasonable to the commercial managers asking what was possible to maximise sales opportunities. Thirty five

426:

The LMS operated a number of lines jointly with the other main railway companies, a situation which arose when the former joint owners of a route were placed into different post-grouping companies. Most of these were situated at or near the boundaries between two or more of the companies, but there

411:

AT the time of its creation, the LMS had inherited from the 35 merged companies, a system of 7,000 route miles and 19,000 track miles; accounting for 38.4% of the total mileage of the 'big four' grouped railways. It was the owner of 9,319 locomotives, 19,000 passenger-carrying vehicles, and 286,000

1910:

In 1926, the LMS introduced its "all-steel carriage", which represented a significant departure from previous carriage construction. Previously carriages had been built with wood or steel-plated wood bodies, mounted on heavy underframes. The all-steel carriages differed in that they consisted of a

1188:

The LMS owned and operated a number of railway works, all of which were inherited from constituent companies. Between them these sites constructed locomotives, coaching stock, multiple units and freight wagons, as well as a number of non-rolling stock items required for the everyday running of the

480:

Being geographically the largest, and the most central of the four main post-grouping railway companies, the LMS shared numerous boundaries with both the LNER and GWR, although its overlap with the Southern Railway was limited due to the general lack of direct routes through London. The SR and the

2626:

the department employed 8,000 staff, served over 50 million customers per annum and grossed more than £3 million in receipts (equivalent to £234,940,000 in 2023) from the combined hotel and catering operations. The scale of the undertaking enabled the LMS to claim that they operated the

1671:

The natural progression was to streamline the assembly process and the company introduced a method known as Progressive Construction. In this process the mass-produced parts were combined into "unit assemblies", each of which was a major sub-component of the finished carriage such as side panels,

851:

in 1949. The London Midland & Scottish Railway Company continued to exist as a legal entity for nearly two years after Nationalisation, being formally wound up on 23 December 1949. The lines in Great Britain were rationalised through closure in the 1950s to 70s but the main routes survive and

1075:

However important the excursion traffic was, it was the ordinary scheduled services which had to be the focus of efforts to improve the fortunes of the LMS. A number of initiatives were introduced, with the aim of making train travel more attractive and encouraging business growth. Services were

488:

Competition with the LNER was mainly in terms of the premium London to Scotland traffic, with the rival LMS (West Coast) and LNER (East Coast) routes competing to provide ever better standards of passenger comfort and faster journey times. The LNER also competed with the LMS for traffic between

761:

from the previous LNWR and MR parts of the system, being deliberately made to miss each other persisted even as late as the early 1950s, long after their demise. Many of the senior appointments on the operating side were of former Midland men, such as James Anderson, so that Midland ideas and

1663:

Most railway carriages were constructed by fitting together component parts which had been roughly machined to larger dimensions than required, which were then cut to the required size and joined together by skilled coachbuilders. Reid's new method involved the use of templates or

983:. The commercial success of Wilkinson and Jeffrey's collaboration manifested between 1924 and 1928, with public sale of 12,000 railway posters. Paul Henry's 1925 poster depicting the Gaeltacht region of Connemara in County Galway proved most commercially popular, with 1,500 sales. 1163:

Goods accounted for around 60% of LMS revenue, and was even more varied than passenger services, catering for a range of goods from fresh perishables such as milk, fish and meat through to bulk minerals and small consignments sent point to point between individuals and companies.

412:

wagons. It operated more than 10,600 passenger trains and 15,000 goods trains a day, with a total staff of 231,000. In addition to this, the LMS owned 543 miles of canal, 8,950 horses, 17,000 carts, 2,000 motor vehicles, 64 steamboats and 27 docks, and was the owner of 28 hotels.

1651:

The LMS inherited a wide variety of passenger rolling stock from its constituent companies, and appointed Robert Whyte Reid, an ex-Midland Railway man, as the head of its Carriage department. Reid had already started to introduce more efficient carriage building practices at the

1003:

were a significant source of revenue and the LMS became a specialist in the movement of large numbers of people, with locomotives and rolling stock often kept in operation just to service such seasonal traffic. In one year, the LMS ran 43 special trains to take spectators to the

1676:, and the unit assemblies were taken to workstations, where the precision machining of the mass-produced parts ensured they all fitted accurately into position, building into a complete carriage as the unit moved along the flow line. The technique was already in use in 969:

to take part. In letter correspondence, Wilkinson outlined the details of the LMS proposal to the artists. The artist fee for each participant was £100. The railway poster would measure 50 X 40 inches. In this area, the artist's design would be reproduced as a

549:

On 1 July 1903, the Midland Railway took over the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway and operated it under the name of Midland Railway (Northern Counties Committee). On grouping, the network became part of the LMS, again operating under the name of the

1080:

were provided for third class ticket holders for the first time. The effect of these improvements was significant, with receipts from passenger traffic increasing by £2.9 million (equivalent to £2,226,910,000 in 2023) between 1932 and 1938.

860:

Despite having widespread interests in a number of commercial areas, the LMS was first and foremost a railway organisation. It operated in all four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, and in England its operations penetrated 32 of the 40

948:

rose quite dramatically, from a low point of 6,500 million in 1932 to 8,500 million by 1937, while at the same time the number of coaches required was reduced through improved maintenance and more efficient utilisation. In 1938 it opened a

1273:. Both were absorbed into the LMS with their parent companies, and while the former became the main workshops for the Northern Division of the LMS, the latter works were wound down, closing in 1930, all work being transferred to nearby Crewe. 777:

The LMS also implemented a novel management structure, breaking with British railway tradition, and mirroring a contemporary management practice more common in the United States, appointing a President and Vice-Presidents. On 4 January 1926,

979:, Wilkinson designed a poster in 1927 encouraging the public to avail of the LMS ferry and connecting boat trains to Ireland. For this promotion, Wilkinson's design was accompanied with four posters of Ireland by Belfast modernist painter, 889:

became Vice-President (Railway traffic, operating and commercial), with separate chief operating and chief commercial managers of equal status reporting to him. Railway operations were directed by Charles Byrom, a veteran officer of the

748:

The early history of the LMS was dominated by infighting between parties representing its constituent parts, many of whom had previously been commercial and territorial rivals. This was particularly marked in the case of the

910:, and trophies were awarded to the best performing districts and salesmen. To provide maximum capacity during times of peak demand, the operating department re-organised maintenance schedules to maximise the availability of 782:

was appointed First President of the Executive, the equivalent of a Chief executive in modern organisational structures. He added the role of chairman of the board of directors to his portfolio in January 1927, succeeding

385:

created four large railway companies which were in effect geographical monopolies, albeit with competition at their boundaries, and with some lines either reaching into competitor territory, or being jointly operated.

5090: 2621:

The LMS Hotels & Catering Service, apart from providing catering cars on trains and refreshment facilities at stations also operated a chain of nearly 30 hotels throughout the United Kingdom. Just prior to

2164:

On 21 January 1938, an express passenger train was in a head-on collision with an empty stock train at Oakley Junction due to a combination of driver and signalman's errors. Three people were killed and 46 were

1247:

in the 1830s, and since 1862 (when all locomotive works had transferred to Crewe) had been the LNWR's carriage works. In 1922, one year prior to the formation of the LMS, the LNWR had absorbed the

438:

network. Exceeding 183 miles (295 km), this was the largest jointly operated network in Great Britain in terms of route mileage, and extended from Peterborough to the East Anglian coast. The

389:

The LMS operated services in and around London, the Midlands, the North West of England, Mid/North Wales and Scotland. The company also operated a separate network of lines in Northern Ireland.

2322: 2595:. Subsequently, the LMS acquired Joseph Nall & Co. of Manchester and a 51% stake in Wordie & Co. of Glasgow. The LMS operated a road haulage fleet consisting of 29,754 road vehicles. 1067:

Such was the importance of such excursion traffic that a special department was established in 1929 and oversaw the expansion from 7,500 special trains in that year to nearly 22,000 in 1938.

5083: 1754: 2080:

On 17 July 1931, a mail train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with a goods train at Crich Junction, Derbyshire. Two people were killed and seventeen people were injured.

762:

practices tended to prevail over those of other constituents. For example, the Midland's system of traffic control was imposed on a system-wide basis, along with the Midland livery of

815:, such as tapered boilers, long travel valves, and large bearings. His locomotives were not only more powerful, and economical, but they also ended the company's internal conflict. 1729:& South Western Railways prior to grouping (with the North Staffordshire Railway using a very similar shade). The livery worked well, proving to be hard wearing and practical. 5327: 640: 1032:

between the start of July and the end of September alone. Besides these mass-market events, the company also ran regular tourist excursions to a variety of destinations, such as

5076: 2917:

print is formed from the natural aversion of oil and water. The print is created by transferring a photographic image onto an aluminium plate or stone and then printing by hand.

2904:

used LMS, and this is what is generally used in historical circles. The LMS occasionally also used the initials LM&SR. For consistency, this article uses the initials LMS.

2010:. An express passenger train was in a rear-end collision with it due to errors by the guard of the goods train and a signalman. Four people were killed and five were injured. 1738: 1814:

and a number of related branches and connecting lines were already electrified when the LMS came into existence, although the LMS did extend electrification from Barking to

902:

district managers were appointed to oversee sales through the company's goods depots, passenger stations and key dock facilities. There was even sales representation in the

5264: 696:

There were also some 24 subsidiary railways, leased or worked by the above companies, and a large number of joint railways, including the UK's largest Joint Railway, the

1216:

as part of a reorganisation of facilities in Derby and left the original site to concentrate on locomotive manufacture and repair. The Midland Railway also had works at

3429:

Paul Henry (1877–1958), Connemara,’’ Ireland this Year’’, 1925, Country track with cottages and mountain in background, lithographic print 101 X63.5, Science Museum UK

2604: 368: 2132:

On 25 February 1935, a passenger train was derailed at Ashton under Hill due to a combination of locomotive design, speed and track condition. One person was killed.

5394: 1212:

railway companies to meet their joint requirements for locomotive, carriage and wagon construction and maintenance. The latter site was opened in the 1860s by the

5399: 1619: 2281:

The LMS owned many canals, originally acquired by some of its constituent companies in the 19th century, such as the Shropshire Union group (which included the

2634:

The range of hotels was extensive ranging from large resort and city centre hotels to much smaller provincial establishments. One of the most famous was the

586:, resulted in the LMS owning or operating a number of lines outside its core geographical area. For instance, in 1912, the Midland Railway had purchased the 5170: 1638: 975:

resulted in a collection of posters that reflected the large capacity of destinations and experiences available with the transport organisation. For the

3408:

Norman Wilkinson (1882–1971), To Ireland: Seven LMS Routes, 1935, Steaming ferry boat on the sea, lithographic print, 390 X490, Swann Auction Galleries

5445: 5430: 5206: 2672: 1876: 757:, each of which believed its way was the right – and only – way of doing business. This rivalry was so severe, that stories of connecting trains at 3020: 2646:

in Leeds. While most were open all year round, a number opened for only particular months in the year, to coincide with local tourist seasons.

5450: 5425: 1627: 5420: 4589: 1656:

of the Midland Railway prior to grouping and these same practices were soon introduced to the carriage and wagon works of the former LNWR at

311:(which had previously merged with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922), several Scottish railway companies (including the 5375: 5440: 5435: 2318: 1623: 2091:. Due to a signalman's error, a passenger train ran into the rear portion of the goods. Two people were killed and several were injured. 873:

For nearly ten years after its formation, the LMS had been run using a similar organisational structure to one of its constituents, the

453:. This network connected Bath and Bournemouth, and wound its way through territory nominally allocated to a third railway company, the 153: 5354: 1101:

Most other major cities on the network were linked by trains with names which would become famous in railway circles including the

697: 439: 435: 5068: 1759:

The LMS operated a number of suburban lines using electric traction, in and around London, Liverpool, Manchester and Lancashire.

469: 5258: 5238: 1771: 2116:, Renfrewshire after the driver of one of them misread signals. Nine people were killed and 31 were injured, eleven seriously. 4993: 4924: 4841: 4803: 4695: 4624: 2845: 1957: 1148: 1144: 758: 5063: 2135:

On 13 March 1935, an express meat train from Liverpool to London was brought to a halt at Kings Langley due to a defective

1783: 1704: 587: 360:

The LMS was the largest of the Big Four railway companies serving routes in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

338: 299:, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railways into four. The companies merged into the LMS included the 2153:

On 17 November 1937, a passenger train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with an express passenger train at

1953:

due to greasy rails after a thunderstorm. It crashed through the buffers and ended up in building. There were no injuries.

520:

The London to Birmingham corridor was fiercely contested with the LMS running expresses over its West Coast Main Line via

4834:

The London, Tilbury & Southend Railway: 1912 - 1939 the Midland and LMS Years v. 3: A History of the Company and Line

2119:

On 28 September 1934, an express passenger train was in a rear-end collision with a passenger train at Winwick Junction,

1061: 945: 715: 158: 5046: 318:

Besides being the world's largest transport organisation, the company was also the largest commercial enterprise in the

1864: 1833: 1122: 771: 5364: 5359: 5296: 4971: 4943: 4905: 4879: 4822: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4714: 4676: 4652: 4162: 4094: 4066: 3998: 3966: 3914: 3884: 3840: 3627: 3611: 3595: 3399:

40 Marlborough Hill, St John’s Wood, NW.8 to Clausen, 23 Oct 1923 (R.A., Letters written to George Clausen, CL/1/248)

1482: 1323: 1293: 1221: 1108: 701: 661: 607: 450: 128: 5031: 2343:

The LMS acquired numerous docks, harbours and piers from its predecessors. These ranged in size from major ports at

5349: 5311: 5306: 5128: 2889: 2430: 2070: 1950: 1872: 1599: 1539: 1535: 1465: 1461: 1443: 1391: 1248: 1228: 1021: 895: 891: 754: 677: 673: 615: 591: 583: 465: 443: 431: 401: 346: 308: 300: 108: 98: 5369: 5243: 2194: 2169: 2037: 1849: 1095: 4493: 4465: 4437: 3378:

Leon Winslow, ‘Art is Industrial as Well as Fine’, in The Journal of Education, Vol.106, No.20 (1927) pp.520–522

2301:, instigated by LMS, although those surviving in 1948 passed to the Docks and Inland Waterways Executive of the 5036: 3340: 2584: 2143: 1677: 1653: 1404: 1197: 2702: 2684: 2084: 1807: 1514: 1244: 5041: 2302: 1891: 1857: 1209: 1090:, which featured streamlined locomotives hauling a nine coach train of specially constructed stock between 599: 595: 39: 1672:

carriage ends or the roof. The workshops were organised on the "flow-line" principle, similar to a modern

1276:

Smaller workshop facilities were also transferred to the LMS by other constituent companies, including at

5321: 5059: 2741: 2216: 1868: 1563: 1270: 1152: 721: 689: 551: 537: 333:), but its profitability was generally disappointing, with a rate of return of only 2.7%. Under the 172: 113: 4585: 3027: 2223:

and was in collision with a goods train that was being shunted. Two people were killed, 31 were injured.

1971:, Essex and was in a rear-end collision with another. Of 604 people injured, only four are hospitalised. 449:

The LMS also operated a significant joint network with the Southern Railway, in the shape of the former

2443: 2193:

On 13 October 1940, an express passenger train collided with a platform barrow obstructing the line at

2063: 1853: 848: 766:

for passenger locomotives and rolling stock. Particularly notable, especially after the appointment of

506: 165: 4179:"The Times newspaper: Notice of a Special General Meeting of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway" 2380: 961:

The LMS's commercial success in the 1920s resulted in part from the contributions of English painter,

578:

The expansionist policies of many of the constituent companies which formed the LMS, particularly the

5248: 4981: 2635: 2614: 2239: 2201: 2183: 2044:, due to a signalman's error. Several people were injured when the train crashed through the buffers. 2026: 2003: 1895: 1887: 1837: 1811: 962: 882: 812: 770:

as Chief Mechanical Engineer, was the continuation of the Midland Railway's small-engine policy (see

2101:

On 10 July 1933, an express passenger train was in collision with a goods train and was derailed at

5050: 4014: 2856: 2755: 2257: 2242:

due to excessive speed through a set of points. Forty-three people were killed and 64 were injured.

2205: 2055: 2048: 2022: 1961: 1845: 1803: 1762: 1576: 1368: 1258: 1217: 1205: 1134: 1112: 705: 221: 5098: 2112:

On 6 September 1934, two passenger trains were in a head-on collision at Port Eglington Junction,

2859:

on 14 November 2017 sparking speculation of the name becoming the long term branding for the new

2761: 2508: 2306: 2047:

On 12 February 1929, an express passenger train was in a head-on collision with a goods train at

1841: 1657: 1594: 1240: 1025: 966: 950: 611: 525: 238: 3784: 2863:

Partnership franchise, which is scheduled to commence operations on 8 December 2019, branded as

2849: 2841: 2713: 2294: 1989: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1875:

using a side-contact, third rail system. In conjunction with the LNER, the lines of the former

1799: 1767: 1236: 1130: 1091: 1017: 919: 4124: 5253: 5233: 5228: 5190: 5175: 5150: 5117: 4110: 3799: 2897: 2893: 2737: 2725: 2282: 2264: 2230: 1924:

On 5 July 1923, an express passenger train was in a rear-end collision with a goods train at

1791: 1201: 836: 800: 521: 510: 454: 350: 342: 4815:

British Railway Carriages of the 20th Century, Volume 2: The years of consolidation, 1923–53

1028:. The number of people moved was huge, with over 2.2 million holidaymakers arriving in 4729: 3579: 3246: 2860: 2643: 2455:

Bought from Barrow Steam Navigation Co Ltd in 1907. Sold in 1925 to a Greek owner, renamed

2384: 2246: 2109:

due to a signalman's error. One person was killed and about 30 were injured, one seriously.

1787: 1355: 1285: 1103: 980: 935: 906:, certain European countries and North America. A monthly newsletter was produced entitled 393: 329:

In 1938, the LMS operated 6,870 miles (11,056 km) of railway (excluding its lines in

8: 4964:

LMS 150 : The London Midland & Scottish Railway A century and a half of progress

2434: 1899: 1558: 1266: 862: 323: 268: 5032:

Vintage training and educational videos for LMS staff, customers and the general public.

2815:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1076:

accelerated, and better quality rolling stock was introduced and from 24 September 1928

5286: 3619: 3587: 3490: 2785: 2731: 2376: 2209: 2126: 1581: 1262: 1009: 828: 649: 517:(LNER) both providing express, stopping and local services between these destinations. 514: 334: 312: 123: 3250:. Vol. 96, no. 586. London: Transport (1910) Ltd. February 1950. p. 73. 1084:

A number of premium services were offered, culminating in 1937 with the launch of the

19:

This article is about the British railway company that existed before the creation of

5200: 5180: 4989: 4967: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4875: 4837: 4818: 4799: 4780: 4761: 4742: 4710: 4691: 4672: 4648: 4620: 4356: 4329: 4299: 4269: 4239: 4158: 4090: 4062: 3994: 3962: 3910: 3880: 3836: 3623: 3591: 2864: 2416: 2344: 2298: 1996: 1815: 1277: 991: 923: 397: 382: 296: 4709:. The Oakwood Library of Railway History (2nd ed.). Headington: Oakwood Press. 2197:, Middlesex and was derailed. Several people were killed and many more were injured. 542:

The LMS was also the only one of the Big Four companies to operate rail services in

260: 5301: 4894: 4868: 3584:

LMS 150: The London Midland and Scottish Railway – A Century and a Half of Progress

2914: 2779: 2562: 2095: 1943: 1775: 1498: 1297: 1037: 976: 971: 930:

fare. Companies holding large freight accounts with the LMS received reduced price

903: 844: 832: 767: 735: 667: 543: 482: 354: 330: 146: 133: 20: 4777:

An Historical Survey of selected LMS Stations, Layouts and Illustrations, Volume 1

5316: 5291: 5195: 5185: 5055: 4666: 4662: 3496: 2901: 2773: 2592: 2391: 2286: 2187: 2030: 1946:, Lancashire due to a broken tyre on the locomotive. Fourteen people were killed. 1795: 1427: 1409: 1373: 1339: 1281: 1213: 1172: 1086: 1045: 1000: 886: 874: 840: 796: 750: 683: 655: 626: 579: 502: 494: 461: 405: 304: 118: 103: 3420:

Beverley Cole and Richard Durack, Railway Posters 1923–1947 (London, 1992) p.104

2123:

due to a signalman's error. Eleven people were killed and nineteen were injured.

2033:

and collided with a goods train that was being shunted. Four people were killed.

1024:

requiring 1,800 special trains, with a further 1,456 run in connection with the

353:), the LMS was nationalised on 1 January 1948, becoming part of the state-owned 4559: 4351: 4324: 4294: 4264: 4234: 3501: 3497:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3183: 2888:

It has been argued that the initials LMSR should be used to be consistent with

2837: 2628: 2102: 1956:

On 19 November 1926, a private owner wagon of a goods train disintegrated near

1829: 1300:). The table below shows all major works taken over by the LMS upon formation. 1005: 400:, which had been the main routes of the two largest constituent companies, the 319: 247: 216: 66: 24: 2583:

In 1933, along with the other three main line railways, the LMS purchased the

2182:

On 14 October 1939, An express passenger train was involved in a collision at

5414: 2728:

1923 – 1927 (formerly chief engineer of the London and North Western Railway)

2336: 2332: 2290: 2220: 2007: 1880: 1673: 1456: 1252: 1139: 1041: 1020:. Longer running events demanded operations on a much larger scale, with the 931: 915: 808: 740:

The total route mileage of the LMS in 1923 was 7,790 miles (12,537 km).

490: 421: 271: 3800:"Accident Returns: Extract for Accident at Diggle Junction on 5th July 1923" 2077:

due to excessive speed through a crossover. The locomotive crew were killed.

894:, while commercial activities were headed by Ashton Davies, formerly of the 5100: 2767: 2623: 2368: 2136: 2074: 1982: 1935:

overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with an excursion train at

1739:

Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway § Preservation

1175:

coal trains, which took coal from the Nottinghamshire coalfield to London.

1117: 1077: 1013: 939: 878: 824: 804: 779: 295:) was a British railway company. It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the 58: 4208: 2706: 2688: 2529: 2372: 2348: 1422: 1386: 1232: 1193: 255: 231: 188: 3835:. Vol. 1. Redruth: Atlantic Books. pp. 31, 35–36, 38, 40, 42. 2617:, Manchester; one of many hotels formerly owned and operated by the LMS. 2179:

On 28 September 1939, a rear-end collision occurred at Winwick Junction.

2036:

On 2 February 1929, a passenger train was sent into the bay platform at

1693: 4889: 4863: 4851: 4617:

N. C. C. Saga: London, Midland and Scottish Railway in Northern Ireland

2678: 2663: 2323:

List of shipping facilities of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

2293:), originally owned by the London & North Western Railway, and the 2154: 2106: 2059: 2051:

station, Derbyshire due to a signalman's error. Two people were killed.

1912: 1822: 1665: 1289: 911: 784: 498: 427:

were some notable examples which extended beyond this borderland zone.

250: 4896:

A History of the LMS. Vol. 2: The Record Breaking 'Thirties, 1931–1939

5049:

Use Advanced Search/Collections/LMS to view these images held by the

4150: 4082: 4054: 2588: 2558: 2488: 2364: 2360: 2327: 2147: 2066:, Cumberland. Two people were killed and four were seriously injured. 1975: 1848:

were already completed prior to the formation of the LMS. Lines from

1029: 807:

in 1932, heralded a change. Stanier introduced practices used at the

4798:. LMS Locomotive Profile. Vol. 13. Wild Swan Publications Ltd. 2499: 2267:

due to defective track. Five people were killed and 64 were injured.

1755:

Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

2639: 2352: 2297:, owned by the North Staffordshire Railway. Many were abandoned by 2253: 2173: 2120: 1239:

and by the time of grouping was the locomotive works for the LNWR.

603: 5056:

Documents and clippings about London, Midland and Scottish Railway

2062:

against signals. It subsequently collided with a ballast train at

2659: 2554: 2550: 2356: 2238:

On 30 September 1945, an express passenger train was derailed at

2113: 2041: 2014: 1942:

On 4 November 1924, an express passenger train was derailed near

1057: 1053: 1049: 763: 5026: 4794:

Hunt, David; Jennison, Kohn; Essery, Robert (23 November 2010).

2609: 641:

List of constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

2215:

On 21 July 1945, an express passenger train overran signals at

852:

some have been developed for 125 mph inter-city services.

2740:

1933 – 1948 (previously Locomotive and Civil Engineer of the

23:

in 1948. For the former West Midlands Franchise operator, see

2833: 2158: 2088: 2069:

On 22 March 1931, an express passenger train was derailed at

2018: 1988:

On 27 August 1928, a passenger train crashed into buffers at

1968: 1949:

On 8 September 1926, a passenger train was unable to stop at

1643: 1168: 680:, amalgamated 1 January 1922) 2,667.5 miles (4,292.9 km) 265: 5277: 4111:"Report on the Accident at Kings Langley on 13th March 1935" 3416: 3414: 2263:

On 21 July 1947, an express passenger train was derailed at

2142:

On 23 February 1937, an express goods train was derailed at

1786:

system in use by tube and sub-surface railways (such as the

322:

and the United Kingdom's second largest employer, after the

4645:

An illustrated history of British Railway Hotels: 1838-1983

2176:

due to an obstruction on the line. Four people were killed.

1898:

had been electrified by the Midland Railway using a 6600 V

1826: 1033: 244: 2605:

List of hotels of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

1967:

On 30 November 1926, a passenger train overran signals at

704:. The LMS was the minority partner (with the LNER) in the 4542: 4540: 3411: 3215: 3213: 1981:

On 2 July 1928, a goods train was derailed at Pinwherry,

5219: 4870:

A History of the LMS. Vol. 1: The First Years, 1923–1930

4015:"Report on the Accident at Ashchurch on 8 January 1929" 3785:"Accident at Dinwoodie – Wamphray on 25th October 1928" 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 1620:

Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

1261:, north east of Glasgow, had been built in 1856 by the 645:

The LMS was formed from the following major companies:

562:) gauge track with a further 63 miles (101 km) of 4707:

The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham Railway

4537: 4392: 4390: 4388: 3961:. Penryn: Atlantic Books. pp. 16, 22, 24–25, 27. 3879:. Penryn: Atlantic Books. pp. 20–21, 23, 26, 31. 3458: 3456: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3210: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2252:

On 12 April 1947, a passenger train was derailed near

1821:

In the Liverpool area, lines were electrified using a

953:

in Derby to train its staff in best railway practice.

934:

for nominated employees, while commercial travellers,

2991: 2989: 2654: 2375:. The LMS also inherited steamers and piers from the 2200:

On 4 September 1942, a goods train overran a loop at

2190:. Five people were killed, more than 30 were injured. 2083:

On 18 December 1931, a goods train became divided at

1220:

in Worcestershire, which had been inherited from the

630:

LMS crest, carved into the stonework at Leeds station

5395:

History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923–1947

5047:

LMS images of tourist attractions along their routes

4915:

Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon, eds. (October 1997).

4189: 3636: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3516: 3320: 2976: 2974: 2521:

Sold in 1927 to Angleterre-Lorraine-Alsace, renamed

2168:

On 5 August 1939, a passenger train was derailed at

926:

and locomotive cleaners trained to replace firemen.

4962:Whitehouse, Patrick; Thomas, David St John (2002). 4560:"New West Coast rail franchise to run HS2 services" 4525: 4513: 4414: 4402: 4385: 4131: 3453: 3432: 3295: 3283: 3254: 3225: 3045: 3001: 2954: 2931: 2094:On 17 June 1932, a passenger train was derailed at 2013:On 8 January 1929, an express passenger train from 1639:

Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

1192:Two facilities were located in Derby, one known as 728:

Joint Midland and Great Northern of Ireland Railway

4893: 4867: 4793: 4492: 4464: 4436: 4350: 4323: 4293: 4263: 4233: 4032: 3923: 3909:. Penryn: Atlantic Books. pp. 14–15, 17, 19. 3849: 3339: 3150: 3095: 3093: 2986: 2367:to much smaller facilities including piers on the 795:The arrival of the new chief mechanical engineer, 734:All of the above operated, at least partially, in 573: 4775:Hendry, Dr R. Preston; Hendry, R. Powell (1982). 2971: 2673:Charles Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate 2054:On 6 March 1930, a passenger train departed from 1877:Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway 1770:as used by the LMS in the London area, stands at 1647:An LMS sleeping car in the standard maroon livery 1269:in Staffordshire were established in 1864 by the 1231:also contributed several works sites to the LMS. 730:91 miles (146 km), with interests in Ireland 5412: 4961: 4546: 4531: 4519: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4195: 3642: 3616:The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, volume 2 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3462: 3447: 3326: 3314: 3289: 3277: 3231: 3219: 3060: 3007: 2995: 2980: 2965: 2948: 2002:On 25 October 1928, a goods train broke down at 986: 546:, serving most major settlements in the region. 3767: 3765: 3763: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3683: 3681: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3651: 3485: 3483: 3090: 3078: 2468:Sank on 13 August 1941 off the Egyptian coast. 1243:in Buckinghamshire had been established by the 4318: 4316: 4061:. Truro: Atlantic Books. pp. 19, 25, 48. 3178: 3176: 1782:Schemes in the London area generally used the 1628:List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947 554:, and consisted of 201 miles (323 km) of 5161: 5084: 4914: 4856:Sir William Stanier: An engineering biography 4590:Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom) 3204: 2900:. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway's 2840:which operated services primarily around the 2748: 1178: 524:, and the Great Western running services via 4817:. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Limited. 4774: 4690:(10th ed.). Harrow: Capital Transport. 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3760: 3712: 3693: 3678: 3663: 3648: 3480: 3468: 1200:. The former was opened in the 1840s by the 918:, and trained staff to step into key roles; 843:. British Railways transferred the lines in 4917:Oxford Companion to British Railway History 4313: 3173: 2836:in the form of the train operating company 2666:, Chairman of the LMS between 1924 and 1927 2638:in Morecambe, which had been rebuilt as an 2319:Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II 1974:In June 1928, a mail train was derailed at 1624:LMS locomotive numbering and classification 5400:List of companies involved in the grouping 5091: 5077: 5010: 4375: 4373: 3993:. Penryn: Atlantic Books. pp. 21–25. 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3066: 868: 652:1,114.4 miles (1,793 km) route length 79:England; Northern Ireland; Scotland; Wales 38: 4980: 4812: 4661: 4431: 4429: 4228: 4226: 4049: 4047: 3975: 3935: 3893: 3861: 3771: 3718: 3706: 3687: 3672: 3657: 3493:inflation figures are based on data from 3474: 3387: 3366: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3084: 3072: 1255:in Lancashire, which had opened in 1886. 790: 315:), and numerous other, smaller ventures. 5446:British companies disestablished in 1948 5431:Railway companies disestablished in 1948 5340: 4933: 4647:. St Michael's: Silver Link Publishing. 4007: 3988: 3956: 3904: 3874: 3610: 3163: 3161: 3159: 2658: 2608: 2326: 2271: 1995:In August 1928, a train was derailed at 1761: 1642: 990: 625: 436:Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway 367: 4955:The London Tilbury and Southend Railway 4736: 4685: 4633: 4379: 4370: 4157:. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 48. 4089:. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 29. 3830: 3813: 3797: 3730: 3144: 2719: 2575:The LMS also inherited docks at Goole. 1743: 1681:and production at Newton Heath ceased. 475: 470:County Donegal Railways Joint Committee 337:, along with the other members of the " 5413: 4642: 4614: 4509:– via British Newspaper Archive. 4481:– via British Newspaper Archive. 4453:– via British Newspaper Archive. 4426: 4343: 4288: 4286: 4258: 4256: 4223: 4075: 4044: 3356:– via British Newspaper Archive. 3114: 3105: 1905: 942:were all tempted with special offers. 711:In Ireland there were three railways: 44:Crest of the LMS on a railway carriage 5451:British companies established in 1923 5426:Railway companies established in 1923 5072: 4966:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4952: 4723: 4704: 4619:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4201: 4149: 4081: 4053: 4020:. Ministry of Transport. 5 March 1929 3754: 3742: 3494: 3156: 3126: 3120: 1879:were electrified using the 1500 V DC 1070: 881:, who had briefly held the office of 855: 464:holdings, the LMS, together with the 5421:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 4888: 4862: 4850: 4755: 4638:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4137: 4038: 3929: 3855: 3167: 3132: 2795: 2553:, used for pleasure excursions from 1871:had already been electrified by the 1860:were added to this network in 1938. 1688: 606:, who could take LNER services from 588:London, Tilbury and Southend Railway 289:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 33:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 4831: 4283: 4253: 3138: 2832:The name of the LMS was revived by 1902:overhead system, as early as 1908. 716:Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway 531: 481:LMS were mainly overlapping on the 87:1 January 1923–1 January 1948 16:British railway company (1923–1947) 13: 5441:Standard gauge railways in England 5436:Big four British railway companies 5355:London, Brighton & South Coast 5004: 4724:Ellis, Cuthbert Hamilton (1961) . 4686:Day, John R.; Reed, John (2008) . 3198: 2655:Chairmen of the board of directors 1985:due to excessive speed on a curve. 1748: 1660:and the L&YR at Newton Heath. 956: 818: 772:Locomotives of the Midland Railway 700:, and one of the most famous, the 14: 5462: 5365:South Eastern and Chatham Railway 5360:London, Chatham and Dover Railway 5020: 4688:The Story of London's Underground 4586:"Trade mark number UK00003270382" 3809:– via The Railways Archive. 3244:"Main-Line Companies Dissolved". 2649: 2578: 2260:when a bridge collapsed under it. 1632: 1586:Locomotive, Carriage & Wagon 1503:Locomotive, Carriage & Wagon 1294:Glasgow and South Western Railway 1222:Birmingham and Gloucester Railway 1158: 995:LMS monogram at Llandudno Station 662:Glasgow and South Western Railway 451:Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway 442:was wholly incorporated into the 129:Glasgow and South Western Railway 4615:Arnold, R. M. (16 August 1973). 3151:Hunt, Jennison & Essery 2010 2800: 2431:Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 2335:. This ship was part of the LMS 1883:system, opening on 11 May 1931. 1873:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 1692: 1249:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 896:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 743: 678:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 674:London and North Western Railway 584:London and North Western Railway 466:Great Northern Railway (Ireland) 432:London and North Eastern Railway 402:London and North Western Railway 347:London and North Eastern Railway 309:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 301:London and North Western Railway 109:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 99:London and North Western Railway 4728:(4th ed.). Hampton Court: 4578: 4552: 4485: 4473:. Northern Ireland. 16 May 1933 4457: 4171: 4143: 4117: 4103: 3798:Pringle, J.W. (8 August 1923). 3791: 3777: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3604: 3571: 3423: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3372: 3360: 3332: 3237: 3026:. Virgin Trains. Archived from 2907: 2627:largest chain of hotels in the 2351:through ferry harbours such as 1732: 1684: 1183: 574:Apparent geographical anomalies 5140:London, Midland & Scottish 5042:LMS discussion group on Yahoo! 3013: 2882: 2726:Ernest Frederic Crosbie Trench 1654:Derby Carriage and Wagon Works 1613: 1167:Particularly notable were the 1121:between London St Pancras and 799:, who was brought in from the 686:2,170.75 miles (3,493 km) 415: 392:The principal routes were the 1: 4779:. Oxford Publishing Company. 4741:. Oxford Publishing Company. 4739:LMS Branch Lines, 1945 – 1965 4185:(Requires login/subscription) 2870: 2695: 1992:, London, injuring 30 people. 1863:In Manchester, the line from 1548: 1522: 1245:London and Birmingham Railway 987:Charter and excursion traffic 341:" British railway companies ( 4900:. George Allen & Unwin. 4874:. George Allen & Unwin. 4634:Bonavia, Michael R. (1980). 4547:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4532:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4520:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4421:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4409:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4397:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4196:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 4113:. Office of Rail Regulation. 3643:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3566:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3554:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3542:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3530:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3463:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3448:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3327:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3315:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3290:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3278:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3232:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3220:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3061:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 3008:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 2996:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 2981:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 2966:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 2949:Whitehouse & Thomas 2002 2924: 2542: 2514: 2487:Sold in 1928 to Bland Line, 2480: 2448: 2422: 2303:British Transport Commission 1918: 811:that had been introduced by 698:Midland & Great Northern 634: 363: 281:7,790 miles (12,537 km) 7: 5297:Glasgow & South Western 5060:20th Century Press Archives 4125:"Four Fold Train Collision" 3075:, Chapter I: "Introduction" 2855:LMS was trademarked by the 2742:Northern Counties Committee 2585:Hay's Wharf Cartage Company 2545: 2517: 2483: 2451: 2425: 2312: 2249:; 20 killed and 21 injured. 2025:when it overran signals at 1271:North Staffordshire Railway 1251:, including their works at 1036:in the Scottish highlands, 1012:, and a further 55 for the 722:Northern Counties Committee 690:North Staffordshire Railway 552:Northern Counties Committee 538:Northern Counties Committee 376: 173:Northern Counties Committee 114:North Staffordshire Railway 10: 5467: 5350:London & South Western 5312:London & North Western 5307:Lancashire & Yorkshire 5129:London & North Eastern 4607: 4445:. England. 5 February 1927 4183:Retrieved on 29 June 2008 2749:Chief mechanical engineers 2714:Sir William Valentine Wood 2602: 2316: 2228: 2124: 1928:. Four people were killed. 1886:Finally the route between 1752: 1736: 1636: 1617: 1405:Derby Carriage & Wagon 1235:was opened in 1840 by the 1179:Traction and rolling stock 849:Ulster Transport Authority 724:265.25 miles (426 km) 692:220.75 miles (355 km) 638: 621: 535: 419: 166:Ulster Transport Authority 18: 5387: 5339: 5276: 5218: 5160: 5108: 5103:British railway companies 4832:Kay, Peter (April 2010). 4813:Jenkinson, David (1990). 4501:. England. 27 August 1948 4155:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 4 4087:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 3 4059:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 4 3991:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7 3959:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 6 3907:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 8 3877:Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5 3341:"LMS School of Transport" 3205:Simmons & Biddle 1997 2809:This article needs to be 2791: 2598: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2390:Ships inherited from the 2305:, and eventually to the 2276: 2240:Bourne End, Hertfordshire 1723: 1098:in six and a half hours. 1022:Glasgow Empire Exhibition 883:Chief Mechanical Engineer 813:George Jackson Churchward 664:498.5 miles (802 km) 434:, the LMS ran the former 277: 237: 187: 182: 142: 91: 83: 75: 65: 54: 49: 37: 5051:English Heritage Archive 3831:Trevena, Arthur (1980). 2875: 2857:Department for Transport 2476:SS Duchess of Devonshire 2339:fleet from 1935 to 1947. 1951:Leeds Wellington station 1259:St. Rollox railway works 1143:conveying portions from 823:The war-damaged LMS was 706:Cheshire Lines Committee 556:5 ft 3 in 372:1920s map of LMS network 223:5 ft 3 in 5244:Great North of Scotland 4643:Carter, Oliver (1990). 4636:The Four Great Railways 3989:Earnshaw, Alan (1991). 3957:Earnshaw, Alan (1990). 3905:Earnshaw, Alan (1993). 3875:Earnshaw, Alan (1989). 3495:Clark, Gregory (2017). 3348:. England. 22 July 1938 2852:between 2007 and 2017. 2307:British Waterways Board 1026:Blackpool Illuminations 967:Royal Academy of London 885:pending the arrival of 869:Commercial organisation 718:26.5 miles (42 km) 670:506 miles (814 km) 658:158 miles (254 km) 612:London Liverpool Street 592:London Fenchurch Street 590:which operated between 261:side contact third rail 4796:The standard compounds 4758:The Railway Detectives 4756:Hall, Stanley (1990). 4737:Gammell, C.J. (1980). 4705:Dixon, Frank (1994) . 2844:and services north to 2667: 2618: 2340: 2295:Trent and Mersey Canal 1933:electric multiple unit 1779: 1768:electric multiple unit 1701:This section is empty. 1648: 1237:Grand Junction Railway 1210:Birmingham & Derby 1060:ferry service and the 996: 791:The Stanier revolution 631: 598:, with a loop serving 373: 5370:South Eastern Railway 4953:Welch, H. D. (1963). 4934:Welbourn, N. (1994). 4760:. London: Ian Allan. 4671:. London: Ian Allan. 4668:Britain's Joint Lines 4499:Derby Daily Telegraph 3622:. pp. 214, 224. 3580:Thomas, David St John 3578:Whitehouse, Patrick; 3346:Derby Daily Telegraph 2846:Liverpool Lime Street 2744:in Northern Ireland.) 2738:William Kelly Wallace 2662: 2642:landmark, as had the 2612: 2603:Further information: 2411:Notes and references 2330: 2317:Further information: 2283:Montgomeryshire Canal 2272:Non-railway interests 2265:Grendon, Warwickshire 2231:Bourne End rail crash 1958:Parkgate and Rawmarsh 1931:On 26 April 1924, an 1772:Harrow and Wealdstone 1765: 1753:Further information: 1646: 1545:Carriage & Wagon 1495:Lochgorm (Inverness) 1414:Carriage & Wagon 1328:Carriage & Wagon 1309:Pre-grouping company 994: 837:London Midland Region 801:Great Western Railway 759:Birmingham New Street 702:Somerset & Dorset 639:Further information: 629: 618:to Fenchurch Street. 614:or LMS services from 536:Further information: 371: 343:Great Western Railway 154:London Midland Region 4466:"The L.M.S. Railway" 3388:& Wilkinson 1969 3367:& Wilkinson 1969 3247:The Railway Magazine 2861:InterCity West Coast 2720:Chief civil engineer 2587:Ltd., the owners of 2498:Scrapped in 1949 at 2429:Sold in 1928 to the 2247:Lichfield rail crash 1844:and from Aintree to 1788:Metropolitan Railway 1744:Technical innovation 1286:North London Railway 1104:Thames-Clyde Express 476:Areas of competition 468:, jointly owned the 394:West Coast Main Line 5322:North Staffordshire 5249:Hull & Barnsley 5099:The "Big Four" pre- 5011:G. C. Nash (1946). 4919:(1 ed.). OUP. 4732:. 940/554/125 1059. 4726:The Midland Railway 4471:Belfast News-Letter 4211:. Simplon Postcards 4181:. 11 February 1937. 3731:Day & Reed 2008 3620:David & Charles 3588:David & Charles 3021:"The LMS era (PDF)" 2532:, Germany in 1937. 2210:blackout conditions 1906:All-steel carriages 1869:Manchester Victoria 1825:, energised at 630 951:School of Transport 831:, becoming part of 460:Through the former 254:630 V DC third and 34: 5015:. LMS. p. 88. 4988:. London: Seeley. 4357:Miramar Ship Index 4330:Miramar Ship Index 4300:Miramar Ship Index 4270:Miramar Ship Index 4240:Miramar Ship Index 3590:. pp. 165–9. 3491:Retail Price Index 3033:on 16 October 2006 2786:Henry George Ivatt 2732:Alexander Newlands 2668: 2619: 2568:Scrapped in 1960. 2444:SS City of Belfast 2341: 2127:Winwick rail crash 1834:Liverpool Exchange 1780: 1649: 1336:Barrow-in-Furness 1263:Caledonian Railway 1198:Carriage and Wagon 1123:Manchester Central 1071:Scheduled services 997: 856:Railway operations 829:Transport Act 1947 650:Caledonian Railway 632: 501:, with the former 430:Together with the 374: 335:Transport Act 1947 313:Caledonian Railway 124:Caledonian Railway 84:Dates of operation 32: 5408: 5407: 4995:978-0-85422-000-7 4986:A Brush with Life 4982:Wilkinson, Norman 4926:978-0-19-211697-0 4843:978-1-899890-43-9 4805:978-1-905184-81-1 4697:978-1-85414-316-7 4626:978-0-7153-5644-9 4566:. 4 November 2016 4549:, pp. 58–59. 4209:"Midland Railway" 3833:Trains in Trouble 3222:, pp. 38–39. 3184:"William Stanier" 3102:, pp. 46–67. 3087:, pp. 15–36. 2915:photolithographic 2865:Avanti West Coast 2830: 2829: 2573: 2572: 2437:in November 1936 2345:Barrow-in-Furness 2299:Act of Parliament 2212:and was derailed. 1999:, Worcestershire. 1997:Ashton under Hill 1721: 1720: 1611: 1610: 1296:) and Inverness ( 1278:Barrow-in-Furness 1109:London St Pancras 972:photolithographic 938:and conveyors of 608:Southend Victoria 398:Midland Main Line 383:Railways Act 1921 297:Railways Act 1921 285: 284: 5458: 5342: 5279: 5221: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5016: 4999: 4977: 4958: 4957:. Oakwood Press. 4949: 4930: 4911: 4899: 4885: 4873: 4859: 4847: 4828: 4809: 4790: 4771: 4752: 4733: 4720: 4701: 4682: 4663:Casserley, H. C. 4658: 4639: 4630: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4496: 4494:"Civil Engineer" 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4438:"L.M.S. Changes" 4433: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4127:. British Pathe. 4121: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3902: 3891: 3890: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3618:. Newton Abbot: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3586:. Newton Abbot: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2886: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2780:Charles Fairburn 2563:Second World War 2478: 2397: 2396: 2098:, Staffordshire. 2096:Great Bridgeford 2071:Leighton Buzzard 1944:Lytham St. Annes 1939:station, London. 1804:Watford Junction 1716: 1713: 1703:You can help by 1696: 1689: 1553: 1550: 1527: 1524: 1303: 1302: 1298:Highland Railway 1206:Midland Counties 1113:Glasgow St Enoch 1062:Belgian railways 1052:, by way of the 1048:battlefields in 1001:excursion trains 977:Irish Free State 963:Norman Wilkinson 904:Irish Free State 845:Northern Ireland 839:and part of the 835:. It formed the 833:British Railways 768:Sir Henry Fowler 736:Northern Ireland 668:Highland Railway 616:Southend Central 569: 565: 561: 557: 544:Northern Ireland 532:Northern Ireland 483:West London Line 355:British Railways 351:Southern Railway 331:Northern Ireland 232:Northern Ireland 229: 224: 219: 213: 209: 207: 206: 202: 199: 147:British Railways 134:Highland Railway 42: 35: 31: 21:British Railways 5466: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5383: 5335: 5272: 5214: 5171:Alexandra Docks 5156: 5146: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5123: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5101:nationalisation 5097: 5027:The LMS Society 5023: 5007: 5005:Further reading 5002: 4996: 4974: 4946: 4936:Lost Lines: LMR 4927: 4908: 4882: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4768: 4749: 4717: 4698: 4679: 4655: 4627: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4443:Crewe Chronicle 4435: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3955: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3903: 3894: 3887: 3873: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3694: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3255: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3010:, pp. 7–8. 3006: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2947: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2902:corporate image 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2774:William Stanier 2772:1932–1944: Sir 2751: 2722: 2698: 2657: 2652: 2607: 2601: 2593:Carter Paterson 2581: 2566: 2526: 2496: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2457:Nicolaos Togias 2407: 2392:Midland Railway 2377:Furness Railway 2325: 2315: 2287:Ellesmere Canal 2279: 2274: 2233: 2195:Wembley Central 2188:Buckinghamshire 2170:Saltcoats North 2129: 2038:Bridgeton Cross 2031:Gloucestershire 1978:, Lincolnshire. 1921: 1908: 1850:Birkenhead Park 1832:. Routes from 1776:nationalisation 1757: 1751: 1749:Electrification 1746: 1741: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1687: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1618:Main articles: 1616: 1551: 1525: 1282:Furness Railway 1241:Wolverton works 1214:Midland Railway 1186: 1181: 1161: 1096:Glasgow Central 1087:Coronation Scot 1073: 1046:First World War 1044:, and even the 1040:in the English 989: 959: 957:Railway posters 946:Passenger miles 887:William Stanier 875:Midland Railway 871: 858: 841:Scottish Region 827:in 1948 by the 821: 819:Nationalisation 797:William Stanier 793: 746: 684:Midland Railway 656:Furness Railway 643: 637: 624: 580:Midland Railway 576: 567: 563: 559: 555: 540: 534: 513:Main Line from 505:main line from 495:South Yorkshire 478: 462:Midland Railway 424: 418: 406:Midland Railway 379: 366: 305:Midland Railway 263: 258: 253: 239:Electrification 227: 222: 220: 215: 211: 204: 200: 197: 195: 194:4 ft 193: 178: 164: 163: 159:Scottish Region 138: 119:Furness Railway 104:Midland Railway 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5239:Great Northern 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5143: 5132: 5121: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5053: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5021:External links 5019: 5018: 5017: 5013:The LMS at War 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4972: 4959: 4950: 4944: 4931: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4886: 4880: 4860: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4810: 4804: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4734: 4721: 4715: 4702: 4696: 4683: 4677: 4659: 4653: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4577: 4551: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4484: 4456: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4384: 4369: 4342: 4312: 4282: 4252: 4222: 4200: 4198:, p. 118. 4188: 4170: 4163: 4142: 4140:, p. 103. 4130: 4116: 4102: 4095: 4074: 4067: 4043: 4031: 4006: 3999: 3974: 3967: 3934: 3922: 3915: 3892: 3885: 3860: 3848: 3841: 3812: 3790: 3776: 3772:Jenkinson 1990 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3719:Jenkinson 1990 3711: 3707:Jenkinson 1990 3692: 3688:Jenkinson 1990 3677: 3673:Jenkinson 1990 3662: 3658:Jenkinson 1990 3647: 3645:, p. 170. 3635: 3628: 3612:Marshall, John 3603: 3596: 3570: 3568:, p. 109. 3558: 3556:, p. 117. 3546: 3544:, p. 106. 3534: 3532:, p. 103. 3515: 3502:MeasuringWorth 3479: 3475:Jenkinson 1990 3467: 3452: 3431: 3422: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3380: 3371: 3359: 3331: 3329:, p. 100. 3319: 3294: 3282: 3253: 3236: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3186:. Graces Guide 3172: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3104: 3100:Casserley 1968 3089: 3085:Casserley 1968 3077: 3073:Casserley 1968 3065: 3063:, p. 186. 3044: 3012: 3000: 2985: 2970: 2968:, p. 205. 2953: 2951:, p. 204. 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2906: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2838:London Midland 2828: 2827: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2679:Sir Guy Granet 2675: 2664:Sir Guy Granet 2656: 2653: 2651: 2650:Notable people 2648: 2629:British Empire 2600: 2597: 2580: 2579:Road transport 2577: 2571: 2570: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510:SS Londonderry 2505: 2504: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2439: 2438: 2433:. Scrapped at 2427: 2424: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2385:Coniston Water 2314: 2311: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2229:Main article: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2198: 2191: 2180: 2177: 2166: 2162: 2151: 2144:West Hampstead 2140: 2133: 2130: 2125:Main article: 2117: 2110: 2103:Little Salkeld 2099: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2067: 2052: 2045: 2034: 2017:, Somerset to 2011: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1911:steel tube or 1907: 1904: 1790:). Lines from 1774:station after 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1699: 1697: 1686: 1683: 1637:Main article: 1634: 1633:Coaching stock 1631: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1559:Stoke-on-Trent 1555: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1315:Closed by LMS 1313: 1310: 1307: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1160: 1159:Goods services 1157: 1127:The Irish Mail 1072: 1069: 1006:Grand National 988: 985: 958: 955: 940:racing pigeons 932:season tickets 870: 867: 857: 854: 820: 817: 792: 789: 785:Sir Guy Granet 745: 742: 732: 731: 725: 719: 694: 693: 687: 681: 671: 665: 659: 653: 636: 633: 623: 620: 575: 572: 570:) gauge line. 533: 530: 477: 474: 420:Main article: 417: 414: 408:respectively. 378: 375: 365: 362: 320:British Empire 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 241: 235: 234: 217:standard gauge 191: 185: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 169: 162: 161: 156: 150: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 69: 67:Reporting mark 63: 62: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 25:London Midland 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5463: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5259:North Eastern 5257: 5255: 5254:North British 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Great Eastern 5232: 5230: 5229:Great Central 5227: 5226: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191:Great Western 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5141: 5133: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5118:Great Western 5111: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:The LMS Forum 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5009: 5008: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4973:0-7153-1378-9 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4945:0-7110-2277-1 4941: 4938:. Ian Allan. 4937: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4907:0-04-385093-6 4903: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4881:0-04-385087-1 4877: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4824:0-85059-912-1 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4786:0-86093-168-4 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4767:0-7110-1929-0 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4748:0-86093-062-9 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4716:0-85361-454-7 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4678:0-7110-0024-7 4674: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4654:0-947971-36-X 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4534:, p. 46. 4533: 4528: 4522:, p. 56. 4521: 4516: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4423:, p. 39. 4422: 4417: 4411:, p. 37. 4410: 4405: 4399:, p. 38. 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4257: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4164:0-906899-07-9 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4096:0-906899-05-2 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4068:0-906899-07-9 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4041:, p. 95. 4040: 4035: 4016: 4010: 4002: 4000:0-906899-50-8 3996: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3968:0-906899-37-0 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3932:, p. 85. 3931: 3926: 3918: 3916:0-906899-52-4 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3886:0-906899-35-4 3882: 3878: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3858:, p. 83. 3857: 3852: 3844: 3842:0-906899-01-X 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3774:, p. 31. 3773: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3757:, p. 129 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 102 3732: 3727: 3721:, p. 24. 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 23. 3708: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3690:, p. 21. 3689: 3684: 3682: 3675:, p. 11. 3674: 3669: 3667: 3660:, p. 10. 3659: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3631: 3629:0-7153-4906-6 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3597:0-7153-8740-5 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3477:, p. 87. 3476: 3471: 3465:, p. 99. 3464: 3459: 3457: 3450:, p. 98. 3449: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3396: 3390:, p. 105 3389: 3384: 3375: 3369:, p. 104 3368: 3363: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3317:, p. 96. 3316: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3292:, p. 14. 3291: 3286: 3280:, p. 97. 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3234:, p. 23. 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2998:, p. 15. 2997: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2850:London Euston 2848:and south to 2847: 2843: 2842:West Midlands 2839: 2835: 2824: 2812: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2756:George Hughes 2753: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:Midland Hotel 2632: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2615:Midland Hotel 2611: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2337:Clyde steamer 2334: 2333:TS Queen Mary 2329: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Chester Canal 2288: 2284: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2221:Dumfriesshire 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085:Dagenham Dock 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2008:Dumfriesshire 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1881:overhead line 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1740: 1730: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674:assembly line 1669: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532:Newton Heath 1531: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:North Midland 1199: 1195: 1190: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1140:Pines Express 1136: 1132: 1131:London Euston 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092:London Euston 1089: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1078:sleeping cars 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Lake District 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 993: 984: 982: 978: 973: 968: 964: 954: 952: 947: 943: 941: 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 916:rolling stock 913: 909: 905: 899: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 866: 864: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 816: 814: 810: 809:Swindon Works 806: 802: 798: 788: 786: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 760: 756: 755:North Western 752: 744:Early history 741: 738: 737: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 713: 712: 709: 707: 703: 699: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 647: 646: 642: 628: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 571: 560:1,600 mm 553: 547: 545: 539: 529: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 511:Great Central 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491:East Midlands 486: 484: 473: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 455:Great Western 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 423: 422:Joint railway 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 387: 384: 370: 361: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 280: 276: 273: 270: 267: 262: 257: 252: 249: 246: 242: 240: 236: 233: 228:1,600 mm 225: 218: 212:1,435 mm 192: 190: 186: 181: 174: 171: 170: 167: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 5374: 5343:constituents 5326: 5280:constituents 5263: 5222:constituents 5205: 5164:constituents 5139: 5012: 4985: 4963: 4954: 4935: 4916: 4895: 4869: 4858:. Ian Allan. 4855: 4833: 4814: 4795: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4725: 4706: 4687: 4667: 4644: 4635: 4616: 4593:. Retrieved 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4563: 4554: 4527: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4498: 4487: 4475:. Retrieved 4470: 4459: 4447:. Retrieved 4442: 4416: 4404: 4380:Bonavia 1980 4360:. Retrieved 4345: 4333:. Retrieved 4303:. Retrieved 4273:. Retrieved 4243:. Retrieved 4213:. Retrieved 4203: 4191: 4184: 4173: 4154: 4145: 4133: 4119: 4105: 4086: 4077: 4058: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4009: 3990: 3958: 3925: 3906: 3876: 3851: 3832: 3803:. Retrieved 3793: 3779: 3750: 3745:, p. 67 3738: 3726: 3714: 3638: 3615: 3606: 3583: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3506:. Retrieved 3500: 3470: 3425: 3404: 3395: 3383: 3374: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3345: 3334: 3322: 3285: 3245: 3239: 3227: 3200: 3188:. Retrieved 3146: 3134: 3122: 3080: 3068: 3035:. Retrieved 3028:the original 3015: 3003: 2983:, p. 7. 2909: 2884: 2854: 2831: 2821:January 2024 2818: 2810: 2768:Ernest Lemon 2762:Henry Fowler 2703:Josiah Stamp 2685:Josiah Stamp 2644:Queens Hotel 2633: 2624:World War II 2620: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2538: 2528:Scrapped at 2527: 2522: 2509: 2497: 2492: 2475: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2442: 2417: 2389: 2342: 2280: 2137:vacuum brake 2075:Bedfordshire 1983:Renfrewshire 1909: 1885: 1862: 1858:New Brighton 1820: 1808:Broad Street 1781: 1758: 1733:Preservation 1727: 1712:January 2021 1709: 1705:adding to it 1700: 1685:Goods wagons 1670: 1662: 1650: 1275: 1257: 1226: 1191: 1187: 1184:Construction 1166: 1162: 1138: 1126: 1118:The Palatine 1116: 1102: 1100: 1085: 1083: 1074: 1066: 999:Charter and 998: 960: 944: 928: 907: 900: 879:Ernest Lemon 872: 859: 825:nationalised 822: 805:Josiah Stamp 794: 780:Josiah Stamp 776: 764:Crimson Lake 747: 739: 733: 727: 710: 695: 644: 596:Shoeburyness 577: 548: 541: 519: 489:London, the 487: 479: 459: 448: 429: 425: 410: 391: 388: 380: 359: 328: 317: 292: 288: 286: 59:Euston House 55:Headquarters 29: 4505:20 February 4477:20 February 4449:20 February 4362:15 December 4335:15 December 4305:15 December 4275:15 December 4245:15 December 4215:15 December 3115:Arnold 1973 2784:1945–1947: 2778:1944–1945: 2766:1931–1932: 2760:1925–1931: 2754:1923–1925: 2734:1927 – 1933 2712:1941–1947: 2707:Baron Stamp 2701:1926–1941: 2689:Baron Stamp 2683:1927–1941: 2677:1924–1927: 2671:1923–1924: 2549:Built as a 2530:Altenwerder 2493:Gibel Dersa 2349:Grangemouth 2217:Ecclefechan 2161:, Cheshire. 1614:Locomotives 1568:Locomotive 1552: 1932 1526: 1925 1519:Locomotive 1487:Locomotive 1479:Kilmarnock 1471:Locomotive 1440:Earlestown 1432:Locomotive 1396:Locomotive 1360:Locomotive 1344:Locomotive 1267:Stoke works 1233:Crewe Works 1196:and one as 1153:Bournemouth 922:trained as 912:locomotives 676:(including 568:914 mm 416:Joint lines 324:Post Office 259:1,200 V DC 256:fourth rail 243:600 or 650 189:Track gauge 92:Predecessor 5415:Categories 5287:Caledonian 4890:Nock, O.S. 4864:Nock, O.S. 4852:Nock, O.S. 4570:8 November 4382:, p. 4151:Hoole, Ken 4083:Hoole, Ken 4055:Hoole, Ken 3755:Ellis 1961 3743:Dixon 1994 3207:, p. 3170:, p. 3153:, p. 3141:, p. 3129:, p. 3127:Welch 1963 3117:, p. 2871:References 2709:from 1938) 2696:Presidents 2691:from 1938) 2561:until the 2491:, renamed 2464:Kephallina 2381:Windermere 2157:Junction, 2155:Coppenhall 2107:Cumberland 2064:Langwathby 2060:Cumberland 1913:box girder 1854:West Kirby 1823:third rail 1577:St. Rollox 1423:Derby Loco 1369:Bromsgrove 1290:Kilmarnock 1218:Bromsgrove 1194:Derby Loco 1149:Manchester 981:Paul Henry 908:Quota News 515:Marylebone 509:(LMS) and 507:St Pancras 499:Manchester 264:6.6 kV 25 251:third rail 5376:Full list 5328:Full list 5265:Full list 5207:Full list 5201:Taff Vale 4836:. P.Kay. 4730:Ian Allan 4595:24 August 4352:"1084974" 4325:"1116017" 4295:"1099941" 4265:"1099938" 4235:"1116015" 4138:Hall 1990 4039:Hall 1990 3930:Hall 1990 3856:Hall 1990 3600:. 01LO49. 3168:Nock 1964 2925:Citations 2589:Pickfords 2559:Fleetwood 2539:SS Wyvern 2502:, Spain. 2489:Gibraltar 2418:SS Antrim 2403:Launched 2365:Fleetwood 2361:Stranraer 2258:Yorkshire 2206:Yorkshire 2202:Todmorden 2184:Bletchley 2172:station, 2148:Middlesex 2058:station, 2027:Ashchurch 2023:Yorkshire 2004:Dinwoodie 1976:Swinderby 1962:Yorkshire 1960:station, 1919:Accidents 1896:Morecambe 1888:Lancaster 1838:Southport 1818:in 1932. 1816:Upminster 1784:four-rail 1658:Wolverton 1604:Carriage 1595:Wolverton 1511:Maryport 1483:G&SWR 1324:G&SWR 1320:Barassie 1189:railway. 1145:Liverpool 1058:Dunkerque 1030:Blackpool 1014:Cup Final 635:Formation 564:3 ft 446:in 1936. 364:Geography 183:Technical 143:Successor 5391:See also 5302:Highland 5181:Cambrian 5151:Southern 4984:(1969). 4892:(1982). 4866:(1982). 4854:(1964). 4665:(1968). 4564:BBC News 4153:(1983). 4085:(1982). 4057:(1983). 3614:(1970). 3582:(1987). 3190:22 March 3139:Kay 2010 2640:Art Deco 2466:in 1933. 2462:Renamed 2353:Holyhead 2313:Shipping 2254:Keighley 2174:Ayrshire 2165:injured. 2121:Cheshire 2056:Culgaith 2049:Doe Hill 1846:Ormskirk 1812:Richmond 1515:M&CR 1284:), Bow ( 1265:, while 1137:and the 1135:Holyhead 1107:between 863:counties 753:and the 604:Southend 582:and the 440:M&GN 404:and the 396:and the 377:Overview 339:Big Four 272:overhead 208: in 61:, London 50:Overview 5317:Midland 5292:Furness 5196:Rhymney 5186:Cardiff 5062:of the 5058:in the 4719:. OL34. 4608:Sources 4024:10 June 3805:3 March 3352:17 June 2811:updated 2555:Heysham 2523:Flamand 2435:Preston 2406:Tonnage 2357:Heysham 2245:1946 – 2114:Glasgow 2042:Glasgow 2015:Bristol 1892:Heysham 1842:Aintree 1796:Barking 1540:L&Y 1466:L&Y 1457:Horwich 1253:Horwich 1054:Tilbury 1050:Belgium 1038:Keswick 1018:Wembley 1010:Aintree 936:anglers 924:drivers 920:firemen 847:to the 751:Midland 622:History 600:Tilbury 526:Banbury 503:Midland 472:lines. 203:⁄ 5149: 5147: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5114: 4992: 4970: 4942: 4923: 4904: 4878: 4840: 4821: 4802: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4713: 4694: 4675: 4651: 4623: 4161: 4093: 4065: 3997: 3965: 3913: 3883: 3839: 3626: 3594: 2792:Legacy 2599:Hotels 2591:, and 2500:Málaga 2408:(GRT) 2369:Thames 2277:Canals 1990:Euston 1937:Euston 1926:Diggle 1800:Euston 1724:Livery 1626:; and 1448:Wagon 1378:Wagon 1306:Works 307:, the 303:, the 278:Length 175:(1949) 76:Locale 5176:Barry 4018:(PDF) 3508:7 May 3037:7 May 3031:(PDF) 3024:(PDF) 2876:Notes 2834:Govia 2518:2,086 2484:1,265 2452:1,055 2426:2,100 2400:Ship 2373:Clyde 2159:Crewe 2089:Essex 2019:Leeds 1969:Upney 1678:Derby 1571:1930 1387:Crewe 1347:1930 1312:Type 1173:Brent 1169:Toton 1129:from 522:Rugby 230:) in 5220:LNER 4990:ISBN 4968:ISBN 4940:ISBN 4921:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4876:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4819:ISBN 4800:ISBN 4781:ISBN 4762:ISBN 4743:ISBN 4711:ISBN 4692:ISBN 4673:ISBN 4649:ISBN 4621:ISBN 4597:2018 4572:2016 4507:2022 4479:2022 4451:2022 4364:2009 4337:2009 4307:2009 4277:2009 4247:2009 4217:2009 4159:ISBN 4091:ISBN 4063:ISBN 4026:2014 3995:ISBN 3963:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3881:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3807:2018 3624:ISBN 3592:ISBN 3510:2024 3354:2017 3192:2013 3039:2024 2896:and 2890:LNER 2613:The 2543:1905 2515:1904 2481:1897 2449:1893 2423:1904 2383:and 2371:and 2363:and 2347:and 2331:The 2321:and 2289:and 1894:via 1890:and 1865:Bury 1856:and 1840:and 1666:jigs 1600:LNWR 1536:LNWR 1462:LNWR 1444:LNWR 1392:LNWR 1352:Bow 1229:LNWR 1227:The 1208:and 1147:and 1111:and 1094:and 1034:Oban 914:and 892:LNWR 594:and 497:and 444:LNER 381:The 349:and 287:The 5278:LMS 5162:GWR 5064:ZBW 3489:UK 2894:GWR 2557:to 2551:tug 2546:232 2379:on 2208:in 1867:to 1852:to 1836:to 1810:to 1802:to 1794:to 1792:Bow 1766:An 1707:. 1564:NSR 1356:NLR 1288:), 1224:. 1151:to 1133:to 1056:to 1016:at 1008:at 803:by 774:). 610:to 293:LMS 71:LMS 5417:: 5341:SR 4588:. 4562:. 4539:^ 4497:. 4469:. 4441:. 4428:^ 4387:^ 4372:^ 4355:. 4328:. 4315:^ 4298:. 4285:^ 4268:. 4255:^ 4238:. 4225:^ 4046:^ 3977:^ 3937:^ 3895:^ 3863:^ 3815:^ 3762:^ 3695:^ 3680:^ 3665:^ 3650:^ 3518:^ 3499:. 3482:^ 3455:^ 3434:^ 3413:^ 3344:. 3297:^ 3256:^ 3212:^ 3175:^ 3158:^ 3107:^ 3092:^ 3047:^ 2988:^ 2973:^ 2956:^ 2933:^ 2913:A 2898:SR 2892:, 2867:. 2631:. 2394:. 2387:. 2359:, 2355:, 2309:. 2285:, 2256:, 2219:, 2204:, 2186:, 2146:, 2105:, 2087:, 2073:, 2040:, 2029:, 2021:, 2006:, 1900:AC 1830:DC 1806:, 1798:, 1622:; 1607:– 1589:– 1582:CR 1549:c. 1542:) 1523:c. 1506:– 1499:HR 1490:– 1474:– 1468:) 1451:– 1435:– 1428:MR 1417:– 1410:MR 1399:– 1381:– 1374:MR 1363:– 1340:FR 1331:– 1204:, 1155:. 1125:, 1115:, 1064:. 898:. 787:. 708:. 528:. 493:, 485:. 457:. 357:. 345:, 326:. 269:AC 266:Hz 248:DC 214:) 168:: 149:: 5092:e 5085:t 5078:v 4998:. 4976:. 4948:. 4929:. 4910:. 4884:. 4846:. 4827:. 4808:. 4789:. 4770:. 4751:. 4700:. 4681:. 4657:. 4629:. 4599:. 4574:. 4366:. 4339:. 4309:. 4279:. 4249:. 4219:. 4167:. 4099:. 4071:. 4028:. 4003:. 3971:. 3919:. 3889:. 3845:. 3787:. 3632:. 3512:. 3194:. 3041:. 2823:) 2819:( 2813:. 2705:( 2687:( 2565:. 2525:. 2495:. 2459:. 2150:. 1827:V 1778:. 1714:) 1710:( 1664:" 1538:( 1464:( 1292:( 1280:( 1171:– 566:( 558:( 291:( 245:V 226:( 210:( 205:2 201:1 198:+ 196:8 27:.

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