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575:. Among their first projects was the Cockpit, a minimalist glass bubble installed in Cornwall, the features of which became a recurring theme in Foster's future projects. After the four separated in 1967, Foster and Wendy founded a new practice, Foster Associates. From 1968 to 1983, Foster collaborated with American architect
447:, which influenced Norman to take up engineering, design, and, ultimately, architecture. His mother worked in a local bakery. Foster's parents were diligent and hard workers who often had neighbours and family members look after her son, which Foster later believed restricted his relationship with his mother and father.
655:, couldn't be executed. Though unrealised, the collaboration is historically significant for its scale, its introduction of colour and materials broadly viewed as antithetical to high-tech architecture into a key work of that movement, and for having been the first time in the history of stained glass that
731:, but its height was seen as excessive for London's skyline. The proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, popularly referred to as "the gherkin", after its shape. Foster worked with engineers to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as
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office floors, long before open-plan became the norm, and placed a roof garden, 25-metre swimming pool, and gymnasium in the building to enhance the quality of life for the company's 1,200 employees. The building has a full-height glass façade moulded to the medieval street plan and contributes
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company, telling the interviewer he had applied for the prospect of a company car and a £1,000 salary. Instead, he became an assistant to a contract manager at a local architects, John E. Beardshaw and
Partners. The staff advised him that if he wished to become an architect, he should prepare a
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artwork for the terminal building; the principal proposal would have seen the walls of the terminal's east and west elevations clad in two sequences of traditionally mouth-blown, leaded glass. For complex technical and security reasons, the original scheme, which Clarke considered to be his
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reported that Foster had called in
Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but rather to sell his 80–90% holding in the company valued at £300 million to £500 million. In 2007, he worked with
407:, created to 'promote interdisciplinary thinking and research to help new generations of architects, designers and urbanists to anticipate the future'. The foundation, which opened in June 2017, is based in Madrid and operates globally. Foster was awarded the
765:), in Cupertino, California, US. Apple's board and staff continued to work with Foster as the design was completed and the construction in progress. The circular building was opened to employees in April 2017, six years after Jobs died in 2011.
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Foster was assigned the brief for a development on the site of the Baltic
Exchange, which had been damaged beyond repair by an IRA bomb, in the 1990s. Foster + Partners submitted a plan for a 385-metre-tall (1,263 ft) skyscraper, the
470:, choosing the air force because aircraft had been a longtime hobby. Upon returning to Manchester, Foster went against his parents' wishes and sought employment elsewhere. He had seven O-levels by this time, and applied to work at a
826:, one of the four founders of Team 4, died from cancer in 1989. From 1991 to 1995, Foster was married to Begum Sabiha Rumani Malik. The marriage ended in divorce. In 1996, Foster married Spanish psychologist and art curator
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458:, where he was bullied by fellow pupils and took up reading. He considered himself quiet and awkward in his early years. At 16, he left school and passed an entrance exam for a trainee scheme set up by
606:, commissioned in 1970 and completed in 1975. The client, a family-run insurance company, wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. In response, Foster designed a space with modular,
1654:"Sainsbury Centre, attached walkway, underground loading bay, and retaining walls to loading bay access road at the University of East Anglia, non Civil Parish - 1409810 | Historic England"
798:
who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of
Trustees of
594:, which integrated workers and managers within the same office space. This was followed, in 1970, by the world's first inflatable office building for Computer Technology Limited near
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Azure on a pile reversed throughout engrailed argent a pile reversed throughout engrailed azure with five chevronels reversed or surmounted by a pile reversed throughout argent.
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802:. Foster believes that attracting young talent is essential, and is proud that the average age of people working for Foster and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967.
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By then, Foster's style had evolved from its earlier sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the
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638:. Executed by Foster + Partners, the building, recognised as a landmark work of high-tech architecture, was opened to the public in 1991, and was awarded the 1990
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1987:
674:), at the time the most expensive building ever constructed. The building is marked by its high level of light transparency, as all 3500 workers have a view to
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on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design, such as the Samuel
Beckett Theatre at
403:, first founded in 1967 as Foster Associates, is the largest in the United Kingdom, and maintains offices internationally. He is the president of the
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2334:"2017 Summit Highlights Photo: Awards Council member Lord Jacob Rothschild presents the Golden Plate Award to British architect Lord Norman Foster"
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502:. During this time, he also studied at the local library in Levenshulme. His talent and hard work was recognised in 1959 when he won £105 and a
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from
Beardshaw's practice as an example. Beardshaw was so impressed with Foster's drawings that he promoted him to the drawing department.
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Foster
Associates concentrated on industrial buildings until 1969, when the practice worked on the administrative and leisure centre for
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drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing back-lit transparency as the sun sets. The design was inspired by the
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598:, which housed 70 employees for a year. The practice's breakthrough project in England followed in 1974 with the completion of the
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On either side statant upon the base of a pier of the
Millennium Bridge over the River Thames argent a heron sable.
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754:, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."
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in
Malaysia, and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at the
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In May 2022, it was announced that Foster would help plan reconstruction in
Ukraine after the end of the
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399:, Foster is recognised as a key figure in British modernist architecture. His architectural practice
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395:(born 1 June 1935) is an English architect and designer. Closely associated with the development of
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642:/ Mies van der Rohe Award. As part of the project's development, in 1988 Foster and British artist
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In 1981, Foster received a commission for the construction of a new terminal building at London's
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682:. Foster said that if the firm had not won the contract it would probably have been bankrupted.
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album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.
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from about 2009 until Jobs' death to design the Apple offices, Apple Campus 2 (now called
8:
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2012:
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Foster gained a reputation for designing office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the
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during the International Achievement Summit in London. In 2012, Foster was among the
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431:. He was the only child of Robert and Lilian Foster (née Smith). The family moved to
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1927:"Lord Foster: 'I'm like a hamster on a treadmill. I'm always moving, I never stop"
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2286:"Petronas University of Technology receives 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture"
2149:"Wembley and Gherkin architect Norman Foster given freedom of the City of London"
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1774:"One More Thing: Inside Apple's Insanely Great (or Just Insane) New Mothership"
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830:. He has five children; two of the four sons he had with Cheesman are adopted.
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In 1963, Foster returned to the UK and established his own architectural firm
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2348:"New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday"
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in the category 'Arts'. In 2017, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
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Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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in 2007 to honour his contributions to the advancement of tall buildings.
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in Manchester that Foster had admired as a youngster. The building is now
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1640:"The Willis Building, non Civil Parish - 1237417 | Historic England"
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Foster currently sits on the board of trustees at architectural charity
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and earned his master's degree. At the suggestion of Yale art historian
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30:"Norman Foster" redirects here. For other people of the same name, see
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534:, the pair travelled across America for a year to study architecture.
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to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles'
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treatment and made a full recovery. He also suffered a heart attack.
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1988:"Exclusive building study: Maggie's Manchester by Foster + Partners"
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1799:"Why Steve Jobs Tapped Norman Foster to Design Apple's Future HQ"
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108:
2443:(Producer: Marc-Christoph Wagner, Copyright: Louisiana Channel,
2437:(dir. Carlos Carcass and Norberto Lopez Amado, 2010, 78 minutes)
2180:"Norman Foster's Bloomberg office in London wins Stirling prize"
526:
in New Haven, Connecticut, where he met future business partner
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2312:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1058:
1194:"The Guardian Profile: Sir Norman Foster: The master builder"
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A Pier of the Millennium Bridge over the River Thames proper.
3324:
1864:"Star architect Foster to help plan Ukraine reconstruction"
1543:, Sternstunde Kultur, Schweizer Fernsehen, 4 December 2011.
997:
Coat of arms of Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
882:, of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester in July.
3069:
2611:
2462:(25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 252.
2366:"Sir Peter Blake's new Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album cover"
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Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
2531:
Portraits of Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
1369:
1367:
1320:
1318:
1158:"Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture by Deyan Sudjic"
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Foster has been married three times. His first wife,
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Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
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Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
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1391:
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1364:
1352:
1315:
1297:"Book review: Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture"
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Sistema de Orquesta Juvenil e Infantil de Venezuela
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916:In 1986 he received an Honorary Doctorate from the
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Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
2262:. The Aga Khan Development Network. Archived from
1925:
1889:
1607:
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878:was announced and he was raised to the peerage as
640:European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
506:for what he described as "a measured drawing of a
37:"Lord Foster" redirects here. For other uses, see
2288:. Foster + Partners. 9 April 2007. Archived from
1508:"Norman Foster backs campaign to save Bourn Mill"
893:(RA) on 26 June 1991. In 1995, he was elected an
623:, an art gallery and museum on the campus of the
373:Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
3414:
1097:"List of Fellows - Royal Academy of Engineering"
3443:Alumni of the Manchester School of Architecture
1666:
897:(HonFREng). On 24 April 2017, he was given the
842:and was told he had weeks to live. He received
3503:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
3473:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Arts
2435:How Much Does Your Building Weigh, Mr. Foster?
1534:How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster?
1438:"Architect's Levenshulme inpsiration [
1435:
3040:
2597:
930:The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award
668:the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
3568:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
1714:. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013
1338:"Lord Norman Foster Biography and Interview"
2234:Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
1767:
1765:
1557:"Norman Foster - 1999 Laureate - Biography"
1500:
934:Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
659:had been utilised in the creative process.
518:. After graduating in 1961, Foster won the
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3423:Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
3047:
3033:
2604:
2590:
2544:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
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2177:
1002:
76:
1962:"Norman Foster at 75: Norman's conquests"
1529:
1527:
1525:
1436:Thistlethwaite, Laura (30 October 2008).
419:Norman Robert Foster was born in 1935 in
2110:
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2011:
1823:
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838:In the 2000s, Foster was diagnosed with
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488:School of Architecture and City Planning
3325:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts
2516:TED Talks: Norman Foster's green agenda
2458:Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005).
1959:
1955:
1953:
1919:
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1582:"Samuel Brackett Theatre – The Project"
1562:. The Pritzker Architecture Prize. 1999
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646:made several proposals for an integral
206:Elena Fernández-Ferreiro López de Ochoa
168: 1964; died 1989)
14:
3523:Members of the Académie d'architecture
3498:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
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2178:Wainwright, Oliver (10 October 2018).
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3578:Peers retired from the House of Lords
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3070:Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts
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3028:
2585:
2411:Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture
2382:Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019
2222:
2209:University of Bath Honorary Graduates
1253:von Hase, Bettina (16 January 1999).
1155:
1078:SkyCycle (proposed transport project)
974:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
600:Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters
3533:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
3057:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
2146:
1985:
1950:
1938:from the original on 12 January 2022
1914:
1882:
1826:"Foster puts £500m firm up for sale"
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1620:from the original on 12 January 2022
1546:
1474:Glancey, Jonathan (6 October 1996).
1464:
1411:"Norman Foster: Building the future"
1403:
1192:Glancey, Jonathan (2 January 1999).
3463:Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
2506:Interview with Norman Foster(video)
1824:Hamilton, Fiona (21 January 2007).
1584:. Foster + Partners. Archived from
1237:
1176:
959:presented by Awards Council member
735:. In 1999, the company was renamed
423:, two miles (3.2 km) north of
312:Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters
24:
3573:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
3548:English expatriates in Switzerland
3543:Yale School of Architecture alumni
3538:Architects from Greater Manchester
3518:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
2492:Foster + Partners official website
2451:
2230:"2007 Lynn S. Beedle Award Winner"
2205:"Honorary graduates, 1980 to 1989"
2085:
2041:. 28 November 1997. p. 13399.
1960:Glancey, Jonathan (29 June 2010).
1669:Brian Clarke: Architectural Artist
486:In 1956 Foster began study at the
25:
3589:
3458:Modernist architects from England
2535:National Portrait Gallery, London
2485:
2260:"The Tenth Award Cycle 2005–2007"
1902:from the original on 21 June 2022
1748:"France shows off tallest bridge"
1488:from the original on 21 June 2022
945:University of Technology Petronas
670:(a founding member of the future
2527:Norman Foster Foundation website
2428:
1671:. Academy Editions. p. 13.
1219:"Taller, higher, bigger, Foster"
1057:
862:, and thereby granted the title
812:
807:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
685:
621:Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts
475:portfolio of drawings using the
192:
3448:20th-century English architects
2402:
2379:Morris, Susan (20 April 2020).
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2320:American Academy of Achievement
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2197:
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2005:
1979:
1924:Barber, Timothy (24 May 2017).
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1510:. BBC News Online. 7 April 2022
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1346:American Academy of Achievement
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957:American Academy of Achievement
941:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
452:Burnage Grammar School for Boys
217:
188:
165:
3177:Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza
2445:Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
2147:Gill, Oliver (25 April 2017).
1696:. E & FN Spon. p. 76.
1289:
1149:
1119:
1089:
987:List of works by Norman Foster
923:
887:Associate of the Royal Academy
542:
55:The Lord Foster of Thames Bank
32:Norman Foster (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3483:Members of the Order of Merit
2081:. 23 July 1999. p. 1551.
2061:. 28 July 1999. p. 8128.
1986:Mark, Laura (27 April 2016).
1891:"Norman Foster: Man of steel"
1853:, Anagramme Ed., 2008, p. 134
1609:"Lord Norman Foster portrait"
1083:
2511:Foster's projects on the map
2368:. BBC News. 8 November 2016.
2122:Royal Academy of Engineering
1772:Levy, Steven (16 May 2017).
1750:. BBC News. 14 December 2004
1156:Moore, Rowan (23 May 2010).
1101:Royal Academy of Engineering
889:(ARA) on 19 May 1983, and a
874:, Foster's elevation to the
510:". The windmill he drew was
39:Lord Foster (disambiguation)
7:
2613:Pritzker Architecture Prize
2565:Baron Foster of Thames Bank
1050:
1033:The Only Constant Is Change
951:. In 2009, he received the
880:Baron Foster of Thames Bank
800:The Architecture Foundation
744:tallest bridge in the world
524:Yale School of Architecture
341:Imperial War Museum Duxford
339:American Air Museum at the
249:Pritzker Architecture Prize
10:
3594:
2460:Design of the 20th Century
2118:"List of Fellows – Foster"
2021:. 15 June 1990. p. 2.
984:
866:. He was appointed to the
849:
698:office building for rent (
577:Richard Buckminster Fuller
494:. He was ineligible for a
268:Mérite Européen Gold Medal
36:
29:
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3064:
2622:
2570:
2557:
2549:
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2497:Lord Norman Robert Foster
2336:. Academy of Achievement.
1732:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1708:"London Millennium Tower"
1225:. London. 24 October 2005
833:
817:
625:University of East Anglia
537:
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178:Begum Sabiha Rumani Malik
142:
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87:
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48:
3438:Stirling Prize laureates
2752:Christian de Portzamparc
2574:The Lord Lea of Crondall
1832:. London. Archived from
1692:Treiber, Daniel (1995).
1667:Powell, Kenneth (1994).
1616:. London. 24 June 2008.
1131:Norman Foster Foundation
980:
965:British cultural figures
953:Prince of Asturias Award
710:Foster lecturing in 2001
657:computer-assisted design
492:University of Manchester
415:Early life and education
405:Norman Foster Foundation
259:Prince of Asturias Award
125:University of Manchester
3141:Victoria de los Ángeles
2441:Striving for Simplicity
1446:Manchester Evening News
991:
967:selected by artist Sir
729:London Millennium Tower
362:.normanfosterfoundation
3508:High-tech architecture
2892:Eduardo Souto de Moura
2808:Herzog & de Meuron
2409:Sudjic, Deyan (2010).
1477:"Reaching for the sky"
885:Foster was elected an
723:
711:
703:
613:Daily Express Building
556:
397:high-tech architecture
3478:Crossbench life peers
3189:Fernando Fernán Gómez
2848:Paulo Mendes da Rocha
2385:. London: Debrett's.
2097:Royal Academy of Arts
2078:The Edinburgh Gazette
961:Lord Jacob Rothschild
872:1999 Birthday Honours
870:(OM) in 1997. In the
860:1990 Birthday Honours
768:In January 2007, the
717:
709:
693:
550:
82:Norman Foster in 2008
3336:Francis Ford Coppola
3225:Krzysztof Penderecki
3111:Luis García Berlanga
3105:Antonio López García
2996:Diébédo Francis Kéré
2988:Jean-Philippe Vassal
1898:. 9 September 2006.
1851:Jean-Pierre Thiollet
1588:on 10 September 2017
949:University of Dundee
909:building received a
460:Manchester Town Hall
441:Metropolitan-Vickers
191: 1991;
92:Norman Robert Foster
51:The Right Honourable
3488:People from Reddish
3468:Chartered designers
2447:, 2015, 41 minutes)
2316:www.achievement.org
2240:on 6 September 2017
2128:on 17 November 2018
1614:The Daily Telegraph
1265:on 26 February 2016
1065:Architecture portal
998:
939:He was awarded the
757:Foster worked with
472:duplicating machine
3553:Royal Academicians
3398:Joan Manuel Serrat
3213:Santiago Calatrava
3183:Alicia de Larrocha
3149:Montserrat Caballé
3099:Orfeón Donostiarra
3004:David Chipperfield
2736:Álvaro Siza Vieira
2266:on 23 January 2009
2093:"Norman Foster RA"
2058:The London Gazette
2038:The London Gazette
2018:The London Gazette
1992:Architects Journal
1539:4 May 2012 at the
996:
918:University of Bath
854:Foster was made a
724:
712:
704:
664:HSBC Main Building
581:St Peter's College
567:, and the sisters
557:
327:Reichstag building
18:Lord Norman Foster
3453:English designers
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3348:William Kentridge
3315:
3314:
3219:Barbara Hendricks
3207:Sebastião Salgado
3081:Jesús López Cobos
3055:Laureates of the
3022:
3021:
2932:Alejandro Aravena
2580:
2579:
2420:978-0-297-85868-3
2354:. 5 October 2016.
1048:
1047:
913:in October 2018.
891:Royal Academician
737:Foster + Partners
702:), built in 1991.
672:HSBC Holdings plc
666:in Hong Kong for
588:Fred. Olsen Lines
504:RIBA silver medal
496:maintenance grant
427:, then a part of
401:Foster + Partners
370:
369:
289:Foster + Partners
27:English architect
16:(Redirected from
3585:
3513:Knights Bachelor
3376:Marina Abramović
3321:
3320:
3249:Maya Plisetskaya
3201:Vittorio Gassman
3117:Eduardo Chillida
3066:
3065:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2979:
2976:Shelley McNamara
2967:
2959:
2951:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2571:Followed by
2550:Preceded by
2540:
2539:
2481:
2424:
2397:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:. Archived from
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:on 25 April 2017
2155:. Archived from
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:on 20 April 2013
1448:. Archived from
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1261:. Archived from
1250:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1103:. Archived from
1093:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1006:
999:
995:
928:Foster received
907:Bloomberg London
722:terminal in 1992
720:Stansted Airport
680:Victoria Harbour
636:Stansted Airport
592:London Docklands
520:Henry Fellowship
464:national service
450:Foster attended
394:
389:
382:
366:
363:
361:
221:
219:
196:
194:
190:
169:
167:
105:
101:
99:
80:
70:
46:
45:
21:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3366:Ennio Morricone
3354:Martin Scorsese
3326:
3311:
3259:Pedro Almodóvar
3195:Joaquín Rodrigo
3165:Plácido Domingo
3145:Teresa Berganza
3093:Eusebio Sempere
3071:
3060:
3053:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2700:Gordon Bunshaft
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2576:
2563:
2555:
2488:
2470:
2454:
2452:Further reading
2431:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:on 9 April 2009
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1896:The Independent
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1836:on 4 June 2011.
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:Wayback Machine
1532:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1482:The Independent
1472:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1342:achievement.org
1336:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1255:"Foster's brew"
1251:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1053:
994:
989:
983:
926:
856:Knight Bachelor
852:
836:
820:
815:
789:Virgin Galactic
781:Richard Branson
777:Philippe Starck
752:Southern France
688:
596:Hemel Hempstead
563:, with Rogers,
545:
540:
468:Royal Air Force
417:
387:
380:
376:
358:
331:
317:Wembley Stadium
276:
224:
223:
220: 1996)
215:
211:
208:
198:
195: 1995)
186:
182:
179:
171:
163:
159:
156:
129:Yale University
127:
121:Alma mater
116:
106:
103:
97:
95:
94:
93:
83:
71:
58:
56:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:Carmen Linares
3378:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3301:Michael Haneke
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3245:
3239:
3237:Miquel Barceló
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3157:Pilar Lorengar
3137:
3131:
3129:Oscar Niemeyer
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:Riken Yamamoto
3008:
3000:
2992:
2980:
2972:Yvonne Farrell
2968:
2960:
2952:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2884:Ryue Nishizawa
2876:
2868:
2860:
2856:Richard Rogers
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2728:Robert Venturi
2724:
2716:
2708:
2704:Oscar Niemeyer
2696:
2688:
2684:Gottfried Böhm
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2644:James Stirling
2640:
2632:
2628:Philip Johnson
2623:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2556:
2553:The Lord Rogan
2551:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2487:
2486:External links
2484:
2483:
2482:
2468:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2413:. Weidenfeld.
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2371:
2357:
2339:
2325:
2303:
2277:
2251:
2221:
2196:
2170:
2139:
2109:
2084:
2064:
2044:
2024:
2004:
1978:
1949:
1913:
1881:
1855:
1839:
1816:
1805:. 4 April 2013
1803:Bloomberg News
1790:
1761:
1739:
1699:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1599:
1573:
1545:
1521:
1499:
1463:
1428:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1363:
1351:
1329:
1314:
1303:. 13 June 2010
1288:
1276:
1236:
1210:
1175:
1148:
1136:
1118:
1107:on 21 May 2020
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:Order of Merit
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
993:
990:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
925:
922:
911:Stirling Prize
903:City of London
868:Order of Merit
851:
848:
835:
832:
824:Wendy Cheesman
819:
816:
814:
811:
748:Millau Viaduct
687:
684:
617:Grade I listed
573:Wendy Cheesman
544:
541:
539:
536:
532:Vincent Scully
528:Richard Rogers
516:Cambridgeshire
512:Bourn Windmill
490:, part of the
416:
413:
409:Pritzker Prize
368:
367:
356:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:30 St Mary Axe
304:
298:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
278:
277:
275:
274:
272:AIA Gold Medal
269:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Stirling Prize
240:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
213:
209:
204:
203:
202:
201:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
161:
157:
154:Wendy Cheesman
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
107:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
57:
54:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3590:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Living people
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:John Williams
3367:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:Riccardo Muti
3286:
3284:
3283:Richard Serra
3280:
3278:
3277:Norman Foster
3274:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:Paco de Lucía
3240:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:Roberto Matta
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:Alfredo Kraus
3158:
3154:
3153:José Carreras
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:Antoni Tàpies
3132:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:Pablo Serrano
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Arata Isozaki
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Ramón Vilalta
2945:
2941:
2940:Rafael Aranda
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:Kazuyo Sejima
2877:
2873:
2872:Peter Zumthor
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:Glenn Murcutt
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Norman Foster
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Fumihiko Maki
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:Richard Meier
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:Luis Barragán
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2545:
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2800:Rem Koolhaas
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1111:23 December
969:Peter Blake
924:Recognition
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718:Inside the
653:magnum opus
565:Su Brumwell
543:1960s–1980s
477:perspective
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102:1 June 1935
3417:Categories
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2832:Zaha Hadid
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2900:Wang Shu
2153:City A.M
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1415:BBC News
1164:. London
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500:crumpets
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285:Practice
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1868:Reuters
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