Treaty of London (1915)

674: 246: 186: 117: 561: 882: 312: 1283: 198: 141: 129: 971: 274: 174: 105: 93: 1291: 1528: 806: 232: 1232:, a senior member of the British Cabinet, demanding support for unification of Croatia, Istria, and Dalmatia and then for a political union with Serbia. News of the treaty also compelled the Yugoslav Committee to adopt a less critical view of Serbian demands concerning the method of political unification of the South Slavs as it became clear that the unity of the Croats and the unity of the Slovenes would depend on success of Serbia. Full text of the treaty text was published by the 1325:

Germany. Lack of preparation of the army was cited as the decision for the non-compliance with the treaty. Failure to declare war on other Central Powers, especially Germany, led to isolation of Italy among the Entente powers. Following pressure from the Entente and internal political struggle, war was declared on the Ottoman Empire on 20 August. Italy did not declare war on Germany until 27 August 1916. Italy was nearly militarily defeated by the Central Powers in 1917, at the

1435: 1196: 296: 210: 153: 693:

interests in preventing westward spread of Slavic domains under Russian influence – specifically by preventing Slavic influence in the Adriatic, where irredentists claimed Dalmatia. While Castello instructed Imperiali to tell the British that Italy would not decide to abandon its neutrality before the Entente accepted their conditions, Grey insisted on Italy first committing to joining the Entente and the talks collapsed again.

1216:

self-determination principle on which the Niš Declaration rested and the lack of consultations with Serbia. He demanded the Entente refrain from treaties with Hungary or Romania on borders of interest to Croatia without conferring with Serbia first, as well as requesting assurances of future political union of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Pašić telegraphed his proposal to Grey from the provisional wartime capital of

724: 259: 1485:

Orlando and Sonnino left Paris in protest and were celebrated in Italy as champions of national honour. Even after their return on 7 May, they refused to take any initiative expecting a conciliatory offer from the Allies. In absence of the Italian delegation, the French and the British decided to annul the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne for lack of Russian consent and not to honour any Italian claims in

3565: 950:, informed Sazonov that Italian and Romanian support would be needed urgently to regain the initiative. In response, Sazonov accepted the proposal put forward by Delcassé, insisting that Italy enter the war by the end of April and leaving all treaty-related demilitarisation matters to the British Prime Minister 1497:, Istria, and several islands. Rijeka was assigned the status of an independent city – following negotiations between Orlando and Trumbić. Italian gains included corrections of the Treaty of London borders around Tarvisio to give Italy a direct rail link with Austria. In Dalmatia, the British Prime Minister 1492:

Orlando and Sonnino held different positions regarding the eastern Adriatic shore claims. Orlando was prepared to give up on Dalmatia except Zadar and Šibenik while insisting on annexing Rijeka. Sonnino held the opposite view. This led to adoption of a widely publicised slogan of "Pact of London plus

1460:

and Sonnino demanded enforcement of the Treaty of London relying on application of the security principle, and annexation of Rijeka on the basis of self-determination. The British and the French would not publicly endorse any claims exceeding those afforded by the treaty while privately holding Italy

796:

to push Russia out of the region despite being promised control of the city by the Entente. Sonnino saw the combined Bulgarian and Greek entry into the war likely to assure Entente victory in the Balkans. On 4 March, Imperiali informed Grey that Italy would enter the war and presented him with the 16

775:

While the Entente Powers were negotiating with Italy, they led a concurrent diplomatic effort aimed at obtaining Bulgarian alliance (or at least friendly neutrality). This situation led to a conflict of territorial claims staked by Italy and Serbia. Namely, awarding Italy Dalmatia would largely block

1403:

in April 1917. While it was apparent that the Italian interests were clashing with the British and the French, Italian representatives insisted on fulfilment of the promise given under the 1915 Treaty of London in the region of Antalya. To reinforce proportionality of Italian gains to those of their

914:

Hoping to achieve the diplomatic breakthrough in securing alliances with Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece, Grey turned Sonnino's 16 points into a draft agreement and forwarded it to Russia against protests by the Yugoslav Committee. Sazonov objected to the draft agreement and dismissed an Italian offer

820:

Grey noted that the Italian claims were excessive, but also that they did not conflict with British interests. He also thought that recent Russian stubborn objections against Greek attack to capture Constantinople could be overcome by addition of Italian troops, and that Italian participation in the

714:

Nonetheless, Castello managed to obtain British endorsement for Italian occupation of Vlorë. The move was made as a preparation for Italian intervention and designed to lend some prestige to the Italian government. Expecting opposition from Sazonov, Castello asked Grey to get the Russians to let him

1555:, decided to pull out occupying Italian troops from Rijeka and hand the city over to the inter-Allied military command. That prompted D'Annunzio to lead a force consisting of veterans and rebelling soldiers (with the support of regular troops deployed in the border area) in what became known as the 1107:

River with exception of the strip between Pelješac and a point 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Dubrovnik and in Montenegrin territory where military bases were allowed through prewar arrangements. The demilitarisation was meant to assure Italy of military dominance in the region. The coast

640:

The motives for the Entente's overture to Italy and Italian consideration of entering the war were entirely opportunistic. The Entente saw Germany as the principal enemy and wanted to force it to divert some of its forces away from the existing battlefields. Italy had basically different interests

997:

Article 1 of the treaty determined that a military agreement shall be concluded to guarantee the number of troops committed by Russia against Austria-Hungary to prevent it from concentrating all its forces against Italy. Article 2 required Italy to enter the war against all enemies of the United

692:

did not break off the negotiations completely. They used the subsequent months to wait for a chance to increase Italian demands to the maximum at an opportune time. There was an attempt to relaunch the negotiations in London on 16 September when Castello told Rodd that British and Italian shared

1484:

on account of fundamental changes of circumstances following the breakup of Austria-Hungary. While the British and the French representatives remained passive on the issue, Wilson published a manifesto explaining his principles and appealing for sense of justice among Italians on 24 April 1919.

907:, but on security concerns in a future war – as the Italian negotiators alleged that Russia might occupy the Austrian-controlled coast while Italy had no defensible port on the western shore of the Adriatic. The Committee of Imperial Defence was concerned about rising Russian naval power in the 1324:

by declaring war against Austria-Hungary alone. This ignored the requirement set out in Article 2 to wage war against all the Central Powers. France accused Italy of violating the Treaty of London, and Russia speculated on the potential existence of a non-aggression agreement between Italy and

766:

in an apparent attempt to keep the Central Powers at bay until further negotiations were possible with the Entente. These talks collapsed on 15 February 1915. The following day, Sonnino sent Imperiali a specific list of conditions set out in sixteen points necessary for Italy to enter the war.

1215:

Even though the treaty was meant to be secret, an outline of its provisions became known to the Yugoslav Committee and its supporters in London in late April 1915. Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee protested it in strong terms in Entente capitals. Pašić condemned the disregard for the

1611:, Albanian forces forced out the Italian garrison deployed to Vlorë; the latter retained Sazan Island. On 22 July, Italy renounced the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement and guaranteed Albanian independence within its 1913 borders instead. Italy directly contacted the newly established 933:

who was ready to pay any price to obtain an alliance with Italy believing it would bring about alliances with Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania as well. Delcassé proposed a reduction in the Italian claim in Dalmatia to favour Serbia in exchange for unrestricted possession of the

780:

to Bulgaria requested by the Entente as enticement to Bulgaria. Sazonov wanted to strengthen his offer to Serbia and indirectly to Bulgaria by guaranteeing such an outlet to Serbia, but Grey blocked the initiative – arguing that an Italian alliance was more important.

753:

and Rodd in November. Sonnino proposed a non-binding agreement which could be turned into a binding one at an opportune time. Even though similar proposals by his predecessor were turned down, Rodd was informed through his contacts in the Italian government that the

3632: 3622: 628:, presented Grey with Italy's conditions, but Grey did not consider the talks could produce any practical results. He told Imperiali that Britain would not consider the matter any further until Italy committed itself to joining the Entente. On Grey's instructions, 824:

Sazonov objected to any Italian role regarding Constantinople – seeing it as a threat to Russian control of the city promised by the allies in return for Russian losses in the war. This led Grey to obtain formal recognition of the Russian claim to the city by the

636:

if Italy could enter the war. Salandra informed Rodd that this was impossible at the time and that any premature attempt to abandon neutrality would jeopardise any prospect of a future alliance. Sazonov was informed accordingly, and Russia abandoned the matter.

3637: 1361:, Bulgaria became convinced the Entente would lose the war. In August, the Entente powers sent a note to Pašić, promising territorial gains in exchange for territorial concessions in Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria. The note promised Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3617: 3627: 840:

The request concerning the Turkish Straits was found acceptable by Grey since the British never anticipated Italy would take part in the campaign against Constantinople. The bulk of the Italian claim, concerning acquisition of Trentino, Trieste, and

649:. Initially, the majority of the Italian public favoured neutrality, but groups favouring an expansionist war against Austria-Hungary formed in every part of the political spectrum. The most ardent supporters of war became irredentist groups such as 3570: 1584:. Nitti's successor Giolitti and "democratic renouncers" of Dalmatian heritage were next criticised by the nationalists. D'Annunzio formulated the charge in the slogan "Victory of ours, you shall not be mutilated", referencing the promise of 1127:

in foreign relations, but it was also required to acquiesce to its partition between Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece if the United Kingdom, France, and Russia decided so. Article 8 gave Italy full sovereignty over the Dodecanese Islands.

3575: 1273:

by describing the Italian claims as absurd and Grey's policies as unjust. Grey responded by reiterating that in the event of victory in the war, Serbia would receive territories from Austria-Hungary allowing its enlargement.

1588:

given in the Treaty of London, failure to annex the "utterly Italian" city of Rijeka, and elusive Adriatic domination as rendering Italian participation in the war meaningless. His position thus gave rise to the myth of the

758:

were prepared to intervene by February 1915 – prompting Rodd to urge Grey to consider the proposal. However, Grey declined the idea as a hypothetical bargain as he appeared indifferent to an Italian alliance at this point.

1352:

The entry of Italy into the war did not entice Bulgaria to join the Entente as it became more cautious regarding further developments after early British and French setbacks at Gallipoli. Following the German capture of

1550:

produced a sense that Italy was losing the peace. Patriotic fervour gave way to nationalistic grievance and the government was seen as incapable of defending national interests. Orlando's successor as Prime Minister,

788:, the British were convinced that Bulgaria would enter the war on the side of the Entente within weeks, certain of its victory. Even though it worked to bring Bulgaria on board, Russia was anxious that Bulgarian and 3601: 895:

Nonetheless, negotiations extended for six weeks over disagreements as the extent of Italian territorial gains in Dalmatia was still objected to by Sazonov. The Italian claim of Dalmatia to the

1108:

between the point 10 kilometres southeast of Dubrovnik and the Drin River was to be divided between Serbia and Montenegro. Articles 4 and 5 thus added to Italy's population 200,000 speakers of

919:

as a port for South Slavs as it lacked inland transport routes. Sazonov demanded Split in addition as a better port and objected to the requested demilitarisation of the coast belonging to the

954:

to decide. Asquith produced a draft agreement on 9 April and it was accepted by Sonnino with minor amendments five days later. The agreement was signed on 26 April by Grey and ambassadors

1493:

Fiume" – and demanding the London Treaty promises and Rijeka becoming the matter of Italian national honour. Ultimately, Italian gains on the eastern Adriatic shore were limited to the

873:. Sazonov acquiesced, adding that he has nothing to say on behalf of the Croats and the Slovenes and would not approve Russian forces to fight "half a day" for liberty of the Slovenes. 587: 1651:

north of Rijeka and a strip of land between the city and Italian-controlled Istria. The Treaty of Rapallo nonetheless added 350,000 Slovenes and Croats to the population of Italy.

1385:. The Slovene Lands not promised to Italy appeared to be meant to remain in Austria-Hungary. On 6 October, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and attacked Serbia five days later. 923:. Grey drew up a document taking into consideration the Russian objections and forwarded it to Imperiali, but Sonnino threatened to end the negotiations over the differences. 911:

and it is possible, although there is no direct evidence, that this influenced the British support for the Italian claims in the Adriatic – as means to deny it to Russia.

1337:, Italy was allowed to occupy Austro-Hungarian territory promised to her under the Treaty of London – parts of which were also claimed by the diplomatically unrecognised 1597: 673: 3721: 947: 746:. Sazonov warned Grey not to offer Dalmatia in exchange and the latter replied that no such offer was made as the canal remaining open was in Italian interests too. 1221: 3731: 3596: 697: 689: 829:

and by France – leading Sazonov to acquiesce to an agreement with Italy, except he would not consent to Italy taking the Adriatic coast south of the city of

392:

In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary but waited a year before declaring war on Germany – leading France and the UK to resent the delay. At the

3408: 3420: 861:

of war objectives called for the struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers", referring to "three tribes of one people" meaning the Serbs, the

1286:

Approximate extent of territorial promises (red) to Serbia at the expense of Austria-Hungary made around the time of conclusion of the Treaty of London.

3322: 3181: 1247:

Grey's policy and the treaty were criticised in British press. An early example of such critique was "The National Union of South Slavs and the

3716: 586:

The August–September 1914 negotiations between the Entente and Italy were conducted on Russian initiative. On 4 August, only a day after Italy

3756: 3415: 342: 237: 173: 104: 92: 1369:, the Adriatic Coast from Cape Planka to the point 10 kilometres southeast from Dubrovnik, Dalmatian islands not assigned to Italy, and 1131:

Provisions detailing territorial gains beyond Europe were comparably vaguely written. Article 9 promised Italy territory in the area of

1244:

setting out a plan for post-war unification of South Slavs to counter the Italian territorial claims outlined in the Treaty of London.

1229: 888: 614: 178: 109: 1399:

Partition of the Ottoman Empire was discussed by the Entente powers at two conferences in London in January and February 1917, and in

998:

Kingdom, Russia, and France, and Article 3 obliged the French and British navies from supporting the Italian war effort by destroying

2997:

Riccardi, Luca (2019). "Italy and the Entente in the First World War: The Policy of Sidney Sonnino". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.).

1472:, hold Italian ambitions in check in the Adriatic by advocating self-determination of the area in accordance with point nine of his 451:

The results of the Paris Peace Conference transformed wartime national fervour in Italy into nationalistic resentment championed by

3771: 1305:

In the final weeks before entering the war, internal struggle took place in Italy. National fervour was whipped up by speeches of

3726: 1377:. Pašić agreed, offering to cede to Bulgaria a part of Vardar Macedonia largely along the lines agreed in 1912 at the end of the 517:) as an ally of the Entente was in August–September 1914. The matter became closely related to contemporary efforts to obtain an 1048:

River and its tributaries in the Italian territory. The article also awarded Italy all Austro-Hungarian Adriatic islands except

3741: 3456: 3443: 3315: 1453: 1445: 1429: 421: 393: 3149: 3031: 3004: 2922: 2905: 2881: 2723: 2647: 1612: 1140: 959: 776:

the Adriatic outlet offered to Serbia (in addition to Bosnia and Herzegovina) as compensation to Serbia's cession of much of

530: 214: 707:. He added that if Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, it would inherit a problem from Austria-Hungary – that of having a large 592: 32:

Multiple geographical names mentioned below changed in the discussed period. The article uses modern English or local names.

3535: 3500: 3355: 1413: 1394: 1299: 1341:. Italian troops began to move into those areas on 3 November 1918, entered Rijeka on 17 November and were stopped before 1259:

ambitions against Dalmatia causing a crisis. Evans expanded on his criticism in article "Italy and Dalmatia" published by

3761: 3751: 3711: 3580: 1338: 1309:– calling for war as a measure of national worth and inciting violence against neutralists and the former Prime Minister 869:, as means to attract support from South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, Pašić was primarily concerned with achieving a 731: 2915:

Pavlović, Vojislav G. (2019). "Italy and the Creation of Yugoslavia. Delenda Austria?". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.).

1452:

Provisions of the Treaty of London were a major point of dispute between Italy and the remaining Entente powers at the

700: 3746: 3308: 3291: 3157: 3132: 3103: 3012: 2987: 2959: 2930: 2862: 2747: 2672: 2619: 2591: 3691: 1333:

at the cost of 600,000 dead, social unrest in the country and a badly damaged economy. Under the provisions of the

1182:

in any settlement of questions raised by the war, and Article 16 stipulated that the treaty was to be kept secret.

404:. A new agreement produced at the conference reduced the territorial gains promised by the treaty: Italy received 381:

and Austria-Hungary – to divert some of their forces away from existing battlefields. The Entente also hoped that

3660: 3510: 2813: 1647:

under provisions of the Treaty of Rapallo. It comprised settlement of the border awarding Italy territory on the

1506: 1136: 629: 598: 405: 299: 3801: 3781: 2711:

To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships

1465: 550: 1546:

Orlando's and Sonnino's inability to secure all the territory promised by the Treaty of London or the city of

3736: 3701: 3231: 853:

advocating interests of South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary. On the other hand, the Serbian Prime Minister

826: 715:

have this without making any concessions in return as a necessary evil to attract Italy to join the Entente.

621:

should be added to the claim as potentially important to win over Italian public opinion on joining the war.

1329:. Following a major retreat, the Italian forces managed to recover and mount a comeback a year later in the 2664: 1513:

in favour of Greece while the two countries agreed to support each other's claims in partition of Albania.

1481: 1416:. The French required that the Russia confirm the agreement though – which proved impossible following the 373:

and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies. The Entente countries hoped to force the

3461: 3240: 1174:

Articles 11 and 14 promised a share in any war indemnity and a loan to Italy in the amount of 50 million

881: 704: 518: 17: 3114: 2941: 2844: 311: 3791: 3786: 3776: 3378: 3373: 3142:Živojinović, Dragoljub (2019). "Serbia and the 1915 Treaty of London". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.). 2772: 2715: 1602: 1562: 470: 1119:, and surrounding territory necessary for defence – requiring it to leave a strip of land west of the 845:

was likely to attract protests against handing predominantly Slav-populated territories to Italy from

3350: 1668: 1457: 1334: 1330: 665:

who saw the war as an opportunity for ethnic struggle against neighbouring South Slavic populations.

3706: 3696: 3560: 3495: 3095: 2979: 2583: 2437: 1616: 1032:

Article 5 awarded Dalmatia to Italy – specifically the part north of a line running northeast from

444:

shore. The Entente went back on its promises to provide Italy with expanded colonies and a part of

425: 397: 3681: 3545: 3525: 3505: 3403: 3390: 2872:

Moos, Carlo (2017), "Südtirol im St. Germain-Kontext", in Georg Grote and Hannes Obermair (ed.),

1660: 1577: 1552: 1438: 1400: 1358: 1124: 930: 927: 121: 1615:

for a compromise on their borders on the eastern Adriatic shores. The border was settled by the

3796: 3766: 3686: 3520: 2763: 2689: 2553: 1306: 1160: 1152: 645:

objectives in Austria-Hungary, to gain a dominant position in the Adriatic basin and to expand

579: 514: 452: 1282: 1103:

Furthermore, Article 5 required demilitarisation of the coast between the Cape Planka and the

821:

war would expedite a decision from Bulgaria and Romania – still waiting to commit to the war.

2843:(2003). "The Yugoslav Question, the First World War and the Peace Conference, 1914–1920". In 2639: 1461:

deserved little because of its reserved attitude towards Germany in early stages of the war.

999: 991: 939: 920: 502: 346: 250: 1178:

respectively. Article 15 promised Entente support to Italian opposition to inclusion of the

605:, and a dominant position in the Adriatic. Believing that such a move by Italy would prompt 521:, or at least secure its neutrality, in return for territorial gains against Entente-allied 3540: 3451: 2547:

Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy, signed at London, April 26, 1915

970: 755: 477:

could be established instead. The Regency of Carnaro was significant in the development of

41:

Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy. Signed at London April 26, 1915.

3515: 1648: 1480:

of European diplomacy. He held the treaty invalid by application of the legal doctrine of

1373:

if it was captured by the Entente militarily. On Sonnino's request, Pašić was not offered

1163:

in Africa. In Article 12, Italy upheld the Entente powers in support of future control of

987: 8: 3385: 3283:

In the Shadow of the Sword: Italy's Neutrality and Entrance Into the Great War, 1914-1915

3069: 3060: 1644: 1326: 1266: 642: 625: 538: 474: 386: 202: 3471: 459:. He led a successful march of veterans and disgruntled soldiers to capture the port of 3555: 3268: 3260: 3210: 3198: 3078: 3048: 2897: 2800: 2792: 2611: 1502: 1498: 1417: 1237: 1200: 904: 850: 785: 606: 417: 401: 382: 2940:

Pavlowitch, Kosta St. (2003). "The First World War and Unification of Yugoslavia". In

2840: 1255:

and published in April 1915. Evans described the treaty as a manifestation of Italian

858: 3466: 3360: 3287: 3272: 3252: 3202: 3153: 3128: 3124: 3099: 3040: 3008: 2983: 2955: 2951: 2926: 2901: 2877: 2858: 2854: 2828: 2804: 2784: 2743: 2719: 2693: 2668: 2643: 2615: 2587: 2557: 1624: 1590: 1522: 1501:

only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while French Prime Minister

1310: 1248: 1241: 979: 885: 854: 789: 658: 522: 456: 738:

In late October, there was an attempt to get Italy to intervene against an expected

3395: 3244: 3194: 2969: 2776: 2601: 1620: 1581: 1569:. It became a model for an alternative parliamentary order sought by the Fascists. 1557: 1536: 1378: 1346: 777: 633: 510: 465: 354: 324: 279: 197: 140: 133: 128: 463:– claimed by Italy and denied by the Entente powers. The move became known as the 3655: 3425: 3281: 3190: 3143: 3118: 2998: 2973: 2945: 2916: 2891: 2848: 2737: 2709: 2683: 2658: 2633: 2605: 2577: 1473: 1374: 1208: 1175: 1148: 1109: 834: 526: 478: 366: 1225: 703:

who remarked that Sazonov was right to claim that Dalmatia wished to unite with

597:, its ambassador to Russia said that Italy might join the Entente in return for 3550: 3092:

Notes of a Plenipotentiary: Russian Diplomacy and War in the Balkans, 1914–1917

2705: 1469: 1441: 1156: 1045: 870: 830: 813: 809: 793: 763: 750: 739: 727: 646: 610: 570: 560: 506: 498: 494: 374: 370: 362: 350: 264: 209: 157: 152: 145: 2814:"Between old Austria and new foes: Italy and the Yugoslav project (1917-1918)" 2780: 1527: 1290: 1077: 1005:

Article 4 of the treaty determined that Italy shall receive Trentino, and the

609:

to join the Entente as well against Austria-Hungary, Russian foreign minister

3675: 3530: 3256: 3206: 3044: 3022: 2832: 2788: 2733: 2561: 1619:, conceding a little of the hoped for northern gains (within today's largely 1409: 1405: 1381:

but asked for further territorial gains – by addition of Central Croatia and

1270: 1144: 990:

area (green). Dalmatia, after WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to

951: 908: 805: 662: 509:– sought to attract more allies to their side. The first attempt to bring in 378: 97: 833:

and as long as the Italian troops did not participate in the capture of the

2697: 2629: 1664: 1640: 1628: 1494: 1321: 1256: 1252: 1116: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1022: 846: 677: 534: 441: 409: 365:. The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against 696:

Particular opposition to the Italian claim against Dalmatia came from the

473:

in the city – before being forced out by the Italian military so that the

3331: 1224:. However, Grey declined both requests. The Yugoslav Committee president 1204: 1081: 1033: 1010: 1006: 975: 955: 943: 708: 490: 358: 190: 3214: 3176: 1434: 1412:

vilayets to the claim. Most of the Italian demands were accepted in the

1096:. The article specified that the remaining coast between Rijeka and the 900: 3300: 3264: 3226: 3222: 3082: 3064: 3052: 3026: 2796: 2758: 2565: 1576:

brought about the fall of the Nitti government under pressure from the

1542:

in September 1919, when the inhabitants of the city were mostly Italian

1486: 1295: 1233: 1120: 1097: 935: 749:

The matter of an Italian alliance was taken up by Castello's successor

743: 525:. As compensation, Serbia was promised territories which were parts of 445: 303: 1093: 1041: 2573: 2545: 1608: 1342: 1261: 1195: 1085: 916: 762:

Following this, Salandra and Sonnino conducted negotiations with the

1565:

in the city; its system of government influenced the development of

1509:, Italy renounced its claims over the Dodecanese Islands except for 1123:

to allow a border between Serbia and Greece. Italy was to represent

400:

applied pressure to void the treaty as contrary to the principle of

3248: 1585: 1370: 1179: 1018: 983: 866: 437: 2874:

A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015

2124: 2122: 1663:– 1941 treaties agreed with states under the effective control of 1366: 1057: 1053: 681: 602: 413: 2975:

The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005

2139: 2137: 1566: 1477: 1132: 1089: 1014: 896: 723: 618: 3039:(117). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 560–585. 2095: 1669:

unfulfilled parts of Dalmatia and small parts of adjacent shores

1104: 1049: 420:. Italy was compelled to settle its eastern border with the new 3077:(14). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 271–297. 2579:

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

2119: 1632: 1547: 1532: 1510: 1362: 1354: 1168: 1026: 862: 842: 654: 460: 429: 245: 185: 116: 2134: 2107: 1217: 2635:

The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers

2438:"Italiano popolare a Fiume. Lettere di semicolti (1915-1945)" 2054: 1860: 1858: 1636: 1561:

to the successful capture of Rijeka. D'Annunzio declared the

1382: 1320:

On 22 May 1915, the Italian government decided to launch the

1164: 1115:

Articles 6 and 7 gave Italy full sovereignty over Vlorë, the

1037: 1009:

by defining a new Italian–Austrian frontier line between the

433: 1240:. In 1917, Pašić and Trumbić negotiated and agreed upon the 797:

conditions insisting on curtailing Slavic westward advance.

632:, British ambassador to Italy, asked Italian Prime Minister 3113:

Velikonja, Mitja (2003). "Slovenia's Yugoslav Century". In

2284: 2161: 1345:

by city-organised defence including a battalion of Serbian

962:, behalf of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Russia. 389:

would be encouraged to join them after Italy did the same.

341:) was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the 2827:(1–2). Podgorica: Istorijski institut Crne Gore: 115–138. 2685:

The Doctrine of "rebus sic stantibus" in International Law

2460: 2458: 1976: 1855: 2376: 2374: 2337: 2335: 2308: 2274: 2272: 2197: 2185: 2044: 2042: 1711: 1313:

who favoured neutrality. This period became known as the

2509: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2403: 2401: 2233: 2083: 2029: 2027: 1988: 1928: 1916: 1701: 1699: 641:

from the Entente powers. It saw opportunities to fulfil

2742:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2607:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918–1940

2521: 2455: 2073: 2071: 2069: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1819: 1388: 27:

World War I treaty between Italy and the Triple Entente

3065:"Italian Intervention and the Secret Treaty of London" 2660:

Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century

2499: 2497: 2371: 2332: 2320: 2296: 2269: 2221: 2209: 2039: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1843: 1783: 1759: 1747: 1643:

drive D'Annunzio from Rijeka, and the city became the

1505:

only supported such a status for Zadar. In the secret

698:

Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

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and Sazonov found it acceptable. Even though Serbian

357:

on the other, in order to entice the latter to enter

315:

Territories promised to Italy in the treaty of London

2386: 2245: 2149: 2066: 1456:. The chief Italian representatives, Prime Minister 1159:

colonial empires made territorial gains against the

974:

Territories promised to Italy by the Entente in the

903:

Peninsula and all Adriatic islands was not based on

800: 2494: 2470: 2257: 2173: 1904: 1887: 1870: 1831: 1807: 1795: 1735: 1139:, while Article 10 gave it rights belonging to the 455:by declaring that the outcome of Italy's war was a 3182:History: The Journal of the Historical Association 3120:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 2947:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 2850:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 2482: 1771: 1723: 1681: 1017:, and a new eastern Italian frontier running from 2544: 1476:. Wilson deemed the Treaty of London a symbol of 3673: 2739:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country 1151:. Article 13 promised Italy compensation if the 228: 1100:is awarded to Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro. 812:interests were represented by Foreign Minister 440:, along with several islands along the eastern 938:Islands. The initiative succeeded because the 624:The Italian ambassador to the United Kingdom, 3343: 3316: 2759:"Britain and Italian Intervention, 1914–1915" 770: 711:population looking for greater independence. 613:pursued the matter. British Foreign Minister 412:in addition to the occupation of the city of 336: 3722:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 3059: 2128: 1277: 1265:on 27 April. Evans was joined by historians 784:In mid-February, following the start of the 718: 469:, and D'Annunzio proclaimed the short-lived 3141: 2143: 876: 3732:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 3323: 3309: 3089: 3027:"British Diplomacy and Bulgaria 1914–1915" 2939: 2239: 2060: 1934: 3112: 2527: 1423: 3330: 2996: 2914: 2839: 2811: 2380: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2167: 2048: 1526: 1444:objected to the Treaty of London at the 1433: 1289: 1281: 1194: 969: 880: 804: 722: 672: 559: 310: 255: 3602:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 3227:"Seton-Watson and the Treaty of London" 3021: 2600: 2515: 2424: 2407: 2392: 2341: 2326: 2278: 2077: 1864: 1849: 1741: 1717: 1705: 270: 14: 3674: 2889: 2628: 2543: 2464: 2353: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2033: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1639:and several islands. Giolitti had the 668: 422:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 3717:Treaties of the French Third Republic 3304: 3032:The Slavonic and East European Review 2968: 2732: 2572: 2263: 2251: 2155: 1922: 1910: 1613:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1357:in Lithuania in late June during the 891:was the principal British negotiator. 3566:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 2871: 2756: 2704: 2681: 2656: 2503: 2488: 2476: 2365: 2179: 2018: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1898: 1881: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1729: 1690: 1516: 1414:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1395:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1389:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1300:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1029:just outside the Italian territory. 1464:The French and the British let the 1339:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 849:– a dominant figure in the nascent 564:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 24: 3199:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1941.tb00752.x 3168: 1430:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 1203:was representing interests of the 688:Salandra and his foreign minister 25: 3813: 3145:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 3000:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 2918:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 1021:in the north to the coast in the 801:Russian claim over Constantinople 617:supported the idea; he said that 3090:Trubetskoi, Grigorii N. (2016). 1171:by an independent Muslim state. 294: 272: 257: 244: 230: 208: 196: 184: 172: 151: 139: 127: 115: 103: 91: 3772:History of the Slovene Littoral 3661:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 2430: 1137:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 555: 544: 80:London, England, United Kingdom 57:Entry of Italy into World War I 3757:Italy–United Kingdom relations 3727:Treaties of the Russian Empire 1466:President of the United States 1044:, as well as the basin of the 551:Italian entry into World War I 13: 1: 3742:Political history of Slovenia 3232:The Journal of Modern History 1675: 1607:, in what is termed the 1920 827:Committee of Imperial Defence 484: 3177:"The Treaty of London, 1915" 3175:Howard, Christopher (1941). 3150:Institute for Balkan Studies 3005:Institute for Balkan Studies 2923:Institute for Balkan Studies 2665:University Press of Kentucky 1537:Gabriele D'Annunzio and his 1482:clausula rebus sic stantibus 1185: 946:and its commander in chief, 599:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 406:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 7: 3571:Italian reparation payments 3241:University of Chicago Press 2812:Merlicco, Giordano (2021). 1654: 1507:Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 1404:allies, the Italians added 1220:through British ambassador 1190: 1112:, and 600,000 South Slavs. 926:The deadlock was broken by 705:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 529:at the time – specifically 489:Soon after the outbreak of 10: 3818: 3712:Treaties concluded in 1915 3280:Renzi, William A. (1987). 2893:Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 2773:Cambridge University Press 2716:Cambridge University Press 2714:. Vol. I. Cambridge: 2688:. Vol. IX. Columbia: 2536: 1563:Italian Regency of Carnaro 1520: 1427: 1392: 960:Alexander von Benckendorff 771:Seeking Bulgarian alliance 548: 471:Italian Regency of Carnaro 215:Alexander von Benckendorff 31: 3650: 3610: 3589: 3491: 3484: 3438: 3339: 2781:10.1017/S0018246X00007275 2657:Hall, Richard C. (2014). 1598:Mutiny of the Bersaglieri 1458:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1335:Armistice of Villa Giusti 1331:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 1278:Further course of the war 719:Sonnino replaces Castello 690:Antonino Paternò Castello 293: 288: 222: 165: 84: 76: 61: 53: 45: 40: 3747:20th century in Slovenia 3581:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 3576:Sino-German Peace Treaty 3096:Cornell University Press 2980:Indiana University Press 2584:Cornell University Press 1635:and the city-enclave of 965: 877:Final six weeks of talks 732:Italian Foreign Minister 398:United States of America 3692:Modern history of Italy 2890:Morgan, Philip (2004). 1578:Italian Socialist Party 1553:Francesco Saverio Nitti 1439:United States President 1401:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 942:lost initiative in the 928:French Foreign Minister 300:Treaty of London (1915) 65:26 April 1915 3762:Italy–Russia relations 3752:France–Italy relations 3444:Paris Peace Conference 2764:The Historical Journal 2690:University of Missouri 2682:Hill, Chesney (1934). 2554:H.M. Stationery Office 1543: 1454:Paris Peace Conference 1449: 1446:Paris Peace Conference 1424:Paris Peace Conference 1302: 1287: 1222:Charles Louis des Graz 1212: 1161:German colonial empire 1036:– including cities of 1000:Austro-Hungarian fleet 994: 892: 817: 735: 685: 583: 531:Bosnia and Herzegovina 519:alliance with Bulgaria 428:. Italy thus received 424:through the bilateral 394:Paris Peace Conference 337: 328: 316: 3802:London in World War I 3782:Kingdom of Montenegro 3597:Regime of the Straits 3457:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3356:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 3286:. New York: P. Lang. 2640:House of Anansi Press 1530: 1437: 1293: 1285: 1198: 973: 940:Russian Imperial Army 921:Kingdom of Montenegro 899:River, including the 884: 808: 726: 676: 563: 533:and an outlet to the 353:on the one part, and 314: 3737:World War I treaties 3702:Partition (politics) 3152:. pp. 121–136. 3061:Seton-Watson, Robert 2925:. pp. 245–278. 2757:Lowe, C. J. (1969). 792:forces might occupy 756:Italian Armed Forces 657:and Trieste) led by 3386:Act of 5th November 3070:The Slavonic Review 2293:, pp. 262–264. 2170:, pp. 119–120. 2146:, pp. 131–135. 2131:, pp. 292–293. 2063:, pp. 101–102. 1973:, pp. 546–548. 1961:, pp. 544–546. 1949:, pp. 542–544. 1925:, pp. 102–103. 1867:, pp. 572–573. 1828:, pp. 539–540. 1792:, pp. 537–538. 1768:, pp. 535–536. 1756:, pp. 174–175. 1720:, pp. 565–568. 1667:awarding Italy the 1645:Free State of Fiume 1327:Battle of Caporetto 1307:Gabriele D'Annunzio 1267:Robert Seton-Watson 948:Grand Duke Nicholas 742:attack against the 669:Occupation of Vlorë 647:its colonial empire 643:Italian irredentist 626:Guglielmo Imperiali 588:declared neutrality 475:Free State of Fiume 453:Gabriele D'Annunzio 396:after the war, the 361:on the side of the 203:Guglielmo Imperiali 49:Multilateral treaty 37: 3125:C. Hurst & Co. 3007:. pp. 43–80. 2952:C. Hurst & Co. 2898:Palgrave Macmillan 2855:C. Hurst & Co. 2612:Praeger Publishers 1580:, D'Annunzio, and 1544: 1503:Georges Clemenceau 1499:David Lloyd George 1450: 1418:Russian Revolution 1303: 1288: 1238:October Revolution 1213: 1201:Yugoslav Committee 995: 931:Théophile Delcassé 905:self-determination 893: 851:Yugoslav Committee 818: 786:Gallipoli campaign 736: 686: 584: 418:Dodecanese Islands 402:self-determination 329:Trattato di Londra 317: 122:Théophile Delcassé 35: 3792:April 1915 events 3787:Adriatic question 3777:Kingdom of Serbia 3669: 3668: 3646: 3645: 3480: 3479: 3462:Neuilly-sur-Seine 3434: 3433: 2970:Ramet, Sabrina P. 2907:978-1-4039-3251-8 2883:978-3-0343-2240-9 2821:Istorijski Zapisi 2725:978-0-521-87860-9 2649:978-1-77089-273-6 2602:Burgwyn, H. James 2518:, pp. 15–16. 2467:, pp. 45–46. 2368:, pp. 60–61. 2317:, pp. 66–67. 2206:, pp. 50–52. 2194:, pp. 48–49. 2129:Seton-Watson 1926 2104:, §§ 9–10, 12–13. 2021:, pp. 27–39. 1625:Austrian Littoral 1617:Treaty of Rapallo 1591:mutilated victory 1523:Mutilated victory 1517:Mutilated victory 1311:Giovanni Giolitti 1249:Adriatic Question 1242:Corfu Declaration 980:Austrian Littoral 958:, Imperiali, and 886:Foreign Secretary 734:in November 1914. 659:Giovanni Giuriati 457:mutilated victory 436:as an enclave in 426:Treaty of Rapallo 309: 308: 16:(Redirected from 3809: 3489: 3488: 3440: 3439: 3341: 3340: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3276: 3218: 3189:(100). Hoboken: 3163: 3138: 3127:pp. 84–99. 3109: 3086: 3056: 3018: 2993: 2965: 2954:pp. 27–41. 2936: 2911: 2886: 2868: 2857:pp. 42–56. 2841:Mitrović, Andrej 2836: 2818: 2808: 2771:(3). 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H. Asquith 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767:Konya vilayet 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3687:1915 in Italy 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3295: 3293:9780820404103 3289: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3161: 3159:9788671791038 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3134:1-85065-663-0 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115:Djokic, Dejan 3111: 3107: 3105:9781501757327 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014:9788671791038 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2989:9780253346568 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2961:1-85065-663-0 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2942:Djokic, Dejan 2938: 2934: 2932:9788671791038 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2864:1-85065-663-0 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2845:Djokic, Dejan 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2749:0-521-77357-1 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2674:9780813159959 2670: 2666: 2663:. Lexington: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630:Glenny, Misha 2627: 2623: 2621:9780275948771 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2593:0-8014-1675-2 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2530:, p. 87. 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2491:, p. 98. 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2439: 2433: 2427:, p. 15. 2426: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2410:, p. 12. 2409: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2383:, p. 54. 2382: 2381:Mitrović 2003 2377: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2315:Riccardi 2019 2311: 2305:, p. 69. 2304: 2303:Riccardi 2019 2299: 2292: 2291:Pavlović 2019 2287: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2266:, p. 43. 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2242:, p. 36. 2241: 2236: 2230:, p. 64. 2229: 2228:Riccardi 2019 2224: 2218:, p. 53. 2217: 2216:Riccardi 2019 2212: 2205: 2204:Riccardi 2019 2200: 2193: 2192:Riccardi 2019 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2168:Merlicco 2021 2164: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2051:, p. 49. 2050: 2049:Mitrović 2003 2045: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1937:, p. 30. 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1913:, p. 40. 1912: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623:(also called 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1531:Residents of 1529: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1284: 1275: 1272: 1271:Wickham Steed 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1251:" written by 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 963: 961: 957: 953: 952:H. H. Asquith 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 929: 924: 922: 918: 912: 910: 909:Mediterranean 906: 902: 898: 890: 887: 883: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 838: 836: 832: 828: 822: 815: 811: 807: 798: 795: 791: 787: 782: 779: 768: 765: 760: 757: 752: 747: 745: 741: 733: 729: 725: 716: 712: 710: 706: 702: 699: 694: 691: 683: 679: 675: 666: 664: 663:Alfredo Rocco 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 638: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 594: 589: 581: 572: 562: 552: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497:powers – the 496: 492: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 467: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 313: 305: 301: 292: 287: 281: 269: 266: 254: 252: 247: 242: 239: 227: 226: 225: 221: 216: 211: 206: 204: 199: 194: 192: 187: 182: 180: 175: 170: 169: 168: 164: 159: 154: 149: 147: 142: 137: 135: 130: 125: 123: 118: 113: 111: 106: 101: 99: 98:H. H. Asquith 94: 89: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 30: 19: 3536:Tartu (1921) 3521:Alexandropol 3501:Tartu (1920) 3365: 3282: 3236: 3230: 3186: 3180: 3148:. Belgrade: 3144: 3119: 3091: 3074: 3068: 3036: 3030: 3003:. Belgrade: 2999: 2974: 2946: 2921:. Belgrade: 2917: 2896:. New York: 2892: 2873: 2849: 2824: 2820: 2768: 2762: 2738: 2710: 2684: 2659: 2634: 2610:. Westport: 2606: 2578: 2564:– via 2546: 2523: 2516:Burgwyn 1997 2511: 2484: 2472: 2445:. Retrieved 2443:(in Italian) 2432: 2425:Burgwyn 1997 2408:Burgwyn 1997 2395:, p. 8. 2393:Burgwyn 1997 2388: 2361: 2349: 2342:Burgwyn 1997 2327:Burgwyn 1997 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2279:Robbins 1971 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2080:, p. 2. 2078:Burgwyn 1997 2056: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1865:Robbins 1971 1850:Robbins 1971 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1744:, p. 3. 1742:Burgwyn 1997 1737: 1725: 1718:Robbins 1971 1713: 1706:Robbins 1971 1665:Nazi Germany 1641:Italian Navy 1629:Julian March 1595: 1573: 1571: 1556: 1545: 1538: 1495:Julian March 1491: 1463: 1451: 1398: 1351: 1322:Alpine Front 1319: 1315:radiant days 1314: 1304: 1260: 1257:chauvinistic 1253:Arthur Evans 1246: 1226:Ante Trumbić 1214: 1173: 1130: 1117:Sazan Island 1114: 1102: 1066:Drvenik Veli 1062:Drvenik Mali 1031: 1023:Kvarner Gulf 1004: 996: 925: 913: 894: 855:Nikola Pašić 847:Frano Supilo 839: 823: 819: 783: 774: 761: 748: 737: 713: 709:South Slavic 695: 687: 678:Italian Navy 650: 639: 630:Rennell Rodd 623: 585: 556:First offers 545:Negotiations 535:Adriatic Sea 488: 464: 450: 442:Adriatic Sea 410:Julian March 391: 332: 320: 318: 29: 3531:Riga (1921) 3511:Riga (1920) 3351:Sykes–Picot 3332:World War I 3193:: 347–355. 2775:: 533–548. 2638:. Toronto: 2465:Morgan 2004 2354:Glenny 2012 2114:Treaty 1920 2102:Treaty 1920 2090:Treaty 1920 2034:Treaty 1920 2007:Treaty 1920 1995:Treaty 1920 1985:, Preamble. 1983:Treaty 1920 1627:, coast or 1601: [ 1489:or Africa. 1205:South Slavs 1082:Sveti Grgur 1034:Cape Planka 1011:Piz Umbrail 1007:South Tyrol 976:South Tyrol 956:Paul Cambon 944:Carpathians 889:Edward Grey 730:became the 615:Edward Grey 591: [ 491:World War I 359:World War I 191:Paul Cambon 179:Edward Grey 166:Signatories 110:Edward Grey 85:Negotiators 18:London Pact 3676:Categories 3654:See also: 3452:Versailles 3370:Bucharest 3123:. London: 3094:. Ithaca: 2950:. London: 2853:. London: 2582:. Ithaca: 2574:Banac, Ivo 2566:Wikisource 2552:. London: 2447:6 February 2264:Ramet 2006 2252:Banac 1984 2156:Banac 1984 1923:Lampe 2000 1911:Ramet 2006 1676:References 1487:Asia Minor 1298:under the 1296:Asia Minor 1236:after the 1234:Bolsheviks 1230:Lord Crewe 1207:living in 1147:under the 1121:Lake Ohrid 1098:Drin River 992:Yugoslavia 936:Dodecanese 865:, and the 744:Suez Canal 549:See also: 485:Background 446:Asia Minor 304:Wikisource 69:1915-04-26 3485:Aftermath 3273:143758311 3257:0022-2801 3243:: 42–47. 3207:0018-2648 3045:0037-6795 2833:0021-2652 2805:162738142 2789:0018-246X 2562:807191361 2504:Knox 2007 2489:Hall 2014 2477:Knox 2007 2366:Hill 1934 2180:Knox 2007 2092:, §§ 6–8. 2019:Moos 2017 1997:, §§ 1–3. 1971:Lowe 1969 1959:Lowe 1969 1947:Lowe 1969 1899:Lowe 1969 1882:Lowe 1969 1838:Lowe 1969 1826:Lowe 1969 1814:Lowe 1969 1802:Lowe 1969 1790:Lowe 1969 1778:Lowe 1969 1766:Lowe 1969 1754:Knox 2007 1730:Lowe 1969 1691:Lowe 1969 1609:Vlora War 1539:Legionari 1535:cheering 1343:Ljubljana 1262:The Times 1228:met with 1186:Aftermath 1086:Goli Otok 917:Dubrovnik 331:) or the 289:Full text 3638:Portugal 3590:Montreux 3556:Lausanne 3361:Damascus 3334:treaties 3225:(1957). 3215:24401844 3063:(1926). 3025:(1971). 2972:(2006). 2736:(2000). 2708:(2007). 2632:(2012). 2604:(1997). 2576:(1984). 2556:. 1920. 1655:See also 1586:Dalmatia 1371:Slavonia 1191:Response 1180:Holy See 1025:leaving 1019:Tarvisio 984:Dalmatia 901:Pelješac 867:Slovenes 539:Dalmatia 438:Dalmatia 416:and the 408:and the 387:Bulgaria 77:Location 3618:Denmark 3541:Cilicia 3516:Suwałki 3467:Trianon 3409:Ukraine 3265:1872585 3117:(ed.). 3083:4202074 3053:4206453 2944:(ed.). 2847:(ed.). 2797:2638003 2698:1876470 2537:Sources 1567:Fascism 1478:perfidy 1157:British 1133:Antalya 1125:Albania 1094:Koločep 1090:Jakljan 1042:Šibenik 1015:Toblach 897:Neretva 810:Russian 740:Turkish 684:in 1915 619:Trieste 607:Romania 383:Romania 379:Germany 325:Italian 223:Parties 67: ( 54:Context 3633:Sweden 3628:Norway 3623:Greece 3546:Angora 3526:Moscow 3506:Warsaw 3472:Sèvres 3421:Vienna 3416:Berlin 3404:Russia 3396:Buftea 3391:Acroma 3366:London 3290: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3213: 3205: 3156: 3131: 3102: 3081: 3051: 3043: 3011: 2986: 2958: 2929: 2904: 2880: 2861: 2831: 2803: 2795: 2787: 2746: 2722: 2696: 2671: 2646: 2618: 2590: 2560: 2549: 2036:, § 5. 2009:, § 4. 1633:Istria 1548:Rijeka 1533:Rijeka 1511:Rhodes 1363:Syrmia 1355:Kaunas 1169:Medina 1153:French 1141:Sultan 1110:German 1092:, and 1027:Rijeka 982:, and 978:, the 863:Croats 843:Istria 655:Trento 578: 576: 569: 567: 523:Serbia 507:Russia 505:, and 503:France 493:, the 461:Rijeka 430:Istria 369:, the 351:Russia 349:, and 347:France 277: 265:Russia 262: 251:France 235: 62:Signed 3611:Egypt 3426:Batum 3269:S2CID 3261:JSTOR 3211:JSTOR 3079:JSTOR 3049:JSTOR 2817:(PDF) 2801:S2CID 2793:JSTOR 2441:(PDF) 1637:Zadar 1605:] 1410:Adana 1406:Konya 1383:Banat 1367:Bačka 1165:Mecca 1145:Libya 1078:Prvić 1058:Čiovo 1054:Šolta 1038:Zadar 966:Terms 831:Split 790:Greek 682:Vlorë 603:Vlorë 595:] 511:Italy 434:Zadar 414:Vlorë 355:Italy 280:Italy 3551:Kars 3379:1918 3374:1916 3288:ISBN 3253:ISSN 3203:ISSN 3154:ISBN 3129:ISBN 3100:ISBN 3041:ISSN 3009:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2956:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2902:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2859:ISBN 2829:ISSN 2825:XCIV 2785:ISSN 2744:ISBN 2720:ISBN 2694:OCLC 2669:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2616:ISBN 2588:ISBN 2558:OCLC 2449:2021 1572:The 1408:and 1269:and 1199:The 1167:and 1105:Aoös 1050:Brač 1046:Krka 1040:and 1013:and 385:and 319:The 46:Type 3245:doi 3195:doi 2777:doi 2769:XII 1218:Niš 1155:or 1143:in 1074:Rab 1070:Krk 915:of 680:in 661:or 537:in 302:at 3678:: 3267:. 3259:. 3251:. 3237:29 3235:. 3229:. 3209:. 3201:. 3187:25 3185:. 3179:. 3098:. 3073:. 3067:. 3047:. 3037:49 3035:. 3029:. 2982:. 2900:. 2823:. 2819:. 2799:. 2791:. 2783:. 2767:. 2761:. 2718:. 2692:. 2667:. 2642:. 2614:. 2586:. 2496:^ 2457:^ 2415:^ 2400:^ 2373:^ 2334:^ 2271:^ 2136:^ 2121:^ 2068:^ 2041:^ 2026:^ 1889:^ 1872:^ 1857:^ 1698:^ 1683:^ 1603:it 1593:. 1468:, 1420:. 1365:, 1349:. 1317:. 1088:, 1084:, 1080:, 1076:, 1072:, 1068:, 1064:, 1060:, 1056:, 1052:, 1002:. 837:. 601:, 593:it 541:. 501:, 481:. 448:. 345:, 327:: 3324:e 3317:t 3310:v 3296:. 3275:. 3247:: 3217:. 3197:: 3162:. 3137:. 3108:. 3085:. 3075:V 3055:. 3017:. 2992:. 2964:. 2935:. 2910:. 2867:. 2835:. 2807:. 2779:: 2752:. 2728:. 2700:. 2677:. 2652:. 2624:. 2596:. 2568:. 2451:. 1671:. 1448:. 1211:. 816:. 653:( 335:( 323:( 71:) 20:)

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Treaty of London (1915)

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