Louis XII - Knowledge

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the crown be met by reducing royal pensions and the number of offices. All three of the estates were in agreement on the demand for an end to the sale of government offices. By 7 March 1484, the King announced that he was leaving Tours because of poor health. Five days later the deputies were told that there was no more money to pay their salaries, and the Estates General meekly concluded its business and went home. The Estates General of 1484 is called, by historians, the most important Estates General until the Estates General of 1789. Important as they were, many of the reforms suggested at the meeting of the Estates General were not immediately adopted. Rather the reforms would only be acted on when Louis XII came to the throne.

1075:. The French army plundered and raped Capua mercilessly. However, when news of the rape of Capua spread throughout southern Italy, resistance to the French vanished. Frederick fled and the French Army entered Naples unopposed. Louis XII claimed the throne of Naples and pursuant to the sharing agreement with Ferdinand II shared half the income of Naples with Spain. However, as Machiavelli had predicted, the agreement could not last and in early 1502 relations between France and Spain had gone sour. Negotiations were started between France and Spain over their disagreements about Naples. However, in April 1502, without waiting for the conclusion of these negotiations, Louis sent an army under the command of 376: 1150:, on edifices, and on cannons. As it was common belief at the time that the porcupine could shoot its quills, the porcupine symbolized the offensive and defensive capabilities of the king. During his years of conquest, Louis portrayed his kingdom to the public as a porcupine – a supposedly invincible creature feared by all. However, by the second half of his reign, Louis began to relegate the aggressive porcupine into a simple heraldic symbol for identification. Seeking to paint himself as a pious and chivalrous king to the public, Louis adopted titles such as 1031:, he was forced to come to Italy himself . Not satisfied with having made the Church powerful and deprived himself of his friends, he went after the kingdom of Naples and divided it with the king of Spain (Ferdinand II). And where before he alone had been the arbiter of Italy, he brought in a rival to whom everyone in the kingdom who was ambitious on his own account or dissatisfied with Louis could have recourse. He could have left in Naples a caretaker king of his own, but he threw him out, and substituted a man capable of driving out Louis himself. 730: 1349: 921:

Pisans put up such a determined resistance that Beaumont despaired of ever taking Pisa. On 11 July 1500, the French broke camp and retreated north. The diversion to Pisa and the failure there emboldened opponents of the French in Italy. Pursuing the claim to the Kingdom of Naples had become politically impossible until some of the opponents were neutralized. One opponent in particular was Spain. It was at this point, in 1500, that Louis XII pursued the claim of his immediate predecessor to the Kingdom of Naples with Ferdinand II, the

31: 1741: 1724: 966:. I don't mean to blame the king for his part in the scheme; he wanted a foothold in Italy, and not only had no friends in the province, but found all doors barred against him because of King Charles's behavior. Hence he had to take what friendships he could get; and if he had made no further mistakes in his other arrangements, he might have carried things off very successfully. By taking Lombardy, the king quickly regained the reputation lost by Charles. Genoa yielded, and the Florentines turned friendly, the 1377: 851:, the next fortified town on the road to the city of Milan. This time the massacre had the desired effect, as three more fortified towns surrendered without a fight. Marshall Trivulzio then brought the French Army up to the gates of town of Alessandro, and his batteries began battering the walls of the town on 25 August 1499. At first, a vigorous defense was mounted by the garrison, but on 29 August 1499, the city gave up and the garrison and the governor of the city slipped out of town before dawn. 916:

advisers were miffed at Florence because in the recent fight against Sforza, Florence had chosen to abandon France and remain strictly neutral. The French knew that they would need Florence in the coming campaign in the Kingdom of Naples – French troops would need to cross Florentine territory on their way to Naples and they would need Florentine agreement to do so. Accordingly, a French army including 600 knights and 6,000 Swiss infantrymen under the command of

1173: 600:". The Pragmatic Sanction had been first instituted by King Charles VII, the former King Charles VIII's grandfather. The Pragmatic Sanction excluded the papacy from the process of appointing bishops and abbots in France. Instead, these positions would be filled by appointment made by the cathedrals and monastery chapters themselves. All church prelates within France would be appointed by the King of France without reference to the pope. 1241: 884:

of the Swiss Confederation heard about the coming battle and forbade any Swiss soldier from fighting against a fellow Swiss, which effectively subtracted all the Swiss from both sides for this particular battle. These troops then started to march back home to Switzerland. This had a much more damaging effect on Sforza's army, because his army was composed of a larger proportion of Swiss than the French army under La Trémoille.

653: 842:. Marshall Trivulzio had been in the service of the French throne since the reign of Louis XI, but he had been born and raised in Milan. The French army that Marshal Trivulzio now commanded consisted of 27,000 men of which 10,000 were mounted. The French army was also supplied with 5,000 Swiss mercenaries. In the campaign of 1499, the French army surrounded the fortified town of 1027:. And he never realized that by this decision he was weakening himself, driving away his friends and those who had flocked to him, while strengthening the Church by adding vast temporal power to the spiritual power which gives it so much authority. Having made this first mistake, he was forced into others. To limit the ambition of Alexander and keep him from becoming master of 1064:

the thus far secret Treaty of Grenada, signed 11 November 1500, which divided the Kingdom of Naples between France and Spain. The Pope was pleased and enthusiastically issued a bull naming the two kings – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Spain – as the Pope's vassals in Naples. Indeed, the public announcement of the treaty in the Vatican was the first news that King

1474:, France, on 9 October 1514. This represented a final attempt to produce an heir to his throne, for despite two previous marriages the king had no living sons. Louis died on 1 January 1515, less than three months after he married Mary, reputedly worn out by his exertions in the bedchamber, but more likely from the effects of 1810:, and concessions were made to the altered political landscape of the fictionalized series. The first season starts with Francis I already King of France, but in order to include Mary's short royal marriage and scandalous secret remarriage, the writers added a King of Portugal as her bridegroom, who bears no resemblance to 871:, heard about the surrender of Milan on 17 September 1499. He immediately left Lyon and on 6 October 1499, Louis XII made his triumphant entry into Milan. Marshal Trevulzio presented the key to the city to Louis, who in turn appointed Marshal Trivulzio as the temporary French governor of Milan. Later, Louis appointed 1185:. The King and Queen of France, identified as princes of Provence, are kneeling, the King has in his hands the crown that appears on the coins minted by the Mint of Milan. This is the only portrait, full-length, of a king of France, performed by a painter of the Italian Renaissance, who has come up to us. 888:"treasonous"), Louis XII was very generous to the city in victory. While Sforza had been in charge of Milan, the export of grain had been forbidden. Now the French reopened the trade in grain, setting off a decade of prosperity in Milan. Milan was to remain a French stronghold in Italy for twelve years. 664:

did in England. To meet his budget after having reduced taxes, Louis XII reduced the pensions for the nobility and for foreign princes. In religious policy, Louis XII reinstituted the Pragmatic Sanction, which established the Roman Catholic Church in France as a "Gallic Church" with most of the power

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King Louis XI died on 30 August 1483. He was succeeded to the throne of France by his thirteen-year-old son, Charles VIII. Nobody knew the direction which the new king (or more accurately his regent and oldest sister, Anne of France) would take in leading the kingdom. Accordingly, on 24 October 1483,

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The annulment, described as "one of the seamiest lawsuits of the age", was not simple. Louis did not, as one might have expected, argue the marriage to be void due to consanguinity (the general allowance for the dissolution of a marriage at that time). Though he could produce witnesses to claim that

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composed of 1,000 lances, 10,000 infantrymen including 5,000 Swiss troops to Naples in early June 1501. In May 1501, Louis had obtained free passage for his troops to march through Bologne on the way to Naples. As the army approached Rome, Spanish and French ambassadors notified Pope Alexander VI of

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Consider how easy it would have been for the king to maintain his position in Italy if he had observed the rules , and become the protector and defender of his new friends. They were many, they were weak, some of them were afraid of the Venetians, others of the Church, hence they were bound to stick

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in the western part of the Duchy of Milan. After five hours of bombardment by the French artillery batteries, the walls of Rocca di Arazzo were breached and the town was taken by the French. Louis XII had ordered his army to massacre the garrison and many civilians as a message to the other towns in

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The French army had been a potent force in 1494 when Charles VIII had first invaded Italy. However, during the remainder of Charles VIII's reign, the army had been allowed to deteriorate through neglect. Ever since becoming king, Louis XII had been rebuilding the French army. Now he could put it to

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On this occasion he tried to conquer the Duchy of Milan, weakened by an economic crisis, and on 11 June 1495 he occupied with his troops the city of Novara, which was given to him for treason. He was on the verge of subjugating the Moro, who proved unable to cope with the situation, but clashed with

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Louis married the reluctant queen dowager, Anne, in 1499. Still only 22, Anne, who had borne as many as seven stillborn or short-lived children during her previous marriage to King Charles, now bore a further four stillborn sons to the new king, but also two surviving daughters. The elder daughter,

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Moreover, Louis popularized the state portrait as a propaganda tool. He employed numerous artists to capture him and produce individualized, miniature portraits that can be found in manuscripts today. Furthermore, Louis's propaganda arsenal was greatly expanded with the addition of portrait coins –

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Faced with the return of the French and his own greatly reduced force, Sforza decided to slip out of Milan as he had done previously. This time, however, Sforza was captured and spent the rest of his life in a French prison. Despite Milan's openly warm welcome of Sforza (which Louis XII regarded as

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and sent him to recapture Milan. By the time Trémoille reached the forts west of Milan where Marshal Trivulzio and his force were holding out, the French army had swollen to 30,000 men by recruitment along the way. Many of these new recruits in the French army were Swiss mercenaries. The government

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Meanwhile, Ludovico Sforza had been gathering an army, mainly among the Swiss, to take Milan back. In mid-January 1500, his army crossed the border into the Duchy of Milan and marched toward the city of Milan. Upon hearing the news of Sforza's return, some of his partisans in the city rose up. On 1

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been a neutral party, Joan would likely have won, for Louis's case was exceedingly weak. Pope Alexander VI, however, had political reasons to grant the annulment, and ruled against Joan accordingly. He granted the annulment on the grounds that Louis did not freely marry, but was forced to marry by

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as an annual subsidy for simply allowing the French to recruit an unspecified number of troops in the Confederation. In exchange, Louis promised to protect the Confederation from any aggression from Maximillian and the Holy Roman Empire. Louis opened negotiations with the Duchy of Savoy and by May

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The deputies representing the Second Estate (the nobility) at the Estates General of 1484 wanted all foreigners to be prohibited from command positions in the military. The deputies of the Third Estate (the merchants and traders) wanted taxes to be drastically reduced and that the revenue needs of

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Louis XI, who had become king of France in 1461, became highly distrustful of the close relationship between the Orleanists and the Burgundians and began to oppose the idea of an Orleanist ever coming to the throne of France. However, Louis XI might have been more influenced in this opinion by his

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was codified and ratified by the royal proclamation of the Ordinance of Blois of 1499. The Ordinance of Lyon tightened up the tax collection system requiring, for instance, that tax collectors forward all money to the government within eight days after they collected it from the people. Fines and

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If France could have taken Naples with her own power, she should have done so; if she could not, she should not have split the kingdom with the Spaniards. The division of Lombardy that she made with the Venetians was excusable, since it gave Louis a foothold in Italy; the division of Naples with

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was sent to Pisa. On 29 June 1500, a combined French and Florentine force laid siege to Pisa and set up batteries around the town. Within a day of opening fire, the French batteries had knocked down 100 feet of the old medieval walls surrounding the city. Even with the breach in their walls, the

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commoners and the class of traders and merchants in France. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future Louis XII, attended as part of the Second Estate. Each estate brought its chief complaints to the Estates General in hopes to have some impact on the policies that the new King would pursue.

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Accordingly, Louis (much to the dismay of his wife) claimed that Joan was physically malformed (providing a rich variety of detail precisely how) and that he had therefore been unable to consummate the marriage. Joan, unsurprisingly, fought this uncertain charge fiercely, producing witnesses to

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but had been in constant revolt almost ever since. In 1494, the Pisans successfully overthrew the Florentine governors of the city. The Florentines requested aid from the French to recapture Pisa, as the city of Florence had long been an ally of France in Italian affairs. However, Louis and his

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The presence of several French garrisons in southern Italy, the remnants of Charles VIII's first invasion of Italy, provided Louis XII with a toehold in southern Italy from which he hoped to enforce his claim to the Kingdom of Naples. However, Louis first had to deal with a recurring problem in

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Under Louis's reign, the province of Brittany finally became a de facto permanent province of France – although this was not legally completed until 1547. At the end of his reign the crown deficit was no greater than it had been when he succeeded Charles VIII in 1498, despite several expensive

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between France and Scotland that had been in existence since King Philippe IV of France first recognised Robert the Bruce (1306–1329) as King of Scotland in 1309. In early 1499, the old alliance between Scotland and France was renewed and the attentions of England were drawn northwards towards

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began to arrive in Tours, France. The deputies represented three different "estates" in society. The First Estate was the Church; in France this meant the Roman Catholic Church. The Second Estate was composed of the nobility and the royalty of France. The Third Estate was generally composed of

799:. Ferdinand was so hostile to France that he had founded the anti-French League of Venice in 1495. In August 1498, Louis XII succeeded in signing a treaty with Spain that ignored all the territorial disputes between France and Spain and merely pledged mutual friendship and non-aggression. 1134:

and publicity for the French crown. Louis XII had numerous large ceremonies for the various marriages, funerals, and other events that occurred under his reign. These occasions provided Louis with opportunities to project royal power and elevate Louis, which was largely done through

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André Vauchez, Michael Lapidge, "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J", pp. 776, 2000: "Infirm from birth, she was obliged by her father, Louis XI, to marry her cousin, Louis of Orleans. The king wished, by a union considered sterile, to extinguish this rival collateral

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As the Duke of Milan, Louis XII, he is portrayed in the painting of Alvise De Donati, Maria Maddalena, Marta, Lazarro and Maximino adored by the Prince and Princess of Provence, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Barcelona, originally in the church of San Bartolomeo in

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February 1500, Marshal Trivulzio decided that he could not hold the city, and the French retreated to the fortresses west of the city. Sforza was welcomed back into the city by a joyous crowd of his supporters on 5 February 1500. Louis XII raised another army under

1410:(fourteen) to marry: no one was certain when he had been born, with Louis claiming to have been twelve at the time, and others ranging in their estimates between eleven and thirteen. As there was no real proof, he had perforce to bring forward other arguments. 847:

the Duchy against resistance to the French army. The legal rationale for the massacre at Rocca di Arazzo was that defenders of the town were traitors because they had risen up in arms against their rightful lord, Louis XII. The French repeated the episode at

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faction, greatly contributing to the stability of French government. In the Ordinance of Blois of 1499 and the Ordinance of Lyon issued in June 1510 he extended the powers of royal judges and made efforts to curb corruption in the law. Highly complex French

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all sought him out with professions of friendship. At this point the Venetians began to see the folly of what they had done, since in order to gain for themselves a couple of districts in Lombardy, they had now made the king master of a third of Italy.

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on 6 July 1495. As a result, Louis had come to hate Ludovico Sforza. Accordingly, even before he became King of France, Louis began to claim the Duchy of Milan as his own inheritance, which should have come to his by right of his paternal grandmother

698:. At the time, the Duchy of Milan was one of the most prosperous regions of Europe. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future King Louis XII, joined Charles VIII on this campaign. The French Kingdom was responding to an appeal for assistance from 827:

1499 had hammered out an agreement that allowed French troops to cross Savoy to reach the Duchy of Milan. The agreement with Savoy also allowed France to purchase supplies and to recruit troops in Savoy. Finally, Louis was ready to march into Italy.

838:, the French army crossed the border into the Duchy of Milan. Contrary to the wishes of the Second Estate (the nobles and royalty of France), expressed at the Estates General in 1484, this French army was being led by a foreigner, 1394:(his second cousin) to marry his daughter Joan of France. Charles VIII (son of Louis XI) succeeded to the throne of France in 1483, but died childless in 1498, when the throne passed to Louis XII. Charles had been married to 1670:

for a funeral mass. The next day, during the funeral procession, the cart carrying the coffin broke down and there was a dispute over which party would receive the gold cloth that covered the coffin. Louis was interred in

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opposition to the entire Orleanist faction of the royal family than by the actual facts of this paternity case. Despite any alleged doubts that King Louis XI had, the King, nevertheless, became "godfather" of the newborn.

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determined that it was useless to continue resisting the French. Accordingly, on the night of 2 September 1499, Sforza and a band of cavalry fled Milan, heading northward to the Holy Roman Empire. Louis XII, staying in

2342:"The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 33", pp. 42, 1854: "Louis XI compelled him to marry his deformed and sterile daughter Joan, threatening him with death by drowning, if he refused." 1362: 1197:

In spite of his military and diplomatic failures, Louis proved to be a popular king. Historians often attribute Louis's popularity to his tax reduction policies. While Francis I eventually raised taxes, Louis's

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Spain was an error, since there was no such necessity for it. depriving the Venetians of their power (who never would have let anyone else into Lombardy unless they were in control), he thus lost Lombardy.

776:" (1499–1504) or "King Louis XII's War". However, before initiating any war Louis XII needed to deal with the international threats that he faced. In August 1498, he signed a peace treaty with the Emperor 791:, the Infanta of Spain. Thus he needed to detach Spain from its close relations with England before he could deal with Henry VII. Furthermore, Spain was then a member of the anti-French League of Venice. 611:

was to serve as regent until Charles VIII became 20 years old. From 1485 through 1488, there was another war against the royal authority of France conducted by a collections of nobles. This war was the

1091: 903:, though the legal rationale for this claim was weaker than for his claim to Milan, stemming only from his position as the successor to Charles VIII. Nonetheless, Louis XII pursued the claim with vigor. 1402:

with the Kingdom of France. To sustain this union, Louis XII had his marriage to Joan annulled (December 1498) after he became king so that he could marry Charles VIII's widow, Anne of Brittany.

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the two were closely related due to various linking marriages, there was no documentary proof, merely the opinions of courtiers. Likewise, Louis could not argue that he had been below the legal

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army, allies of the Duchy of Milan, were crossing into the Duchy from the east in an attempt to aid the Milanese army before it was too late. Accordingly, Marshal Trivulzio marched his army to

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by him; and with their help, he could easily have protected himself against the remaining great powers. But no sooner was he established in Milan than he took exactly the wrong tack, helping

1795:. Despite his initial friendship with Cesare, their relations are strained by Cesare's conflicts with French interests, as well as Cesare's heavy-handed methods. After della Rovere becomes 1165:. In addition, Louis's personal colors were red and yellow (or gold). Thus, guard regiment uniforms, manuscript color schemes, flags, often adorned Louis's royal colors and his initial. 1071:

Being a stern disciplinarian, Lord Stuart held the troops of his army to strict decorum during most of the march to Naples. However, discipline fell apart when the army passed through

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Although he came late (and unexpectedly) to power, Louis acted with vigour, reforming the French legal system, reducing taxes, and improving the government much like his contemporary

1552:; however, he cites no primary source for this statement. If it is correct, the son in question must have been different from the one who was born 21 January who is shown below. 787:

With Maximillian I neutralized, Louis wanted to turn his attention to King Henry VII of England. However, Henry was then pursuing a marriage between his eldest son, Arthur, and

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Louis XII did not encroach on the power of local governments or the privileges of the nobility, in opposition with the long tradition of the French kings to attempt to impose

1447:, thereby insuring that Brittany would remain united with France. Anne opposed this marriage, which took place only after her death in 1514. Claude succeeded her mother in 639:, the most senior claimant as heir of Charles VIII. Thus, Louis, Duke of Orleans, succeeded to the throne on 7 April 1498 as Louis XII upon the death of King Charles VIII. 1687:

The succession to the throne of France followed Salic Law, which did not allow women to inherit the throne. As a result, Louis XII was succeeded by Francis I. Born to

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of appointment in the hands of the king or other French officials. As noted above, these reforms had been proposed at the meeting of the Estates General in 1484.

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as the permanent governor of Milan. In an attempt to win popularity with the public in Milan, Louis lowered the old Sforza taxes by as much as one-third.

5032: 1704:). Anne of Brittany predeceased Louis XII. Thus, Anne's eldest daughter, Claude of France, inherited the Duchy of Brittany directly in her own right ( 1146:

as his personal badge and as a royal beast. As a result, the popularity of the now royal creature exploded, resulting in the placement of porcupines in

917: 1478:. Their union produced no children, and the throne passed to Francis I of France, who was Louis's first cousin once removed, and also his son-in-law. 1414:

Louis's boast of having "mounted my wife three or four times during the night". Louis also claimed that his sexual performance had been inhibited by

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in 1500 and pushed forward to the Kingdom of Naples, which fell to him in 1501. Proclaimed King of Naples, Louis faced a new coalition gathered by

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On 24 December 1514, Louis was reportedly suffering from a severe case of gout. In the early hours of 1 January 1515, he received the final

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Joan's father Louis XI. Outraged, Joan reluctantly submitted, saying that she would pray for her former husband. She became a nun; she was

520:, legal reforms, and civil peace within France. Louis XII died in 1515 without a male heir. He was succeeded by his cousin and son-in-law 536: 709: 4009: 1698:

The succession to the ducal crown of Brittany followed semi-Salic tradition, allowing women to inherit the crown in their own right (

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of the League of Cambrai specifically to thwart the ambitions of France. The French were eventually driven from Milan in 1513 by the

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With the major powers preoccupied or pledged to peace with France, Louis XII could attend to two other neighbours on his border: the

3923: 1997: 862:, the last fortified town in the Duchy of Milan. With French troops already near Pavia, a short distance west of the city of Milan, 758: 635:

permitted claims to the French throne only by male agnatic descendants of French kings. This made Louis, the great-grandson of King

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King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of the Venetians, who expected by his coming to get control of half the state of

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military campaigns in Italy. His fiscal reforms of 1504 and 1508 tightened and improved procedures for the collection of taxes.

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excommunicated Louis XII for refusing to negotiate the liberation of the papal legate whom the French had captured after the

3933: 1214:") conferred upon him by the Estates in 1506. This was the first and only time that a French king was bestowed the specific 4962: 2239: 1060: 896: 795:, king of the newly unified Spain, directed all relations between Spain and the French on behalf of himself and his queen, 702:, Duke of Milan. The invasion set off a series of wars that would last from 1494 until 1559 and would become known as the " 3928: 4972: 4817: 3948: 1313: 3760: 3457: 3312: 2914: 891:

Using Milan as his firmly established base, Louis XII began to turn his attention to other parts of Italy. The city of

494: 1712:. This assured that Brittany would remain part of the Kingdom of France and the unity of the Kingdom would be upheld. 1285: 1332: 375: 3903: 3828: 1270: 4252: 1354: 777: 576:. His father was almost seventy years old when Louis was born. Louis was only three years old when he succeeded as 419: 225: 63: 1439:

in 1501. But after Anne failed to produce a living son, Louis dissolved the betrothal and betrothed Claude to his

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and Cesare's downfall begins, Louis offers him exile in France, but Cesare's ambition refuses to consider defeat.

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a call went out for a convocation of the Estates General of the French kingdom. In January 1484, deputies of the

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Louis of Orléans was one of the great feudal lords who opposed the French monarchy in the conflict known as the

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contains a plotline based loosely on Louis' final marriage. Mary is renamed Margaret, to avoid confusion with

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in 1488, Louis was captured, but Charles VIII pardoned him and released him. He subsequently took part in the

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All four children of Charles VIII by Anne of Brittany died in infancy. The French interpretation of the

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To assert his claim to his half of the Kingdom of Naples, Louis XII sent an army under the command of

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In 1495, Ludovico Sforza betrayed the French by changing sides in the war and joining the anti-French

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After becoming king in 1499, Louis XII pursued his ambition to claim Milan in what is known as the "

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on 28 July 1488 but was defeated and captured. Pardoned three years later, Louis joined his cousin

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Scheller, Robert (1983). "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII".

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Scheller, Robert (1983). "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII".

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Louis's failure to hold on to Naples prompted a commentary by Niccolò Machiavelli in his book,

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The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth Century France

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Hochner, Nicole (2001). "Louis XII and the porcupine: Transformations of a royal emblem".

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to highlight his commitment to justice and reform rather than simply military dominance.

1107: 1065: 815: 788: 769:, who forced him to a long and exhausting siege from which he finally came out defeated. 636: 521: 152: 124: 86: 4835: 1750: 607:

Since Charles VIII was only thirteen years of age when he became king, his older sister

557: 178: 5022: 4861: 4771: 4734: 4701: 4675: 4606: 4581: 4561: 4556: 4512: 4502: 4497: 4153: 4141: 4045: 4029: 3878: 3751: 3494: 3255: 3074: 3039: 1632:. As the battle happened took place on 11 April 1512, Kerrebrouck's date is presumably 1391: 1306: 1155: 848: 766: 695: 541: 3844: 3730: 1814:. The marriage is still quite short, as 'Margaret' smothers her husband with a pillow. 1583: 1452: 729: 577: 4635: 4596: 4551: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4129: 4069: 4051: 3565: 3535: 3453: 3450:

Directory of characters related to the crown of France in the 14th and 15th centuries

3326:

Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 2, The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance

3308: 3191:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 88.

3159:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 82.

3124:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 80.

3078: 2990: 2213: 1909: 1807: 1746: 1729: 1110:

on 14 May 1509. However, things became much more difficult in 1510, when the army of

1020: 967: 900: 781: 753: 687: 486: 466: 435: 300: 3446:

Répertoire de personnages apparentés à la couronne de France aux XIVe et XVe siècles

2975: 552:. Inscribed (literally) "Louis XII of this name: it is made at the age of 36 years". 344: 4844: 4797: 4725: 4601: 4467: 4202: 3938: 3606: 3247: 3066: 3031: 1767: 1515: 1492: 1440: 1432: 1399: 1368: 749: 669: 442:, the widow of Charles VIII. This marriage allowed Louis to reinforce the personal 4087: 1548:” to Trentino to negotiate a marriage between his son and one of the daughters of 4621: 4487: 4462: 4446: 3787: 3714: 3662: 3598: 3507:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. 3498: 3478:

The illuminated page: ten centuries of manuscript painting in the British Library

3367: 2666:

Bernardino Corio, L'Historia di Milano, Giorgio de' Cavalli, 1565, pp. 1095–1099.

2177: 1772: 1688: 1161:

Louis's initial of L was often decorated with an open royal crown and laced with

983: 971: 863: 843: 742: 699: 509: 431: 400: 364: 114: 434:. When Louis XII became king in 1498, he had his marriage with Joan annulled by 4532: 4393: 3696: 3525: 1796: 1780: 1625: 1407: 1111: 1054: 922: 819: 691: 608: 478: 470: 392: 388: 131: 41: 3092:

Hochner. "Louis XII and the porcupine: Transformations of a royal emblem": 36.

1578:” but does not specify the primary source on which he bases this information. 4896: 4492: 4418: 4383: 4348: 4207: 2982: 1792: 1776:, where he is portrayed as attempting to break his marriage contract to Joan. 807: 674: 545: 482: 93: 30: 3070: 4870: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4378: 4373: 4318: 1162: 1068:

had received about his fate and his betrayal by his own cousin, Ferdinand.

703: 565: 549: 458: 717:

emblem. Caliber: 172mm, length: 305 cm, weight: 1870kg. Recovered in

4806: 4786: 4482: 4456: 4408: 4363: 4353: 4338: 4328: 3306:

Les Valois (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste Maison de France)

1709: 1695:. Francis would also marry Louis XII's eldest daughter Claude of France. 1666:

and died later that evening. On 11 January Louis's body was taken to the

1643: 1616:”, without dates or primary source citations. Kerrebrouck records a son “ 1136: 734: 485:

after the second Italian War, was interested in further expansion in the

327: 668:

Louis was also skilled in managing his nobility, including the powerful

4760: 4739: 4541: 4451: 4433: 4358: 4343: 4323: 3259: 3043: 1803: 1663: 1415: 1131: 1045: 975: 938: 834:

On 10 August 1499, after marching across Savoy and through the town of

1172: 4754: 4744: 4388: 4368: 4237: 3987: 3277:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

1471: 1435:(1499–1524), was betrothed by her mother's arrangement to the future 1424: 1215: 1203: 1199: 1143: 714: 632: 3500:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

3251: 3035: 1240: 802:

This allowed enough freedom for Louis XII to start negotiating with

4780: 4749: 4655: 4437: 4313: 3813: 3505:

Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France

1700: 1448: 1003: 999: 963: 912: 803: 423: 1636:. This birth is not mentioned in the Journal de Louise de Savoie. 979: 806:

for an alliance. Actually, Louis was merely seeking to revive the

403:, he succeeded his second cousin once removed and brother-in-law, 4333: 1651: 1028: 1024: 718: 678:

loss of office were prescribed for violations of this ordinance.

652: 613: 450: 339: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 936:; Machiavelli's criticism of Louis XII is contained in his work 3569: 1788: 1419: 1080: 995: 991: 987: 855: 517: 414:

and was compelled to be married to his disabled and supposedly

2951: 2831: 2804: 2575: 2527: 410:

Before his accession to the throne of France, he was known as

3407: 3397: 3395: 3382: 3380: 3221: 3219: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2894: 2892: 2879: 2877: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2821: 2819: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2706: 2704: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 1072: 1011: 1007: 892: 859: 823: 738: 493:(1508–1516), which was marked by the military prowess of the 3374:, (Renouard, Libraire, rue-Saint-Andre-Des-arcs, 1815), 151. 3279:(in French). 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. 2587: 2539: 2515: 2491: 2479: 2454: 1055:

Military campaigns against the Kingdom of Naples (1501–1508)

811:

Scotland rather than southwards towards continental Europe.

2657:, Mancia del Commercio di M. Visentini, 1883, pp. 438, 441. 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 1475: 1451:

and became queen consort to Francis. The younger daughter,

1182: 945: 928:

On 11 November 1500, Ferdinand II and Louis XII signed the

908: 868: 835: 3392: 3377: 3344: 3216: 3003: 2939: 2920: 2889: 2874: 2855: 2843: 2816: 2792: 2780: 2759: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2701: 2698:, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965), p. 113. 2669: 2635: 2599: 2551: 2375: 2373: 628:

in campaigns in Italy, leading the vanguards of the army.

2623: 2611: 2563: 2503: 2442: 1130:

Under Louis XII, there was an unprecedented explosion of

2421: 2409: 2370: 2345: 1544:

Père Anselme records that in 1501 King Louis XII sent “

3240:

Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art

3024:

Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art

2917:. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: 1977. pp. 9–11. 596:

The First Estate (the Church) wanted a return to the "

2397: 2385: 3556:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3519:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1766:As Duke of Orleans, he is a recurring character in 616:(1485–1488), Louis's war against Anne. Allied with 387:(27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was 925:and with Queen Isabel of Castile, ruler of Spain. 3452:]. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 145. 2913:by Niccolò Machiavelli. Translated and edited by 1691:, on 12 September 1494, Francis I was the son of 1206:were longer-lasting. He duly earned the title of 4894: 1650:, from 1505, who died in 1511 and was buried in 1096:Litterae super abrogatione pragmatice sanctionis 556:Louis d'Orléans was born on 27 June 1462 in the 540:Louis kneeling in prayer, with saints, from the 426:. By doing so, Louis XI hoped to extinguish the 1086: 2367:, (University of California Press, 2004), 105. 1566:The Journal de Louise de Savoie records that “ 4253: 4003: 3829: 3562:Louis XII: Les dérèglements de l’image royale 3471: 3469: 1753: : Last Grand Master and Knight of the 854:Marshal Trivulzio now became aware that the 3523: 3401: 3386: 3350: 3225: 3009: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2898: 2883: 2868: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2753: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2682: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2415: 2379: 2351: 1269:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4260: 4246: 4010: 3996: 3836: 3822: 3493: 3428: 3328:, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 776. 3271: 3269: 1385:during her brief period as Queen of France 29: 3475: 3466: 3439: 3437: 2365:The Lost Tapestries of the City of Ladies 1488: 1333:Learn how and when to remove this message 620:, Louis confronted the royal army at the 3337:Michaud & Poujoulat (1838), Tome V, 3288:Michaud & Poujoulat (1838), Tome V, 3237: 3021: 1618:mort-né au château de Blois janvier 1512 1398:, in order to unite the quasi-sovereign 1171: 1090: 728: 708: 651: 535: 516:) for his reduction of the tax known as 504:. A popular king, Louis was proclaimed " 5028:People of the Italian Wars of 1499–1504 3574: 3548: 3517:Great Britain to 1688: A Modern History 3300: 3298: 3266: 3056: 2969: 2403: 2391: 269: 1499; died 1514) 5033:People of the Italian War of 1494–1495 4968:Heirs presumptive to the French throne 4938:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 4895: 4267: 4017: 3511: 3443: 3434: 3275:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). 2193: 2073: 2069: 2059: 1951: 1841: 1837: 1677:Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany 686:The French Kingdom under Charles VIII 580:upon the death of his father in 1465. 4978:Knights of the Order of the Porcupine 4241: 3991: 3817: 3154: 3152: 2655:La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia 2476:, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2007), 37. 2269: 2259: 2255: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2149: 2139: 2135: 2123: 2117: 2107: 2091: 2081: 2077: 2053: 2043: 2027: 2017: 2013: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1939: 1933: 1923: 1907: 1897: 1893: 1881: 1875: 1865: 1849: 1845: 1570:” gave birth at Blois 21 January to “ 1202:of law codes and the creation of new 1154:and compared himself to figures like 1102:Louis's greatest success came in the 907:northern Italy. In 1406, the city of 528:cadet branch of the House of Valois. 4983:Military leaders of the Italian Wars 4881:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 3843: 3295: 3190: 3158: 3123: 1779:Louis is portrayed by English actor 1267:adding citations to reliable sources 1234: 3091: 1642:Louis XII had an illegitimate son, 1612:Père Anselme records a second son “ 1176:Chateau de Blois, Louis's Porcupine 13: 3960: 3149: 1462:After Anne's death, Louis married 1114:intervened. Julius II founded the 1077:Louis d' Armagnac, Duke of Nemours 765:the fierce opposition of his wife 14: 5044: 3524:Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1996). 1812:the King of Portugal at that time 713:Bronze cannon of Louis XII, with 560:, Touraine (in the modern French 477:and was forced to cede Naples to 3584:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1739: 1722: 1375: 1361: 1347: 1239: 1169:first minted in France in 1514. 622:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier 455:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier 374: 241: 16:King of France from 1498 to 1515 4928:16th-century monarchs of Naples 3599:House of Valois, Orléans branch 3487: 3356: 3331: 3318: 3282: 3231: 3184: 3117: 3085: 3050: 3015: 2963: 2904: 2688: 2660: 2647: 2466: 1572:un fils...il avoit faute de vie 288: 266: 237: 5018:16th-century dukes of Brittany 5013:15th-century dukes of Brittany 3647:7 April 1498 – 1 January 1515 3580:Louis XI: The Universal Spider 2357: 2336: 2326: 1390:In 1476 he was forced by King 978:(of Bologna), the countess of 946:As portrayed in Machiavelli's 453:. At the royal victory in the 407:, who died childless in 1498. 395:from 1501 to 1504. The son of 1: 3372:De la maison royale de France 2320: 2094:Adolph III, Count of the Mark 1682: 1125: 895:agreed to the appointment of 681: 647: 531: 481:in 1504. Louis, who remained 328:Michel, Archbishop of Bourges 58:7 April 1498 – 1 January 1515 5008:16th-century peers of France 5003:15th-century peers of France 4993:French patrons of literature 4918:16th-century kings of France 4913:15th-century kings of France 3304:Kerrebrouck, P. van (1990). 1675:. He is commemorated by the 1576:à l’issue d’un voyage à Lyon 1230: 1104:War of the League of Cambrai 1087:War of the League of Cambrai 618:Francis II, Duke of Brittany 444:Union of Brittany and France 7: 4963:Military governors of Paris 3339:Journal de Louise de Savoye 3315:, pp. 167, 175 footnote 44. 3290:Journal de Louise de Savoye 1818: 1693:Charles, Count of Angoulême 1530:on 18 May 1514; had issue. 656:Louis XII on a coin of 1514 502:absolute monarchy in France 422:by his second cousin, King 10: 5049: 2187: 2071: 1945: 1839: 1808:her niece of the same name 1715: 1598:in April 1528; had issue. 306: 4879: 4860: 4834: 4796: 4770: 4724: 4699: 4620: 4531: 4427: 4303: 4273: 4225: 4025: 3971: 3958: 3851: 3794: 3785: 3767: 3758: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3703: 3694: 3686: 3676: 3667: 3659: 3649: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3592: 3476:Backhouse, Janet (1997). 2257: 2249: 2221: 2214:John II, Duke of Burgundy 2199: 2195: 2159: 2137: 2129: 2101: 2079: 2075: 2037: 2015: 2007: 1979: 1957: 1953: 1917: 1895: 1887: 1859: 1843: 1457:Duke Ercole II of Ferrara 1396:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 1225: 1188: 1061:Bernard Stuart of Aubigny 440:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 370: 360: 350: 338: 322:Renée, Duchess of Ferrara 299: 255:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 214: 200: 184: 172: 168: 158: 148: 137: 130: 120: 110: 99: 92: 82: 72: 62: 54: 40: 28: 23: 3799:Merged into royal domain 3772:Merged into royal domain 3554:France: A Modern History 3444:Ornato, Monique (1981). 2120:Adolph I, Duke of Cleves 1936:Charles, Duke of Orléans 1878:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 1760: 1657: 1481: 694:from the threats of the 642: 570:Charles, Duke of Orléans 397:Charles, Duke of Orléans 355:Charles, Duke of Orléans 4973:House of Valois-Orléans 4294:List of French monarchs 3564:, collection "Époques" 3071:10.1111/1477-4658.00354 2696:Spain: A Modern History 1148:illuminated manuscripts 1079:against the Spanish in 465:for the control of the 463:second Italian campaign 317:Claude, Queen of France 4923:French Roman Catholics 4800:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 4289:List of Frankish kings 4284:Simplified family tree 3965: 3204:Cite journal requires 3172:Cite journal requires 3137:Cite journal requires 3105:Cite journal requires 1972:Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1827:Ancestors of Louis XII 1755:Order of the Porcupine 1734:Order of Saint Michael 1732:– Grand Master of the 1369:Queen Anne of Brittany 1177: 1099: 1037: 840:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio 745: 726: 657: 553: 513: 475:Ferdinand II of Aragon 469:. Louis conquered the 391:from 1498 to 1515 and 4188:Parthenopean Republic 3964: 3934:Louis Philippe Joseph 3568:: Champ Vallon, 2006 3324:C. W. Previté-Orton, 1648:Archbishop of Bourges 1622:grossesse tourne mal 1546:le cardinal d’Amboise 1468:Henry VIII of England 1455:(1510–1575), married 1175: 1094: 960: 881:Louis de La Trémoille 797:Isabella I of Castile 732: 712: 688:invaded Italy in 1494 655: 539: 4279:Detailed family tree 3604:Cadet branch of the 3576:Kendall, Paul Murray 2971:Norwich, John Julius 1802:The first season of 1710:in right of his wife 1673:Saint Denis Basilica 1620:”, commenting that “ 1568:Anne reine de France 1538:late 1500/early 1501 1445:Francis of Angoulême 1355:Queen Joan of France 1263:improve this section 1220:Father of the People 1208:Father of the People 1152:Father of the People 1006:, and the people of 506:Father of the People 438:and instead married 430:cadet branch of the 240: 1476; 208:Saint Denis Basilica 195:Hôtel des Tournelles 4715:Henry VI of England 3680:Massimiliano Sforza 3431:, pp. 205–208. 3059:Renaissance Studies 2977:A History of Venice 2960:, pp. 125–126. 2840:, pp. 116–117. 2813:, pp. 115–116. 2584:, pp. 202–204. 2536:, pp. 100–101. 2272:Margaret of Bavaria 2056:Louis XII of France 1852:Charles V of France 1550:Philip I of Castile 1528:Francis I of France 1108:Battle of Agnadello 1066:Frederick of Naples 1041:Niccolò Machiavelli 934:Niccolò Machiavelli 816:Swiss Confederation 793:Ferdinand of Aragon 789:Catherine of Aragon 495:Chevalier de Bayard 125:Massimiliano Sforza 103:6 September 1499 – 4988:Monarchs of Naples 4862:House of Bonaparte 4772:House of Bonaparte 4702:House of Lancaster 4268:Monarchs of France 4019:Monarchs of Naples 3966: 3944:Ferdinand Philippe 3894:Charles Maximilian 3802:Title next held by 3775:Title next held by 3748:Title next held by 3532:St. Martin's Press 3495:de Gibours, Anselm 3081:– via JSTOR. 2694:Rhea Marsh Smith, 2152:Margaret of Jülich 2030:Isabella of Valois 1998:Valentina Visconti 1789:Borgia (TV series) 1178: 1142:Louis adopted the 1100: 873:Georges d' Amboise 759:Valentina Visconti 746: 733:Louis XII leaving 727: 696:Republic of Venice 658: 598:Pragmatic Sanction 554: 542:Hours of Louis XII 4998:People from Blois 4890: 4889: 4851:Louis Philippe II 4774:(1804–1814; 1815) 4235: 4234: 4229:Monarch of Sicily 4218: 4199: 4183: 4079: 4066: 4050: 3985: 3984: 3972:Current claimants 3899:Alexandre Édouard 3812: 3811: 3704:Succeeded by 3677:Succeeded by 3650:Succeeded by 3560:Hochner, Nicole, 2596:, pp. 95–97. 2548:, pp. 84–87. 2524:, pp. 88–90. 2500:, pp. 51–56. 2488:, pp. 39–49. 2463:, pp. 27–31. 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 1910:Joanna of Bourbon 1747:Kingdom of France 1730:Kingdom of France 1640: 1639: 1630:Battle of Ravenna 1437:Emperor Charles V 1400:Duchy of Brittany 1343: 1342: 1335: 1317: 1212:Le Père du Peuple 968:Marquis of Mantua 930:Treaty of Granada 911:was conquered by 901:Kingdom of Naples 782:Holy Roman Empire 774:Great Italian War 754:Battle of Fornovo 626:King Charles VIII 514:Le Père du Peuple 491:third Italian War 487:Italian Peninsula 467:Kingdom of Naples 436:Pope Alexander VI 382: 381: 35:Louis XII in 1514 5040: 4953:Dukes of Orléans 4845:Louis Philippe I 4836:House of Orléans 4798:House of Bourbon 4726:House of Bourbon 4262: 4255: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4216: 4197: 4181: 4077: 4064: 4048: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3852:Dukes of Orléans 3845:Dukes of Orléans 3838: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3721:Preceded by 3687:Preceded by 3660:Preceded by 3633:Preceded by 3623: 3616: 3607:Capetian dynasty 3590: 3589: 3586: 3557: 3545: 3520: 3508: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3405: 3402:Baumgartner 1996 3399: 3390: 3387:Baumgartner 1996 3384: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3351:Baumgartner 1996 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3229: 3226:Baumgartner 1996 3223: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3019: 3013: 3010:Baumgartner 1996 3007: 3001: 3000: 2980: 2967: 2961: 2958:Baumgartner 1996 2955: 2949: 2946:Baumgartner 1996 2943: 2937: 2934:Baumgartner 1996 2931: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2899:Baumgartner 1996 2896: 2887: 2884:Baumgartner 1996 2881: 2872: 2869:Baumgartner 1996 2866: 2853: 2850:Baumgartner 1996 2847: 2841: 2838:Baumgartner 1996 2835: 2829: 2826:Baumgartner 1996 2823: 2814: 2811:Baumgartner 1996 2808: 2802: 2799:Baumgartner 1996 2796: 2790: 2787:Baumgartner 1996 2784: 2778: 2775:Baumgartner 1996 2772: 2757: 2754:Baumgartner 1996 2751: 2738: 2735:Baumgartner 1996 2732: 2726: 2723:Baumgartner 1996 2720: 2714: 2711:Baumgartner 1996 2708: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2683:Baumgartner 1996 2680: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2651: 2645: 2642:Baumgartner 1996 2639: 2633: 2630:Baumgartner 1996 2627: 2621: 2618:Baumgartner 1996 2615: 2609: 2606:Baumgartner 1996 2603: 2597: 2594:Baumgartner 1996 2591: 2585: 2582:Baumgartner 1996 2579: 2573: 2570:Baumgartner 1996 2567: 2561: 2558:Baumgartner 1996 2555: 2549: 2546:Baumgartner 1996 2543: 2537: 2534:Baumgartner 1996 2531: 2525: 2522:Baumgartner 1996 2519: 2513: 2510:Baumgartner 1996 2507: 2501: 2498:Baumgartner 1996 2495: 2489: 2486:Baumgartner 1996 2483: 2477: 2472:Malcolm Walsby, 2470: 2464: 2461:Baumgartner 1996 2458: 2452: 2449:Baumgartner 1996 2446: 2440: 2437:Baumgartner 1996 2434: 2419: 2416:Baumgartner 1996 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2380:Baumgartner 1996 2377: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2352:Baumgartner 1996 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2240:Mary of Burgundy 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1768:Sir Walter Scott 1751:Duchy of Orléans 1745: 1743: 1742: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1596:Ercole II d'Este 1516:Claude of France 1493:Anne of Brittany 1486: 1485: 1466:, the sister of 1441:heir presumptive 1379: 1365: 1351: 1338: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1275: 1243: 1235: 1050: 986:), the lords of 918:Sire de Beaumont 897:Philip of Cleves 750:League of Venice 723:Musée de l'Armée 558:Château de Blois 412:Louis of Orléans 378: 331: 310: 292: 290: 270: 268: 245: 243: 239: 191: 179:Château de Blois 144: 141:2 August 1501 – 106: 33: 21: 20: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5037: 4958:Dukes of Valois 4943:Counts of Blois 4893: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4875: 4856: 4830: 4792: 4766: 4720: 4695: 4622:House of Valois 4616: 4527: 4488:Charles the Fat 4447:Pepin the Short 4432: 4423: 4299: 4298: 4269: 4266: 4236: 4231: 4221: 4021: 4016: 3986: 3981: 3967: 3956: 3847: 3842: 3803: 3800: 3791: 3776: 3773: 3764: 3749: 3746: 3734: 3731:Duke of Orléans 3726: 3715:French nobility 3709: 3700: 3692: 3682: 3673: 3665: 3663:Ludovico Sforza 3655: 3646: 3638: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3550:Guérard, Albert 3542: 3513:Ashley, Maurice 3490: 3485: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3442: 3435: 3429:de Gibours 1726 3427: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3368:Gabriel Peignot 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3267: 3252:10.2307/3780504 3236: 3232: 3224: 3217: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3055: 3051: 3036:10.2307/3780504 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2921: 2915:Robert M. Adams 2909: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2760: 2752: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2363:Susan G. Bell, 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2178:Marie of Cleves 1821: 1773:Quentin Durward 1763: 1740: 1738: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1689:Louise of Savoy 1685: 1660: 1614:mort en bas âge 1588:25 October 1510 1584:Renée of France 1520:14 October 1499 1484: 1386: 1380: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1352: 1339: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1276: 1274: 1260: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1191: 1128: 1089: 1057: 1052: 1039: 984:Caterina Sforza 972:Duke of Ferrara 951: 864:Lodovico Sforza 844:Rocca di Arazzo 767:Beatrice d'Este 743:Jean Bourdichon 700:Ludovico Sforza 690:to protect the 684: 650: 645: 590:Estates General 578:Duke of Orléans 574:Marie of Cleves 544:, his personal 534: 489:and launched a 461:, initiating a 432:House of Valois 401:Marie of Cleves 365:Marie of Cleves 334: 326: 304: 303: 295: 294: 291: 1514) 286: 282: 272: 264: 260: 257: 247: 244: 1498) 235: 231: 228: 210: 205: 193: 189: 177: 143:31 January 1504 142: 115:Ludovico Sforza 104: 50: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4948:Dukes of Milan 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4533:House of Capet 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4394:Childebert III 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939:Louis Philippe 3936: 3931: 3929:Louis Philippe 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3788:Count of Blois 3783: 3782: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3761:Duke of Valois 3756: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3697:King of Naples 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3643:King of France 3639: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3628:Regnal titles 3625: 3624: 3622:1 January 1515 3603: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3572: 3558: 3546: 3540: 3521: 3509: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3480:. p. 166. 3465: 3459:978-2859444426 3458: 3433: 3406: 3404:, p. 244. 3391: 3389:, p. 243. 3376: 3355: 3353:, p. 175. 3343: 3330: 3317: 3313:978-2950150929 3294: 3281: 3265: 3230: 3228:, p. 246. 3215: 3206:|journal= 3183: 3174:|journal= 3148: 3139:|journal= 3116: 3107:|journal= 3084: 3049: 3014: 3012:, p. 249. 3002: 2995: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 125. 2938: 2936:, p. 123. 2919: 2903: 2901:, p. 122. 2888: 2886:, p. 120. 2873: 2871:, p. 119. 2854: 2852:, p. 118. 2842: 2830: 2828:, p. 116. 2815: 2803: 2801:, p. 115. 2791: 2789:, p. 117. 2779: 2777:, p. 114. 2758: 2756:, p. 113. 2739: 2737:, p. 109. 2727: 2725:, p. 108. 2715: 2713:, p. 107. 2700: 2687: 2685:, p. 106. 2668: 2659: 2653:Marin Sanudo, 2646: 2644:, p. 105. 2634: 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 203. 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2560:, p. 102. 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2420: 2408: 2406:, p. 373. 2396: 2394:, p. 368. 2384: 2369: 2356: 2344: 2335: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1800: 1797:Pope Julius II 1781:Joseph Beattie 1777: 1770:'s 1823 novel 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1736: 1717: 1714: 1684: 1681: 1659: 1656: 1638: 1637: 1626:Pope Julius II 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1483: 1480: 1408:age of consent 1388: 1387: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1247: 1245: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1190: 1187: 1127: 1124: 1112:Pope Julius II 1088: 1085: 1056: 1053: 1023:to occupy the 1021:Pope Alexander 959: 950: 944: 923:King of Aragon 820:Duchy of Savoy 692:Duchy of Milan 683: 680: 649: 646: 644: 641: 568:). The son of 533: 530: 471:Duchy of Milan 393:King of Naples 389:King of France 380: 379: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 345:Valois-Orléans 342: 336: 335: 333: 332: 324: 319: 313: 311: 297: 296: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 262: 258: 253: 252: 251: 250: 233: 229: 226:Joan of France 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 216: 212: 211: 206: 204:4 January 1515 202: 198: 197: 192:(aged 52) 188:1 January 1515 186: 182: 181: 174: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 132:King of Naples 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 101: 97: 96: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 44: 42:King of France 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5045: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Ancien Régime 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4419:Childeric III 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384:Theuderic III 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Childebert II 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4230: 4224: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124:Ferdinand III 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904:Nicolas Henri 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3770: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707:Ferdinand III 3699: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3670:Duke of Milan 3664: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3198: 3187: 3179: 3166: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3131: 3120: 3112: 3099: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Vintage Books 2979: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2632:, p. 46. 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 40. 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2572:, p. 95. 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2512:, p. 56. 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2451:, p. 23. 2450: 2445: 2439:, p. 22. 2438: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2418:, p. 21. 2417: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2339: 2329: 2325: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1885: 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538: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:Duke of Milan 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 377: 373: 369: 366: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 341: 337: 329: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 298: 281: 274: 273: 256: 249: 248: 227: 220: 219: 217: 213: 209: 203: 199: 196: 187: 183: 180: 175: 171: 167: 164: 163:Ferdinand III 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 102: 98: 95: 94:Duke of Milan 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4882: 4871:Napoleon III 4849: 4823: 4816: 4785: 4759: 4713: 4705: 4700: 4665: 4661:Charles VIII 4429:Carolingians 4414:Theuderic IV 4404:Chilperic II 4399:Dagobert III 4379:Childeric II 4374:Chlothar III 4319:Childebert I 4305:Merovingians 4213:Ferdinand IV 4194:Ferdinand IV 4186: 4178:Ferdinand IV 4118: 4109:Ferdinand II 3873: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 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New York: 3579: 3561: 3553: 3530:. New York: 3526: 3516: 3504: 3499: 3488:Bibliography 3477: 3449: 3445: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3305: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3197:cite journal 3186: 3165:cite journal 3130:cite journal 3119: 3098:cite journal 3087: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3005: 2981:. New York: 2976: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2910: 2906: 2845: 2833: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2730: 2718: 2695: 2690: 2662: 2654: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2411: 2404:Kendall 1971 2399: 2392:Kendall 1971 2387: 2382:, p. 3. 2364: 2359: 2354:, p. 1. 2347: 2338: 2328: 2055: 1771: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1686: 1661: 1641: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1591:12 June 1574 1575: 1571: 1567: 1545: 1523:20 July 1524 1490: 1489: 1461: 1429: 1412: 1404: 1389: 1329: 1323:January 2024 1320: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1277: 1261:Please help 1249: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1196: 1192: 1179: 1167: 1160: 1151: 1141: 1129: 1101: 1095: 1070: 1058: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1017: 1010:, Pisa, and 961: 954: 952: 947: 937: 927: 905: 890: 886: 877: 853: 833: 829: 813: 801: 786: 771: 763: 747: 704:Italian Wars 685: 667: 659: 630: 606: 602: 595: 586: 582: 566:Loir-et-Cher 555: 550:Getty Museum 505: 499: 459:Italian Wars 448: 411: 409: 405:Charles VIII 384: 383: 305: 190:(1515-01-01) 176:27 June 1462 105:16 June 1512 77:Charles VIII 18: 4908:1515 deaths 4903:1462 births 4864:(1852–1870) 4838:(1830–1848) 4807:Louis XVIII 4787:Napoleon II 4728:(1589–1792) 4706:(1422–1453) 4651:Charles VII 4624:(1328–1589) 4498:Charles III 4483:Carloman II 4459:(Charles I) 4457:Charlemagne 4409:Chlothar IV 4364:Sigebert II 4354:Chlothar II 4339:Chilperic I 4329:Charibert I 4217:(3rd reign) 4198:(2nd reign) 4182:(1st reign) 4172:Charles VII 4099:Ferdinand I 4078:(2nd reign) 4065:(1st reign) 4057:Charles III 1644:Michel Bucy 1603:Unnamed son 1563:21 January 1560:21 January 1557:Unnamed son 1535:Unnamed son 1282:"Louis XII" 1137:iconography 1116:Holy League 735:Alessandria 548:, 1498–99, 149:Predecessor 111:Predecessor 73:Predecessor 68:27 May 1498 4897:Categories 4781:Napoleon I 4761:Louis XVII 4740:Louis XIII 4686:Charles IX 4681:Francis II 4646:Charles VI 4612:Charles IV 4587:Philip III 4577:Louis VIII 4542:Hugh Capet 4535:(987–1328) 4468:Charles II 4452:Carloman I 4434:Robertians 4359:Dagobert I 4344:Sigebert I 4324:Chlothar I 4166:Charles VI 4154:Philip III 4136:Charles IV 4130:Joanna III 4104:Alfonso II 4036:Charles II 3792:1465–1498 3765:1465–1498 3735:1465–1498 3701:1501–1504 3674:1499–1512 3594:Louis XII 3541:0312120729 2996:0679721975 2985:. p. 2911:The Prince 2321:References 1804:The Tudors 1683:Succession 1668:Notre-Dame 1664:sacraments 1541:died young 1464:Mary Tudor 1416:witchcraft 1383:Mary Tudor 1293:newspapers 1204:parlements 1132:propaganda 1126:Propaganda 1046:The Prince 976:Bentivogli 955:The Prince 948:The Prince 939:The Prince 737:to attack 682:Early wars 648:Governance 562:department 532:Early life 280:Mary Tudor 64:Coronation 5023:Annulment 4818:Louis XIX 4812:Charles X 4755:Louis XVI 4745:Louis XIV 4691:Henry III 4671:Francis I 4666:Louis XII 4641:Charles V 4631:Philip VI 4592:Philip IV 4572:Philip II 4567:Louis VII 4547:Robert II 4478:Louis III 4440:(751–987) 4389:Clovis IV 4369:Clovis II 4307:(509–751) 4208:Joachim I 4160:Charles V 4148:Philip II 4119:Louis III 4114:Frederick 4093:Alfonso I 4083:Joanna II 4075:Ladislaus 4062:Ladislaus 4030:Charles I 3724:Charles I 3690:Frederick 3653:Francis I 3527:Louis XII 3246:(2): 95. 3079:159885190 3065:(1): 19. 3030:(2): 79. 2333:dynasty." 1634:Old Style 1472:Abbeville 1427:in 1950. 1425:canonized 1250:does not 1231:Marriages 1216:honorific 1200:redaction 1156:St. Louis 1144:porcupine 721:in 1830. 715:porcupine 662:Henry VII 637:Charles V 633:Salic Law 526:Angoulême 524:from the 522:Francis I 385:Louis XII 371:Signature 159:Successor 153:Frederick 121:Successor 87:Francis I 83:Successor 24:Louis XII 4750:Louis XV 4735:Henry IV 4676:Henry II 4656:Louis XI 4607:Philip V 4582:Louis IX 4562:Louis VI 4557:Philip I 4513:Louis IV 4503:Robert I 4473:Louis II 4438:Bosonids 4314:Clovis I 4203:Joseph I 4142:Philip I 4070:Louis II 4046:Joanna I 3953:François 3949:Philippe 3919:Philippe 3914:Philippe 3859:Philippe 3578:(1971). 3552:(1959). 3515:(1961). 3497:(1726). 3341:, p. 89. 3292:, p. 87. 2973:(1989). 1819:Ancestry 1706:suo jure 1701:suo jure 1624:” after 1609:January 1606:January 1594:Married 1526:Married 1449:Brittany 1392:Louis XI 1004:Piombino 1000:Camerino 964:Lombardy 913:Florence 856:Venetian 818:and the 804:Scotland 424:Louis XI 4883:italics 4825:Henry V 4636:John II 4597:Louis X 4552:Henry I 4523:Louis V 4518:Lothair 4508:Rudolph 4463:Louis I 4334:Guntram 4052:Louis I 3978:Jacques 3884:Charles 3869:Charles 3779:Francis 3570:Accueil 3566:Seyssel 3260:3780504 3044:3780504 1787:series 1783:in the 1716:Honours 1652:Bourges 1307:scholar 1271:removed 1256:sources 1183:Caspano 1029:Tuscany 1025:Romagna 780:of the 719:Algiers 670:Bourbon 614:Mad War 451:Mad War 428:Orléans 418:cousin 416:sterile 307:more... 293: 285: 271: 263: 259: 246: 234: 230: 215:Spouses 47:more... 4602:John I 4227:*Also 4088:René I 4041:Robert 3909:Gaston 3806:Gaston 3796:Vacant 3769:Vacant 3739:Vacant 3618: 3538: 3456: 3311: 3258: 3077: 3042: 2993: 1785:Canal+ 1744: 1727: 1510:Notes 1433:Claude 1420:Papacy 1309: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1280: 1226:Family 1189:Legacy 1098:, 1512 1081:Apulia 996:Rimini 992:Pesaro 988:Faenza 974:, the 970:, the 849:Annone 824:francs 572:, and 518:taille 510:French 399:, and 361:Mother 351:Father 330:(ill.) 201:Burial 3924:Louis 3889:Louis 3879:Henri 3874:Louis 3864:Louis 3752:Henry 3620:Died: 3613:Born: 3503:[ 3448:[ 3256:JSTOR 3075:S2CID 3040:JSTOR 1761:Media 1658:Death 1507:Death 1504:Birth 1482:Issue 1470:, in 1453:Renée 1314:JSTOR 1300:books 1120:Swiss 1073:Capua 1012:Siena 1008:Lucca 980:Forlì 893:Genoa 860:Pavia 831:use. 741:, by 739:Genoa 643:Reign 479:Spain 340:House 301:Issue 287:( 283: 265:( 261: 236:( 232: 138:Reign 100:Reign 55:Reign 4436:and 4049:with 3536:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3210:help 3178:help 3143:help 3111:help 2991:ISBN 2270:15. 2212:14. 2150:13. 2092:12. 2028:11. 1970:10. 1501:Name 1476:gout 1286:news 1254:any 1252:cite 909:Pisa 869:Lyon 836:Asti 609:Anne 420:Joan 242:ann. 185:Died 173:Born 4493:Odo 3248:doi 3067:doi 3032:doi 2987:415 2238:7. 2176:3. 2118:6. 2054:1. 1996:5. 1934:2. 1908:9. 1876:4. 1850:8. 1491:By 1265:by 1218:of 706:". 564:of 508:" ( 4899:: 4215:* 4196:* 4180:* 3534:. 3468:^ 3436:^ 3409:^ 3394:^ 3379:^ 3370:, 3366:) 3364:FR 3297:^ 3268:^ 3254:. 3244:13 3242:. 3218:^ 3201:: 3199:}} 3195:{{ 3169:: 3167:}} 3163:{{ 3151:^ 3134:: 3132:}} 3128:{{ 3102:: 3100:}} 3096:{{ 3073:. 3063:15 3061:. 3038:. 3028:13 3026:. 2989:. 2922:^ 2891:^ 2876:^ 2857:^ 2818:^ 2761:^ 2742:^ 2703:^ 2671:^ 2423:^ 2372:^ 1749:– 1679:. 1654:. 1646:, 1459:. 1443:, 1222:. 1210:(" 1122:. 1083:. 1043:, 1002:, 998:, 994:, 990:, 957:: 942:. 784:. 761:. 512:: 497:. 446:. 289:m. 267:m. 238:m. 49:) 4885:. 4431:, 4261:e 4254:t 4247:v 4174:* 4168:* 4162:* 4156:* 4150:* 4144:* 4138:* 4132:* 4126:* 4095:* 4032:* 4011:e 4004:t 3997:v 3837:e 3830:t 3823:v 3544:. 3462:. 3362:( 3262:. 3250:: 3212:) 3208:( 3180:) 3176:( 3145:) 3141:( 3113:) 3109:( 3069:: 3046:. 3034:: 2999:. 1336:) 1330:( 1325:) 1321:( 1311:· 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