768:) who predicted the expulsion of Artald from Reims. Flothilde mentioned that the saints are alarmed about the disloyalty of the nobles against the King. This testimony was widely believed, especially among the population of Reims, who believed that the internal order and peace come from the oaths of loyalty to the King, while Artald was blamed for having forsaken divine service. Contemporary Christian tradition affirmed that Saint Martin attended the coronation of 936. Now the two royal patron saints, Saint Remi and Saint Denis, seem to have turned back to the King's rule. To soften the anger of the saints, in the middle of the siege of Reims by Hugh the Great and William I Longsword, Louis IV went to Saint Remi Basilica and promised to the saint to pay him a pound of silver every year.
646:) tried to halt the virtual regency of the Duke of the Franks; in the contemporary charters, Hugh the Great appears only as "count" as if the ducal title was taken from him by the king. But Louis IV hesitated about this move, because the ducal title was already given to Hugh the Great by Charles the Simple in 914. But a serious misconduct probably took place at that time, because Louis IV removed the title from him. For his part, Hugh the Great continued to claim to be the duke of the Franks. In a letter from 938 the pope called him duke of the Franks, three years later (941) he presided a meeting in Paris during which he raised personally, in the manner of a king, his viscounts to the rank of counts. Finally, Hugh the Great had the decisive respect of the entire episcopate of France.
922:(June 948) participated the apostolic legate, thirty German and Burgundian bishops and finally Artald and his suffragants of Laon among the Frankish clerics. Louis IV presented his claims against Hugh the Great at the synod. The surviving final acts determined: "Anybody had the right to undermine the royal power or treacherously revolted against their King. We therefore decide that Hugh was the invasor and abductor of Louis, and he will be struck with the sword of the excommunication unless he presents himself and give a satisfaction to us for his perversity".
2748:
887:
31:
854:. Herluin was killed, but Louis IV managed to escape to Rouen; where he was finally captured by the Normans. The kidnappers demanded from Queen Gerberga that she send her two sons Lothair and Charles as hostages in exchange for the release of her husband. The Queen only sent her youngest son Charles, with Bishop Guy of Soissons taking the place of Lothair, the eldest son and heir. Like his father, Louis IV was kept in captivity, then sent to Hugh the Great. On his orders, the king was placed under the custody of
1127:) of Louis IV. The Queen, from Ottonian descent, was constantly at the side of her husband, supporting him and being active in the defence of Laon (941) and of Reims (946), accompanied him on the military expeditions to Aquitaine (944) and Burgundy (949), and was also active during his period of imprisonment in 945-946. By France and Germany, the role of queens was different: the memorial mostly was a task of males. Written shortly after 956, perhaps by Adso of Montier-en-Der (according to
464:, came back to their country. Duke Hugh sent across the sea to summon Louis, son of Charles, to be received as king, and King Athelstan, his uncle, first taking oaths from the legates of the Franks, sent him to the Frankish kingdom with some of his bishops, and other followers. Hugh and the other nobles of the Franks went to meet him and committed themselves to him immediately he disembarked on the sands of Boulogne, as had been agreed on both sides. From there he was conducted by them to
3338:
3062:
2881:
456:
quibusdam episcopis et aliis fidelibus suis dirigit, cui Hugo et cetero
Francorum proceres obviam profecti, mox navim egresso, in ipsis littoreis harenis apud Bononiam, sese committunt, ut erant utrinque depactum. Indeque ab ipsis Laudunum deductus ac regali benedictione didatus ungitur atque coronatur a domno Artoldo archiepiscopo, praesentibus regni principibus cum episcopis xx et amplius.
874:". This charter is the first official text who identified only the Western Frankish kingdom (sometimes called West Francia by some historians). This statement is consistent with the fact that the title of King of the Franks, used since 911 by Charles the Simple was thereafter continuously claimed by the Kings of the Western Kingdom after the
915:, Archbishop of Mainz take everyone by the hand" (Flodoard). A few months later, Louis IV joined the fight against Hugh the Great and his allies at the Battle of Rouen. In the spring of 947, Louis and his wife Gerberga spent the Easter holidays in Aachen at the court of Otto I, asking him for help in their war against Hugh the Great.
815:, where he received the homage from part of the Norman aristocracy and offered his protection to the young Richard I with the help of Hugh the Great. The regency of Normandy was entrusted to the faithful Herluin, Count of Montreuil (who was also a vassal of Hugh the Great), while Richard I was imprisoned first in Laon and then in
1196:, before 953). Guillaume de Jumièges records that a son of Louis IV hostage of the Normans after 13 July 945 to secure the release of his father, although it's unknown whether this son was Charles, who would have been a baby at the time, normally too young to have been used as a hostage according to then current practice.
412:, his uncle, after forcing the embassy to swear that the future king will have the homage of all his vassals, permitted him the return home with his mother Eadgifu, some bishops and faithful servants. After a few hours of sea journey, Louis received the homage of Hugh and some Frankish nobles on the beach of
1661:
In fact, in the kingdom of the Franks during the 9th century, there can be only one duke. If Hugh the Great proclaimed himself duke of all the Franks and over all the kingdoms (Burgundy and
Aquitaine included) this means that he does not recognize the legitimacy of Hugh the Black as duke of Burgundy.
1020:
During the 950s, the royal power network was entrenched by construction of several palaces in the towns that were recovered by the King. Under Louis IV (and also during the reign of his son), there is a geographical tightening of royal lands around Compiègne, Laon and Reims which eventually gave Laon
992:
and decided to associate to the throne his eldest son and heir, the ten-year-old
Lothair. During his stay, he received homage of Bishop Étienne II, brother of the viscount of Clermont. Louis IV recovered from his disease thanks to the care of his wife Gerberga, who during the reign of her husband had
775:
before his unsuccessful siege of Laon. In 941 the royal army, which tried to oppose Otto's invasion, was defeated and Artald was forced to submit to the rebels. Now Louis IV was surrendered in the only property that remained in his hands: the city of Laon. Otto I believed that the power Louis IV was
531:
dynasty had not achieved much; his uncle Odo had died after a few years of reign, abandoned by the nobles. Hugh's father, Robert I, was killed during the battle of
Soissons after only months of reign and his brother-in-law Rudolph could not stop the troubles that multiplied in the Kingdom during his
513:
who probably would have challenged his election. But above all, it seems that he was shocked by the early death of his father. Richerus explains that Hugh the Great remembered his father who had died for his "pretentions" and this was the cause of his short and turbulent reign. It was then that "the
1090:
Flodoard recalled indeed that in 938 Louis IV had captured
Corbeny in extreme brutality and without respecting the donations to the monks made by his father. Thus God could punish the King and his descendants with the curse of the wolf as a "plague". According to Flodoard Louis reportedly died from
957:
The last step in the emancipation of Louis IV shows that his reign wasn't entirely negative. In 949 he entered Laon, where by command of Hugh the Great, Theobald I of Blois surrendered to him the fortress he had built a few months earlier. The King recovered, at the expense of
Herbert II's vassals,
1788:
According to contemporary sources (Dudon of Saint-Quentin and
Flodoard of Reims), the murder was an act of revenge of the Count of Flanders who had just lost in favor of William I the city of Montreuil because the count of the Normans had approached King Louis IV to the detriment of Arnold and his
686:
Hugh the Great's response to the King's alliances approximating
Herbert II of Vermandois, a very present ruler in minor France: it possessed a tower, called château Gaillot in the city of Laon. The following year, the King seized the tower but Herbert II conquered the fortresses of Reims. Flodoard
520:
King
Charles died miserably. If my father and us, we hurt your Majesty by some of our actions, we must use all our efforts to erase the trace. Although following your unanimous desire my father committed a great crime reigning, since only one had the right to rule and was alive, he deserved to be
1163:
and also was holding a sceptre who ended with a pine cone. The throne of Louis IV was similar to a bench placed on a pedestal of the same material. The seat had a back that was above the royal head he was home with a gable roof, three arches decorated the underside of the roof. The base on which
1135:
proposes to Queen
Gerberga to build a church destined to be burial place of members of the Carolingian dynasty: the Abbey of Saint-Remi; moreover in a charter dated 955, King Lothair, following the desires of his mother, confirmed the immunity of Saint-Remi as the place of coronations and royal
1143:. At that time, the two tombs of Louis IV and his son Lothair were in the centre of the Abbey, the side of the Epistle reserved to Louis IV and the side of the gospel to Lothair. Both remains were moved in the middle of the 18th century and transported to the right and left of the mausoleum of
455:
Brittones a transmarinis regionibus, Alstani regis praesidio, revertentes terram suam repetunt. Hugo comes trans mare mittit pro accersiendo ad apicem regni suscipiendum Ludowico, Karoli filio, quem rex Alstanus avunculus ipsius, accepto prius jurejurando a Francorum legatis, in Franciam cum
474:
During the ritual, Hugh the Great acted as squire bearing the King's arms. Almost nothing is known about the coronation ceremony of Louis IV. It seems certain that the King would wear the crown and sceptre of his predecessor. He must have promised before the bishops of France to respect the
422:
Then the Duke hastily brought a horse decorated with the royal insignia. By the time he wanted to put the King in the saddle, the horse ran in all directions; but Louis, an agile young man, jumped suddenly, without stirrups, and tamed the animal. This pleased all those presented and caused
866:
Hugh was the only one who would decide if Louis IV could be restored or deposed. In return for the release of the King, he demanded the surrender of Laon, which was entrusted to his vassal Thibaud. The Carolingian kinship was in the abyss, because it no longer held or controlled anything.
1705:
In fact, until the 10th century, the Catalan nobles go to the royal palace in Laon to confirm privileges for their churches and ensure their loyalty to the King. And Wilfred, brother of the Count of Barcelona, received a charter from Louis IV renewing his rights in the
949:, who ordained Hugh of Vermandois, must repent, while Thibaud of Amiens and Yves of Senlis, who both consecrated Hugh, were excommunicated. The King, with the help of Arnold, deposed Thibaud from the seat of Amiens and placed the faithful Raimbaud in his place (949).
536:
of Wessex, sister of Queen Eadgifu, who also did not bear him any children. In addition, the marriage with Eadhild, actively promoted by Eadgifu, was made in order to sever an eventual dangerous link between families of Hugh and Count Heribert II of Vermandois.
1021:
an incontestable primacy. Thus, through the charters issued by the Royal Chancery, can be followed the stays of Louis IV. The King spent mostly of his time in the palaces of Reims (21% of the charters), Laon (15%), Compiègne and Soissons (2% for each of them).
679:. Nevertheless, the support for the young king was still limited, until the Pope clearly favored him after he forced the French nobles to renew their homage to the king in 942. The King's power in the south was symbolic since the death of the last Count of the
858:
for several months. The ambush and capture of the King were probably ordered by Hugh the Great, who wanted to permanently end his attempts of political independence. Ultimately, probably by the pressure of the Frankish nobles and Kings Otto I and
736:(end 939), without the consent of her brother King Otto I. The wedding did not stop Otto I who, after alliance with Hugh the Great, Herbert II of Vermandois and William I Longsword, resumed his invasion of Lotharingia and advanced towards Reims.
1407:
The daughter of King Edward the Elder, Eadgifu became the second wife of the beleaguered Carolingian King of West Frankia, Charles the Simple. In September 920 or 921 she gave birth to Louis, the future Louis IV, called 'd'Outremer' on
1087:. Urgently carried to Reims, he eventually died from his injuries on 10 September. For the Reims canons, the wolf whom the king tried to hunt was not an animal but a fantastic creature, a divine supernatural intervention.
504:
Historians have wondered why the powerful Hugh the Great called the young Carolingian prince to throne instead of taking it himself, as his father had done fifteen years earlier. First, he had many rivals, especially
1257:
Immediately after Louis IV died, his widow Gerberga was forced to obtain the approval of Hugh the Great for the coronation of her son Lothair, which took place on 12 November 954 at the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims.
383:
in 948 allowed the excommunication of Hugh the Great and released Louis from his long tutelage. From 950 Louis gradually imposed his rule in the northeast of the kingdom, building many alliances (especially with the
532:
reign. Finally, Hugh did not have a legitimate male heir: his first wife Judith (daughter of Count Roger of Maine and Princess Rothilde) died in 925 after eleven years of childless union; in 926 he married Princess
1207:
in the middle of his passage dealing with 948. She must have been born in the previous year, or very early in the same year, if the timing of the birth of King Louis's son Louis is correctly dated to the end of
514:
Gauls, anxious to appear free to elect their King, assembled under the leadership of Hugh to deliberate about the choice of a new King". According to Richerus, Hugh the Great delivered the following speech:
604:. We know that king had the power to appoint the suffragants of the Archbishopric of Reims. During this time Laon became the centre of the small Carolingian heartland, compared with the possessions in the
693:
But Louis, called by the archbishop Artaud returned and besieged Laon where a new citadel was built by Herbert. He undermines and overthrows many machines walls and finally took it with great difficulty.
1147:
first under the first arch of the collateral nave towards the sacristy of Saint-Remi Abbey. The statues placed on the original graves were left there. Both statues were painted and the golden
1273:
until 965, marking the Ottonian influence over France during all the second half of the 10th century. Thus, the end of Louis IV's reign and the beginning of the rule of Lothair, wasn't the "
325:
Louis became the heir to the western branch of the Carolingian dynasty after the death of his captive father in 929, and in 936, at the age of 15, was recalled from Wessex by the powerful
850:
During the summer of 945 Louis IV went to Normandy after being called by his faithful Herluin, who was a victim of a serious revolt. While the two were riding, they were ambushed near
993:
a key role. The royal couple had seven children, of whom only three survived infancy: Lothair, the eldest son and future King – that Flodoard cites not to be confused with the son of
659:
The rivalries between the nobility appeared as the only hope for the Louis IV to free himself from the regency of Hugh the Great. In 937 Louis IV began to rely more on his Chancellor
776:
sufficiently diminished and proposed a reconciliation with the Duke of the Franks and the Count of Vermandois. From that point on, Otto I was the new arbitrator in the West Francia.
878:, including the non-Carolingians ones. Among the Kings of the East, sometimes called Germanic Kings, this claim was occasional and disappeared completely after the 11th century.
1652:
It's understood that the duke of the Franks is now the first person in the kingdom after the king. Charter of Louis IV, n° 4, 26 December 936. Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 170.
468:, and, endowed with the royal benediction, he was anointed and crowned by the lord Archbishop Artold, in the presence of the chief men of his kingdom, with 20 bishops."
918:
Between late 947 and late 948, four imperial synods were held by Otto I between Meuse and Rhine to settle the fate of the Archbishopric of Reims and Hugh the Great. In
899:
Otto I was not satisfied with the growing power of Hugh the Great who, although not accepted by the whole kingdom, respected the division of powers. In 946 Otto I and
4841:
839:(as Count of Saint-Quentin). Albert of Vermandois took the side of the King and paid homage to him, while the Abbey of Saint-Crépin in Soissons was finally given to
1079:
At the end of the summer of 954, Louis IV went riding with his companions on the road from Laon to Reims. As he crossed the forest of Voas (near to his palace in
4621:
630:
Thus the royal edicts of the second half of 936 confirm the pervasiveness of Hugh the Great: it is said that Duke of the Franks "in all but reigned over us".
572:
since the death of his father Robert in 923. Territorially, Louis IV was quite helpless since he possessed few lands around the ancient Carolingian domains (
1889:
1622:
754:
These are the same Franks who want this King, who crossed the sea at their request, the same ones who sworn loyalty to him and lied to God and that King?
5174:
1886:
5179:
1076:
fundamentals of the universe. In consequence, the Frankish King could continue his reign without fear, because Heaven was the door of legitimacy.
1107:
died in 987 from injuries received when falling from his horse while hunting, a few months after he besieged Reims for the trial of archbishop
4947:
4513:
2611:
3457:
5154:
819:. In Vermandois, the King also took measures to diminish the power of Herbert II's sons by dividing their lands between them: Eudes (as
4286:
4112:
3481:
4661:
4646:
4563:
279:
Louis was born to King Charles III and his second wife Eadgifu, in the heartlands of West Francia's Carolingian lands between
4414:
1393:
3298:
744:
In 940 the East Frankish invaders finally conquered the city of Reims, where archbishop Artald was expelled and replaced by
5045:
553:. He knew nothing about his new kingdom. Hugh the Great, after negotiating with the most powerful nobles of the Kingdom – (
4768:
4531:
4187:
4177:
4015:
4616:
870:
In June 946, a royal charter called optimistically the "eleventh year of the reign of Louis when he had recovered the
4588:
4573:
3258:
2604:
4856:
4697:
4651:
3450:
3210:
962:
which his father had given to Saint-Remi of Reims and also authorized archbishop Artald to mint coins in his city.
63:
808:, the ten-year-old son of William born from his Breton concubine, while Herbert II left as heirs four adult sons.
4048:
3403:
3366:
1230:
1010:
970:
912:
836:
797:
771:
Meanwhile, Hugh the Great and his vassals had sworn allegiance to Otto I, who moved to the Carolingian Palace of
510:
172:
1261:
The regency of the Kingdom was held firstly by Hugh the Great, and after his death in 956 by Gerberga's brother
4876:
4451:
3476:
2981:
2799:
2784:
1108:
1083:), he saw a wolf and attempted to capture it. Flodoard, from whom these details are known, said that the King
441:, perhaps at the request of the King since it was a symbolic Carolingian town and he was probably born there.
4799:
4419:
4360:
4355:
2936:
2861:
1707:
978:
167:
4441:
942:
5149:
5127:
4866:
4345:
4182:
3412:
3393:
2597:
497:) and the purple robe with precious stones and gold incrustations also used by Odo in 888) and his own son
1155:. Louis IV was shown seated on a throne with a double-dossier. He was depicted as full-bearded, wearing a
732:. Louis IV used this opportunity to strengthen his domain over Lotharingia by marrying Giselbert's widow,
716:
of East Francia and offered the crown to Louis IV, who received homage of the Lotharingian aristocracy in
4984:
4704:
4578:
4568:
4316:
4157:
4105:
3443:
1014:
969:
in 952, Hugh the Great captured his half of Burgundy. Louis IV, now allied with Arnulf I of Flanders and
908:
789:
745:
562:
322:(king of East Anglia), an ancestor of his maternal family who had heroically fought against the Vikings.
2646:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
2376:
Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society
2311:. Collection des textes pour servir Ă l'Ă©tude et Ă l'enseignement de l'histoire 39. Paris, Picard, 1905.
5159:
4895:
4816:
4583:
4493:
4472:
4172:
4162:
4152:
3045:
2870:
2053:. In: Timothy Reuter. The New Cambridge Medieval History III. Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 384.
930:
855:
676:
376:, Louis tried to conquer his lands, but was captured by the Normans and handed over to Hugh the Great.
748:, younger son of Herbert II, who also seized the patrimony of Saint-Remi. About this, Flodoard wrote:
521:
imprisoned. This, believe me, wasn't the will of God. Also I never had to take the place of my father.
475:
privileges of the Church. Maybe he received the ring (a religious symbol), the sword and the stick of
5075:
4831:
4746:
4719:
4636:
4431:
4276:
2564:
2512:
Michel Sot: "Hérédité royale et pouvoir sacré avant 987", Annales ESC, n° 43, 1988, pp. 705–733
709:
672:
408:
sent an embassy to Wessex inviting Louis to "come and take the head of the kingdom" (Flodoard). King
4656:
4626:
4231:
4022:
2731:
558:
303:
2549:
945:
in Reims. The Synod of Trier (September 948) decided to excommunicate him for his actions. Guy I,
545:
Having arrived on the continent, Louis IV was a young man of fifteen, who spoke neither Latin nor
4912:
4794:
4741:
4687:
4641:
4330:
3491:
3417:
2571:
1084:
937:, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois and widow of William I Longsword, had built a fortress in
934:
48:
2513:
1586:
England and the Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947)
352:
was the second most powerful man after the King. In 939, the young monarch attempted to conquer
5017:
4979:
4937:
4922:
4714:
4536:
4436:
4098:
3858:
3486:
2669:
2472:
1234:
1151:
on each of the Kings' capes was easily visible. A graphic description of the tombs was made by
1061:
506:
306:, queen Eadgifu and her infant son took refuge in Wessex (for this he received the nickname of
2498:
Annie Renoux: "Palais capétiens et normands à la fin du xe siècle et au début du xie siècle",
2124:
1846:
It seems that Richard I was returned to the Normans at the same time. Dudon of Saint-Quentin,
1383:
4942:
4932:
4724:
4548:
4456:
4391:
3848:
3149:
2541:
2136:
1358:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. p. 36.
1349:
1266:
1152:
1128:
805:
416:, who kissed his hands. Chronicler Richerus gives us an anecdote about this first encounter:
302:
After the dethronement and capture of Charles the Simple in 923, following his defeat at the
1240:
Henry (summer 953 – died shortly after his baptism). Flodoard records the birth of twins to
890:
The actual size of West Francia and Carolingian controlled lands (in yellow) in 10th century
671:, all enemies of Hugh the Great. He also received the homage of other important nobles like
5164:
4967:
4508:
4446:
4335:
4226:
3883:
3878:
3843:
3809:
3784:
3774:
3140:
3126:
2211:
2072:
1618:
1428:
1186:
1044:) confiscated the Abbey of Notre Dame from his mother and donated it to his wife Gerberga (
1033:
1028:), who since her return with her son to France retired to the Abbey of Notre Dame in Laon (
1006:
900:
828:
824:
461:
385:
330:
627:(territorial prince). This title was for the first time formalized by the Royal Chancery.
8:
5169:
5050:
5007:
4927:
4881:
4758:
4751:
4731:
4692:
4604:
4396:
4365:
4340:
4306:
4208:
4203:
4009:
3912:
3888:
3868:
3838:
3828:
3789:
3769:
3764:
3744:
3675:
3670:
3626:
3502:
3240:
3236:
3174:
3170:
3130:
3050:
2913:
2908:
2843:
2624:
2589:
2328:
1270:
1120:
785:
729:
668:
620:
554:
433:
where the coronation ceremony was to take place. Louis IV was crowned king by Archbishop
369:
128:
4033:
2688:
1068:(The birth and era of the Antichrist). Adso reassured the Queen that the arrival of the
816:
585:
310:) at the court of her father King Edward, and after Edward's death, of her brother King
4962:
4907:
4861:
4709:
4675:
4259:
4059:
3969:
3932:
3899:
3873:
3804:
3779:
3759:
3754:
3700:
3695:
3309:
3250:
3108:
3012:
2756:
2719:
2665:
2519:
Michel Sot: "Les élévations royales de 888 à 987 dans l'historiographie du xe siècle",
1345:
919:
733:
616:
380:
349:
244:
202:
144:
1119:
Gerberga, a dynamic and devoted wife, supported the burial of her late husband at the
811:
Louis IV took advantage of the internal disorder in the Duchy of Normandy and entered
5108:
5090:
5085:
5070:
5055:
4994:
4957:
4871:
4804:
4782:
4763:
4631:
4558:
4381:
4281:
4167:
4147:
4124:
3833:
3794:
3749:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3388:
3379:
3355:
3254:
3196:
3104:
2995:
2581:
1389:
1335:
indicate that he was fifteen in 936 and that he was born in the region of Laon-Reims.
1182:
1176:
1156:
1140:
1104:
1002:
982:
946:
801:
772:
498:
338:
319:
256:
248:
212:
177:
151:
89:
79:
2478:
5022:
4974:
4846:
4821:
4311:
4042:
3995:
3923:
3799:
3665:
3225:
3159:
3041:
2707:
2696:
2488:
1072:
would not take place before the end of the Kingdoms of France and Germany, the two
929:, Reims and profaned dozens of churches. In the meanwhile, his vassal and relative
875:
597:
484:
413:
373:
292:
252:
4484:
4323:
5117:
5080:
5065:
5060:
5002:
4917:
4477:
4218:
3819:
3685:
3660:
3644:
3214:
3206:
3183:
3178:
3112:
3070:
2923:
2789:
2747:
2661:
2533:
2439:
Alexandre Bruel: "Études sur la chronologie des rois de France et de Bourgogne",
2419:
1893:
1614:
1262:
994:
938:
840:
820:
680:
660:
434:
30:
4463:
2460:
Guy Lanoë: "Les ordines de couronnement (930-1050) : retour au manuscrit",
1164:
rested his feet was decorated at the corners with figures of children or lions.
619:) that Louis IV repeatedly confirmed in 936, 943 and 954; and his rule over the
5040:
5035:
5027:
4851:
4809:
4386:
3730:
3591:
3202:
3085:
3032:
2990:
2918:
2775:
2692:
2467:
Anne Lombard-Jourdan: "L'Invention du "roi fondateur" à Paris au xiie siècle",
1610:
966:
886:
832:
664:
634:
476:
405:
326:
1833:
The Normans had never accepted the regency of Herluin. Dudo of Saint-Quentin,
1492:, Transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 256.
437:
on Sunday, 19 June 936, probably at the Abbey of Notre-Dame and Saint-Jean in
5143:
5122:
4952:
4736:
4424:
3690:
3616:
3581:
3546:
3337:
2931:
2815:
2794:
2345:
1388:. Routledge history online. Taylor & Francis Books Limited. p. 147.
925:
But the Duke of the Franks, not paying attention to the sentence, devastated
36:
2316:
Pouvoirs, Église et société. France, Bourgogne et Germanie (888-XIIe siècle)
1662:
This quarrel ended in 936-937 when the two enemies agreed to share Burgundy.
1246:
unus Karolus, later Heinricus, sed Henricus mox post baptismum defunctus est
843:. In 943, during the homage given to the King, Hugh the Great recovered the
345:
4836:
4541:
4498:
4298:
4269:
4068:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3576:
3571:
3516:
3287:
1148:
1092:
640:
From the beginning of 937 Louis IV, called by some "The King of the Duke" (
605:
393:
361:
318:
court until his teens. During this time he enjoyed legendary stories about
315:
236:
2505:
Laurent Ripart: "Le royaume de Bourgogne de 888 au début du xiie siècle",
2405:
L'HĂ©ritage des Charles, De la mort de Charlemagne aux environs de l'an mil
1123:. Unusually for the Carolingians, she took care of the dynastic memorial (
965:
In 950 Louis IV and Hugh the Great finally reconciled. After the death of
907:. They invaded Reims with a large army, according to Flodoard. Archbishop
573:
568:
The young king quickly became a puppet of Hugh the Great, who had reigned
460:"The Bretons, returning from the lands across the sea with the support of
409:
311:
4503:
4406:
4251:
4004:
3984:
3680:
3654:
3606:
3561:
3551:
3536:
3526:
3245:
2899:
2826:
1057:
705:
550:
353:
288:
240:
192:
3061:
2491:: "Le capétien thaumaturge : genèse populaire d'un miracle royal",
5012:
4241:
3958:
3937:
3739:
3649:
3631:
3556:
3541:
3521:
3300:
3188:
3122:
2949:
1794:
1144:
1069:
546:
528:
334:
592:), and some abbeys (Saint-Jean in Laon, Saint-Corneille in Compiègne,
4350:
3952:
3942:
3863:
3586:
3566:
3435:
3095:
2889:
2765:
2703:
2679:
2652:
2620:
2453:
Robert Delort: "France, Occident, monde à la charnière de l'an Mil",
2340:
Pouvoirs, Église et société. France, Bourgogne et Germanie (888-1120)
793:
708:, the land of his ancestors and began attempts to conquer it. In 939
637:
thought he had acquired after the death of his brother King Rudolph.
356:; however, the expedition was a failure and his brother-in-law, King
296:
1351:
Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
3978:
3947:
3853:
3635:
3511:
3117:
2880:
2300:
1356:
Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France
1332:
1313:
989:
926:
860:
589:
581:
480:
445:
389:
268:
260:
911:
escaped and Artald was restored. "Robert, Archbishop of Trier and
4264:
4132:
3531:
1160:
1080:
959:
728:
while escaping from the forces of Otto I after the defeat at the
633:
Hugh also denied the rights to the principality of Burgundy that
577:
533:
493:
187:
4090:
1518:
that Louis IV was crowned in the Abbey of Saint-Vincent in Laon.
1331:
The precise date of birth of Louis IV is unknown. The Annals of
1040:), who married her shortly after; the King, furious about this (
4553:
4121:
2432:
Xavier Barral i Altet: "Le paysage architectural de l'an Mil",
2415:
1301:
1199:
Daughter (947 / early 948 – died young). Flodoard records that
1100:
1099:); in 986 his son Lothair died by a "plague" after he besieged
1051:
904:
851:
721:
717:
713:
649:
593:
357:
344:
Once he took the throne, Louis wanted to free himself from the
40:
2643:
1296:
1291:
1193:
974:
812:
725:
601:
365:
284:
132:
117:
2214:
and Timothy Reuter, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 342.
611:
Hugh the Great's power came from the extraordinary title of
4826:
4236:
2418:, coll. "Biographies historiques", 14 January 1987, 364 p.
1032:), where she became the Abbess, was abducted from there by
1013:– who was invested as Duke of Lower Lorraine by his cousin
465:
438:
430:
280:
105:
69:
2619:
2208:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024
1582:
Dynastic Strategies: The West Saxon Royal Family in Europe
941:
in Laon to humiliate the king, and seized the lordship of
1456:(Hambledon Continuum, London & New York, 2007), p. 40
1443:(Hambledon Continuum, London & New York, 2007), p. 16
1056:
In the early 950s, Queen Gerberga developed an increased
985:
were the last kings to venture south of the river Loire.
863:
of England, Hugh the Great decided to release Louis IV.
3303:
from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.
981:
for their loyalty. For a long time Louis IV and his son
1728:
The minor France is the region between Loire and Meuse.
654:
2507:
Pouvoirs, Église et société (888-début du xiie siècle)
2265:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 402.
2252:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 398.
2239:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 397.
2040:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 401.
1584:. In: David Rollason, Conrad Leyser, Hannah Williams:
2446:
André Chédeville: "Le paysage urbain vers l'an Mil",
1064:; being highly educated, she commissioned to him the
739:
1286:
Louis IV's youngest surviving son Charles, known as
1211:
Louis (December 948 – before 10 September 954). The
1139:
The tomb of Louis IV was later destroyed during the
988:
In 951 Louis IV fell seriously ill during a stay in
847:(Duchy of France) title and the rule over Burgundy.
779:
483:). Finally, the new King (perhaps like his ancestor
259:. His reign is mostly known thanks to the Annals of
2185:
1923:
La symbolique royale française, ve ‑ xviiie siècles
1910:
La symbolique royale française, ve ‑ xviiie siècles
973:, exercised real authority only north of the river
894:
2500:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil
2483:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil
2462:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil
2384:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil
1429:"Louis IV, King of the Franks", The British Museum
600:) and collected the revenues from the province of
2357:Pouvoirs et institutions dans la France médiévale
1945:Femmes, pouvoir et société dans le haut Moyen Âge
1344:
1179:(end 941 – 2 March 986), successor of his father.
675:(who also spent part of his life in England) and
5141:
1789:lord Otto I of Germany. Dudon of Saint-Quentin:
1514:The chroniclers Aimon de Fleury recorded in his
1185:(end 943 – 981-990/992), married in 964 to King
2226:(Du Chesne, 1619), Book IV, chap. VIII, p. 243.
1225:regi Ludowico filius...patris ei nomen imponens
1114:
903:raised an army and tried to take Laon and then
2154:Les sépultures de l'église Saint-Remi de Reims
1860:
1858:
1856:
1692:
1690:
4106:
3451:
2605:
2544:De Moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum
2391:Les Carolingiens, une famille qui fit l'Europ
1791:De Moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum
1237:by Emperor Otto II in May 977 at Diedenhofen.
881:
4482:
4461:
4321:
2182:, Ă©d. Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, 1993, p. 330.
2169:, ed. Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, 1993, p. 327.
1596:
1594:
1052:Death of Louis IV and the Legend of the Wolf
1024:Flodoard records in 951 that Queen Eadgifu (
933:(nicknamed "the Trickster") who had married
650:Difficulties during the early years, 938–945
641:
565:) – was appointed guardian of the new king.
540:
2074:Histoire de son temps – La mort de Lothaire
1904:
1902:
1853:
1687:
1375:
977:. He also rewarded Liétald II of Mâcon and
429:Louis and his court then began the trip to
4113:
4099:
3458:
3444:
2852:
2612:
2598:
2089:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1372:, (Manchester University Press, 1991), 286
1281:the last century of the Carolingian Europe
1172:Louis IV and Gerberga had seven children:
760:Flodoard also publishes at the end of his
348:of Hugh the Great, who, with his title of
287:in 920 or 921. He was descended both from
29:
5175:Deaths by horse-riding accident in France
1745:
1743:
1591:
1370:Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage
1227:at the end of his passage concerning 948.
1217:Hlotharium Karolum Ludovicum et Mathildim
364:counterattacked and besieged the city of
5180:Burials at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Remi
2523:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 145–150.
2502:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 179–191.
2450:, Paris, Picard, 1990, pp. 157–163.
2107:
2105:
1899:
1757:
1755:
1542:English Historical Documents c. 500–1042
1454:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328
1385:A Historical Dictionary of British Women
1233:(summer 953 – 12 June 991), invested as
952:
885:
764:the testimony of a girl from Reims (the
491:with cosmic allusions (referring to the
299:(d. 917) he had six older half-sisters.
295:. From his father's first marriage with
3023:
2495:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 282–308.
2481:: "Les insignes du roi vers l'an mil",
2436:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 169–183.
2141:Les monuments de la monarchie française
2097:The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328
1468:
1381:
724:. On 2 October 939, Gilbert drowned in
699:
368:in 940. In 945, following the death of
5142:
3465:
2521:Religion et culture autour de l'an Mil
2485:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 73–88.
2464:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 65–72.
2412:Hugues Capet: Naissance d'une dynastie
2368:Religion et culture autour de l'an Mil
1867:
1740:
399:
235:("From overseas"), reigned as King of
39:from the reign of Louis IV, minted at
4094:
3439:
3299:West Francia was in the hands of the
2593:
2102:
1752:
243:dynasty, he was the only son of king
223:(920/921 – 10 September 954), called
4079:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
2509:, Paris, CNED, 2008, pp. 72–98.
2457:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 7–26.
2373:
2191:
1026:Ottogeba regina mater Ludowici regis
800:died of natural causes. The heir of
655:Louis IV and his supporters, 938–939
16:King of West Francia from 936 to 954
2469:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes
2441:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes
1671:Quote of Laurent Theis. C. Bonnet,
13:
5155:10th-century kings of West Francia
2333:Les îles Britanniques au Moyen Âge
2099:, (Hambledon Continuum, 2007), 41.
1684:Guillot, Sassier 2003, pp. 170-171
788:was ambushed and killed by men of
740:Crisis of the royal power, 940–941
388:) and under the protection of the
14:
5191:
4120:
2527:
2471:, n° 155, 1997, pp. 485–542
2448:Le Roi et son royaume en l'an Mil
2398:Royauté et idéologie au Moyen Âge
1001:(infant Lothair, son of Louis)–,
780:Intervention in Normandy, 943–946
239:from 936 to 954. A member of the
3336:
3060:
2879:
2746:
2206:, Constance Brittain Bourchard,
1223:. Flodoard records the birth of
895:Trial of Hugh the Great, 948–949
314:. Young Louis was raised in the
2361:Des origines à l'époque féodale
2355:Olivier Guillot, Yves Sassier:
2323:Charlemagne et les Carolingiens
2277:
2268:
2255:
2242:
2229:
2217:
2204:Burgundy and Provence, 879-1032
2197:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2130:
2114:
2080:
2065:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2021:
2008:
1999:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1937:
1928:
1915:
1876:
1840:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1699:
1678:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1603:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1544:. 2nd ed. London, 1979. p. 344.
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1300:of Brabant, where he erected a
1030:abbatiam sanctæ Mariæ...Lauduni
999:Lotharius puer, filius Ludowici
971:Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois
827:(as Count of Château-Thierry),
798:Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
687:related the events as follows:
511:Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
487:) used a blue silk coat called
448:records the events as follows:
173:Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
4452:Government of National Defense
2536:Histoire de l'Église de Rheims
2274:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 173.
1824:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 172.
1696:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 171.
1634:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 170.
1459:
1446:
1433:
1422:
1413:
1362:
1338:
1325:
1290:, settled on an island in the
1066:De ortu et tempore antichristi
501:during his coronation in 954.
1:
4361:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4356:War of the Spanish Succession
2289:
2224:Willelmi Gemmetencis Historiæ
2016:Histoire de l'Église de Reims
1994:Histoire de l'Église de Reims
1884:Gallica Histoire de son temps
1708:Abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa
1275:dark century of iron and lead
1252:
1221:Hludovicum ex regina Gerberga
1038:Heriberti...Adalberti fratris
979:Charles Constantine of Vienne
527:Hugh the Great knew that the
509:(King Rudolph's brother) and
479:(referring to the baptism of
168:Lothair, King of West Francia
157:
115:10 September 954 (aged 33–34)
2180:La Préhistoire des Capétiens
2167:La Préhistoire des Capétiens
1115:Dynastic memorial and burial
1036:, Count of Château-Thierry (
710:Gilbert, Duke of Lotharingia
704:Louis IV then looked to the
274:
7:
2426:
2122:Clovis, histoire et mémoire
1675:Paris, Colin, 2001, p. 214.
1673:Les Carolingiens (741-987),
1213:Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis
1167:
1103:, and finally his grandson
1060:fear, and began to consult
790:Arnulf I, Count of Flanders
661:Artald, Archbishop of Reims
10:
5196:
4842:French subdivisions by GDP
4589:2022 presidential election
4574:2017 presidential election
3046:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
2325:, Paris, Tallandier, 2002.
2314:Geneviève Bührer-Thierry:
2062:Sassier 2002, pp. 188-189.
1571:Depreux 2002, pp. 136-137.
1005:– who in 964 married King
943:Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique
931:Theobald I, Count of Blois
882:Ottonian hegemony, 946–954
856:Theobald I, Count of Blois
677:Sunyer, Count of Barcelona
178:Matilda, Queen of Burgundy
5103:
4993:
4903:
4894:
4790:
4781:
4683:
4674:
4612:
4603:
4524:
4405:
4374:
4346:Second Hundred Years' War
4297:
4250:
4217:
4196:
4188:Liberalism and radicalism
4140:
4131:
4077:
4058:
4032:
3994:
3968:
3922:
3897:
3818:
3729:
3625:
3501:
3471:
3402:
3378:
3345:
3334:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3224:
3158:
3139:
3094:
3081:
3069:
3058:
3031:
3022:
3011:
2980:
2965:
2948:
2898:
2888:
2877:
2860:
2851:
2840:
2814:
2774:
2755:
2744:
2718:
2687:
2678:
2651:
2631:
2578:
2569:
2561:
2051:West Francia: The Kingdom
2027:Renoux 1992, p. 181, 191.
1892:27 September 2015 at the
1562:Pinoteau 1992, pp. 76-80.
1540:Dorothy Whitelock (tr.),
1288:Charles of Lower Lorraine
1034:Herbert III of Vermandois
673:Alan II, Duke of Brittany
541:Regency of Hugh the Great
208:
198:
186:
150:
140:
123:
111:
99:
95:
85:
75:
62:
54:
47:
28:
23:
4617:Administrative divisions
2636:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
2542:Dudon de Saint-Quentin:
2393:e, Paris, Hachette, 1999
2294:
2005:IsaĂŻa 2009, pp. 190-191.
1974:Theis 1990, p. 177, 200.
1956:Theis 1990, pp. 174-175.
1761:Theis 1990, pp. 171-172.
1719:Theis 1990, pp. 155-157.
1588:. Brepols, 2010, p. 246.
1319:
559:Herbert II of Vermandois
4837:Franc (former currency)
4442:Coup of 2 December 1851
4415:Long nineteenth century
3492:List of French monarchs
2374:Nash, Penelope (2017).
2342:, Paris, Atlande, 2009.
2335:, Paris, Hachette, 2005
2309:Les Annales de Flodoard
2086:Poly 1990, pp. 292-294.
1294:river in the primitive
1192:Charles (January 945 –
935:Luitgarde of Vermandois
796:and on 23 February 943
4857:Science and technology
4514:Provisional Government
4483:
4462:
4322:
3998:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
3487:List of Frankish kings
3482:Simplified family tree
2854:Sons of Charles Martel
2670:Childebert the Adopted
2386:, Paris, Picard, 1992.
2370:, Paris, Picard, 1990.
2366:Dominique Iogna-Prat:
2307:, ed. Philippe Lauer,
1503:La Champagne médiévale
1235:Duke of Lower Lorraine
1062:Adso of Montier-en-Der
891:
712:rebelled against King
642:
623:, where he reigned as
507:Hugh, Duke of Burgundy
2621:Pippinids, Arnulfings
2493:La France de l'an Mil
2455:La France de l'an Mil
2434:La France de l'an Mil
2407:, Paris, Seuil, 1990.
2400:, Paris, Colin, 2002.
2378:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2363:, Paris, Colin, 2003.
2352:, Paris, Seuil, 1990.
2350:La France de l'an Mil
2178:Christian Settipani:
2165:Christian Settipani:
2137:Bernard de Montfaucon
1983:Sassier 1987, p. 118.
1934:Sassier 1987, p. 117.
1864:Sassier 1987, p. 116.
1312:, which later became
1267:Archbishop of Cologne
1205:filiam Ludowici regis
1153:Bernard de Montfaucon
1129:Karl Ferdinand Werner
953:Return of the balance
889:
549:, but probably spoke
423:recognition from all.
4662:World Heritage Sites
4579:Coronavirus pandemic
3477:Detailed family tree
3051:Counts of Vermandois
2572:King of West Francia
2338:Marie-CĂ©line IsaĂŻa:
2318:, Paris, CNED, 2008.
2212:Rosamond McKitterick
1797:, Caen, 1865, p. 84.
1619:mayors of the Palace
1382:Hartley, C. (2003).
1368:Donald A. Bullough,
1187:Conrad I of Burgundy
1042:rex Ludowicus iratus
1007:Conrad I of Burgundy
901:Conrad I of Burgundy
766:Visions of Flothilde
700:War over Lotharingia
386:counts of Vermandois
331:margrave of Neustria
247:and his second wife
49:King of West Francia
5150:Carolingian dynasty
4800:Automotive industry
4584:2021 labor protests
4341:Peace of Westphalia
4209:History of Normandy
4204:History of Brittany
3913:Henry VI of England
3404:Charles of Lorraine
3367:Charles of Lorraine
3237:Louis the Stammerer
3025:Sons of Charlemagne
2914:Charles the Younger
2909:Pepin the Hunchback
2329:Jean-Philippe Genet
2283:Riché 1999, p. 279.
2077:, Book III, p. 137.
1965:Theis 1990, p. 176.
1815:Theis 1990, p. 173.
1806:Riché 1999, p. 287.
1779:IsaĂŻa 2009, p. 317.
1749:Theis 1990, p. 172.
1737:Theis 1990, p. 171.
1643:Theis 1990, p. 170.
1600:Theis 1990, p. 169.
1553:IsaĂŻa 2009, p. 131.
1304:in the town called
1271:Duke of Lotharingia
1159:and dressed with a
1121:Abbey of Saint-Remi
1085:fell from his horse
786:William I Longsword
784:On 17 December 942
730:Battle of Andernach
669:William I Longsword
621:Marches of Neustria
608:of the Robertians.
555:William I Longsword
400:Assumption of crown
370:William I Longsword
251:, daughter of King
4867:Telecommunications
4569:2015 Paris attacks
4432:Revolution of 1848
4260:Visigothic Kingdom
4060:House of Bonaparte
3970:House of Bonaparte
3900:House of Lancaster
3466:Monarchs of France
3310:Charles the Simple
3251:Charles the Simple
2321:Philippe Depreux:
2111:IsaĂŻa 2009, p. 271
1873:Theis 1990, p. 174
1770:IsaĂŻa 2009, p. 49.
1531:936, ed. P. Lauer.
1419:Poly 1990, p. 296.
1125:mémoire dynastique
1046:Gerbergæ uxori suæ
920:Synod of Ingelheim
909:Hugh of Vermandois
892:
746:Hugh of Vermandois
734:Gerberga of Saxony
617:duke of the Franks
563:Arnulf of Flanders
381:Synod of Ingelheim
350:duke of the Franks
304:Battle of Soissons
245:Charles the Simple
203:Charles the Simple
145:Gerberga of Saxony
5160:Frankish warriors
5137:
5136:
5099:
5098:
4890:
4889:
4777:
4776:
4769:Political parties
4705:Foreign relations
4670:
4669:
4599:
4598:
4382:French Revolution
4336:Thirty Years' War
4317:Absolute monarchy
4282:Kingdom of France
4178:Foreign relations
4158:Political history
4088:
4087:
4049:Louis Philippe II
3972:(1804–1814; 1815)
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3255:Charles the Child
3197:Louis the Younger
3105:Louis II of Italy
3007:
3006:
2976:
2975:
2836:
2835:
2732:Hugh of Champagne
2588:
2587:
2579:Succeeded by
2550:Richer de Reims:
2143:, vol. I, p. 346.
2071:Richer de Reims:
1882:Richer de Reims:
1623:Merovingian kings
1465:Sot 1988, p. 724.
1395:978-1-85743-228-2
1346:Anselm de Gibours
1215:names (in order)
1141:French Revolution
947:Count of Soissons
802:Duchy of Normandy
472:
471:
404:In spring of 936
333:, to succeed the
320:Edmund the Martyr
249:Eadgifu of Wessex
218:
217:
213:Eadgifu of Wessex
5187:
4901:
4900:
4817:Economic history
4788:
4787:
4681:
4680:
4610:
4609:
4488:
4467:
4366:Seven Years' War
4331:Wars of Religion
4327:
4312:House of Bourbon
4307:Early modern era
4287:Fundamental laws
4163:Military history
4138:
4137:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4043:Louis Philippe I
4034:House of Orléans
3996:House of Bourbon
3924:House of Bourbon
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3340:
3295:
3294:
3262:Lothair the Lame
3226:Charles the Bald
3160:Louis the German
3079:
3078:
3064:
3020:
3019:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2849:
2848:
2750:
2697:Chlodulf of Metz
2685:
2684:
2639:* ≡ "brother of"
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2562:Preceded by
2559:
2558:
2489:Jean-Pierre Poly
2382:Michel Parisse:
2379:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1921:Hervé Pinoteau:
1919:
1913:
1908:Hervé Pinoteau:
1906:
1897:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1516:Gestis francorum
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1490:The Carolingians
1486:
1480:
1479:Sot 1988, p. 727
1477:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1133:Life of Clotilde
1097:pesta elephantis
876:Treaty of Verdun
845:ducatus Franciae
817:Château de Coucy
645:
598:Fleury-sur-Loire
586:Ver-lès-Chartres
485:Charles the Bald
451:
450:
374:duke of Normandy
293:Alfred the Great
253:Edward the Elder
161:
129:Saint-Remi Abbey
33:
21:
20:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5113:
5095:
5076:Public holidays
4989:
4948:Life expectancy
4886:
4773:
4666:
4595:
4564:Great Recession
4537:Fourth Republic
4532:1900 to present
4520:
4437:Second Republic
4401:
4370:
4293:
4246:
4213:
4192:
4127:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4073:
4054:
4028:
3990:
3964:
3918:
3893:
3820:House of Valois
3814:
3725:
3686:Charles the Fat
3645:Pepin the Short
3630:
3621:
3497:
3496:
3467:
3464:
3434:
3425:
3398:
3374:
3341:
3332:
3304:
3289:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3229:
3220:
3213:
3207:Charles the Fat
3205:
3195:
3179:Louis the Child
3163:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3113:Louis the Blind
3090:
3074:
3071:Louis the Pious
3065:
3056:
3027:
3014:
3003:
2972:
2961:
2944:
2924:Louis the Pious
2884:
2875:
2856:
2842:
2832:
2810:
2770:
2751:
2742:
2714:
2674:
2647:
2642:
2627:
2618:
2584:
2575:
2567:
2530:
2443:, n° 141, 1880.
2429:
2403:Laurent Theis:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2152:Prosper Tarbé:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2127:, 1997, p. 147.
2120:Michel Rouche:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1943:RĂ©gine Le Jan:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1894:Wayback Machine
1887:Book II, p. 203
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1617:when they were
1615:Pepin the Short
1608:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:, 2005, p. 657.
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1439:Crouch, David.
1438:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1263:Bruno the Great
1255:
1242:Gerberga regina
1219:as children of
1201:Chonradus...dux
1170:
1117:
1054:
1015:Emperor Otto II
995:Louis the Pious
958:the château of
955:
897:
884:
841:Renaud of Roucy
821:Count of Amiens
782:
742:
702:
657:
652:
543:
444:The chronicler
435:Artald of Reims
402:
277:
182:
155:
154:
136:
116:
104:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5032:Cultural icons
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Stock exchange
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:National parks
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Climate change
4624:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4549:Fifth Republic
4546:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4457:Third Republic
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4392:First Republic
4389:
4387:Napoleonic era
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Greek colonies
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3731:House of Capet
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Childebert III
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:Arnulf of Sens
3082:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2776:Charles Martel
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2693:Arnulf of Metz
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2479:Hervé Pinoteau
2476:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2410:Yves Sassier:
2408:
2401:
2396:Yves Sassier:
2394:
2389:Pierre Riché:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2216:
2196:
2194:, p. xvi.
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2129:
2113:
2101:
2095:Jim Bradbury,
2088:
2079:
2064:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2020:
2007:
1998:
1996:, pp. 548-549.
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1947:, 2001, p. 35.
1936:
1927:
1925:, PSR, p. 159.
1914:
1912:, PSR, p. 115.
1898:
1875:
1866:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1698:
1686:
1677:
1664:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1611:Charles Martel
1609:Title held by
1602:
1590:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1488:Pierre Riche,
1481:
1467:
1458:
1452:Bradbury, Jim.
1445:
1432:
1421:
1412:
1394:
1374:
1361:
1337:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1228:
1209:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1116:
1113:
1058:eschatological
1053:
1050:
967:Hugh the Black
954:
951:
896:
893:
883:
880:
833:Count of Meaux
781:
778:
758:
757:
756:
755:
741:
738:
720:on his way to
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
665:Hugh the Black
656:
653:
651:
648:
635:Hugh the Black
542:
539:
525:
524:
523:
522:
489:Orbis Terrarum
477:Saint Remigius
470:
469:
462:King Athelstan
458:
427:
426:
425:
424:
406:Hugh the Great
401:
398:
341:who had died.
327:Hugh the Great
276:
273:
263:and the later
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
170:
164:
162:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
44:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5192:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Birth control
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Constitutions
4686:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:Années folles
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Second Empire
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:July Monarchy
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:Ancien RĂ©gime
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3617:Childeric III
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Theuderic III
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Childebert II
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2824:Nibelung I →
2823:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:Childebrand I
2813:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:Robert Delort
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2049:Jean nDunba:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1621:for the last
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:(then called
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
888:
879:
877:
873:
868:
864:
862:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
774:
769:
767:
763:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
747:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:Spanish March
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
647:
644:
643:le roi du duc
638:
636:
631:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:dux Francorum
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
557:of Normandy,
556:
552:
548:
538:
535:
530:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
452:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
160:
159:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
114:
110:
107:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5018:Coat of arms
5008:Architecture
4980:Social class
4938:Homelessness
4923:Demographics
4877:Trade unions
4810:Central bank
4752:criminal law
4715:Human rights
4698:presidential
4542:Algerian War
4525:Contemporary
4499:Vichy France
4494:World War II
4464:Belle Époque
4397:First Empire
4299:Early Modern
4270:West Francia
4080:
4069:Napoleon III
4047:
4021:
4014:
3983:
3957:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3859:Charles VIII
3710:
3627:Carolingians
3612:Theuderic IV
3602:Chilperic II
3597:Dagobert III
3577:Childeric II
3572:Chlothar III
3517:Childebert I
3503:Merovingians
3346:
3318:
3116:
3049:
3024:
2853:
2844:Carolingians
2825:
2702:
2691:
2625:Carolingians
2570:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2520:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2121:
2116:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1883:
1878:
1869:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1701:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1605:
1585:
1581:
1580:Sarah Foot:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1501:Michel Bur:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1399:. Retrieved
1384:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1171:
1149:Fleur-de-lis
1138:
1136:necropolis.
1132:
1124:
1118:
1096:
1093:tuberculosis
1089:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
998:
987:
964:
956:
924:
917:
898:
871:
869:
865:
849:
844:
810:
783:
770:
765:
761:
759:
743:
703:
685:
658:
639:
632:
629:
624:
612:
610:
606:Loire Valley
569:
567:
544:
526:
503:
492:
488:
473:
454:
443:
428:
403:
394:East Francia
378:
362:East Francia
343:
324:
307:
301:
278:
264:
237:West Francia
232:Transmarinus
231:
230:
225:
224:
220:
219:
156:
18:
5165:920s births
5128:WikiProject
4943:Immigration
4933:Health care
4795:Agriculture
4747:enforcement
4504:Free France
4473:World War I
4420:Restoration
4407:Late Modern
4277:Middle Ages
4252:Middle Ages
4237:Celtic Gaul
4062:(1852–1870)
4036:(1830–1848)
4005:Louis XVIII
3985:Napoleon II
3926:(1589–1792)
3904:(1422–1453)
3849:Charles VII
3822:(1328–1589)
3696:Charles III
3681:Carloman II
3657:(Charles I)
3655:Charlemagne
3607:Chlothar IV
3562:Sigebert II
3552:Chlothar II
3537:Chilperic I
3527:Charibert I
3246:Carloman II
3013:Carolingian
2900:Charlemagne
2827:Nibelungids
2660:Carloman →
1441:The Normans
1306:Bruoc Sella
825:Herbert III
706:Lotharingia
551:Old English
392:kingdom of
354:Lotharingia
316:Anglo-Saxon
289:Charlemagne
241:Carolingian
193:Carolingian
76:Predecessor
5170:954 deaths
5144:Categories
5071:Philosophy
5056:Literature
4968:secularism
4764:Parliament
4559:2005 riots
4509:Liberation
4375:Revolution
4242:Roman Gaul
4227:Prehistory
4183:Journalism
3979:Napoleon I
3959:Louis XVII
3938:Louis XIII
3884:Charles IX
3879:Francis II
3844:Charles VI
3810:Charles IV
3785:Philip III
3775:Louis VIII
3740:Hugh Capet
3733:(987–1328)
3666:Charles II
3650:Carloman I
3632:Robertians
3557:Dagobert I
3542:Sigebert I
3522:Chlothar I
3380:Lothair IV
3356:Lothair IV
3301:Robertians
3217:→ Adalbert
3189:Zwentibold
3123:Lothair II
2757:Grimoald I
2710:, his sons
2680:Arnulfings
2666:Grimoald I
2534:Flodoard:
2359:, vol. 1:
2290:References
2261:Flodoard:
2248:Flodoard:
2235:Flodoard:
2036:Flodoard:
2014:Flodoard:
1992:Flodoard:
1795:Jules Lair
1527:Flodoard,
1310:Broek Zele
1278:but rather
1253:Succession
1145:Carloman I
1070:Antichrist
547:Old French
308:d'Outremer
226:d'Outremer
64:Coronation
4928:Education
4882:Transport
4732:Judiciary
4693:Elections
4647:Mountains
4605:Geography
4351:Louis XIV
4141:Overviews
4016:Louis XIX
4010:Charles X
3953:Louis XVI
3943:Louis XIV
3889:Henry III
3869:Francis I
3864:Louis XII
3839:Charles V
3829:Philip VI
3790:Philip IV
3770:Philip II
3765:Louis VII
3745:Robert II
3676:Louis III
3638:(751–987)
3587:Clovis IV
3567:Clovis II
3505:(509–751)
3241:Louis III
3191:→ Godfrey
3109:Ermengard
3096:Lothair I
2941:Theoderic
2890:Pepin III
2790:Pepin III
2766:Theudoald
2704:Ansegisel
2653:Pippinids
2554:, vol. IV
2552:Histoires
2192:Nash 2017
2018:, p. 550.
1203:baptised
1109:Adalberon
1017:in 977–.
913:Frederick
806:Richard I
794:Picquigny
574:Compiègne
529:Robertian
410:Æthelstan
335:Robertian
312:Æthelstan
297:Frederuna
291:and King
275:Childhood
265:Historiae
103:920 / 921
86:Successor
5118:Category
5051:Language
4963:Religion
4908:Abortion
4862:Taxation
4759:Military
4720:Intersex
4710:Politics
4676:Politics
4478:Interwar
4173:Economic
4168:Language
4153:Timeline
3948:Louis XV
3933:Henry IV
3874:Henry II
3854:Louis XI
3805:Philip V
3780:Louis IX
3760:Louis VI
3755:Philip I
3711:Louis IV
3701:Robert I
3671:Louis II
3636:Bosonids
3512:Clovis I
3347:Louis IV
3319:Louis IV
3259:Carloman
3199:→ Louis
3171:Carloman
3150:Pepin II
3118:Bosonids
2996:Adalhard
2950:Carloman
2862:Carloman
2807:Remigius
2785:Carloman
2708:Pepin II
2576:936–954
2427:Articles
2301:Flodoard
1890:Archived
1850:, p. 92.
1848:op. cit.
1837:, p. 90.
1835:op. cit.
1401:2 August
1348:(1726).
1333:Flodoard
1314:Brussels
1183:Mathilde
1168:Children
1003:Mathilde
990:Auvergne
939:Montaigu
927:Soissons
861:Edmund I
683:in 878.
625:princeps
590:Ponthion
582:Verberie
570:de facto
481:Clovis I
446:Flodoard
414:Boulogne
390:Ottonian
346:tutelage
269:Richerus
261:Flodoard
221:Louis IV
135:, France
24:Louis IV
5109:Outline
5091:Theatre
5086:Symbols
5046:Gardens
5036:Fashion
5028:Cuisine
4995:Culture
4985:Welfare
4958:Poverty
4896:Society
4872:Tourism
4832:Exports
4805:Banking
4783:Economy
4742:history
4637:Islands
4632:Borders
4265:Francia
4219:Ancient
4197:Regions
4148:History
4133:History
4081:italics
4023:Henry V
3834:John II
3795:Louis X
3750:Henry I
3721:Louis V
3716:Lothair
3706:Rudolph
3661:Louis I
3532:Guntram
3422:Charles
3389:Louis V
3360:Charles
3290:Francia
3271:Charles
3211:Bernard
3141:Pepin I
3131:Charles
3042:Bernard
3000:Bernhar
2982:Bernard
2928:Lothair
2800:Bernard
2736:Godfrey
2662:Pepin I
2582:Lothair
2305:Annales
2156:, 1842.
1529:Annales
1302:castrum
1244:in 953
1231:Charles
1177:Lothair
1161:chlamys
1105:Louis V
1081:Corbeny
1074:Imperia
1011:Charles
983:Lothair
960:Corbeny
872:Francia
773:Attigny
578:Quierzy
534:Eadhild
499:Lothair
494:Vulgate
339:Rudolph
90:Lothair
80:Rudolph
68:936 in
58:936–954
5123:Portal
5023:Cinema
5003:Anthem
4975:Racism
4953:People
4847:Mining
4822:Energy
4657:Rivers
4622:Cities
4554:May 68
4125:topics
4122:France
3800:John I
3406:, sons
3394:Arnulf
3382:, sons
3349:, sons
3329:Rorico
3323:Arnulf
3312:, sons
3215:Ratold
3184:Ratold
3175:Arnulf
3098:, sons
3015:Empire
2984:, sons
2902:, sons
2892:, sons
2804:Jerome
2778:, sons
2728:Arnulf
2722:, sons
2514:online
2473:online
2420:online
2416:Fayard
2263:Annals
2250:Annals
2237:Annals
2210:, ed.
2125:online
2038:Annals
1793:, ed.
1710:(937).
1392:
1157:bonnet
1131:) the
1101:Verdun
1009:– and
905:Senlis
852:Bayeux
837:Albert
835:) and
829:Robert
762:Annals
722:Aachen
718:Verdun
714:Otto I
594:Corbie
358:Otto I
257:Wessex
209:Mother
199:Father
158:Detail
141:Spouse
124:Burial
41:Chinon
37:denier
5081:Sport
5066:Music
5061:Media
4918:Crime
4642:Lakes
3418:Louis
3371:Henry
3363:Louis
3326:Drogo
3268:Pepin
3265:Drogo
3143:, son
3035:, son
3033:Pepin
2969:Pepin
2958:Pepin
2952:, son
2932:Drogo
2919:Pepin
2871:Drogo
2864:, son
2841:Early
2818:, son
2795:Grifo
2759:, son
2739:Pepin
2720:Drogo
2644:Begga
2565:Raoul
2295:Books
1354:[
1320:Notes
1297:pagus
1292:Zenne
1194:Rouen
975:Loire
813:Rouen
726:Rhine
602:Reims
366:Reims
337:King
285:Reims
188:House
152:Issue
133:Reims
118:Reims
55:Reign
5041:Flag
4827:Euro
4725:LGBT
3634:and
3413:Otto
3288:West
3230:sons
3203:Hugh
3194:Otto
3164:sons
3127:Hugh
3075:sons
2991:Wala
2937:Hugh
2623:and
1613:and
1403:2018
1390:ISBN
1269:and
1208:948.
831:(as
804:was
667:and
596:and
588:and
561:and
466:Laon
439:Laon
431:Laon
379:The
283:and
281:Laon
112:Died
106:Laon
100:Born
70:Laon
5013:Art
4737:Law
3691:Odo
1408:...
1308:or
1283:".
1048:).
823:),
792:at
360:of
267:of
255:of
229:or
5146::
3239:→
3209:→
3177:→
3173:→
3125:→
3115:→
3111:→
3107:→
3048:→
3044:→
2706:→
2695:→
2668:→
2664:→
2414:,
2348::
2331::
2303::
2139::
2104:^
1901:^
1855:^
1754:^
1742:^
1689:^
1593:^
1470:^
1405:.
1316:.
1265:,
1111:.
997::
663:,
584:,
580:,
576:,
396:.
372:,
329:,
271:.
131:,
35:A
4114:e
4107:t
4100:v
4083:.
3629:,
3459:e
3452:t
3445:v
3228:,
3162:,
3073:,
2613:e
2606:t
2599:v
2516:.
2475:.
2422:.
1896:.
1625:.
1248:.
1189:.
615:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
