1433:
3257:
3318:
3749:. "he presence in this cluster of haplogroups that reach high frequency in Northern European populations, suggests a possible link between this core group of individuals and the proposed homeland of different ancient barbarian Germanic groups... This supports the view that the spread of Longobards into Italy actually involved movements of people, who gave a substantial contribution to the gene pool of the resulting populations...This is even more remarkable thinking that, in many studied cases, military invasions are movements of males, and hence do not have consequences at the mtDNA level. Here, instead, we have evidence of maternally linked genetic similarities between LC in Hungary and Italy, supporting the view that immigration from Central Europe involved females as well as males."
1263:
2819:. There was a noble class, a class of free persons beneath them, a class of unfree non-slaves (serfs), and finally slaves. The aristocracy itself was poorer, more urbanised, and less landed than elsewhere. Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities (unlike their Frankish counterparts) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class (a far cry from provincial Frankish aristocrats who held vast swathes of land, hundreds of times larger than those beneath his status). The aristocracy by the eighth century was highly dependent on the king for means of income related especially to judicial duties: many Lombard nobles are referred to in contemporary documents as
3273:
3225:
415:
3242:
394:
3370:
730:
2493:
44:
3337:
1504:
1252:
506:
2010:
3303:
7545:
3288:
1522:. This subdivision, however, together with the independent indocility of the duchies, deprived the kingdom of unity, making it weak even when compared to the Byzantines, especially since these had begun to recover from the initial invasion. This weakness became even more evident when the Lombards had to face the increasing power of the Franks. In response, the kings tried to centralize power over time, but they definitively lost control over
1043:. The Lombards are not mentioned at first, perhaps because they were not initially on the border of Rome, or perhaps because they were subjected to a larger tribal union, like the Saxons. It is, however, highly probable that, when the bulk of the Lombards migrated, a considerable part remained behind and afterwards became absorbed by the Saxon tribes in the Elbe region, while the emigrants alone retained the name of Lombards. However, the
525:), who advised that all Winnili women should tie their hair in front of their faces like beards and march in line with their husbands. At sunrise, Frea turned her husband's bed so that he was facing east, and woke him. So Godan spotted the Winnili first and asked, "Who are these long-beards?," and Frea replied, "My lord, thou hast given them the name, now give them also the victory." From that moment onwards, the Winnili were known as the
1601:
2220:
2888:, the field of cows. The portions of the cities that remained intact were small, modest, contained a cathedral or major church (often sumptuously decorated), and a few public buildings and townhouses of the aristocracy. Few buildings of importance were stone, most were wood. In the end, the inhabited parts of the cities were separated from one another by stretches of pasture even within the city walls.
3129:
1132:) and were defeated; King Agelmund was killed and Laimicho was made king. He was in his youth and desired to avenge the slaughter of Agelmund. The Lombards themselves were probably made subjects of the Huns after the defeat but rose up and defeated them with great slaughter, gaining great booty and confidence as they "became bolder in undertaking the toils of war." During the reign of
3077:, the heir to the throne, received Orthodox Catholic baptism. However, the lack of spiritual involvement of most of the Lombards in religious disputes remained constant, so much so that the opposition between Orthodox Catholics, on the one hand, and pagans, Arians and schismatics, on the other, soon took on political significance. The supporters of Roman orthodoxy, led by the
795:
2844:
620:...Börde (or Börd) still signifies "a fertile plain by the side of a river," and a district near Magdeburg is still called the lange Börde. According to this view Langobardi would signify "inhabitants of the long bord of the river;" and traces of their name are supposed still to occur in such names as Bardengau and Bardewick in the neighborhood of the Elbe.
2417:, both of which are common among Germanic peoples. Lombard males were found to be more genetically homogeneous than Lombard females. The evidence suggested that the Lombards originated in Central/Northern Europe, and were a patriarchal people who settled Central Europe and then later Italy through a migration from the north.
1872:
2789:... in order that they might increase the number of their warriors, confer liberty upon many whom they deliver from the yoke of bondage, and that the freedom of these may be regarded as established, they confirm it in their accustomed way by an arrow, uttering certain words of their country in confirmation of the fact.
1964:, the last Lombard to rule as king. Desiderius managed to take Ravenna definitively, ending the Byzantine presence in northern Italy. He decided to reopen struggles against the Pope, who was supporting the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento against him, and entered Rome in 772, the first Lombard king to do so. But when
2880:âwere themselves formed of small urban cores within the old Roman city walls. The cities of the Roman Empire had been partially destroyed in the series of wars of the fifth and sixth centuries. Many sectors were left in ruins and ancient monuments became fields of grass used as pastures for animals, thus the
3163:
of Milan. The
Beneventan chant is largely defined by its role in the liturgy of the Beneventan rite; many Beneventan chants were assigned multiple roles when inserted into Gregorian chantbooks, appearing variously as antiphons, offertories, and communions, for example. It was eventually supplanted by
3024:
They expressed a religious veneration to a golden viper, and prostrated themselves before it: they paid also a superstitious honour to a tree, on which they hung the skin of a wild beast, and these ceremonies were closed by public games, in which the skin served for a mark at which bowmen shot arrows
576:
to a cult of Odin, thus creating a conscious tribal tradition. Fröhlich inverts the order of events in
Priester and states that with the Odin cult, the Lombards grew their beards in resemblance of the Odin of tradition and their new name reflected this. Bruckner remarks that the name of the Lombards
2784:
and that the earliest government was a general assembly that selected canton chiefs and war leaders in times of conflict. All such figures were probably selected from a caste of nobility. As a result of the wars of their wanderings, royal power developed such that the king became the representative
1713:
and pushed for
Christianization. In the meantime, Authari embarked on a policy of internal reconciliation and tried to reorganize royal administration. The dukes yielded half their estates for the maintenance of the king and his court in Pavia. On the foreign affairs side, Authari managed to thwart
2537:
940:
and they expelled their new leader, the nephew of
Arminius, from their country. The Lombards appeared on the scene with sufficient power to control the destiny of the tribe that had been the leader in the struggle for independence thirty-eight years earlier, for they restored the deposed leader to
845:
Now as for the tribe of the Suebi, it is the largest, for it extends from the Rhenus to the Albis; and a part of them even dwells on the far side of the Albis, as, for instance, the
Hermondori and the Langobardi; and at the present time these latter, at least, have, to the last man, been driven in
2372:
of 1098 and the city quickly declined in importance under a series of ineffective Norman rulers. The independent status of these
Lombard states is in general attested by the ability of their rulers to switch suzerains at will. Often the legal vassal of the pope or the emperor (either Byzantine or
2839:
of the
Lombard army, and they were sometimes, if infrequently, called to serve, though this seems not to have been their preference. The small landed class, however, lacked the political influence necessary with the king (and the dukes) to control the politics and legislation of the kingdom. The
2826:
The freemen of the
Lombard kingdom were far more numerous than in Frankish lands, especially in the eighth century, when they are almost invisible in surviving documentary evidence. Smallholders, owner-cultivators, and rentiers are the most numerous types of person in surviving diplomata for the
1984:
was forced to open the gates of Verona to
Frankish troops. Desiderius surrendered in 774, and Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards". Before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another
2472:
Lombard remains from
Central Europe and Italy. These individuals were found to be closely related and displayed strong genetic links to Central Europe. The evidence suggested that the Lombard settlement of Italy was the result of a migration from the north involving both males and females.
1047:
states that the Lombards were subjected by the Saxons around 300 but rose up against them under their first king, Agelmund, who ruled for 30 years. In the second half of the fourth century, the Lombards left their homes, probably due to bad harvests, and embarked on their migration.
3105:. However, tolerance towards Orthodox Catholics was never questioned by the various kings, also safeguarded by the influential contribution of the respective queens (largely chosen, for reasons of dynastic legitimacy, among the Orthodox Catholic princesses of the Bavarian dynasty).
1662:
3205:
During their nomadic phase, the Lombards primarily created art that was easily carried with them, like arms and jewellery. Though relatively little of this has survived, it bears resemblance to the similar endeavours of other Germanic tribes of central Europe from the same era.
3152:. The Beneventan rite has not survived in its complete form, although most of the principal feasts and several feasts of local significance are extant. The Beneventan rite appears to have been less complete, less systematic, and more liturgically flexible than the Roman rite.
2251:
around mid-century, but the ideal of a united Lombard principality was realised only in December 977, when Gisulf died and his domains were inherited by Pandulf Ironhead, who temporarily held almost all Italy south of Rome and brought the Lombards into an alliance with the
712:
Similarities between Langobardic and Gothic migration traditions have been noted among scholars. These early migration legends suggest that a major shifting of tribes occurred sometime between the first and second century BC, which would coincide with the time that the
3317:
214:, archaeologists have unearthed burial sites of Lombard men and women buried together as families, unusual among Germanic peoples at the time. Contemporary traces have also been discovered of Mediterranean Greeks and a possible migrant from France.
2512:
represent surviving dialects). It declined beginning in the seventh century, but may have been in scattered use until as late as about the year 1000. Only fragments of the language have survived, the main evidence being individual words quoted in
2243:("prince of the Lombard people"), which Arechis II had begun using in 774. Among Atenulf's successors the principality was ruled jointly by fathers, sons, brothers, cousins, and uncles for the greater part of the century. Meanwhile, the prince
1463:, which soon became semi-independent and even outlasted the northern kingdom, surviving well into the twelfth century. Wherever they went, they were joined by the Ostrogothic population, which was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their
427:
According to their own legends, the Lombards originated in Northern Germany/Denmark zone including modern-day Denmark. The Germanic origins of the Lombards is supported by genetic, anthropological, archaeological and earlier literary evidence.
3081:, were politically the proponents of greater integration with the Romans, accompanied by a strategy of preserving the status quo with the Byzantines. Arians, pagans and schismatics, rooted above all in the northeastern regions of the kingdom (
3380:
Few Lombard buildings have survived. Most have been lost, rebuilt, or renovated at some point, so they preserve little of their original Lombard structure. Lombard architecture was well-studied in the twentieth century, and the four-volume
2178:. An Arab landing force was defeated by the emperor in 871. Adelchis and Louis remained at war until the death of Louis in 875. Adelchis regarded himself as the true successor of the Lombard kings, and in that capacity he amended the
3217:
styles. The conversions from nomadism and paganism to settlement and Christianity also opened up new arenas of artistic expressions, such as architecture (especially churches) and its accompanying decorative arts (such as frescoes).
2129:
Andrew II of Naples hired Islamic mercenaries and formed a Muslim-Christian alliance for his war with Sicard of Benevento in 836; Sicard responded with other Muslim mercenaries. The Saracens initially concentrated their attacks on
932:
in 9 AD. However, after the outbreak of war between Arminius and Marobod in 17 AD the Lombards and Semnones switched to the alliance of Arminius. They detested Marobod's title of king, and saw Arminius as a champion of freedom.
3189:, which was a subject only to Rome. The Cassinese influence on Christianity in southern Italy was immense. Montecassino was also the starting point for another characteristic of Beneventan monasticism, the use of the distinct
2063:
to the east. They typically made pledges and promises of tribute to the Carolingians, but effectively remained outside Frankish control. Benevento meanwhile grew to its greatest extent yet when it imposed a tribute on the
169:(written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, who dwelt in northern Germany before migrating to seek new lands. Earlier Roman-era historians wrote of the Lombards in the
1490:. Gradually, they adopted Roman or Romanized titles, names, and traditions, and partially converted to orthodoxy (in the seventh century), though not without a long series of religious and ethnic conflicts. By the time
2088:, with its nominally attached cities. It was during the ninth century that a strong Lombard presence became entrenched in formerly Greek Apulia. However, Sicard had opened up the south to the invasive actions of the
516:
The Winnili were young and brave and refused to pay tribute, saying "It is better to maintain liberty by arms than to stain it by the payment of tribute." The Vandals prepared for war and consulted Godan (the god
2146:
founded the present-day Capua, "New Capua", on a nearby hill. In general, the Lombard princes were less inclined to ally with the Saracens than with their Greek neighbours of Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, and Sorrento.
873:. The burial sites are crematorial and are usually dated from the sixth century BC through the third century AD, so a settlement breakoff seems unlikely. The lands of the lower Elbe fall into the zone of the
177:
peoples, also from what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. They migrated south, and by the end of the fifth century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and
2446:
male, both of whom were also carriers of subclades of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1. The Lombard, Frankish and Byzantine males were all found to be closely related, and displayed close genetic links to
1007:
on the coast, probably indicating a Lombard expansion from the Elbe to the Rhine. This double mention has been interpreted as an editorial error by Gudmund SchĂŒtte, in his analysis of Ptolemy. However, the
2572:). A number of Latin texts include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular. In 2005, Emilia DenÄeva argued that the inscription of the
2521:
and syntax. The genetic classification of the language depends entirely on phonology. Since there is evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for, the
4826:. "iological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies... Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy."
1337:
with their wives and children and all their goods." The Avars have agreed to shelter them if they wish to come back. Various other peoples who either voluntarily joined or were subjects of
2096:
and when he was assassinated in 839, Amalfi declared independence and two factions fought for power in Benevento, crippling the principality and making it susceptible to external enemies.
1094:) denied them passage through their lands and a fight was arranged for the strongest man of each tribe. The Lombard was victorious, passage was granted, and the Lombards reached Mauringa.
564:
stories of his people "silly" and "laughable". Paul explained that the name "Langobard" came from the length of their beards. A modern theory suggests that the name "Langobard" comes from
3436:
also have Lombard elements. All these buildings are in northern Italy (Langobardia major), but by far the best-preserved Lombard structure is in southern Italy (Langobardia minor). The
3804:
Ibor and Aio were called by Prosper of Aquitaine, Iborea and Agio; Saxo-Grammaticus calls them Ebbo and Aggo; the popular song of Gothland (Bethmann, 342), Ebbe and Aaghe (Wiese, 14).
4647:
4652:
3256:
3400:
is probably one of the oldest preserved examples of Lombard architecture, as Cividale was the first Lombard city in Italy. Parts of Lombard constructions have been preserved in
2785:
of the people, but the influence of the people on the government did not fully disappear. Paul the Deacon gives an account of the Lombard tribal structure during the migration:
2231:
to move towards independence, and by the end of the century they were styling themselves "princes" and as a third Lombard state. The Capuan and Beneventan states were united by
1518:
The whole Lombard territory was divided into 36 duchies, whose leaders settled in the main cities. The king ruled over them and administered the land through emissaries called
913:
saying that "their scanty numbers are a distinction" because "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes, they are safe, not by submitting, but by daring the perils of war".
4895:
2966:, discussing the Suebian tribes of Germania, writes that the Lombards were one of the Suebian tribes united in worship of the deity Nerthus, who is often identified with the
2029:, whose duchy had only nominally been under royal authority, though certain kings had been effective at making their power known in the south, claimed that Benevento was the
3108:
In the seventh century, the nominally Christian aristocracy of Benevento was still practising pagan rituals such as sacrifices in "sacred" woods. By the end of the reign of
2780:. Kingship developed among the Germanic peoples when the unity of a single military command was found necessary. Schmidt believed that the Germanic tribes were divided into
790:
Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.
3224:
2409:
in September 2018 found strong genetic similarities between Lombards of Italy and earlier Lombards of Central Europe. Lombard males were primarily carriers of subclades of
1882:
Religious strife and the Slavic raids remained a source of struggle in the following years. In 705, the Friuli Lombards were defeated and lost the land to the west of the
3034:
The Lombards first adopted Christianity while still in Pannonia, but their conversion and Christianisation was largely nominal and far from complete. During the reign of
585:("he with the beard of the gods") shows that the Lombards had this idea of their chief deity. The same Old Norse root Barth or BarĂ°i, meaning "beard", is shared with the
1274:
521:), who answered that he would give victory to those whom he would see first at sunrise. The Winnili were fewer in number and Gambara sought help from Frea (the goddess
293:. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the Norse as LangbarĂ°aland ('land of the Lombards'), as inscribed in the Norse
5183:
2579:
The Italian language preserves a large number of Lombardic words, although it is not always easy to distinguish them from other Germanic borrowings such as those from
2103:, the only Frankish king to exercise actual sovereignty over the Lombard states. The treaty divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the
968:, who was then administering Pannonia. Peace was made and the two tribes returned to their homes, which in the case of the Lombards was the lands of the lower Elbe.
1432:
1934:
4773:
217:
Following Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into North Eastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long
4890:
2199:
fought the Saracens with Byzantine troops. Throughout this period the Lombard princes swung in allegiance from one party to another. Finally, towards 915,
5964:
3364:
2163:
1693:
did not elect any king, a period regarded as a time of violence and disorder. In 586, threatened by a Frankish invasion, the dukes elected Cleph's son,
1373:
At least 20,000 Saxon warriors, old allies of the Lombards, and their families joined them in their new migration. The first important city to fall was
2945:
The legend from Origo may hint that initially, before the passage from Scandinavia to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the Lombards worshiped the
2175:
4140:
907:-worshipping tribes whose land of rivers and forest stretched to the sea. Writing in the late first century AD, he described the Langobardi in his
4838:. "Niederstotzingen North individuals are closely related to northern and eastern European populations, particularly from Lithuania and Iceland."
1996:
region in Italy, which includes the cities of Brescia, Bergamo, Milan, and the old capital Pavia, is a reminder of the presence of the Lombards.
965:
249:, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569, they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the
6031:
5040:
4863:
4753:
4627:
4185:
3120:
by uniting the south of the peninsula with the north, thereby bringing together his Italo-Roman and Germanic subjects into one Catholic State.
2765:
During their stay at the mouth of the Elbe, the Lombards came into contact with other western Germanic populations, such as the Saxons and the
2025:
in 774, the Lombard-controlled territory to the south of the Papal States was never subjugated by Charlemagne or his descendants. In 774, Duke
1097:
The Lombards departed from Mauringa and reached Golanda. Scholar Ludwig Schmidt thinks this was further east, perhaps on the right bank of the
478:). The Winnili were split into three groups and one part left their native land to seek foreign fields. The reason for the exodus was probably
4009:. Translated by Barrington, Daines (Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker. p. 256
3209:
The first major modifications to the Germanic style of the Lombards came in Pannonia and especially in Italy, under the influence of local,
1945:
conquered Ravenna for the Lombards for the first time but had to relinquish it when he was subsequently defeated by the king of the Franks,
3593:
1120:
Moving out of Golanda, the Lombards passed through Anthaib and Banthaib until they reached Vurgundaib, believed to be the old lands of the
3085:), were instead interpreters of the preservation of the warlike and aggressive spirit of the people. Thus, to the "pro-Catholic" phase of
350:
343:
6425:
6285:
5598:
5380:
3896:
6455:
6118:
5508:
5461:
612:
Alternatively, some etymological sources suggest an Old High German root, barta, meaning "axe" (and related to English halberd), while
3065:, an Orthodox Catholic, the monarchy was brought under heavy Catholic influence. After initial support for the anti-Rome party in the
2044:
sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were
5875:
3547:. "The Lombards, also known as the Longobards, were a Germanic tribe whose fabled origins lay in the barbarian realm of Scandinavia."
2953:: an evolution that marked the passage from the adoration of deities related to fertility and the earth to the cult of warlike gods.
7502:
1133:
4006:
The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius, by Ălfred the Great together with an English Translation from the Anglo-Saxon
3470:
Some of the late Lombard structures of the ninth and tenth centuries have been found to contain elements of style associated with
7520:
5513:
5466:
4126:
964:. The two tribes were defeated, whereupon they ceased their invasion and sent Ballomar, King of the Marcomanni, as ambassador to
6126:
5602:
5226:
3057:
In Italy, the Lombards were intensively Christianised, and the pressure to convert to Orthodox Catholicism was great. With the
3054:
and invaded Italy. All these Christian conversions primarily affected the aristocracy, while the common people remained pagan.
2916:
2638:, a collection of legal documents, makes reference to many Lombardic terms, some of them still in use in the Italian language:
1584:
1262:
466:
1836:
returned and promoted tolerance between Arians and Catholics, but he could not defeat the Arian party, led by Arachi, duke of
1160:
sent his brother to the Lombard court to collect tribute and extend the truce; however, he was stabbed by Rometrud, sister of
6015:
4808:
3623:
3272:
5009:
4004:
3639:
3214:
1725:, who also married Theodelinda in the same year. Agilulf successfully fought the rebel dukes of northern Italy, conquering
2223:
Italy around the turn of the millennium, showing the Lombard states in the south on the eve of the arrival of the Normans.
3487:
2773:(especially the Saxons), they adopted a rigid social organization into castes, rarely present in other Germanic peoples.
2325:, among others), had become rivals for hegemony in the south. The Salernitan principality experienced a golden age under
1199:
before end of the armistice. The Langobard and Roman army joined together and defeated the Gepids in 551. In the battle,
3241:
6395:
6218:
6202:
6107:
5931:
5808:
5447:
5389:
5282:
4372:
2840:
aristocracy was more thoroughly powerful politically if not economically in Italy than in contemporary Gaul and Spain.
2464:
2124:
4368:
6601:
6366:
6319:
6183:
6148:
6067:
5863:
5831:
5676:
5654:
5624:
5534:
5487:
5402:
4089:
4061:
2306:
2296:
2235:
in 900. He subsequently declared them to be in perpetual union, and they were separated only in 982, on the death of
2055:
The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the
1648:
282:
1630:
6563:
5668:
4675:
3393:
2807:
Lombard society was divided into classes comparable to those found in the other Germanic successor states of Rome,
572:. Priester states that when the Winnili changed their name to "Lombards", they also changed their old agricultural
6353:(1998). "Aristocratic Power in Eighth-Century Lombard Italy". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.).
1825:
and then to the Franks. Grimoald managed to regain control over the duchies and deflected the late attempt of the
7574:
7525:
6733:
6298:
4799:Ć tih, Peter; Simoniti, Vasko; Vodopivec, Peter (2008). "The Settlement of the Slavs". In LazareviÄ, Ćœarko (ed.).
4777:
3336:
3183:
had donated a large swathe of land to Montecassino in 744, and that became the basis for an important state, the
3113:
1875:
1756:, regarded by many authorities as the most energetic of all Lombard kings. He extended his dominions, conquering
1191:
and the sides signed a two-year truce. Revenging what he felt as a betrayal, Thurisind made an alliance with the
995:. But Ptolemy also mentions the "Laccobardi" to the north of the above-mentioned Suebic territories, east of the
262:
721:
left their homelands in Northern Germany and migrated through central Germany, eventually invading Roman Italy.
7515:
6783:
6588:
6448:
6339:
6086:
6048:
5939:
5776:
5569:
3210:
3102:
2377:), they were the real power-brokers in the south until their erstwhile allies the Normans rose to preeminence.
1829:
1626:
1429:
fell after a siege of three years, in 572, becoming the first capital city of the new Lombard kingdom of Italy.
2037:: a second Pavia. He tried to claim the kingship, but with no support and no chance of a coronation in Pavia.
1749:, the head of the Arian opposition who had married Theodelinda's daughter Gundeperga, later deposed Adaloald.
3499:
1782:: the edict did not apply to the tributaries of the Lombards, who could retain their own laws. Rothari's son
257:, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central and southern Italy. They established a
1685:, was also assassinated, after a ruthless reign of 18 months. His death began an interregnum of years (the "
502:
and their chieftains, the brothers Ambri and Assi, who granted the Winnili a choice between tribute or war.
338:
was reportedly derived from the distinctively long beards of the Lombards. It is probably a compound of the
6664:
3066:
2781:
2431:
2517:
texts. In the absence of Lombardic texts, it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the language's
443:, written in the eighth century. Paul's chief source for Lombard origins, however, is the seventh-century
7530:
6543:
6358:
5184:"Rivive dopo mille anni uno scriptorium di Scrittura Beneventana, Benevento Longobarda affila le 'penne'"
3405:
2522:
2435:
1310:
210:
eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. The Lombards also settled in Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Near
5786:
Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".
6696:
6691:
5692:
5646:
5437:
5240:
3974:
3528:
3144:
in the seventh and eighth centuries. The Beneventan rite is more closely related to the liturgy of the
2925:
2903:
929:
445:
6355:
After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, Essays presented to Walter Goffart
2239:. With all of the Lombard south under his control, except Salerno, Atenulf felt safe to use the title
7579:
7548:
6728:
6635:
6628:
6606:
6441:
2912:
1894:. A new ethnic border was established that has lasted for over 1200 years up until the present time.
1622:
1471:
managed to retain control of the area of Ravenna and Rome, linked by a thin corridor running through
1294:
837:. Strabo states that the Lombards dwelt on both sides of the Elbe. He treats them as a branch of the
17:
6264:
Der Bardengau : e. histor. Unters. ĂŒber dessen VerhĂ€ltnisse u. ĂŒber d. GĂŒterbesitz d. Billunger
6768:
6753:
6568:
6553:
6262:
3409:
3342:
2934:
2827:
Lombard kingdom. They may have owned more than half of the land in Lombard Italy. The freemen were
2518:
2208:
2203:
managed to unite the Christian princes of southern Italy against the Saracen establishments on the
2135:
1741:
to pay tribute. Agilulf died in 616; Theodelinda reigned alone until 628 when she was succeeded by
1611:
1575:
1410:
678:
218:
5723:
Fröhlich, Hermann (1976). "Zur Herkunft der Langobarden" [On the origin of the Lombards].
5420:
3140:
The Duchy and eventually Principality of Benevento in southern Italy developed a unique Christian
858:
defeated a large force of Germans and drove some "to the farther side of the Albis (Elbe)" river.
482:. The departing people were led by Gambara and her sons Ybor and Aio and arrived in the lands of
6883:
6773:
6763:
6758:
6578:
6558:
6515:
6303:
5608:
5518:
5471:
5394:
5219:
3589:
3471:
3445:
3017:
2921:
2259:
2104:
2026:
1810:
1615:
1321:. In the spring of 568, Alboin, now fearing the aggressive Avars, led the Lombard migration into
1239:
339:
258:
165:
6097:
5738:
Giess, Hildegard (September 1959). "The Sculpture of the Cloister of Santa Sofia in Benevento".
1401:
fell into Germanic hands. In the summer of 569, the Lombards conquered the main Roman centre of
7285:
6718:
6713:
6640:
6535:
6414:
5951:"Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard"
5233:
3523:
3437:
3386:
3374:
3185:
3180:
3133:
3013:
2326:
2283:
1487:
734:
414:
5724:
6583:
6473:
6132:
5298:
5294:"Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics"
4891:"Langobardische (?) Inschrift auf einem Schwert aus dem 8. Jahrhundert in bulgarischem Boden"
3685:
3456:
3302:
3005:
2930:
2907:
2405:
2330:
2167:
1898:
1702:
1677:
In 572, Alboin was murdered in Verona in a plot led by his wife, Rosamund, who later fled to
578:
569:
4601:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Franklin Tårsulat Magyar Irodalmi Intézet és Könyvnyomda Rt.
2668:(fundamental unity of Lombard social and military organization, presently used as toponym),
681:; consequently, SkiĂŠren-Heal is the port of the SkiĂŠren, a name well adapted to the port of
393:
6674:
6645:
6548:
6311:
6140:
5968:
5888:
5616:
5526:
5479:
5319:
5311:
4725:
4588:
3448:, and it preserves Lombard frescoes on the walls and even Lombard capitals on the columns.
3360:
3287:
2860:(or "city as islands"). It appears from archaeology that the great cities of Lombard Italyâ
2836:
2823:(judges) even when their offices had important military and legislative functions as well.
2793:
Complete emancipation appears to have been granted only among the Franks and the Lombards.
2414:
2334:
2267:
2196:
1918:
1425:, could only defend coastal cities that could be supplied by the powerful Byzantine fleet.
1334:
1322:
1270:
1023:
From the second century onwards, many of the Germanic tribes recorded as active during the
855:
814:, who accompanied a Roman expedition as prefect of the cavalry. Paterculus says that under
698:
677:, which are called in German SchĂŠren and in Swedish Skiaeren. Heal signifies a port in the
479:
2835:, that is, soldiers and "devoted men" (a military term like "retainers"); they formed the
1385:, in 569. There, Alboin created the first Lombard duchy, which he entrusted to his nephew
1164:. Rodulf personally led his forces against Tato, but was ambushed and killed from a hill.
818:
the "power of the Langobardi was broken, a race surpassing even the Germans in savagery".
8:
7510:
6723:
5361:
3451:
Lombard architecture flourished under the impulse provided by the Catholic monarchs like
3425:
3397:
3328:
3176:
3097:), a long phase of the revival of Arianism, embodied by militarily aggressive kings like
2848:
2776:
The Lombard kings can be traced back as early as c. 380 and thus to the beginning of the
2358:
2354:
2346:
2281:
The principal source for the history of the Lombard principalities in this period is the
2271:
2244:
2188:
2093:
2073:
1822:
1511:
1386:
1378:
1157:
1084:
811:
226:
6419:
5972:
5315:
4776:[From Where Come and Who Are the Solkan Lombards] (in Slovenian). Archived from
2509:
1494:
was writing, the Lombard language, dress and even hairstyles had nearly all disappeared
6893:
6745:
6684:
6573:
6505:
6481:
6244:
6213:
6025:
5989:
5950:
5914:
5755:
5686:
5344:
5293:
5034:
4857:
4747:
4621:
4179:
4157:
3417:
3323:
Eighth-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model.
2501:
2487:
2374:
2357:(1058). The Capuans revolted against Norman rule in 1091, expelling Richard's grandson
2322:
2263:
2232:
2148:
2143:
2056:
2014:
1837:
1818:
1580:
1550:
1545:
1507:
1456:
705:, in a listing of famous kings and their countries, has Sceafa Longbeardum, so naming
685:, in the Upplandske SkiĂŠren, and the country may be justly called Scorung or SkiĂŠrunga.
646:), the Lombards or Winnili lived originally in the Vinuiloth (Vinovilith) mentioned by
50:
2309:. The Normans, first called in by the Lombards to fight the Byzantines for control of
7569:
6669:
6520:
6495:
6391:
6362:
6315:
6249:
6198:
6179:
6175:
6144:
6103:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6011:
5994:
5935:
5906:
5884:
5859:
5827:
5804:
5772:
5672:
5650:
5620:
5565:
5561:
5530:
5483:
5443:
5398:
5384:
5349:
5278:
4804:
4085:
4077:
4057:
3619:
3190:
3141:
3082:
2949:. Later, in contact with other Germanic populations, they adopted the worship of the
2584:
2505:
2362:
2262:
of Benevento and Capua tried to conquer the principality of Salerno with the help of
2253:
1891:
1826:
1738:
1686:
1479:
1227:
663:
643:
361:
357:
278:
153:
54:
5918:
5157:
261:
in north and central Italy, which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler
7092:
6464:
6307:
6289:
6239:
6231:
6136:
5984:
5976:
5955:
5898:
5751:
5747:
5612:
5522:
5475:
5339:
5329:
4904:
4170:
Wegewitz (1964). "Das langobardische BrandgrÀberfeld von Putensen, Kreis Harburg".
3697:
3475:
3369:
3156:
3078:
3039:
2777:
2443:
2422:
2236:
2100:
2068:, which was tenuously loyal to Byzantium and even conquered the Neapolitan city of
2060:
1961:
1914:
1832:
to conquer southern Italy. He also defeated the Franks. At Grimoald's death in 671
1706:
1571:
1468:
1452:
1414:
976:
949:
628:
294:
290:
222:
149:
74:
35:
6195:
Codice Diplomatico Longobardo Dal DLXVIII Al DCCLXXIV: Con Note Storiche, Volume 1
6122:
5702:Ălteste Geschichte der Langobarden. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Völkerwanderung
5667:. Translated by Fischer Drew, Katherine. foreword by Edward Peters. Philadelphia:
5365:
2270:, Gisulf repulsed him. The rulers of Benevento and Capua made several attempts on
581:
include "the Long-bearded" or "the Grey-bearded", and that the Lombard given name
420:...and spotting the Lombard women with their long hair tied as to appear as beards
6701:
6679:
6623:
6593:
6477:
6379:
Die Àlteste Geschichte der Langobarden bis zum Untergange des Reiches der Heruler
6227:
6169:
5726:
Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (QFIAB) 55/56
5594:
5555:
5307:
5257:
5013:
3681:
3479:
3294:
3248:
3165:
3160:
2967:
2958:
2808:
2580:
2448:
2338:
2228:
2180:
2170:
sought the help of his suzerain, Louis II, who allied with the Byzantine emperor
2065:
2041:
2030:
1814:
1774:
1558:
1540:
1491:
1382:
1306:
1106:
909:
874:
509:
440:
274:
160:
58:
6342:: Volume II â The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of the Western Empire
5425:
Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker
5007:
4592:
3647:
3571:. "Lombards, A people of Germanic origin, conquerors of part of Italy from 568."
3012:
observed many pagan rituals and traditions among the Lombards authorised by the
2492:
334:
7584:
7375:
7159:
6823:
6510:
6293:
6281:
5334:
4559:
3145:
3070:
2802:
2541:
2469:
2410:
2369:
2274:
at this time, but late in the century, the Byzantines, under the stiff rule of
2192:
2112:
2099:
The civil war lasted ten years and ended with a peace treaty imposed in 849 by
1965:
1938:
1926:
1913:
and Benevento, and, taking advantage of the disagreements between the Pope and
1878:(712â744) "was a zealous Catholic, generous and a great founder of monasteries"
1848:
1722:
1710:
1690:
1402:
741:
639:
573:
141:
6235:
2587:. They often bear some resemblance to English words, as Lombardic was akin to
2390:
1183:
attempted to expel them, and both peoples asked for help from the Byzantines.
1152:
attacked and defeated them, obliging them to pay tax and withdraw to Northern
729:
43:
7563:
7134:
7097:
7057:
6923:
6652:
6611:
6350:
5551:
5504:
5457:
4982:
Lebensnormen und Kultmythen in germanischen Sammes- und Herrscher genealogien
3263:
3194:
3116:
Orthodox Catholicism became tangible as the king sought to justify his title
2553:
2526:
2318:
2021:
Though the kingdom centred on Pavia in the north fell to Charlemagne and the
1887:
1871:
1856:
1851:
during these years: from 623 to 626 the Lombards unsuccessfully attacked the
1141:
1137:
1114:
613:
170:
7236:
5003:
2398:
2004:
1251:
1222:, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars, defeated the last Ostrogoths led by
586:
505:
325:
is generally translated as 'the wolves', related to the Proto-Germanic root
309:
According to their traditions, the Lombards initially called themselves the
6828:
6818:
6801:
6618:
6253:
6165:
5998:
5980:
5910:
5353:
3464:
3172:
2573:
2530:
2345:. The Capua principality was hotly contested during the reign of the hated
1986:
1318:
1314:
1187:
sent his army against the Gepids; however, it was routed on the way by the
1090:
The crossing into Mauringa was very difficult. The Assipitti (possibly the
893:. Archaeological finds show that the Lombards were an agricultural people.
878:
807:
557:
5132:
3701:
2565:
2394:
1447:
In the following years, the Lombards penetrated further south, conquering
7310:
7268:
7191:
7104:
6972:
6962:
6873:
6657:
4986:
Norms of life and cult myths in Germanic collection and ruler genealogies
4724:"The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500âc. 700" by Paul Fouracre and
4573:
3452:
3231:
3112:, however, the Lombards were more or less completely Catholicised. Under
3062:
2881:
2557:
2342:
2301:
The diminished Beneventan principality soon lost its independence to the
2200:
1973:
1969:
1786:
succeeded him in 652, still very young, and was killed by his opponents.
1698:
1670:
1666:
1503:
1184:
945:
553:
270:
242:
211:
4908:
2076:, Lombard control covered most of southern Italy save the very south of
2009:
991:. To their east stretching northwards to the central Elbe are the Suebi
7487:
7275:
7258:
7206:
7196:
7181:
7149:
7139:
7017:
6967:
6843:
6838:
6806:
6525:
5902:
5759:
3478:". These edifices are considered, along with some similar buildings in
3460:
3149:
3051:
2204:
1957:
1946:
1906:
1852:
1358:
1024:
996:
921:
846:
flight out of their country into the land on the far side of the river.
806:
The first mention of the Lombards occurred between AD 9 and 16, by the
487:
246:
5731:
Sources and Research from Italian Archives and Libraries (QFIAB) 55/56
3949:
3897:
Der altislÀndische Odinsname Langbarðr: 'Langbart' und die Langobarden
2426:
in September 2018 examined the remains of a Lombard male buried at an
2386:
431:
A legendary account of Lombard origins, history, and practices is the
7482:
7477:
7467:
7400:
7305:
7201:
7164:
7154:
7114:
7067:
7062:
7012:
6952:
6878:
6868:
6848:
6811:
6796:
5818:
Hutterer, Claus JĂŒrgen (1999). "Langobardisch" [Lombardish].
5133:"Approfondimenti â Il canto beneventano â Scuola di Canto Gregoriano"
5027:
The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Vol. I
4153:
3483:
3463:
to the foundation of monasteries to further their political control.
3441:
3058:
3009:
2816:
2588:
2552:
inscriptions. Primary source texts include short inscriptions in the
2452:
2353:, and, under his son, it fell, almost without contest, to the Norman
1985:
people. Charlemagne took part of the Lombard territory to create the
1833:
1794:
1790:
1527:
1478:
When they entered Italy, some Lombards retained their native form of
1422:
1354:
1219:
1208:
1192:
1176:
1121:
1017:
972:
890:
866:
851:
799:
682:
632:
606:
491:
203:
6041:
Die Geschichte der Langobarden: Gesellschaft â Kultur â Alltagsleben
5580:
2536:
1760:
in 643 and the remaining part of the Byzantine territories of inner
1600:
1109:
mentions the Lombards crossing a river, and they could have reached
1051:
The migration route of the Lombards in 489, from their homeland to "
7455:
7440:
7420:
7405:
7385:
7360:
7345:
7340:
7320:
7290:
7280:
7221:
7216:
7047:
7032:
7007:
6987:
6957:
6947:
6942:
6913:
6908:
6898:
6833:
6791:
6500:
6433:
5893:
5324:
3109:
3093:'s accession to the throne) to 690 (definitive defeat of the rebel
3074:
3047:
2999:
2995:
2975:
2812:
2766:
2569:
2430:
graveyard. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup
2427:
2314:
2275:
2089:
2081:
1993:
1902:
1841:
1798:
1742:
1483:
1441:
1366:
1345:
Whence, even until today, we call the villages in which they dwell
1330:
1298:
1212:
1172:
1145:
1091:
1052:
1032:
988:
984:
980:
971:
In the mid-second century, the Lombards supposedly appeared in the
961:
937:
925:
862:
815:
647:
636:
625:
561:
383:
298:
250:
179:
31:
27:
Historical ethnic group of the Italian Peninsula of Germanic origin
4740:
The End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages
4084:. Chicago, IL, United States: EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc. 1993.
2769:. From these populations, which had long been in contact with the
1171:(ruled 546â560) led the Lombards across the Danube once more into
277:. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the
7472:
7460:
7450:
7425:
7415:
7410:
7390:
7380:
7355:
7295:
7253:
7226:
7144:
7077:
7072:
7052:
7042:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6918:
6903:
6853:
6079:
Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare
5855:
5246:
4027:
3433:
3429:
3309:
3098:
3090:
3086:
2991:
2979:
2963:
2561:
2456:
2171:
2159:
2108:
1981:
1953:
1942:
1910:
1806:
1783:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1730:
1718:
1694:
1678:
1523:
1496:
1472:
1448:
1417:
army left for its defence could do almost nothing. Longinus, the
1398:
1390:
1350:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1244:
1153:
1125:
1102:
1036:
904:
896:
826:
714:
702:
694:
659:
655:
597:
591:
499:
314:
286:
238:
2950:
2337:, the principality shrank to insignificance and fell in 1078 to
2219:
1883:
30:
Not to be confused with the modern inhabitants of the region of
7492:
7445:
7430:
7395:
7370:
7335:
7330:
7263:
7248:
7186:
7124:
7109:
7087:
7037:
7027:
7022:
6935:
6930:
6888:
6858:
6418:
5873:
Leonardi, Michela (6 September 2018). "Storia dei Longobardi".
3094:
3043:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2873:
2439:
2310:
2302:
2131:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2022:
1860:
1769:
1761:
1734:
1418:
1394:
1346:
1338:
1286:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1168:
1149:
1105:, meaning simply "good land". This theory is highly plausible;
1040:
1028:
1004:
992:
957:
917:
834:
822:
718:
706:
690:
674:
669:
The footnote then explains the etymology of the name Scoringa:
651:
266:
234:
230:
207:
199:
195:
187:
183:
5372:
The Gens Langobardorum and their origin, ...and their language
3128:
2214:
1778:, which established the laws and the customs of his people in
1714:
the dangerous alliance between the Byzantines and the Franks.
1661:
1281:, as it was a nomad habit to make cups from the enemy's skulls
903:
tribe, listing them between the Semnones on the Elbe, and the
833:
shortly after the beginning of the Christian era, next to the
92:
7365:
7350:
7325:
7315:
7300:
7243:
7211:
7176:
7171:
7129:
7119:
7002:
6863:
6706:
5719:
In two volumes. Diss. Eberhard-Karls-UniversitĂ€t zu TĂŒbingen.
5367:
Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, ...und ihre Sprache
3792:
3553:, p. 857. "Lombards, or Langobardi, a Germanic group..."
3413:
3401:
3346:
3035:
2946:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2770:
2514:
2139:
1977:
1930:
1802:
1779:
1726:
1682:
1486:
Christians. Hence they did not enjoy good relations with the
1464:
1460:
1437:
1426:
1406:
1362:
1000:
900:
886:
882:
838:
738:
602:
522:
403:
399:
297:. Their legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of
254:
191:
174:
4672:
History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke
2843:
1956:
attempted to become king of Lombardy, but he was deposed by
1772:). Rothari also made the famous edict bearing his name, the
1289:, a young and energetic leader who defeated the neighboring
107:
7435:
7082:
4896:
BeitrÀge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
4591:[The Migration Period]. In Marczali, Henrik (ed.).
3708:
3235:
northern Italy, seventh century, Metropolitan Museum of Art
3159:, a Lombard-influenced chant that bore similarities to the
2854:
The urbanisation of Lombard Italy was characterised by the
2549:
2155:
1922:
1223:
1161:
1129:
1098:
953:
830:
518:
495:
475:
356:(beard).Another widely accepted etymology can be traced to
5080:
Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VIâIX
4650:[The withdrawal of the Langobards from Pannonia].
794:
83:
5733:] (in German). TĂŒbingen: Max Niemeyer. pp. 1â21.
3727:
3725:
3723:
2544:
may be the earliest written example of Lombardic language
2005:
Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774â849
125:
4614:
Battles The World's History: Central and northern Europe
3069:, Theodelinda remained a close contact and supporter of
2468:
in January 2019 examined the mtDNA of a large number of
2151:, however, briefly put himself under Muslim suzerainty.
2118:
1027:
started to unite into bigger tribal unions, such as the
861:
The German archaeologist Willi Wegewitz defined several
673:
The shores of Uppland and Ăstergötland are covered with
616:
puts forth an alternative suggestion which argues that:
470:
writes that the Winnili first dwelt near a river called
5826:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 336â341.
4913:
4706:
Paolo Diacono, Historia Langobardorum, FV, II, 4, 6, 7.
3824:
3822:
2496:
The West-Germanic languages around the sixth century CE
1921:, he annexed the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchy of
1218:
In 552, the Byzantines, aided by a large contingent of
1124:. In Vurgundaib, the Lombards were stormed in camp by "
6260:
5587:
Before and after Alboino: on the trail of the Lombards
4803:. Ljubljana: Institute of Modern History. p. 22.
3828:
3720:
1285:
In approximately 560, Audoin was succeeded by his son
916:
Tacitus also noted that the Lombards were subjects of
5006:, Medieval Source Book. Code and format by Northvegr.
4798:
1267:
Rosamund forced to drink from the skull of her father
899:
also counted the Lombards as a remote and aggressive
113:
98:
5589:] (in Italian). Napoli: Guida. pp. 221â241.
4237:
3819:
3662:
1840:, who submitted only to his son, the philo-Catholic
724:
122:
110:
104:
95:
89:
80:
6214:"A genetic perspective on Longobard-Era migrations"
5965:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4576:): Ajtai Kovåch Albert Magyar Polgår Könyvnyomdåja.
3365:
Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)
1793:in 661, the kingdom was split between his children
1233:
952:, 6,000 Lombards and Obii (sometimes thought to be
829:(AD 117), the Lombards dwelt near the mouth of the
128:
119:
86:
77:
5788:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
5579:Daim, Falko (2019). "The Longobards in Pannonia".
4172:Problemi della civilita e dell'economia Longobarda
2796:
2207:river. The Saracens were ousted from Italy in the
2033:of the kingdom. He tried to turn Benevento into a
47:Lombard possessions in Italy: the Lombard Kingdom
5582:Prima e dopo Alboino: sulle tracce dei Longobardi
4774:"Od kod prihajajo in kdo so solkanski Langobardi"
2287:, composed late in the tenth century at Salerno.
2048:independent. The Beneventan dukes took the title
1409:. The area was then recovering from the terrible
798:Distribution of Langobardic burial fields at the
577:stands in close relation to the worship of Odin,
317:in the first century, they changed their name to
7561:
3613:
2897:Lombard state on the Carpathians (sixth century)
2847:Lombard warrior, bronze statue, eighth century,
2368:Capua was again put under Norman rule after the
2305:and declined in importance until it fell in the
2166:. Saracen incursions proceeded northwards until
2040:Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son
1968:called for help from the powerful Frankish king
1059:(believed to be their land on the Elbe shores),
406:(Frea) looking out of a window in the heavens...
63:and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento
6274:Das langobardische BrandgrÀberfeld von Putensen
6116:
5292:Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (11 September 2018).
5277:(in Italian). Florence: Le Monnier UniversitĂ .
4801:A Slovene history: society â politics â culture
4767:
4765:
4763:
4384:
4382:
3968:
3568:
3089:, Theodolinda and Adaloald followed, from 626 (
3038:, they were Orthodox Catholics allied with the
2560:" (c. 600) and the silver belt buckle found in
2438:. The graveyard also included the remains of a
2256:. His territories were divided upon his death.
1325:, which he planned for years. According to the
1293:and made them his subjects; in 566, he married
1101:. Schmidt considers the name the equivalent of
464:dwelling in Northern Germany/Denmark zone (the
281:well into the eleventh century, when they were
5948:
4835:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
2227:The independent state of Salerno inspired the
1909:. He managed to regain a certain control over
1245:Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula
1136:, the Langobards occupied parts of modern-day
6449:
5435:
4056:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108,
3971:Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend
3171:The chief centre of the Beneventan chant was
2855:
2290:
2191:briefly flirted with a Saracen alliance, but
1897:The Lombard reign began to recover only with
1436:Lombard grave goods (sixthâseventh century),
313:. After a reported major victory against the
5928:Die Langobarden / Geschichte und ArchÀologie
5604:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
4760:
4379:
4328:
4326:
4078:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"
3618:. VĂ€rnamo: FĂ€lth & HĂ€ssler. p. 74.
3581:
3579:
2672:(peak, mountain top, also used as toponym),
1847:The Lombards engaged in fierce battles with
658:, Sweden. Scoringa was near the province of
460:tells the story of a small tribe called the
6480:origin primarily identified as speakers of
6076:
5024:
4298:
4296:
4264:
4192:
4098:
3990:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
3851:
3849:
3742:
3740:
3193:, a clear, angular script derived from the
2760:
2215:Lombard principalities in the tenth century
1709:. The Catholic Theodelinda was a friend of
1629:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1259:"Lombard invasion of Italy" redirects here.
265:. In 774, the kingdom was conquered by the
6456:
6442:
6412:
6261:Von Hammerstein-Loxten, Wilhelm C (1869).
6030:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5785:
5039:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4862:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4313:
4311:
4184:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4127:"Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. Schmidt, 5"
3943:
3900:. In Pohl, Walter and Erhart, Peter, eds.
3839:
3837:
3565:. "Lombards (Lombard). Germanic people..."
3175:, one of the first and greatest abbeys of
3123:
2138:called in more mercenaries, who destroyed
1087:, Mauringa was the land east of the Elbe.
512:, historian of the Lombards, circa 720â799
6243:
6057:
5988:
5892:
5876:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5503:
5456:
5343:
5333:
5323:
5158:"Montecassino nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
5116:
5104:
4967:
4323:
3902:Die Langobarden. Herrschaft und IdentitÀt
3714:
3576:
3559:. "Lombards... a west-Germanic people..."
3486:, to mark a transitory phase between the
2900:Lombard state in Pannonia (sixth century)
1717:Authari died in 591 and was succeeded by
1649:Learn how and when to remove this message
6038:
6008:Die Langobarden Herrschaft und IdentitÀt
5872:
5817:
5798:
5722:
5708:
5550:
5423:[The language of the Lombards].
5418:
4919:
4847:
4494:
4424:
4400:
4388:
4293:
4287:
4222:
4174:. Milan (published 1972). pp. 1â29.
4169:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3873:
3846:
3813:
3791:, I, 336. Old Germanic for "Strenuus", "
3759:
3757:
3755:
3737:
3731:
3668:
3585:
3544:
3389:is a "monument of illustrated history".
3368:
3127:
2842:
2535:
2491:
2218:
2008:
1870:
1660:
1502:
1431:
1301:. In the same year, he made a pact with
1261:
1250:
979:, the Suebic Lombards lived "below" the
793:
728:
504:
190:and later fought frequent wars with the
42:
7521:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
6349:
6335:
6271:
6102:(in German). Leipzig: Forgotten Books.
6095:
5925:
5840:
5640:
5593:
5514:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5467:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5436:Chadwick Oman, Charles William (2016).
5272:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4850:The Languages and Linguistics of Europe
4611:
4518:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4412:
4332:
4308:
4275:
4210:
4198:
4113:
4039:
4002:
3834:
3775:
3680:
3562:
1855:, and, in 663â64, the Slavs raided the
229:. The Lombards were joined by numerous
206:in 551 or 552, and Audoin's successor
14:
7562:
6280:
5949:O'Sullivan, Niall (9 September 2018).
5849:
5711:Studien zur langobardischen Thronfolge
5360:
5291:
5227:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
5127:
5125:
5092:
5065:
5053:
4823:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4506:
4051:
3764:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
3688:[Indo-European ethnozoonyms].
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3550:
2917:List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento
1925:. He also helped the Frankish marshal
1585:List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento
1045:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
1010:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
467:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
6437:
6385:
6376:
6192:
5766:
5737:
5643:Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568â774
5378:
5077:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4586:
4557:
4317:
4302:
3987:
3752:
3556:
2548:Lombardic fragments are preserved in
2119:Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836â915
2072:in 838. At one point in the reign of
936:In 47, a struggle ensued amongst the
605:. They were possibly a branch of the
6463:
6312:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
6164:
6141:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001
6005:
5699:
5617:10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001
5578:
5527:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
5480:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
4648:"A langobardok pannĂłniai kivonulĂĄsa"
4645:
3504:
3155:Characteristic of this rite was the
2940:
2676:(hall, room, also used as toponym),
2556:, among them the "bronze capsule of
1866:
1797:, who set his capital in Milan, and
1627:adding citations to reliable sources
1594:
1565:
1533:
1467:allies under Roman sovereignty. The
377:
364:"Lumbarda/Lumbardha" (White River).
6211:
5715:Studies on the Longobard succession
5122:
5018:
4841:
4737:
4731:
4715:De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241â245
4660:
4605:
4362:
3992:. London: John Murray. p. 119.
3746:
3614:Harrison, D.; Svensson, K. (2007).
3600:
3432:and the church of San Salvatore in
3136:in Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script
3029:
2755:
2736:(wood, presently used as toponym),
2184:, the last Lombard ruler to do so.
2154:In 847 a large Muslim force seized
1309:destroyed the Gepid kingdom in the
1020:) in connection with the Lombards.
881:, differing from the lands between
771: New settlements by 250
760: New settlements by 500
749: Settlements before 750
24:
6219:European Journal of Human Genetics
6117:Taviani-Carozzi, Huguette (2005).
5801:Geschichte Italiens Im Mittelalter
5704:(in German). Leipzig: UniversitÀt.
5390:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5374:] (in German). Bonn: A.Marcus.
5082:. Hannover: Hahn. pp. 12â219.
4771:
4634:
4070:
2465:European Journal of Human Genetics
2341:, who had married Gisulf's sister
2125:History of Islam in southern Italy
2052:(prince) instead of that of king.
1369:, or by other names of this kind."
1329:"Then the Langobards, having left
25:
7596:
6406:
6276:(in German). Harburg: Hildesheim.
6212:Vai, Stefania (19 January 2019).
4365:Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe
3969:Wilson Chambers, Raymond (2010).
3493:
2891:
2525:, it is usually classified as an
2462:A genetic study published in the
2307:Norman conquest of southern Italy
2297:Norman conquest of southern Italy
2278:, gained ground on the Lombards.
1937:, when they tried to conquer the
1933:. The Slavs were defeated in the
1821:since 647. Perctarit fled to the
1590:
1341:were also part of the migration.
1333:, hastened to take possession of
1305:. Next year the Lombards and the
1113:from the Upper Oder area via the
725:Archaeology and classical sources
697:was an ancient Lombardic king in
7544:
7543:
5799:Hartmann, Ludwig Moritz (2011).
5669:University of Pennsylvania Press
5176:
5150:
5110:
4979:
4676:University of Pennsylvania Press
4612:Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand (1907).
3394:Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle
3335:
3316:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3255:
3240:
3223:
2176:expel the Arabs from Bari in 869
1999:
1599:
1234:Kingdom of the Lombards, 568â774
924:, who was allied with Rome when
802:Lands (according to W. Wegewitz)
413:
392:
372:
73:
7526:Christianization of Scandinavia
6413:Beck, Frederick George Meeson;
6388:Deutschen und die NachbarstÀmme
6299:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
6128:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
5098:
5086:
5071:
5059:
5047:
4992:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4883:
4870:
4829:
4817:
4792:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4599:Great Illuminated World History
4580:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4436:Cosmographer of Ravenna, I, 11.
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4281:
4255:
4246:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4163:
4147:
4133:
4119:
4082:The New EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4045:
4033:
4021:
3996:
3981:
3962:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3888:
3879:
3867:
3858:
3807:
3798:
3781:
3769:
3412:and San Giovanni Domnarum) and
3354:
2797:Society of the Catholic kingdom
2540:The runic inscription from the
2195:convinced him to break it off.
1809:). Perctarit was overthrown by
1277:, the cup could be a gift from
1255:Phases of the conquest of Italy
1055:", encompassed several places:
821:From the combined testimony of
601:, where they conflict with the
548:When Paul the Deacon wrote the
159:The medieval Lombard historian
7516:Christianization of the Franks
6589:Continental Germanic mythology
6340:The Cambridge Medieval History
6099:Zur Geschichte der Langobarden
5752:10.1080/00043079.1959.11407988
5511:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
5464:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
5431:. Strassburg: Karl J. TrĂŒbner.
5190:(in Italian). 20 February 2015
5137:www.scuoladicantogregoriano.it
4566:The Langobards in our homeland
4054:Penguin Atlas of World History
3686:"Ethnozoonymes indo-européens"
3674:
3632:
3536:
3516:
3467:was founded during this time.
2134:and Byzantine Italy, but soon
2059:to the north and west and the
1949:, who was called by the Pope.
1941:in 720. Liutprand's successor
1764:, including the Roman city of
1697:, as king. In 589, he married
1451:and establishing two duchies,
948:reported that just before the
13:
1:
6386:Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (2012).
6345:. Cambridge University Press.
6077:Santosuosso, Antonio (2004).
5421:"Die Sprache der Langobarden"
4539:Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII.
3690:Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne
3500:List of kings of the Lombards
3490:and full-fledged Romanesque.
2908:List of Kings of the Lombards
2636:Codice diplomatico longobardo
2420:A genetic study published in
2403:A genetic study published in
2249:Langobardorum Gentis Princeps
2241:Princeps Gentis Langobardorum
1972:, Desiderius was defeated at
1297:, daughter of the Gepid king
675:small rocks and rocky islands
552:between 787 and 796 he was a
6267:(in German). Hannover: Hahn.
4530:Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII
4252:Tacitus, Annals, XI, 16, 17.
3067:Schism of the Three Chapters
2974:. The other tribes were the
2434:and the maternal haplogroup
1952:After the death of Aistulf,
1905:and successor of the brutal
987:, and between these and the
498:. Scoringa was ruled by the
451:Origin of the Lombard People
7:
7531:Christianization of Iceland
6359:University of Toronto Press
5509:"Lombard Invasion Of Italy"
5025:Rev. Butler, Alban (1866).
4572:(in Hungarian). KolozsvĂĄr (
4353:Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 17.
3829:Von Hammerstein-Loxten 1869
2523:High German consonant shift
2481:
2380:
1673:in combat with the Lombards
474:on the extreme boundary of
10:
7601:
6058:Rovagnati, Sergio (2003).
5926:Menghin, Wilifred (1985).
5709:Fröhlich, Hermann (1980).
5647:Cambridge University Press
5641:Everett, Nicholas (2003).
5419:Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895).
5335:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4
5241:Origo Gentis Langobardorum
5206:
4344:Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 9.
3975:Cambridge University Press
3640:"2. Runriket â TĂ€by Kyrka"
3529:Collins English Dictionary
3497:
3358:
2926:List of Princes of Salerno
2800:
2485:
2476:
2384:
2294:
2291:Norman conquest, 1017â1078
2187:After the death of Louis,
2122:
1317:and the nomads settled in
1258:
1237:
930:Battle of Teutoburg Forest
782: New settlements by
709:as ruler of the Lombards.
458:Origo Gentis Langobardorum
446:Origo Gentis Langobardorum
381:
367:
152:who conquered most of the
29:
7539:
7501:
6782:
6744:
6534:
6488:
6471:
6390:(in German). Nabu Press.
6236:10.1038/s41431-018-0319-8
5820:Die Germanischen Sprachen
5803:(in German). Nabu Press.
5379:Brown, Thomas S. (2005).
3597:, meaning "to fight, win"
3474:and so have been dubbed "
3197:as used by the Lombards.
3168:in the eleventh century.
2913:Principality of Benevento
2391:Visigoths § Genetics
1813:, son of Gisulf, duke of
1752:Arioald was succeeded by
1421:sent to Italy by Emperor
854:wrote that Roman general
6769:North Germanic languages
6754:Germanic parent language
6381:(in German). Ratz, Jena.
6272:Wegwitz, Willie (1972).
6096:Schmidt, Ludwig (2018).
6039:Priester, Karin (2004).
5930:(in German). Stuttgart:
5841:Hodgkin, Thomas (2012).
5273:Cardini, Franco (2019).
4848:Kortmann, Bernd (2011).
4594:Nagy Képes Vilågtörténet
4243:Tacitus, Annals, II, 45.
4234:Tacitus, Germania, 38â40
4052:Kinder, Hermann (1988),
3509:
3406:San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro
2935:List of Princes of Capua
2761:Migration Period society
2399:Alemanni § Genetics
2209:Battle of the Garigliano
2136:Radelchis I of Benevento
1901:(king from 712), son of
1737:in 603, and forcing the
1576:List of Dukes of Spoleto
1327:History of the Lombards,
1313:, the allies halved the
273:and integrated into the
186:. Here they subdued the
6774:West Germanic languages
6764:East Germanic languages
6759:Proto-Germanic language
6579:Proto-Germanic folklore
6516:Romano-Germanic culture
6426:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6415:Church, Richard William
6336:Whitney, J. P. (1913).
6304:Oxford University Press
5609:Oxford University Press
5519:Oxford University Press
5472:Oxford University Press
5395:Oxford University Press
5220:Cosmographer of Ravenna
4889:Emilia DenÄeva (2006).
4852:. Vol. II. Berlin.
4738:Lot, Ferdinand (1931).
4670:Peters, Edward (2003).
4653:Magyarsågkutató Intézet
4561:A longobĂĄrdok hazĂĄnkban
3988:Smith, William (1875).
3644:Stockholm County Museum
3472:Romanesque architecture
3124:Beneventan Christianity
2922:Principality of Salerno
2395:Bavarii § Genetics
2158:, until then a Lombard
2105:Principality of Salerno
2027:Arechis II of Benevento
1240:Kingdom of the Lombards
975:, because according to
928:and his allies won the
737:into previously mostly
701:. The Old English poem
437:History of the Lombards
304:
173:AD as being one of the
166:History of the Lombards
7575:Early Germanic peoples
6377:Wiese, Robert (1877).
5981:10.1126/sciadv.aao1262
5843:Italy and her invaders
5824:The Germanic Languages
5691:: CS1 maint: others (
5234:Historia Langobardorum
4558:MĂĄrki, SĂĄndor (1899).
4483:Das Reich an der Donau
4261:Cassius Dio, 71, 3, 1.
4160:, chapters II and III.
3894:Nedoma, Robert (2005).
3444:was erected in 760 by
3410:crypts of Sant'Eusebio
3387:Arthur Kingsley Porter
3377:
3375:Santa Sofia, Benevento
3200:
3186:Terra Sancti Benedicti
3181:Gisulf II of Benevento
3137:
3134:Rule of Saint Benedict
3027:
2856:
2851:
2791:
2545:
2497:
2284:Chronicon Salernitanum
2266:, but with the aid of
2247:began using the title
2224:
2107:, with its capital at
2018:
1879:
1674:
1515:
1512:Civic Museums of Pavia
1510:, mid-eighth century,
1488:Early Christian Church
1444:
1371:
1282:
1275:Samu SzĂĄdeczky-Kardoss
1256:
850:Consistent with this,
848:
803:
791:
687:
622:
513:
433:Historia Langobardorum
145:
64:
6584:Anglo-Saxon mythology
6474:Ethnolinguistic group
6292:; Spawforth, Antony;
6193:Troya, Carlo (2010).
6133:James Clarke & Co
6043:. Stuttgart: Theiss.
6006:Pohl, Walter (2024).
5852:Storia dei Longobardi
5850:Jarnut, Jörg (2002).
5767:Grimm, Jacob (2003).
5700:Fock, Gustav (1884).
5439:The Dark Ages 476â918
5385:Kazhdan, Alexander P.
5299:Nature Communications
5078:Waitz, Georg (1964).
4646:Kiss, Attila (2020).
4589:"A népvåndorlås kora"
4403:, p. 5, II, pt I
3787:Priester, 16. Grimm,
3702:10.3406/dha.1991.1932
3438:Church of Santa Sofia
3372:
3343:Crypt of Sant'Eusebio
3131:
3022:
2956:In chapter 40 of his
2931:Principality of Capua
2846:
2787:
2539:
2495:
2406:Nature Communications
2387:Goths § Genetics
2385:Further information:
2222:
2168:Adelchis of Benevento
2162:under the control of
2017:in the eighth century
2012:
1899:Liutprand the Lombard
1874:
1789:At the death of King
1703:Garibald I of Bavaria
1664:
1506:
1435:
1343:
1265:
1254:
944:To the south, in 166
843:
797:
735:early Germanic tribes
732:
671:
650:, in his masterpiece
618:
508:
382:Further information:
156:between 568 and 774.
46:
6361:. pp. 153â170.
6351:Wickham, Christopher
5771:(in German). Marix.
5521:. pp. 919â920.
5474:. pp. 920â922.
5188:Benevento Longobarda
4878:Le lingue germaniche
4726:Rosamond McKitterick
4472:, p. 143, Ch. V
3588:, p. 16: "From
3569:Taviani-Carozzi 2005
3383:Lombard Architecture
3361:Lombard architecture
3325:Tempietto Longobardo
3025:over their shoulder.
2317:(under the likes of
2268:Mastalus I of Amalfi
2197:Guaimar I of Salerno
1689:") during which the
1623:improve this section
1271:Pietro della Vecchia
1083:). According to the
865:burial sites at the
856:Nero Claudius Drusus
537:, and Anglicized as
494:on the banks of the
219:Gothic War (535â554)
7511:Gothic Christianity
6010:(in German). Wien.
5973:2018SciA....4.1262O
5769:Deutsche Mythologie
5316:2018NatCo...9.3547A
4909:10.1515/BGSL.2006.1
4448:, p. 92, Ch. V
4141:"Strabo, VII, 1, 3"
3904:. Wien. pp. 439â444
3789:Deutsche Mythologie
3717:, pp. 920â922.
3398:Cividale del Friuli
3329:Cividale del Friuli
3266:from Castel Trosino
3177:Western monasticism
2849:Pavia Civic Museums
2740:(pool); verbs like
2660:(suburban meadow),
2504:is extinct (unless
2361:and setting up one
2351:Wolf of the Abruzzi
2245:Gisulf I of Salerno
2189:Landulf II of Capua
2094:Andrew II of Naples
1935:Battle of Lavariano
1801:, who reigned from
1379:Cividale del Friuli
1085:Ravenna Cosmography
1003:, and south of the
841:, and states that:
812:Velleius Paterculus
689:The legendary king
662:, so just north of
301:in northern Italy.
227:Ostrogothic Kingdom
194:. The Lombard king
6894:Germani cisrhenani
6602:Funerary practices
6506:Pre-Roman Iron Age
6482:Germanic languages
6282:Whitby, L. Michael
5903:10.1002/ajpa.23679
5794:(4). Philadelphia.
5717:] (in German).
5012:2008-04-04 at the
4988:] (in German).
4158:The Twelve Caesars
3956:Nordisk familjebok
3378:
3138:
3118:rex totius Italiae
3050:as an ally of the
2962:, Roman historian
2852:
2576:may be Lombardic.
2546:
2502:Lombardic language
2498:
2488:Lombardic language
2264:John III of Naples
2233:Atenulf I of Capua
2225:
2149:Guaifer of Salerno
2057:Carolingian Empire
2019:
2015:Duchy of Benevento
1919:reverence of icons
1886:River, namely the
1880:
1675:
1581:Duchy of Benevento
1551:Duchy of Persiceta
1546:Duchy of Tridentum
1516:
1508:Plutei of Theodota
1482:, while some were
1445:
1383:northeastern Italy
1283:
1257:
1146:Arian Christianity
804:
792:
699:Anglo-Saxon legend
679:northern languages
654:, to the north of
589:mentioned in both
514:
65:
7557:
7556:
6729:Gothic and Vandal
6521:Germanic Iron Age
6496:Nordic Bronze Age
6478:Northern European
6290:Hornblower, Simon
6171:The Early Germans
6017:978-3-7001-3400-8
5362:Bluhme, Friedrich
4810:978-961-6386-19-7
4587:Borovszky, Samu.
3864:OGL, appendix 11.
3625:978-91-27-35725-9
3505:Notes and sources
3422:Basilic autariana
3191:Beneventan script
2941:Religious history
2664:(burg, village),
2254:Holy Roman Empire
2229:gastalds of Capua
1892:Venetian Slovenia
1867:Catholic monarchy
1827:Byzantine emperor
1739:Exarch of Ravenna
1687:Rule of the Dukes
1681:. His successor,
1659:
1658:
1651:
1566:Langobardia minor
1534:Langobardia major
1311:Lombard-Gepid War
1228:Battle of Taginae
1144:and converted to
644:Daines Barrington
624:According to the
560:. He thought the
556:monk and devoted
533:, Italianised as
378:Legendary origins
289:and added to the
279:Italian peninsula
154:Italian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
7592:
7580:Migration Period
7547:
7546:
7503:Christianization
7093:Ripuarian Franks
6465:Germanic peoples
6458:
6451:
6444:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6429:(11th ed.).
6422:
6420:"Lombards"
6401:
6382:
6372:
6346:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6302:(4th ed.).
6277:
6268:
6257:
6247:
6208:
6189:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6113:
6092:
6073:
6062:. Milan: Xenia.
6054:
6035:
6029:
6021:
6002:
5992:
5956:Science Advances
5945:
5922:
5896:
5869:
5846:
5837:
5814:
5795:
5782:
5763:
5740:The Art Bulletin
5734:
5718:
5705:
5696:
5690:
5682:
5665:The Lombard Laws
5660:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5595:Darvill, Timothy
5590:
5575:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5453:
5442:. Palala Press.
5432:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5375:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5288:
5275:Storia medievale
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5129:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5095:, pp. 61â62
5090:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5016:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4946:, pp. 76â77
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4887:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4772:Vidmar, Jernej.
4769:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4643:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4427:, pp. 21â22
4422:
4416:
4415:, pp. 17â19
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4376:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4335:, pp. 35â36
4330:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4096:
4095:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4003:Orosius (1773).
4000:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3940:, pp. 30â33
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3844:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3682:Sergent, Bernard
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3646:. Archived from
3636:
3630:
3629:
3611:
3598:
3583:
3574:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3520:
3476:first Romanesque
3426:Fara Gera d'Adda
3339:
3320:
3305:
3290:
3275:
3259:
3244:
3227:
3157:Beneventan chant
3079:Bavarian dynasty
3040:Byzantine Empire
3030:Christianisation
2904:Kingdom of Italy
2859:
2756:Social structure
2591:. For instance,
2423:Science Advances
2272:Byzantine Apulia
2237:Pandulf Ironhead
2101:Emperor Louis II
2092:in his war with
2061:Byzantine Empire
2035:secundum Ticinum
1980:, while his son
1976:and besieged in
1654:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1603:
1595:
1572:Duchy of Spoleto
1530:in the attempt.
1413:, and the small
977:Claudius Ptolemy
950:Marcomannic Wars
920:the King of the
810:court historian
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
770:
765:
764:
759:
754:
753:
748:
629:Christian priest
579:whose many names
417:
396:
291:County of Sicily
223:Byzantine Empire
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
36:Lombard language
34:in Italy or the
21:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7535:
7497:
6778:
6740:
6702:Gothic alphabet
6594:Norse mythology
6530:
6484:
6467:
6462:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6369:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6306:. p. 857.
6294:Eidinow, Esther
6228:Nature Research
6205:
6186:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6110:
6089:
6081:. Basic Books.
6070:
6051:
6023:
6022:
6018:
5942:
5866:
5834:
5811:
5779:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5663:
5657:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5572:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5450:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5308:Nature Research
5285:
5263:
5212:Ancient sources
5209:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5162:www.treccani.it
5156:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5014:Wayback Machine
4997:
4993:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4888:
4884:
4876:Marcello Meli,
4875:
4871:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4836:O'Sullivan 2018
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4780:on 4 March 2016
4770:
4761:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4668:
4661:
4656:(in Hungarian).
4644:
4635:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4585:
4581:
4569:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4099:
4092:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3986:
3982:
3967:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3753:
3745:
3738:
3734:, pp. 1â6.
3730:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3612:
3601:
3584:
3577:
3541:
3537:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3480:southern France
3446:Duke Arechis II
3367:
3359:Main articles:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3331:
3321:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3249:S-shaped fibula
3245:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3203:
3166:Gregorian chant
3161:Ambrosian chant
3126:
3032:
2943:
2894:
2805:
2799:
2778:Great Migration
2763:
2758:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2451:, particularly
2449:Northern Europe
2432:R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b
2401:
2383:
2355:Richard Drengot
2339:Robert Guiscard
2299:
2293:
2260:Landulf the Red
2217:
2181:Edictum Rothari
2144:Landulf the Old
2127:
2121:
2066:Duchy of Naples
2042:Louis the Pious
2031:successor state
2007:
2002:
1929:drive back the
1917:concerning the
1869:
1775:Edictum Rothari
1655:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1620:
1604:
1593:
1568:
1563:
1559:Duchy of Tuscia
1541:Duchy of Friuli
1536:
1492:Paul the Deacon
1273:. According to
1260:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1195:who devastated
1107:Paul the Deacon
875:Jastorf Culture
789:
784:
783:
779:
777:
773:
772:
768:
766:
762:
761:
757:
755:
751:
750:
746:
727:
642:(translated by
510:Paul the Deacon
441:Paul the Deacon
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
409:
408:
407:
397:
386:
380:
375:
370:
307:
275:Frankish Empire
259:Lombard Kingdom
161:Paul the Deacon
150:Germanic people
118:
103:
76:
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7598:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7160:Thracian Goths
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6788:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6667:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6511:Roman Iron Age
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6408:
6407:External links
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:978-1278747057
6396:
6383:
6374:
6367:
6347:
6333:
6320:
6278:
6269:
6258:
6209:
6204:978-1144256270
6203:
6197:. Nabu Press.
6190:
6184:
6162:
6149:
6123:Vauchez, André
6114:
6109:978-0267059577
6108:
6093:
6087:
6074:
6068:
6055:
6049:
6036:
6016:
6003:
5946:
5940:
5923:
5894:10.1101/268250
5870:
5864:
5847:
5838:
5832:
5815:
5810:978-1247551845
5809:
5796:
5790:. New Series.
5783:
5777:
5764:
5746:(3): 249â256.
5735:
5720:
5706:
5697:
5677:
5661:
5655:
5638:
5625:
5607:(3 ed.).
5591:
5576:
5570:
5552:Christie, Neil
5548:
5535:
5505:Christie, Neil
5501:
5488:
5458:Christie, Neil
5454:
5449:978-1358378560
5448:
5433:
5416:
5403:
5376:
5358:
5325:10.1101/268250
5289:
5284:978-8800748155
5283:
5269:
5266:Modern sources
5262:
5261:
5253:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5175:
5149:
5121:
5117:Rovagnati 2003
5109:
5105:Rovagnati 2003
5097:
5085:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5017:
4991:
4972:
4968:Rovagnati 2003
4960:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4922:, p. 339.
4912:
4882:
4869:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4809:
4791:
4759:
4730:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4659:
4633:
4604:
4579:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4378:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4322:
4307:
4292:
4280:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4162:
4146:
4132:
4118:
4097:
4090:
4069:
4062:
4044:
4032:
4020:
3995:
3980:
3977:. p. 205.
3961:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3887:
3878:
3866:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3818:
3806:
3797:
3780:
3768:
3751:
3736:
3719:
3715:Christie 2018b
3707:
3673:
3661:
3650:on 4 June 2008
3631:
3624:
3599:
3590:Proto-Germanic
3575:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3535:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3498:Main article:
3495:
3494:List of rulers
3492:
3488:Pre-Romanesque
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3280:Goldblattkreuz
3277:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3202:
3199:
3146:Ambrosian rite
3125:
3122:
3071:Pope Gregory I
3031:
3028:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2892:Lombard states
2890:
2857:cittĂ ad isole
2803:Duke (Lombard)
2798:
2795:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2652:(blacksmith),
2542:Pforzen buckle
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2470:early medieval
2411:haplogroup R1b
2382:
2379:
2370:Siege of Capua
2295:Main article:
2292:
2289:
2216:
2213:
2193:Pope John VIII
2123:Main article:
2120:
2117:
2113:Tyrrhenian Sea
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1966:Pope Hadrian I
1939:Friulian Plain
1927:Charles Martel
1876:King Liutprand
1868:
1865:
1849:Slavic peoples
1721:, the duke of
1711:Pope Gregory I
1705:, the Duke of
1701:, daughter of
1657:
1656:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:Arian monarchy
1589:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:Duchy of Pavia
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1403:northern Italy
1246:
1243:
1238:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1179:, King of the
1012:also mentions
956:) crossed the
778:
767:
756:
745:
742:Central Europe
726:
723:
640:Paulus Orosius
574:fertility cult
570:a name of Odin
529:(Latinised as
486:, perhaps the
480:overpopulation
419:
412:
411:
410:
398:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
340:Proto-Germanic
306:
303:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7597:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7550:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:Crimean Goths
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7098:Salian Franks
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6536:Early culture
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6454:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6428:
6427:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:0-8020-0779-1
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6323:
6321:9780191735257
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6185:9781405117142
6181:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6166:Todd, Malcolm
6163:
6152:
6150:9780195188172
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6069:88-7273-484-3
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5865:88-06-16182-2
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5845:. Ulan Press.
5844:
5839:
5835:
5833:3-928127-57-8
5829:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5678:0-8122-1055-7
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5656:9780521819053
5652:
5648:
5645:. Cambridge:
5644:
5639:
5628:
5626:9780191727139
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5538:
5536:9780191744457
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5491:
5489:9780191744457
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5427:(in German).
5426:
5422:
5417:
5406:
5404:9780195187922
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5107:, p. 101
5106:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4920:Hutterer 1999
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4697:Peters, 2.26.
4694:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4495:Priester 2004
4491:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4433:
4426:
4425:Priester 2004
4421:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4401:Hartmann 2011
4397:
4390:
4389:Priester 2004
4385:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4305:, p. 471
4304:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4288:Priester 2004
4284:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4224:
4223:Priester 2004
4219:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4091:0-85229-571-5
4087:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4065:
4063:0-14-051054-0
4059:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3938:Bruckner 1895
3934:
3927:
3926:Fröhlich 1980
3922:
3915:
3914:Priester 2004
3910:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3874:Priester 2004
3870:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:Priester 2004
3810:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:Christie 1995
3728:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:(in French).
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3669:Christie 1995
3665:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:Priester 2004
3582:
3580:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:Christie 1995
3543:
3542:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3264:drinking horn
3258:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3195:Roman cursive
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:converted to
3045:
3041:
3037:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:King Grimoald
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2886:Campo Vaccino
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:Frankish Gaul
2804:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:(scoundrel),
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:(courtyard),
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:Elder Futhark
2551:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:Elbe Germanic
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2489:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Melus of Bari
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2000:Later history
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:Gorizia Hills
1885:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:Vipava Valley
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1665:The Frankish
1663:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:This section
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:In the 540s,
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:. In 505 the
1147:
1143:
1142:Lower Austria
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:Moravian Gate
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:Aelius Bassus
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
941:sovereignty.
939:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Elbe-Germanic
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
801:
796:
743:
740:
736:
733:Expansion of
731:
722:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
670:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
621:
617:
615:
614:Edward Gibbon
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
490:coast or the
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
429:
416:
405:
401:
395:
385:
373:Early history
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:
348:
347:
341:
337:
336:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:defeated the
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:north of the
181:
176:
172:
171:first century
168:
167:
163:wrote in the
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
70:
62:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7231:
6829:Anglo-Saxons
6819:Adrabaecampi
6802:Bucinobantes
6544:Architecture
6424:
6387:
6378:
6354:
6343:
6337:
6325:. Retrieved
6297:
6273:
6263:
6223:
6217:
6194:
6170:
6154:. Retrieved
6127:
6098:
6078:
6060:I Longobardi
6059:
6040:
6007:
5967:: eaao1262.
5960:
5954:
5927:
5880:
5874:
5851:
5842:
5823:
5819:
5800:
5791:
5787:
5768:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5725:
5714:
5710:
5701:
5664:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5603:
5586:
5581:
5557:The Lombards
5556:
5540:. Retrieved
5512:
5493:. Retrieved
5465:
5438:
5428:
5424:
5408:. Retrieved
5388:
5371:
5366:
5303:
5297:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5192:. Retrieved
5187:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5164:(in Italian)
5161:
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5136:
5119:, p. 64
5112:
5100:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5068:, p. 51
5061:
5056:, p. 51
5049:
5026:
5020:
4999:
4994:
4985:
4981:
4980:Hauk, Karl.
4975:
4970:, p. 99
4963:
4958:, p. 47
4956:Schmidt 2018
4951:
4944:Schmidt 2018
4939:
4934:, p. 82
4932:Cardini 2019
4927:
4915:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4849:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4800:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4778:the original
4739:
4733:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4688:Peters, 2.7.
4684:
4671:
4651:
4613:
4607:
4598:
4593:
4582:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4521:, p. 14
4519:Menghin 1985
4514:
4502:
4497:, p. 22
4490:
4482:
4477:
4470:Hodgkin 2012
4465:
4460:, p. 49
4458:Schmidt 2018
4453:
4446:Hodgkin 2012
4441:
4432:
4420:
4413:Menghin 1985
4408:
4396:
4391:, p. 14
4364:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4333:Schmidt 2018
4320:, p. 38
4290:, p. 21
4283:
4278:, p. 16
4276:Menghin 1985
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4225:, p. 18
4218:
4213:, p. 18
4211:Menghin 1985
4206:
4201:, p. 17
4199:Menghin 1985
4194:
4171:
4165:
4149:
4135:
4121:
4116:, p. 15
4114:Menghin 1985
4081:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4042:, p. 80
4040:Cardini 2019
4035:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4005:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3970:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3950:The article
3945:
3933:
3928:, p. 19
3921:
3916:, p. 17
3909:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3881:
3876:, p. 17
3869:
3860:
3831:, p. 56
3816:, p. 16
3809:
3800:
3788:
3783:
3778:, p. 13
3776:Menghin 1985
3771:
3763:
3710:
3693:
3689:
3676:
3671:, p. 3.
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:the original
3643:
3634:
3615:
3592:
3563:Darvill 2009
3538:
3527:
3518:
3469:
3465:Bobbio Abbey
3450:
3421:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3355:Architecture
3324:
3279:
3208:
3204:
3184:
3173:Montecassino
3170:
3154:
3148:than to the
3139:
3117:
3107:
3056:
3033:
3023:
3014:Duke Romuald
3006:St. Barbatus
3004:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2885:
2853:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2806:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2764:
2752:(to snore).
2749:
2745:
2744:(to knock),
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:(henchman);
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2623:(rich), and
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2578:
2574:Pernik sword
2547:
2531:Upper German
2499:
2463:
2461:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2402:
2367:
2350:
2333:, but under
2300:
2282:
2280:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2226:
2186:
2179:
2153:
2128:
2098:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2020:
1991:
1987:Papal States
1951:
1896:
1881:
1853:Carantanians
1846:
1788:
1773:
1765:
1751:
1716:
1676:
1645:
1639:October 2018
1636:
1621:Please help
1609:
1519:
1517:
1495:
1477:
1446:
1374:
1372:
1344:
1326:
1319:Transylvania
1315:prize of war
1303:Khagan Bayan
1284:
1266:
1248:
1217:
1166:
1128:" (probably
1119:
1110:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1022:
1013:
1009:
970:
960:and invaded
943:
935:
915:
908:
895:
870:
860:
849:
844:
825:(AD 20) and
820:
805:
711:
688:
672:
668:
664:Ăstergötland
623:
619:
611:
596:
590:
582:
565:
549:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
515:
483:
471:
465:
461:
457:
455:
450:
444:
436:
432:
430:
426:
402:(Godan) and
352:
345:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
221:between the
216:
164:
158:
137:
68:
66:
48:
40:
7269:Nahanarvali
7192:Hilleviones
7105:Frisiavones
6973:Cananefates
6963:Burgundians
6874:Banochaemae
6724:Anglo-Saxon
6675:Anglo-Saxon
6641:Anglo-Saxon
6624:Anglo-Saxon
6607:Anglo-Saxon
6357:. Toronto:
6230:: 647â656.
5887:: 497â506.
5194:6 September
5168:6 September
5142:6 September
5093:Jarnut 2002
5066:Jarnut 2002
5054:Jarnut 2002
4903:(1): 1â11.
4824:Amorim 2018
4574:Cluj-Napoca
4507:Bluhme 1868
4367:. pp.
3551:Whitby 2012
3453:Theodelinda
3232:shield boss
3063:Theodelinda
2884:became the
2882:Roman Forum
2833:viri devoti
2829:exercitales
2748:(to peck),
2720:(knuckle),
2680:(stirrup),
2631:(to wade).
2558:Schretzheim
2343:Sichelgaita
2327:Guaimar III
2201:Pope John X
1970:Charlemagne
1830:Constans II
1699:Theodelinda
1671:Chlothar II
1667:Merovingian
1411:Gothic Wars
1375:Forum Iulii
1339:King Alboin
1209:Thurisind's
1185:Justinian I
1158:King Rodulf
1134:King Claffo
946:Cassius Dio
877:and became
871:Langobardic
349:(long) and
321:. The name
271:Charlemagne
243:Thuringians
7564:Categories
7488:Vinoviloth
7276:Marcomanni
7259:Helveconae
7237:HeaĂ°obards
7207:Istvaeones
7197:Ingaevones
7182:Hermunduri
7150:Ostrogoths
7140:Greuthungi
7018:Chattuarii
6844:Angrivarii
6839:Ampsivarii
6807:Lentienses
6636:Literature
6526:Viking Age
6327:25 January
6286:"Lombards"
6156:26 January
6119:"Lombards"
6088:0813391539
6050:380621848X
5941:3926642238
5778:3932412249
5632:25 January
5599:"Lombards"
5571:0631182381
5462:"Lombards"
5410:26 January
5381:"Lombards"
4998:Tacitus',
4509:, Ch. XIII
4318:Wiese 1877
4303:Zeuss 2012
3952:Hadubarder
3616:Vikingaliv
3557:Brown 2005
3461:Desiderius
3392:The small
3385:(1919) by
3373:Church of
3150:Roman rite
3110:Cunincpert
3073:. In 603,
3052:Ostrogoths
2815:under the
2801:See also:
2732:(marten);
2728:(magpie),
2704:(baleen),
2686:sculdascio
2684:(stable),
2650:maniscalco
2607:(warden),
2519:morphology
2375:Holy Roman
2359:Richard II
2347:Pandulf IV
2331:Guaimar IV
2205:Garigliano
2160:gastaldate
1960:, duke of
1958:Desiderius
1947:Pippin III
1907:Aripert II
1842:Cunincpert
1766:Opitergium
1469:Byzantines
1156:. In 508,
1081:Burgundaib
1077:Vurgundaib
1025:Principate
1014:Patespruna
997:Angrivarii
922:Marcomanni
889:, and the
867:Lower Elbe
800:Lower Elbe
637:theologian
626:Gallaecian
607:Langobards
587:HeaĂ°obards
583:Ansegranus
539:Langobards
535:Longobardi
531:Langobardi
527:Longbeards
472:Vindilicus
295:runestones
247:Ostrogoths
237:, Gepids,
146:Longobardi
138:Longobards
7483:Vidivarii
7478:Victohali
7468:Vangiones
7401:Thuringii
7306:Nuithones
7202:Irminones
7165:Visigoths
7155:Thervingi
7115:Gambrivii
7068:Dulgubnii
7063:Dauciones
7013:Chasuarii
6953:Brondings
6879:Bastarnae
6869:Baiuvarii
6849:Armalausi
6812:Raetovari
6746:Languages
6714:Symbology
6574:Folklore
6569:Festivals
6026:cite book
5854:. Turin:
5687:cite book
5507:(2018b).
5460:(2018a).
5255:Tacitus.
5035:cite book
5029:. London.
4858:cite book
4748:cite book
4742:. London.
4622:cite book
4616:. London.
4548:PD, XVII.
4481:Menghin,
4363:SchĂŒtte.
4180:cite book
4154:Suetonius
4030:, line 30
3885:PD, I, 9.
3855:PD, VIII.
3696:(2): 15.
3524:"Lombard"
3484:Catalonia
3457:Liutprand
3442:Benevento
3418:cathedral
3308:Altar of
3215:Christian
3211:Byzantine
3114:Liutprand
3016:, son of
3010:Benevento
2817:Visigoths
2746:piluccare
2716:(cheek),
2708:(hovel);
2706:stamberga
2694:manigoldo
2644:(beard),
2589:Old Saxon
2566:OstallgÀu
2533:dialect.
2453:Lithuania
2444:Byzantine
2428:Alemannic
2335:Gisulf II
2164:Pandenulf
1915:Byzantium
1834:Perctarit
1819:Benevento
1795:Perctarit
1791:Aripert I
1610:does not
1528:Benevento
1457:Benevento
1423:Justin II
1415:Byzantine
1359:Pannonian
1355:Sarmatian
1351:Bulgarian
1220:Foederati
1193:Kutrigurs
1189:Herulians
1177:Thurisind
1162:King Tato
1150:Herulians
1122:Burgundes
1018:Paderborn
973:Rhineland
891:North Sea
852:Suetonius
683:Stockholm
633:historian
566:LangbarĂ°r
558:Christian
492:Bardengau
342:elements
332:The name
283:conquered
263:Liutprand
204:Thurisind
148:) were a
18:Longobard
7570:Lombards
7549:Category
7456:Hasdingi
7441:Usipetes
7421:Tubantes
7406:Toxandri
7386:Tencteri
7361:Suarines
7346:Sicambri
7341:Semnones
7321:Reudigni
7291:Mattiaci
7281:Marsacii
7232:Lombards
7222:Lacringi
7217:Juthungi
7048:Corconti
7033:Cherusci
7008:Charudes
6988:Chaedini
6958:Bructeri
6943:Bateinoi
6914:Eburones
6909:Condrusi
6904:Caeroesi
6899:Atuatuci
6834:Ambrones
6797:Brisgavi
6792:Alemanni
6670:Paganism
6559:Clothing
6554:Calendar
6501:Germania
6417:(1911).
6296:(eds.).
6284:(2012).
6254:30651584
6168:(2004).
5999:30191172
5919:52161000
5911:30187463
5671:. 1973.
5597:(2009).
5554:(1995).
5542:13 March
5495:13 March
5364:(1868).
5354:30206220
5310:: 3547.
5306:(3547).
5258:Germania
5010:Archived
5000:Germania
4880:, p. 95.
3843:PD, VII.
3747:Vai 2019
3684:(1991).
3293:Lombard
3278:Lombard
3262:A glass
3247:Lombard
3230:Lombard
3103:Grimoald
3075:Adaloald
3059:Bavarian
3048:Arianism
3000:Nuitones
2996:Suarines
2976:Reudigni
2970:goddess
2959:Germania
2767:Frisians
2724:(back);
2692:(feud),
2648:(mark),
2585:Frankish
2583:or from
2570:Schwaben
2506:Cimbrian
2482:Language
2440:Frankish
2381:Genetics
2363:Lando IV
2315:Calabria
2276:Basil II
2211:in 915.
2142:in 841.
2090:Saracens
2082:Calabria
2050:prĂnceps
2046:de facto
2013:Lombard
1994:Lombardy
1982:Adelchis
1903:Ansprand
1890:and the
1859:and the
1811:Grimoald
1799:Godepert
1743:Adaloald
1729:in 601,
1520:gastaldi
1480:paganism
1442:Lombardy
1331:Pannonia
1299:Cunimund
1295:Rosamund
1213:Turismod
1201:Audoin's
1173:Pannonia
1111:Rugiland
1092:Usipetes
1073:Banthaib
1061:Mauringa
1057:Scoringa
1053:Rugiland
1033:Alamanni
989:Tencteri
985:Sugambri
981:Bructeri
962:Pannonia
938:Cherusci
926:Arminius
910:Germania
863:Iron Age
816:Tiberius
648:Jordanes
554:Catholic
550:Historia
543:Lombards
484:Scoringa
384:Hundings
362:Albanian
358:Illyrian
319:Lombards
299:Lombardy
267:Frankish
251:Po River
225:and the
180:Slovakia
69:Lombards
51:Neustria
32:Lombardy
7473:Varisci
7461:Silingi
7451:Vandals
7426:Tulingi
7416:Triboci
7411:Treveri
7391:Teutons
7381:Taifals
7356:Sitones
7296:Nemetes
7254:Helisii
7227:Lemovii
7145:Gutones
7078:Firaesi
7073:Favonae
7053:Cugerni
7043:Cobandi
6998:Chamavi
6993:Chaemae
6983:Casuari
6978:Caritni
6948:Betasii
6919:Paemani
6854:Auiones
6719:Warfare
6697:Scripts
6665:Numbers
6489:History
6245:6460631
6125:(ed.).
5990:6124919
5969:Bibcode
5889:bioRxiv
5856:Einaudi
5760:3047841
5387:(ed.).
5345:6134036
5320:bioRxiv
5312:Bibcode
5247:Tacitus
5207:Sources
4893:(PDF).
4784:30 July
4028:Widsith
3958:(1909).
3434:Brescia
3430:Bergamo
3420:). The
3310:Ratchis
3295:fibulae
3099:Rothari
3091:Arioald
3087:Agilulf
3083:Austria
2992:Eudoses
2980:Aviones
2964:Tacitus
2821:iudices
2782:cantons
2750:russare
2742:bussare
2730:martora
2722:schiena
2714:guancia
2712:(hip),
2698:sgherro
2646:marchio
2625:guadare
2615:(war),
2601:guardia
2562:Pforzen
2510:MĂČcheno
2477:Culture
2457:Iceland
2172:Basil I
2111:on the
2109:Salerno
1962:Tuscany
1954:Ratchis
1943:Aistulf
1911:Spoleto
1807:Ticinum
1784:Rodoald
1758:Liguria
1754:Rothari
1747:Arioald
1731:Cremona
1719:Agilulf
1707:Bavaria
1695:Authari
1679:Ravenna
1631:removed
1616:sources
1524:Spoleto
1497:in toto
1473:Perugia
1453:Spoleto
1449:Tuscany
1399:Brescia
1391:Vicenza
1389:. Soon
1367:Norican
1363:Suabian
1347:Gepidan
1291:Gepidae
1226:in the
1207:killed
1154:Bohemia
1126:Bulgars
1103:Gotland
1069:Anthaib
1065:Golanda
1037:Bavarii
999:on the
918:Marobod
905:Nerthus
901:Suebian
897:Tacitus
827:Tacitus
788: 1
715:Teutoni
703:Widsith
695:Scandza
660:Uppland
656:Uppsala
598:Widsith
595:and in
592:Beowulf
500:Vandals
462:Winnili
368:History
335:Lombard
329:'wolf'.
327:*wulfaz
323:Winnili
315:Vandals
311:Winnili
287:Normans
285:by the
253:except
239:Bulgars
202:leader
175:Suebian
55:Austria
7493:Warini
7446:Vagoth
7431:Tungri
7396:Thelir
7376:Swedes
7371:Sunici
7336:Saxons
7331:Rugini
7264:Manimi
7249:Diduni
7187:Heruli
7125:Gepids
7110:Frisii
7088:Franks
7038:Cimbri
7028:Chauci
7023:Chatti
6936:Nervii
6931:Morini
6889:Belgae
6884:Batavi
6859:Avarpi
6824:Angles
6784:Groups
6734:Viking
6680:Gothic
6658:Gothic
6564:Family
6394:
6365:
6318:
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6201:
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5281:
5251:Annals
4807:
4728:(p. 8)
4568:]
4371:, and
4088:
4060:
3654:1 July
3622:
3594:winna-
3459:, and
3213:, and
3095:Alahis
3061:queen
3044:Alboin
3042:, but
2988:Varini
2984:Anglii
2972:Freyja
2874:Arezzo
2734:gualdo
2702:fanone
2682:stalla
2678:staffa
2658:braida
2629:wadjan
2609:guerra
2605:wardan
2581:Gothic
2442:and a
2415:I2a2a1
2397:, and
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2323:Arduin
2311:Apulia
2303:papacy
2132:Sicily
2086:Naples
2078:Apulia
2074:Sicard
2070:Amalfi
2023:Franks
1861:Friuli
1838:Trento
1815:Friuli
1770:Oderzo
1762:Veneto
1735:Mantua
1465:Rugian
1459:under
1419:Exarch
1395:Verona
1387:Gisulf
1287:Alboin
1205:Alboin
1197:Moesia
1181:Gepids
1169:Audoin
1075:, and
1041:Saxons
1039:, and
1029:Franks
1005:Chauci
993:Angili
958:Danube
835:Chauci
823:Strabo
780:
769:
758:
747:
739:Celtic
719:Cimbri
707:Sceafa
691:Sceafa
652:Getica
488:Baltic
353:bardaz
346:langaz
235:Heruls
231:Saxons
212:SzĂłlĂĄd
208:Alboin
196:Audoin
192:Gepids
188:Heruls
184:Danube
59:Tuscia
7585:Suebi
7366:Suebi
7351:Sciri
7326:Rugii
7316:Quadi
7301:Njars
7286:Marsi
7244:Lugii
7212:Jutes
7177:Harii
7172:Gutes
7130:Goths
7120:Geats
7058:Danes
7003:Chali
6924:Segni
6864:Baemi
6707:Runes
6692:Rings
6685:Norse
6653:Names
6646:Norse
6629:Norse
6612:Norse
6288:. In
6226:(4).
6176:Wiley
6121:. In
5963:(9).
5915:S2CID
5885:Wiley
5883:(3).
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5562:Wiley
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4570:(PDF)
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3793:Sibyl
3510:Notes
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3402:Pavia
3347:Pavia
3036:Wacho
2968:Norse
2947:Vanir
2878:Milan
2870:Siena
2866:Lucca
2862:Pavia
2813:Spain
2771:Celts
2738:pozza
2726:gazza
2718:nocca
2690:faida
2670:picco
2662:borgo
2642:barba
2627:from
2621:rikki
2619:from
2617:ricco
2613:werra
2611:from
2603:from
2595:from
2593:landa
2550:runic
2515:Latin
2140:Capua
1978:Pavia
1931:Arabs
1823:Avars
1803:Pavia
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1727:Padua
1723:Turin
1691:dukes
1683:Cleph
1669:King
1484:Arian
1461:Zotto
1438:Milan
1427:Pavia
1407:Milan
1381:) in
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1323:Italy
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1279:Bayan
1211:son,
1203:son,
1138:Upper
1001:Weser
887:Weser
883:Rhine
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562:pagan
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439:) of
404:Frigg
400:Wodan
269:king
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7083:Fosi
6968:Buri
6392:ISBN
6363:ISBN
6329:2020
6316:ISBN
6250:PMID
6199:ISBN
6180:ISBN
6158:2020
6145:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6045:ISBN
6032:link
6012:ISBN
5995:PMID
5936:ISBN
5907:PMID
5860:ISBN
5828:ISBN
5805:ISBN
5773:ISBN
5693:link
5673:ISBN
5651:ISBN
5634:2020
5621:ISBN
5566:ISBN
5544:2020
5531:ISBN
5497:2020
5484:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5412:2020
5399:ISBN
5350:PMID
5279:ISBN
5196:2022
5170:2022
5144:2022
5041:link
4864:link
4805:ISBN
4786:2012
4754:link
4628:link
4186:link
4086:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4015:2020
3766:, 2.
3656:2007
3620:ISBN
3482:and
3363:and
3164:the
3142:rite
3132:The
3101:and
2998:and
2951:Ăsir
2933:and
2924:and
2915:and
2906:and
2837:levy
2831:and
2811:and
2710:anca
2674:sala
2666:fara
2634:The
2597:land
2508:and
2500:The
2455:and
2436:H65a
2413:and
2329:and
2321:and
2313:and
2156:Bari
2084:and
2080:and
1992:The
1974:Susa
1923:Rome
1884:SoÄa
1817:and
1733:and
1614:any
1612:cite
1583:and
1574:and
1526:and
1455:and
1397:and
1224:Teia
1140:and
1130:Huns
1099:Oder
983:and
954:Ubii
831:Elbe
717:and
635:and
519:Odin
496:Elbe
476:Gaul
456:The
305:Name
245:and
67:The
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7311:Osi
6619:Law
6549:Art
6476:of
6308:doi
6240:PMC
6232:doi
6137:doi
5985:PMC
5977:doi
5899:doi
5881:167
5748:doi
5613:doi
5523:doi
5476:doi
5340:PMC
5330:doi
4905:doi
4901:128
4373:118
3954:in
3698:doi
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