Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers

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Indeed, the king instructed Nevers to keep Alençon safely away from any place on the field that might be in danger. Throughout this period Catherine was desperately seeking a way to achieve peace, Nevers remained in opposition to such a policy. The army under Nevers command laid siege to La Charité, on the Loire, the site in which Nevers' soldiers had committed a massacre back in 1572. The army was of considerable size, however the bankrupt crown struggled to keep it in the field, with Henri writing to Nevers to ensure our 'deniers are used sparingly.' By late April 1577 Alençon wrote urgently to the king speaking of the plight of their men. Nevertheless, by 2 May the city surrendered, quickly falling prey to the starved and unpaid men of Nevers' army which brutally sacked the town. Alençon was received in glory when he returned to court, fêted and given all the credit for a victory the king had made sure he wasn't involved in. It was decided to continue the offensive on 8 May towards

898:, Nevers complaining to the king in letters about his lack of ammunition and his troops unwillingness to fight. The city of Limoges, keen to avoid the presence of these troops within its walls, offered the army 30,000 not to billet in the city. The king urged him to accept, and admitted he could not pay the army any more. Nevers and the remaining troops were recalled from the field. While the army had achieved several successes on the Loire, it was unable to make much headway against the main Protestant centres, and the king came to terms with them in the harsher 894:. By now the royal army was only 5000 strong, and tried at first to negotiate with the city leaders, they were uninterested however, describing the siege as a violation of the peace edict. Keen to make an example of the town, the king instructed Nevers to proceed with a siege, and after 2 weeks of bombardment, the town was captured. Scenes of great brutality accompanied its fall, as every Protestant house in the town was burned to the ground, while the soldiers went about raping and murdering the inhabitants. The army, now numbering 2000 men continued on into the 702:. Nevers was among the many candidates accused by the ambassadors present in Paris of involvement in the attempted hit. The court was immediately plunged into crisis as the already tense capital became a powder keg, with a real prospect of civil war resuming, and Coligny's Protestant followers in the city threatening revenge on the killer. Rumours swirled that Nevers, Guise and other leading Catholics would be revenged upon for their alleged involvement in the attack. On 23 August, Catherine assembled a meeting of her close advisers, among them Nevers, Gondi and 622:

his intellectual protégé Anjou to make his case for him. His opposition came not only on grounds of principal, disliking the thought of declaring war on a Catholic monarch in favour of a Protestant adviser to the king, but also strategic, feeling that France would be fatally compromised when Spanish forces attacked from their Italian holdings. He did not leave himself at this however, and alongside having Anjou argue his position, he was among those leading councillors who prepared memoranda highlighting the dangers of a war with Spain.

995:. In return for yielding the office, Nevers was offered the governorship of Champagne. He accepted, though he demanded that it be in the name of his son, as such while he governed Champagne, it would be his son who formerly held the office until his death, when his son unified the theoretical and practical control of the region. To support him and his son as lieutenant-general of the region, Joachim de Dinteville was maintained, largely able to act as governor in his own right, due to the absence of the Gonzague from the province. 841:

militarily confront the prince he wrote to Catherine and Henri, explaining that his mission was not possible without reinforcements. His small force was also deteriorating, suffering defections to Alençon's camp in the days they faced off against one another. Catherine at first suggested to him trying to kidnap Alençon via covert means to avoid a direct confrontation, she then abandoned this policy. Catherine decided to negotiate personally with her son, who had now departed Dreux towards the

54: 744:. Indeed, Nevers was de facto leader of the military effort against the city, while it remained under the nominal command of Anjou. The king was not happy with this choice, and told Anjou he would prefer if the prince followed Retz as opposed to Nevers. During the siege Nevers had commanded the siege lines against the northern wall of the city and the bastion of Evangile. He quarrelled incessantly with the commander of the siege's artillery 665:, the sister of Nevers' wife. Condé and Clèves were first cousins, and as such their marriage would require Papal dispensation to go ahead, both were Protestant however, and as such no dispensation was going to be forthcoming. The king gave his assent to the marriage, and it was decided that this would be sufficient without the dispensation. The leading Catholics of the court reacted in disgust to this, with the 799:, and Nevers was an infrequent attendee of these intellectual discourses. His wife Henriette also frequented them on occasion The new king was keen on theatre, this worked well with Nevers, who in 1571 had invited the first troop of Italian players into Paris. Nevers became one of the important patrons of the arts and sciences in 16th-century France. He fostered 1003:

disarm the ability of Guise to claim pre-eminence as a defender of Catholicism. The king liked this idea and sent Guise with inadequate forces to block the German approach while he commanded the main body. His plan did not proceed as expected however, the German army began to disintegrate after crossing into France and was picked off by Guise in two battles.

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and begged the king to restore singular Catholic worship in the kingdom. Some progress was derived from the discussions however, and it was agreed that Henri would curb the extravagant expenditure that he had bestowed upon his favourites in the prior decade. In general the king was reinforced in his desire to reduce the spending required to upkeep the court.

706:, the group agreed that crisis could be averted with a targeted strike to eliminate the main Protestant leadership. For Nevers it was not a matter of religion, but rather concerns over the ambitions of Coligny that drove him towards this policy. The targeted strike would not however proceed as planned, and shortly the whole of Paris was in the throws of a 548:. The royal army after some delay pursued him from Paris, while Nevers brought a separate army up from the south, exiting his governorship in Piedmont, and marching through Burgundy, gathering more forces in Lyon including a contingent of Swiss to join in the hunt for the battered prince's army before it could escape. En route he captured the town of 715:

conducting various hits on the leadership, joined in as the bloodshed spread, while those under Nevers' enemy Guise held back once they had achieved the satisfaction of executing their enemy Coligny. Though he was keen to 'cleanse' Paris of the Protestants he was not entirely insensitive to diplomatic needs. When he encountered the terrified

873:, called as a term of the peace, and the vote of the council, forced Henri to follow Nevers' advice and re-open war. Indeed, Nevers spoke passionately at the estates, conjuring up the language of a crusade in his urgings for France to expunge heresy. At this time, Nevers was heavily in debt, with creditors through the 782:). He readily agreed, without consultation with his council or any of his Italian advisers. Nevers was furious that he had not been consulted about this destruction of his governate, with only the marquisate of Saluzzo left as a French possession beyond the Alps. He insisted on formerly registering his disapproval. 710:, Nevers reacted to this turn of events with glee, interpreting it as gods will that the situation would develop this way, he described the days of the massacre, in which thousands died, as a spiritual experience in which he came closer to god. The king was not pleased with this development however, and Nevers and 1200:, Schomberg and Nevers, and other figures from the administrative nobility. The group set about engaging in every fiscal expedient they could imagine to raise finances for the kingdom, selling off offices, leasing out royal territory, floating loans and creating new offices to sell. In 1595, he died. 863:

which was highly favourable to the Protestants, in the hopes of re-securing Alençon's loyalty to the crown. Militant Catholics reacted with disgust to the terms, and Nevers was among those who pushed for Henri to overturn the peace and ensure that there was only one religion in France. Nevers did not

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where he laid out the manifesto of his rebellion against the crown, lambasting his brother for relying on Italian advisers like Nevers for his administration. He began mustering forces at Dreux, far outmatching those that Nevers had brought with him to escort the prince back to the capital. Unable to

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Anjou selected Nevers as one of the men to accompany him to the Commonwealth, still treating him as the chief adviser he had done since the 1560s. He was the princely exception among a retinue largely composed of secondary provincial nobility, mainly new men who Anjou had met on the siege lines of La

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fell into disagreement over whether the Pope granting absolution was enough to make Henri acceptable as king. While Nevers had been told he would not be accepted as an ambassador, this was not confirmed until January 1594, and came as a heavy blow to the royalist camp. Henri tried again in 1595, and

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the king resolved to have them killed. In December 1588 his assassination plot fired, and the duke of Guise was murdered while attending a council session. The cardinal de Guise meanwhile was aggressively interrogated by the king's men, and confessed under duress that there was a plan for Nevers and

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army in 1584. He and the king were in unison in their opposition to Guise's usurpation of the governor of the town of Mézières, when he replaced the governor with his own man, however Guise refused to back down. While the king would eventually satisfy himself with the new reality in the town, Nevers

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Chaumont held out until 1594, when upon hearing of the fall of Paris to Henri, the town councillors opened up lines of communication to Dinteville and Nevers, surrendering the town. Guise continued holding out until October 1594, hoping to receive the governorship of Champagne, the king however was

905:

Nevers was among the grandees who gathered in 1583 at the personal invitation of the king for an Assembly of Notables. 68 Notables in total attended to discuss reform programs for the kingdom. The intended course of the sessions was derailed however, by the Cardinal de Bourbon who fell on his knees

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who were crossing the border into France in support of Navarre. All of his council virulently opposed the suggestion, arguing it was far too dangerous. Nevers however stood alone in support of the proposal, arguing that if the king secured a victory against the Protestant mercenaries that it would

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who resented being subordinated to Nevers despite his authority over the city. He was critical of the common soldiers, who he accused of being unenthusiastic about conducting assaults, failing to follow their officers. With the siege concluded Anjou went first to Paris before departing, to explain

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to 're-unite Catholic and Protestant behind the crown' Nevers found himself in virulent opposition on council to such a scheme. He was not alone in opposition, all other members of the council bar Coligny were uninterested in such a venture and informed the king they opposed it. Nevers however had

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In conflict once more, Henri decided the now loyal Alençon would lead the royal army against the Protestants. As a symbol of the reunited Valois dynasty. Alençon lacked much in the way of military skill however, so real authority in the army would rest with Nevers, supported by Guise and Mayenne.

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After Alençon fled from court to join with the Malcontents, Henri struggled to find a commander to bring the young prince back to court. Eventually he turned to Nevers as his man for the job, a decision which was met with much laughter at court, due to the duke's war injuries that left him with a

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both of whom had been heavily involved in the killings were called to the Louvre and sent out with orders to get the killings to stop on the morning of 24 August. He would be a poor ambassador for this message, the units under his command and those of Anjou, which had originally been tasked with

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camp. From his home in the Nivernois he promised Henri he was still loyal and that he would suffer the afflictions god would send to him for his sins of remaining loyal to the crown. The two maintained contact over the following months By June Nevers had become aware of plots to kill the king,

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Nevers bitterly opposed such suggestions, outlining a picture of a ruined lawless France where Catholicism was illegal if such an alliance came to pass. Henri ignored these warnings, deciding to come to terms with his heir. Nevers in disgust departed the court, however he merely retired to his

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being given as surety to Condé, alienating much of the area from him and sending it into the arms of the local Guise clients. Catherine listened to Nevers' demands for a resumption of war frustratedly, trying to impart to him that while she and her son supported a sole religion, the financial

560:, exhausted after the pursuit of the Protestant force. With the return of the rebel army, it was agreed that the army would split up to pursue it, with Anjou taking the main body again to shadow them from the north, while Nevers harassed them from the south. The Protestant army marched on 214:, elevating him to duke of Nevers and count of Rethel. He fought for the crown through the early wars of religion, receiving a bad injury in the third war. At this time he formed a close bond with the young Anjou, future king Henri III, a bond that would last until the king's death. 1161:

Nevers was given the sensitive task by Henri IV in 1593 of communicating his conversion to Catholicism to the Pope, such that he could be granted absolution. Achieving absolution was seen as a necessary pre-requisite to the acceptance of many of the Catholic magnates who backed the

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was equally optimistic Nevers might be a tool against the 'monster' who had murdered her husband, however he rebuffed her advances also. His vassal town in Rethel, that of Mézières informed him that he had to declare his intentions, or else the town would declare for the

243:

movement that spread in the wake of it among radical Catholics, and campaigning for the resumption of war which was soon achieved. He now acted in the sixth civil war as the de facto leader of Alençon's now loyal army, campaigning brutally along the Loire, sacking

593:, telling Anjou that their family was the principal cause of the crowns current weakness. His continued hostility to the Guise, who he disparaged both for their great power over the state and due to their somewhat deficient learning, in particular that of 762:, leaving him increasingly out in the cold. Excusing himself as unable to tolerate the weather he departed from the king. After Anjou returned from the country to become king of France as Henri III the two linked up again in Italy on the road home at 263:

during the second wave of the movement after the death of Alençon. Briefly serving as a commander for their forces in 1584, before he was pealed off from the movement in 1585 and returned to loyally supporting Henri. In 1588 he was chosen to replace

507:

In the peace that followed the first war of religion, there was not much opportunity for promotion within the companies under Nevers command, however that changed with the return of war, with 12 promotions within his units in October 1567 alone.

815:. Though a close friend of the new king, he remained strongly connected to his former patron Catherine, and as her personal influence declined with the king, he and Retz could often be relied to champion her views during council discussions. 576:

During the third war that followed in 1568, Nevers would receive a serious leg wound, which compromised his ability to lead a military life, pushing him more into the role of statesman going forward, though he would continue to hold commands.

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the conduct of the operation, Retz and Nevers travelled with him, both of them having conduct to explain. All three of them would submit proposals to the crown for administrative and military reforms to avoid another debacle like the siege.

826:

he had promised Nevers the office, and when Henri refused to grant it to him he flew into a rage and departed court. Henri would settle on splitting the key governorship into three instead, to dilute the power of the office.

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that he was of course sympathetic to their desires for a country free of heresy, but chastising them for trying to achieve it in defiance of the king. He highlighted recent reversals for the Catholic cause in Europe, at the

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aimed to block the right of succession of the Protestant Navarre to the French throne, now being next in line after the death of the king's brother Alençon. Unable to suppress his views on the succession he joined the

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With the assassination of Henri III, the matter of his service to a Protestant king was immediately put to the test. Nevers wavered, departing from the royal army to his estates and offering vague overtures to the

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sent the Jesuit Antonio Possevino to argue against Nevers. Nevers faced an uphill battle in his task, being accepted into Rome only due to his Mantuan nobility, and not as a representative of the 'Béarnais' the

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Rochelle. Anjou was keen to disassociate himself from his mothers favourites for the most part. As Anjou settled in as king, Nevers became increasingly frustrated that Anjou was choosing to spend more time with

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began. Nevers was among the host of nobles who were present on the siege lines for the unsuccessful effort to the reduce the town, the siege being called off after its commander was called off to become king of

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Catherine was able to negotiate his departure from it, restoring his loyalty to the crown. After this point he remained loyal to the crown when faced with its successor. As such when Henri faced off with the

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and other defeats, informing the city that these were gods punishment for internal Catholic divisions. He warned the city that if they continued in this manner, France might face a ruin akin to that of the

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accosting his nephew asking him how he dared marry a Protestant, and without Papal dispensation. Condé replied the only dispensation he required was that of the king, causing Bourbon to leave in disgust.

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and put the city to siege, while the royal forces found themselves racked with illness, and lack of pay, forcing them to return to Paris and allow the Protestant siege. Before the siege could conclude, a

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in the region. Nevers urged him on to reduce the town of Épernay. Biron was killed in the initial attempt, and when reinforced by troops under Nevers, the town was captured, a heavy blow to the nearby

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Condren, John (2021). "The role of women in Louis XIV's relationship with the Gonzaga-Nevers di Mantova between 1665 and 1691". In Anderson, Roberta; Santaliestra, Laura Oliván; Suner, Suna (eds.).

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which had gone over to the rebels at the start of the war. They would be unsuccessful in this hunt and Condé slipped over the frontier into the Empire. In January the secondary armies of Nevers and

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serving him in Champagne, and then in failed diplomatic negotiations with the Pope after his abjuration from Protestantism. After briefly serving on his financial council, he died in 1595.

272:

towns in the governate for the king. In 1589 he would be replaced in the governate, and granted the role of governor of Champagne instead, a role he held in the name of his son. After the

1132:. He quickly captured Villefranche, the commander of whom was promptly hanged by Nevers for having yielded too easily to the attackers. Two years later Henri would campaign against the 1153:

not willing to deprive the Gonzague-Nevers of this privilege and he was offered the governorship of Provence in return for surrendering Reims and the other towns under his control.

524:

tried to persuade him to call off his rebellion. One of the terms Condé demanded for laying down his arms was a removal of all 'Italians' from court, by which he meant Nevers,

280:

in Paris who wanted to bring him over to the cause, but he rebuffed their advances. He virulently urged the king in the chaos that followed, not to come to terms with his heir

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the previous year. Nevers was supported in his militant Catholicism by his wife, who shared his proclivities for uncompromising Catholicism. Henriette's sisters would marry

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required the presence of Guise, as such he abdicated his command of the army in Poitou to Nevers while he went to attend to the sessions, hoping they would support his

795:

The new king was intellectually more curious than his young predecessors, and liked to hear philosophical discussions and debates, these lectures became known as the

1073:. The sixteen shot back that if he continued to be loyal to the king his honour would be tarnished, but he refused to entertain their advances. The late dukes wife 221:

was a key member of the council that decided on the policy of elimination for the Protestant leadership. A radical Catholic, he revelled in his involvement in the

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writing in disgust to a friend of the wicked and sinful schemes to harm the lawful king. The following month Henri would be assassinated by the radical Catholic

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a largely Protestant town, horrified at the massacre's across France, entered rebellion against the crown. Charles was determined to restore its obedience and a

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such as the Séguiers, but he was soon to be bailed out of his financial situation by his patron Catherine, ensuring in future his greater loyalty to the crown.

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died. Henri was beset by demands from his powerful nobles seeking to secure the office as replacement. Nevers claimed that while the king had been in the

504:, responsible for the military security of the remaining French possessions in Italy. He would maintain his hold on this strategic post into the 1570s. 940: 728: 233:

brother of the new king Henri, not giving battle, but containing him until Catherine negotiated a settlement. Nevers was disgusted with the generous

731:, Nevers likely instructed his men to perpetrate the massacre that occurred in La Charité-sur-Loire, his forces arriving on 26 August. Meanwhile 284:

but the king refused his advice, and formed an alliance, despite this Nevers remained loyal. On the death of the king, he again flirted with the

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went awry, and he received a large shard of wood into his eye. Nevers who was present reported on what had happened to his Italian compatriots.

3890: 653:. Although De Vigenère likely overstated the size, it must have been very impressive and was an architectural feature that was new to Paris. 17: 988: 674:

spoke dark words to the king himself before joining the cardinal in storming out. He was followed by the two brothers in law of the bride,

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would be reached Nevers had spent March urging Anjou not to depart from Paris to confront the Protestants until such time as their German

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for a couple of months, however he was secured for the royal fold. Fighting for his new king, in 1590 the combat reached Champagne as the

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brother of the king under his wing after 1568, acting as his intellectual and political adviser, warning him away from closeness with the

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as his situation spiralled out of control. Many of his advisors urged him to come to terms with Navarre, forming an alliance against the

976: 3696: 3677: 1873: 1386: 1298: 3982: 389: 273: 1324: 666: 202:. Due to his Italian connections he was seen as a useful figure to have as governor of French Piedmont, a post he would hold until 3997: 3921: 3762: 3710: 1240: 925:

that Nevers would be amenable to participating, and as such a place was reserved for him among the leadership of the group. The

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to a close featured a joust as part of the celebrations. Henri decided to compete as was his habit, however his joust against

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Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion: The Towns of Champagne, the Duc de Guise and the Catholic League 1560-1595

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In August 1572, shortly before the upcoming royal marriage, a smaller marriage was held between the Prince of Condé and

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administration of the city, the 'sixteen', urged Nevers to join them. After several weeks he responded, informing the

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assembly and was compelled into humiliating concessions. In return the Estates granted him a small sum of 120,000

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arrived, which Nevers felt was critical to victory, however they would not do so until peace had been declared.

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to him. This appointment proved brief however, and in January 1589, he was relieved of the office in favour of

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in which malcontents tried to overthrow their government and kidnap the king. This assembly concluded that an

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and hold back while the queen mother negotiated. He would have no further military engagements with Alençon.

707: 222: 602: 2149: 541: 404: 532:. This would become a common demand of rebels during the French Wars of Religion, with the king's brother 449: 4119: 4002: 3844: 1360: 594: 1971: 864:

however exert much of his energies against the specifics of the piece as they related to a town of his,

4104: 3956: 1997: 671: 770:, Anjou was cajoled by his aunt to yield the French Piedmont possessions on the far side of the Alps ( 225:

that unfolded in the subsequent days. In the fourth war of religion he was the de facto leader of the

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government in response to the financial and religious crisis that had recently been laid bare by the

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had helped engineer this marriage for her favourite. As such Louis de Gonzague became duke of Nevers

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In August 1587, the king outlined how he planned to personally lead the army against the Protestant

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in 1584, but was not involved in any military operations, despite having been named commander of a

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One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century

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after meeting several conditions for the Pope, was granted absolution in September of that year.

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confident that he would reliably support the crown against Aumale's influence in the region. The

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continued to angle for the prior office holder, succeeding in installing him in 1587. After the

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The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576

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who had governed Picardie from 1569 to 1573, and who was descended from the Valois through the

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besieged in his house, Nevers drove away the besiegers and placed the ambassador under guard.

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In 1549, Nevers emigrated from Italy, setting himself up in the court of the recently crowned

345: 4038: 2375: 1604: 614: 481: 313: 182:; 18 September 1539 – 23 October 1595) was a soldier, governor and statesman during the 157: 2370: 642: 4064: 4059: 3941: 3885: 2264:

Gender and Diplomacy: Women and Men in European Embassies from the 15th to the 18th century

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The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II

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and that a general religious council was needed to resolve the problem of Protestantism.

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but was unable to bring it success. In the fifth civil war his army shadowed that of the

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and Nevers, neither of whom had any stomach for this arrangement on religious grounds.

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At the start of the second war of religion, negotiations flew back and forth between

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The La Marcks had held the governorship of Normandie for some time, however in 1574

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as governor of Picardie. He would try and fail to receive the submission of several

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pejorative for Henri IV. As he and his allies worked to bring the Pope round, the

368:, who would be one of the leader Protestant rebels in the later wars of religion. 845:. Nevers who had been following the prince, was instructed to go no further than 804: 525: 377: 500:

By the mid-1560s, Nevers had received the position of lieutenant-general of the

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in 1594, who had monopolised the financial administration of the kingdom, the

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Les ducs de Nevers et l'État royal: genèse d'un compromis (ca 1550 - ca 1600)

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who brought with her to the marriage the Nivernais and the county of Rethel.

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situation of the kingdom simply couldn't support a war to achieve that. The

645:, a distinguished antiquarian and art historian, wrote that the house had a 3946: 453: 438: 195: 1082:, he allowed the deadline to expire and the town joined the 'holy union'. 637:

of Paris. Nevers had it reconstructed, after which it became known as the

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Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France

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Maria Henrietta Gonzaga (3 September 1571 – 3 August 1614), married

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The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion

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In the wake of these assassinations, Paris rose up and declared for the

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was, by 1570, his brother in law, with both men married to daughters of

775: 333: 3649:"A listing of descendants of Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua" 540:

in 1575. Condé, who had been besieging Paris, was dislodged after the

980: 649:, built by Italian workmen, which was more grand than the one at the 2318:

The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State

441:, and was one of the many high nobles captured after the disastrous 403:

Catherine Gonzaga (21 January 1568 – 1 December 1629), married

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The fifth war of religion was brought to a close with the generous

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in 1627, establishing the Gonzaga-Nevers line. Charles' grandson,

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This was due to the extinction of the male line with the death of

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The French Secretaries of State in the Age of Catherine de Medici

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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe

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was reconstituted. It would consist of four sword nobles: Retz,

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and began moving east, hoping to link up with an army of German

1034:

With the various humiliations forced upon him by the Guise and

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He opposed any drive to war with Spain in 1572, and after the

3228: 1141: 1086: 837: 767: 629:, the Grand Nesle, an old townhouse located just east of the 618: 321: 87: 2430:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2451:

Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1911).

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became the duke of Mantua. At the age of 10 he was sent to

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Italian-French soldier, governor and statesman (1539–1595)

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Francis Gonzaga (17 September 1576 – 13 June 1580).

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François de Lorraine, duc de Guise entre Dieu et le Roi

415:

Frederick Gonzaga (11 March 1573 – 22 April 1574).

399:

Louis, Duke of Nevers, and his wife had five children:

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Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century

2379:, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. 1148:

for the crown against any attempts to seize it by the

3624: 3552: 3492: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3372: 3348: 3312: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3204: 3192: 3144: 3132: 3108: 3087: 3075: 2844: 2832: 2799: 2763: 2727: 2691: 2596: 2533: 472:, Nevers was among the notables called to attend the 3324: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 2967: 2952: 2655: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2428:

Renaissance Paris: Architecture and Growth 1475–1600

2363:

A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century

2345:

Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589

3516: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2715: 2548: 2503: 2482: 2450: 488:was necessary to meet France's financial problems, 3216: 2751: 2739: 344:On 4 March 1565 Nevers was married to the heiress 1031:directly to the armies under Mayenne and Nevers. 206:ceded the territory in 1574. In 1565 his patron, 4051: 2309:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 722: 210:secured for him a marriage with the key heiress 186:. His father and brother were reigning dukes of 324:to inherit the assets left by his grandmother, 1212:Ancestors of Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers 1042: 476:in 1560, the assembly brought together by the 3671: 1039:other Catholic notables to capture the king. 1019:proposals against the king. The king faced a 943:in 1585 in which the king capitulated to the 190:. He came to France in 1549, and fought for 963:, the king appointed Nevers as governor of 686:During the celebrations for the wedding of 3678: 3664: 3234: 2825: 2823: 2709: 2685: 2673: 2417: 2408: 556:would link up with the main royal body at 392:, sold the titles of Nevers and Rethel to 237:that concluded the civil war, joining the 52: 2637: 2210: 790: 511: 390:Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat 4003:Vespasiano Vincenzo, Viceroy of Valencia 3126: 2934: 2455:. Vol. XIII. The Macmillan Company. 2441: 1325:Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua 1111: 880: 364:, another leader militant Catholic, and 295: 3922:Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Lorraine 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3546: 3534: 3510: 3474: 3390: 3366: 3342: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3186: 3174: 3162: 2946: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2820: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2697: 2649: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2542: 2497: 2390: 2351: 2315: 2306: 2279: 2261: 2252: 2243: 1241:Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua 811:, and Giulio Gambin, who had worked in 536:demanding similarly when he joined the 463: 14: 4052: 3983:Charles, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat 3891:Charles, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat 3630: 3558: 3498: 3486: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3378: 3354: 3330: 3318: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3198: 3138: 3114: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2973: 2961: 2733: 2554: 2399: 2342: 2333: 2327:The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598 2324: 2300:The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 2071: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1827: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1584: 1485:Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara 1464: 1460: 1448: 1340: 1267:Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua 1230: 1226: 1222: 985:Henri I d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville 495: 458:Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery 424:(6 May 1580 – 20 September 1637). 198:, getting himself captured during the 3659: 2661: 2512: 2420:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition 2270: 2147: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2089: 2079: 2075: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2027: 2017: 2013: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1929: 1919: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1877: 1871: 1861: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1786: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1754: 1744: 1728: 1718: 1714: 1686: 1676: 1660: 1650: 1646: 1634: 1628: 1618: 1602: 1592: 1588: 1572: 1566: 1556: 1540: 1530: 1526: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1482: 1472: 1468: 1442: 1432: 1419:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck 1416: 1406: 1402: 1390: 1384: 1374: 1358: 1348: 1344: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1270: 1264: 1254: 1238: 1234: 785: 437:. He fought with Henri in the latter 259:Nevers was again tempted to join the 3886:Anne Juliana, Archduchess of Austria 3685: 3522: 3222: 3210: 3150: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2721: 2527: 2459: 2360: 2297: 2288: 2229:Braham, Allan; Smith, Peter (1973). 1757:Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat 1183: 1106: 428: 252:, the war concluding in the harsher 4029:Antonio Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla 1445:Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua 921:in 1584, it was hoped by Guise and 304:in 1539, he was the third child of 125:Marie Henriette, Duchess of Mayenne 24: 3947:Anne, Countess Palatine of Simmern 3737:Gianfrancesco, Count of Sabbioneta 1848:Stefan Branković, Despot of Serbia 1812:William IX, Marquess of Montferrat 1731:John Jacob, Marquess of Montferrat 975:refused to hand over the towns of 530:Jacques de Savoie, duke of Nemours 411:Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne 274:assassination of the Duke of Guise 25: 4136: 4024:Eleonora Luisa, Duchess of Rovere 3646: 3640: 2483:Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1911 2395:. University of California Press. 1543:Ricciarda, Marchioness of Saluzzo 1128:invaded France in support of the 967:to replace the recently deceased 836:limp. Alençon travelled north to 358:Jacques de Clèves, Duke of Nevers 219:attempt on Admiral Coligny's life 166:Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers 122:Catherine, Duchess of Longueville 4039:Anna Isabella, Duchess of Mantua 4019:Ferdinando Carlo, Duke of Mantua 2369:Riccardi-Cubit, Monique (1996). 2092:Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont 1511:Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara 917:At the foundation of the second 376:His first son held the title of 276:he was courted by the insurgent 3998:Ferrante III, Duke of Guastalla 3763:Francesco II, Marquis of Mantua 3711:Ludovico III, Marquis of Mantua 3099: 2811: 2615:NEVERS and the Counts of Nevers 2608: 909: 380:during his lifetime. Their son 3896:Ferrante II, Duke of Guastalla 3860:Gian Vicenzo, Cardinal Gonzaga 3809:Ferrante I, Count of Guastalla 3758:Clara, Countess of Montpensier 2817:Braham and Smith 1973, p. 238. 2320:. Manchester University Press. 1085:The king licked his wounds in 824:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 625:In 1572 Nevers purchased from 490:one would meet later that year 58:Anonymous portrait of the duke 13: 1: 4070:16th-century Italian nobility 3942:Marie Louise, Queen of Poland 3881:Margherita, Duchess of Modena 3830:Francesco III, Duke of Mantua 3773:Elisabetta, Duchess of Urbino 3732:Federico I, Marquis of Mantua 2469: 2464:. Cambridge University Press. 2302:. Cambridge University Press. 2293:. Cambridge University Press. 2215:(in French). Librairie Droz. 1689:Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers 723:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew 597:, came despite the fact that 580: 288:before committing himself to 18:Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers 4075:16th-century peers of France 3988:Eleonora, Holy Roman Empress 3978:Maria, Duchess of Montferrat 3952:Cesare II, Duke of Guastalla 3932:Eleonora, Holy Roman Empress 3912:Francesco IV, Duke of Mantua 3105:Riccardi-Cubit 1996, p. 604. 2453:The Cambridge Modern History 2150:Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine 959:as a staging ground for the 698:while walking home from the 696:Coligny was non-fatally shot 617:pushing hard for a war with 405:Henry I, Duke of Longueville 7: 4034:Giuseppe, Duke of Guastalla 3993:Vincenzo, Duke of Guastalla 3957:Vincenzo, Viceroy of Sicily 3927:Vincenzo II, Duke of Mantua 3855:Francesco, Cardinal Gonzaga 3794:Federico II, Duke of Mantua 3789:Eleonora, Duchess of Urbino 2446:. Chicago University Press. 2418:Sutherland, Nicola (1980). 2409:Sutherland, Nicola (1962). 1361:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria 1203: 1156: 1043:Collapse of royal authority 729:massacre into the provinces 595:Louis II, Cardinal of Guise 371: 339: 10: 4141: 3962:Andrea, Count of San Paolo 3917:Ferdinando, Duke of Mantua 3876:Vincenzo I, Duke of Mantua 3845:Federico, Cardinal Gonzaga 2248:. Oxford University Press. 2211:Boltanski, Ariane (2006). 2204: 2065: 1949: 1941: 1821: 1708: 1704: 1578: 1462: 1454: 1334: 1228: 1224: 1094:estates, not entering the 852: 830: 681: 672:Louis, Duke of Montpensier 656: 603:François I, Duke of Nevers 4115:Jure uxoris officeholders 4011: 3970: 3904: 3868: 3835:Guglielmo, Duke of Mantua 3822: 3781: 3750: 3724: 3703: 3693: 2316:Jouanna, Arlette (2007). 2307:Jouanna, Arlette (1998). 2135: 2127: 2099: 2077: 2073: 2037: 2015: 2007: 1979: 1957: 1953: 1913: 1891: 1883: 1855: 1833: 1829: 1793: 1774: 1766: 1738: 1716: 1712: 1670: 1648: 1640: 1612: 1590: 1586: 1550: 1528: 1520: 1492: 1470: 1466: 1426: 1404: 1396: 1368: 1346: 1342: 1306: 1284: 1276: 1248: 1232: 752: 450:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 422:Charles I, Duke of Mantua 173: 153: 143: 135:Charles I, Duke of Mantua 115: 105: 93: 77: 63: 51: 39: 32: 2442:Thompson, James (1909). 2422:. Yale University Press. 2284:. Yale University Press. 2280:Harding, Robert (1978). 2244:Carroll, Stuart (2009). 1972:Jean II, Duke of Alençon 1006: 955:who was trying to seize 820:Henri-Robert de la Marck 608: 3937:Charles, Duke of Nevers 3697:Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga 3695:Generations start from 2426:Thomson, David (1984). 2391:Roelker, Nancy (1996). 2343:Knecht, Robert (2016). 2334:Knecht, Robert (2014). 2325:Knecht, Robert (2010). 1027:while offering 100,000 1013:Estates General of 1588 953:Charles, Duke of Aumale 871:Estates General of 1576 443:battle of Saint-Quentin 200:battle of Saint Quentin 184:French Wars of Religion 180:Luigi di Gonzaga-Nevers 3850:Cesare, Duke of Amalfi 2400:Salmon, J.H.M (1975). 2361:Oman, Charles (1937). 2352:Konnert, Mark (2006). 2298:Holt, Mack P. (2005). 2289:Holt, Mack P. (2002). 2253:Cloulas, Ivan (1985). 2233:. London: A. Zwemmer. 1299:Barbara of Brandenburg 791:Intellectual interests 676:Henri I, Duke of Guise 615:the Admiral de Coligny 599:Henri I, Duke of Guise 554:Claude, Duke of Aumale 512:Second war of religion 366:Henri, Prince of Condé 362:Henri I, Duke of Guise 3840:Louis, Duke of Nevers 2829:Thomson 1984, p. 137. 2376:The Dictionary of Art 2275:. Classiques Garnier. 1998:René, Duke of Alençon 1605:Ferdinand I of Naples 881:Sixth war of religion 690:to the king's sister 542:battle of Saint Denis 482:Conspiracy of Amboise 314:Margaret Palaeologina 296:Early life and family 158:Margaret Palaeologina 2460:Wood, James (2002). 2413:. The Athlone Press. 2336:Catherine de' Medici 2271:Durot, Éric (2012). 2118:Margaret of Lorraine 1663:Isabella of Clermont 1194:conseil des finances 692:Marguerite de Valois 474:Assembly of Notables 464:Reign of François II 328:, widow of Marquess 306:Frederick II Gonzaga 246:La Charité-sur-Loire 227:siege of La Rochelle 208:Catherine de' Medici 3489:, pp. 291–293. 3237:, pp. 267–271. 2784:, pp. 196–197. 2712:, p. 154, 226. 2404:. Metheun & Co. 2266:. Hollitzer Verlag. 1787:25. Joanna of Savoy 1387:Margaret of Bavaria 1075:Catherine de Clèves 902:in September 1577. 727:Keen to spread the 667:Cardinal de Bourbon 522:Catherine de Medici 518:the Prince of Condé 496:Reign of Charles IX 350:Catherine de Medici 346:Henriette de Clèves 266:the Prince of Condé 212:Henriette de Clèves 148:Federico II Gonzaga 110:Henriette de Clèves 4120:Nobility of Mantua 3297:, p. 174-175. 2530:, p. 263-264. 1932:Margaret Paleologa 1906:Angelina of Serbia 1188:Upon the death of 1144:. In 1593 he held 993:bastard of Orléans 923:Philip II of Spain 900:Treaty of Bergerac 803:production in the 797:Académie du Palais 786:Reign of Henri III 746:the baron de Biron 717:English ambassador 651:Baths of Caracalla 643:Blaise de Vigenère 585:He took the young 254:Treaty of Bergerac 194:during the latter 192:Henri II of France 4105:Italian diplomats 4047: 4046: 3647:Marek, Miroslav. 3597:, pp. 415–6. 3405:, pp. 247–8. 3213:, pp. 88–90. 3153:, pp. 51–55. 3024:, pp. 64–65. 2901:, pp. 218–9. 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2030:Marie of Armagnac 1631:Eleanor of Naples 1184:Finance and death 1107:Reign of Henri IV 1062:Battle of Coutras 861:Peace of Monsieur 712:Henri d'Angoulême 558:Vitry-le-François 520:and the crown as 452:that brought the 429:Reign of Henri II 235:Peace of Monsieur 163: 162: 131:François Gonzague 128:Frederic Gonzague 67:18 September 1539 34:Louis de Gonzague 16:(Redirected from 4132: 4110:Italian soldiers 4100:House of Gonzaga 4090:French diplomats 3799:Ippolita Gonzaga 3687:House of Gonzaga 3680: 3673: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772:, p. 124-5. 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2231:François Mansart 2226: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1166:In response the 1126:duke of Lorraine 1112:War against the 1071:Byzantine Empire 989:Léonor d'Orléans 766:. Upon reaching 742:Poland-Lithuania 567:peace settlement 468:As an important 394:Cardinal Mazarin 177: 100:House of Gonzaga 84: 73: 56: 30: 29: 21: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4095:French soldiers 4085:Dukes of Rethel 4080:Dukes of Nevers 4050: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4007: 3966: 3900: 3864: 3818: 3777: 3746: 3720: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3651:. Genealogy.EU. 3643: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3235:Sutherland 1980 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2710:Sutherland 1980 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2686:Sutherland 1962 2684: 2680: 2674:Sutherland 1962 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2500:, p. 1506. 2496: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2223: 2207: 2202: 1874:Maria of Serbia 1569:Isabella d'Este 1206: 1186: 1159: 1117: 1109: 1101:Jacques Clément 1045: 1009: 969:Prince of Condé 941:Treaty of Flaix 915: 883: 857: 833: 805:Duchy of Nevers 793: 788: 755: 725: 684: 663:Marie de Clèves 659: 639:Hôtel de Nevers 611: 583: 526:Albert de Gondi 514: 498: 486:Estates General 470:Prince étranger 466: 431: 378:comte de Rethel 374: 342: 298: 231:duke of Alençon 139: 86: 82: 81:23 October 1595 69: 68: 59: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4138: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4012:9th Generation 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3971:8th Generation 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3905:7th Generation 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3869:6th Generation 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3823:5th Generation 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3782:4th Generation 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3751:3rd Generation 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3725:2nd Generation 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3704:1st Generation 3701: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3641:External links 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633:, p. 302. 3623: 3621:, p. 442. 3611: 3609:, p. 423. 3599: 3587: 3585:, p. 249. 3575: 3573:, p. 240. 3563: 3561:, p. 267. 3551: 3549:, p. 236. 3539: 3537:, p. 234. 3527: 3525:, p. 136. 3515: 3513:, p. 411. 3503: 3501:, p. 298. 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 219. 3467: 3465:, p. 282. 3455: 3453:, p. 281. 3443: 3441:, p. 268. 3431: 3429:, p. 263. 3419: 3417:, p. 260. 3407: 3395: 3393:, p. 209. 3383: 3381:, p. 273. 3371: 3369:, p. 226. 3359: 3357:, p. 246. 3347: 3345:, p. 266. 3335: 3323: 3321:, p. 239. 3311: 3309:, p. 176. 3299: 3287: 3285:, p. 313. 3275: 3273:, p. 233. 3263: 3261:, p. 224. 3251: 3249:, p. 223. 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3201:, p. 189. 3191: 3189:, p. 341. 3179: 3177:, p. 303. 3167: 3165:, p. 157. 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 181. 3131: 3129:, p. 498. 3119: 3117:, p. 139. 3107: 3098: 3096:, p. 235. 3086: 3084:, p. 125. 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3012:, p. 265. 3002: 3000:, p. 256. 2990: 2988:, p. 248. 2978: 2966: 2951: 2949:, p. 208. 2939: 2937:, p. 450. 2927: 2925:, p. 144. 2915: 2913:, p. 140. 2903: 2891: 2889:, p. 139. 2879: 2877:, p. 213. 2867: 2865:, p. 103. 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2810: 2798: 2796:, p. 205. 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2736:, p. 170. 2726: 2724:, p. 101. 2714: 2702: 2690: 2688:, p. 187. 2678: 2676:, p. 148. 2666: 2664:, p. 571. 2654: 2652:, p. 591. 2642: 2640:, p. 501. 2638:Boltanski 2006 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2545:, p. 196. 2532: 2517: 2515:, p. 356. 2502: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2227: 2221: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056:Anne d'Alençon 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1185: 1182: 1158: 1155: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1066:Spanish Armada 1044: 1041: 1008: 1005: 961:Spanish Armada 914: 908: 882: 879: 856: 851: 832: 829: 792: 789: 787: 784: 754: 751: 724: 721: 683: 680: 658: 655: 613:In 1571, with 610: 607: 582: 579: 513: 510: 497: 494: 465: 462: 430: 427: 426: 425: 419: 416: 413: 407: 386:duke of Mantua 373: 370: 341: 338: 326:Anne d'Alençon 316:. His brother 310:Duke of Mantua 297: 294: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 138: 137: 132: 129: 126: 123: 119: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85:(aged 56) 79: 75: 74: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 46:Duke of Nevers 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4137: 4126: 4125:Sons of dukes 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3333:, p. 67. 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3225:, p. 91. 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3127:Thompson 1909 3123: 3116: 3111: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3072:, p. 96. 3071: 3066: 3060:, p. 88. 3059: 3054: 3048:, p. 76. 3047: 3042: 3036:, p. 70. 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2976:, p. 61. 2975: 2970: 2964:, p. 60. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2935:Thompson 1909 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2853:, p. 78. 2852: 2847: 2841:, p. 63. 2840: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2814: 2808:, p. 60. 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2760:, p. 20. 2759: 2754: 2748:, p. 18. 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2700:, p. 73. 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2605:, p. 68. 2604: 2599: 2593:, p. 72. 2592: 2587: 2581:, p. 47. 2580: 2575: 2569:, p. 29. 2568: 2563: 2557:, p. 26. 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2485:, p. 75. 2484: 2479: 2475: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2385:9781884446009 2382: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2239:9780302022511 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222:9782600010221 2218: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1004: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 987:, the son of 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 946: 942: 937: 933: 928: 924: 920: 913: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 878: 876: 872: 867: 862: 855: 850: 848: 844: 839: 828: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 750: 747: 743: 738: 734: 730: 720: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 679: 677: 673: 668: 664: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:Tour de Nesle 628: 623: 620: 616: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 578: 574: 572: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 509: 505: 503: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 423: 420: 417: 414: 412: 408: 406: 402: 401: 400: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 171: 167: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96: 92: 89: 80: 76: 72: 66: 62: 55: 50: 47: 44: 43: 38: 31: 19: 3626: 3619:Roelker 1996 3614: 3607:Roelker 1996 3602: 3595:Roelker 1996 3590: 3583:Konnert 2006 3578: 3571:Konnert 2006 3566: 3554: 3547:Konnert 2006 3542: 3535:Konnert 2006 3530: 3518: 3511:Roelker 1996 3506: 3494: 3482: 3475:Konnert 2006 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3391:Konnert 2006 3386: 3374: 3367:Harding 1978 3362: 3350: 3343:Carroll 2009 3338: 3326: 3314: 3307:Konnert 2006 3302: 3295:Konnert 2006 3290: 3283:Jouanna 1998 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3187:Roelker 1996 3182: 3175:Jouanna 1998 3170: 3163:Konnert 2006 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2947:Jouanna 2007 2942: 2930: 2923:Jouanna 2007 2918: 2911:Jouanna 2007 2906: 2899:Carroll 2009 2894: 2887:Jouanna 2007 2882: 2875:Carroll 2009 2870: 2863:Jouanna 2007 2858: 2851:Jouanna 2007 2846: 2839:Jouanna 2007 2834: 2813: 2806:Jouanna 2007 2801: 2794:Carroll 2009 2789: 2782:Carroll 2009 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2698:Harding 1978 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2650:Cloulas 1985 2645: 2610: 2603:Condren 2021 2598: 2591:Harding 1978 2586: 2579:Jouanna 2007 2574: 2567:Konnert 2006 2562: 2550: 2543:Carroll 2009 2498:Jouanna 1998 2478: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2427: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2374: 2362: 2353: 2347:. Routledge. 2344: 2338:. Routledge. 2335: 2329:. Routledge. 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2230: 2212: 1688: 1193: 1190:François d'O 1187: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1095: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 999: 997: 972: 949: 944: 935: 931: 926: 918: 916: 911: 904: 884: 874: 858: 853: 834: 817: 796: 794: 756: 726: 685: 660: 624: 612: 584: 575: 570: 545: 515: 506: 499: 467: 454:Italian Wars 447: 439:Italian Wars 432: 398: 375: 354:jure uxoris. 353: 343: 330:Gugiliemo IX 299: 285: 277: 269: 260: 258: 239: 216: 196:Italian Wars 179: 174: 165: 164: 95:Noble family 83:(1595-10-23) 40: 4065:1595 deaths 4060:1539 births 3631:Salmon 1975 3559:Salmon 1975 3499:Knecht 2016 3487:Knecht 2016 3463:Knecht 2016 3451:Knecht 2016 3439:Knecht 2016 3427:Knecht 2016 3415:Knecht 2016 3403:Knecht 2016 3379:Knecht 2016 3355:Knecht 2016 3331:Knecht 2010 3319:Knecht 2016 3271:Knecht 2016 3259:Knecht 2016 3247:Knecht 2016 3199:Knecht 2014 3139:Knecht 2014 3115:Knecht 2016 3094:Knecht 2014 3082:Knecht 2016 3070:Knecht 2016 3058:Knecht 2016 3046:Knecht 2016 3034:Knecht 2016 3022:Knecht 2016 2974:Knecht 2016 2962:Knecht 2016 2734:Salmon 1975 2555:Knecht 2016 2311:. Bouquins. 733:La Rochelle 538:Malcontents 42:jure uxoris 4054:Categories 2662:Durot 2012 2513:Durot 2012 2470:References 2436:0520053478 2365:. Metheun. 2356:. Ashgate. 875:Parlements 776:Savigliano 760:Bellegarde 627:Charles IX 581:Friendship 334:Montferrat 3768:Sigismund 3742:Francesco 3523:Holt 2005 3223:Holt 2002 3211:Holt 2002 3151:Holt 2002 3010:Wood 2002 2998:Wood 2002 2986:Wood 2002 2770:Wood 2002 2758:Wood 2002 2746:Wood 2002 2722:Wood 2002 2528:Oman 1937 2257:. Fayard. 981:Le Crotoy 977:Douellens 635:Left Bank 445:in 1557. 396:in 1659. 318:Guglielmo 204:Henri III 106:Spouse(s) 2255:Henri II 1204:Ancestry 1198:Damville 1177:ligueurs 1157:Diplomat 1138:ligueurs 1051:The new 973:ligueurs 965:Picardie 957:Boulogne 896:Limousin 892:Auvergne 866:Mézières 847:Chartres 809:Albisola 772:Pinerolo 708:Massacre 704:Tavannes 562:Chartres 502:Piedmont 435:Henri II 372:Children 340:Marriage 300:Born in 290:Henri IV 278:ligueurs 223:Massacre 175:Ludovico 2205:Sources 1173:ligueur 1021:ligueur 1017:ligueur 1000:reiters 950:ligueur 910:Second 890:in the 888:Issoire 854:Ligueur 831:Alençon 801:faience 780:Perugia 764:Venzone 688:Navarre 682:Wedding 657:Radical 633:on the 571:reiters 546:reiters 534:Alençon 384:became 382:Charles 282:Navarre 250:Issoire 170:Italian 3804:Ercole 2434: 2383: 2373:, in 2237: 2219: 1164:ligue. 1150:ligue. 1146:Beauce 1091:ligue. 1064:, the 1049:ligue. 1029:livres 1025:livres 753:Poland 700:Louvre 312:, and 302:Mantua 188:Mantua 154:Mother 144:Father 71:Mantua 3814:Paola 3716:Carlo 1168:ligue 1142:Reims 1134:ligue 1130:ligue 1122:ligue 1114:ligue 1096:ligue 1087:Tours 1080:ligue 1057:ligue 1053:ligue 1036:Ligue 1007:Guise 945:ligue 936:ligue 932:ligue 927:ligue 919:ligue 912:ligue 843:Loire 838:Dreux 768:Turin 737:siege 647:vault 619:Spain 609:Peace 591:Guise 587:Anjou 550:Mâcon 478:Guise 322:Paris 286:ligue 270:ligue 261:ligue 240:ligue 116:Issue 88:Nesle 2432:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2235:ISBN 2217:ISBN 2148:31. 2116:15. 2090:30. 2028:29. 1996:14. 1970:28. 1904:27. 1872:13. 1846:26. 1755:12. 1729:24. 1661:23. 1629:11. 1603:22. 1541:21. 1509:10. 1483:20. 1417:19. 1359:18. 1297:17. 1239:16. 1011:The 813:Lyon 778:and 448:The 248:and 78:Died 64:Born 2054:7. 1930:3. 1810:6. 1687:1. 1567:5. 1443:2. 1385:9. 1323:4. 1265:8. 1140:in 979:or 332:of 178:or 4056:: 2954:^ 2822:^ 2622:^ 2535:^ 2520:^ 2505:^ 2490:^ 1103:. 774:, 694:, 605:. 528:, 336:. 308:, 256:. 172:: 3679:e 3672:t 3665:v 2617:. 2438:. 2387:. 2225:. 168:( 20:)

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Knowledge

Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers

Index