420:. As governor, Frontenac was the most powerful figure within the colony. Among his most prominent duties as governor, Frontenac maintained control over military matters and foreign affairs. Situated within the context of the French colony throughout the seventeenth century, foreign affairs largely encompassed the relations between French settlers and indigenous peoples. Although the governor was not allowed to intervene in matters handled by the Sovereign Council and the intendant, persons in these formal posts had to respect the governor as the ultimate voice of authority. Such compliance was based on the notion that the governor was the king's representative. The governor was not merely an intermediary or a stand-in. The governor extended the king's authority from France to the North American colony. As one of his first acts as governor, he established his presence as the sovereign delegate of the king by establishing in Canada the three estates – nobles, clergy and people – and convening a colonial
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as pursuit was impracticable, the army commenced its return march on August 10. Frontenac endured the march as well as the youngest soldier, and for his courage and prowess he received the cross of St. Louis. Under
Frontenac's leadership, arranged to provide all militiamen with clothing and equipment. This consisted generally of a capote, a breechcloth, leggings, a blanket, moccasins, a knife and two shirts, The clothing did not constitute a military uniform but was simply Canadian-style civilian wear. Since these men were not paid, this was a relatively economical way of maintaining an effective militia, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare and took the war into Iroquois territory and attacked a number of English settlements. After waging a war of attrition between 1690 and 1698, the Iroquois fled the raided territory and negotiated for peace with the French. The result was that the threat of the Iroquois to New France was finally diffused.
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sum of money from her deceased mother and her father upon his death. Anne de la Grange-Trianon's father had remarried and had a second child to ensure that his fortune would not go to his daughter and the son-in-law that he disapproved of. Therefore, when
Frontenac's father-in-law died, Frontenac did not receive the money he was hoping for as his wife's father left his fortune to his new wife. The marriage was not a happy one, and after the birth of a son incompatibility of temper led to a separation, the count retiring to his estate on the Indre, where by an extravagant course of living, he became hopelessly in debt. Little is known of his career for the next fifteen years beyond the fact that he held a high position at court, but in 1669, when France sent a contingent to assist the Venetians in the
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457:. The king and his minister had to listen to and adjudicate upon the appeals from the contending parties until one incident tried their patience. After the adolescent son of Duchesneau was verbally abused on the street by a follower of Frontenac, he physically assaulted him with his cane when Frontenac deemed his explanation unacceptable and, after negotiation between himself, the intendant and the bishop, an officer of Frontenac detained and imprisoned Duchesneau's son. Under the king's edict of 1679, it was forbidden for a governor to arbitrarily imprison any subjects. After a deliberation in Versailles, both governor and intendant were recalled to France in the year 1682.
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Normandy in 1643, and three years later, after distinguishing himself at the siege of
Orbetello, where he had an arm broken, he was made maréchal de camp. In the 17th century, warfare ceased during the winter months, and Frontenac, being a soldier, needed to keep occupied. Like many military officers, Frontenac took residence at the King's court. Such a lavish lifestyle proved to be costly, and his time at the King's court only led him to amass more debt. His growing debt led him to seek an arrêt du Conseil d'état later in his life to protect his properties from his creditors, who otherwise would have been able to seize them.
574:. At a grand council of the friendly tribes, Frontenac took up a hatchet, brandished it in the air, and sang the war song, his officers following his example. The Christian Indians of the neighboring missions rose and joined them, and so did the Hurons and the Algonquins of Lake Nipissing, while Frontenac led the dance, whooping like the rest. His allies promised war to the death, and several years of conflict followed. After three years of destitution and misery, Frontenac broke the blockade of the Ottawa; the coveted treasure came safely to Montreal, and the colonists hailed him as their father and deliverer.
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441:, returned to Quebec as bishop, with a jurisdiction over the whole of New France. The governor found a vigorous opponent in Laval, who was determined to render the state subordinate to the church. Frontenac, following in this respect in the footsteps of his predecessors, had issued trading licenses which permitted the sale of intoxicants. The bishop, supported by the intendant, tried to suppress this trade and sent an ambassador to France to obtain remedial action. The views of the bishop were upheld and authority was divided. Troubles ensued between the governor and the
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381:, plus 17,350 livres of interest to his creditors, which had not been repaid by 1672, when his property was seized by creditors. Frontenac, however, was offered the position of governor-general of New France which deferred his debts until the end of his governorship. Frontenac was appointed governor and lieutenant general of New France, Acadia, the island of Newfoundland on 6 April 1672 and arrived in Quebec on 7 September that same year.
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473:'s personal memoir, Frontenac was also trying to secure a monopoly over a large part of the fur trade. The progress of events during the next few years proved that the recall of the governor had been ill-timed. The Iroquois were assuming a threatening attitude towards the inhabitants, and Frontenac's successor, La Barre, was quite incapable of leading an army against such foes. At the end of a year, La Barre was replaced by the
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direction were disapproved. In relation to the hierarchy of authority within the colonial setting, any check on the governor's power was absent. In
Frontenac's case, France's finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who resided in France, could only impose restraints upon the governor's powers. Thus, measures were adopted to curb his ambition by increasing the power of the
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January 1690, Frontenac approved the use of raiding parties composed of French and
Indigenous raiders to attack English border settlements. The parties raided the towns of Schenectady and Salmon Falls and murdered English colonists, but spared the Iroquois. The raids were intended to deter the English from forming an alliance with the Iroquois, but instead united the
412:, who had been appointed lieutenant general for the French king in America; but a difference of opinion had arisen between the governor and the intendant, and each had demanded the other's recall in the public interest. At this crisis in the administration of New France, Frontenac was appointed to succeed Rémy de Courcelle.
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In 1696 Frontenac decided to take the field against the
Iroquois, although at this time he was 74 years old. On July 6, he left Lachine as the head of a considerable force for the village of the Onondagas, where he arrived a month later. In the meantime, the Iroquois had abandoned their villages, and
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to build his post that would facilitate trading with the
Iroquois Confederacy. Even though Frontenac was disobeying Colbert's policies, he was able to continuously act in such a way because he represented the king. Throughout his first term, Frontenac was engaging in the fur trade to increase his own
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New France had been under intermittent attack throughout the 17th century. The people, however, were not subdued and for two years after the Phips attack, petty warfare was maintained. The sufferings of the colony, infested by war parties, were extreme. The fur trade, which formed its only resource
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His service seems to have been continuous until the conclusion of the Peace of
Westphalia in 1648, when he returned to his father's house in Paris and married, without the consent of her parents, Anne de la Grange-Trianon in October 1648. Frontenac courted her because she was set to inherit a large
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The prestige of the governor was increased by this event, and he was prepared to follow up his advantage by an attack on Boston from the sea, but his resources were inadequate. New France now rejoiced in a brief respite from her enemies, and during the interval
Frontenac paid some attention to the
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Frontenac died on 28 November 1698 at the
Chateau St-Louis after a brief illness and was deeply mourned by the Canadian people. The faults of the governor were those of temperament. His nature was turbulent, and from his youth he had been used to command, but underlying a rough exterior there was
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offered him an opportunity to display his military capabilities against England in North America. Despite the tensions created during his first term as governor-general, Frontenac was still unwilling to share power with the Sovereign Council and continued to profit from the Canadian fur trade. In
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The affairs of the colony were now critical. A man of experience and decision was needed to cope with the difficulties, and Louis XIV, chose Frontenac to represent and uphold the power of France. When on 17 October 1689, Frontenac arrived in Quebec as governor for the second time, he received an
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Frontenac, was a dominant man, jealous of authority, prepared to exact obedience from all and to yield to none. In the course of events he soon became involved in quarrels with the intendant touching questions of precedence and with the ecclesiastics, one or two of whom ventured to criticize his
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to pledge fealty to him. The arrival of the governor implied that all of the colony's settlers pledge allegiance to the king. Frontenac did not take this lightly. The royal policy, however, was averse to the granting of extensive political rights to the Canadians, and Frontenac's reforms in this
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Frontenac entered the army at an early age. In 1635 he began his military career and he served under the prince of Orange in Holland, and fought with credit and received many injuries during engagements in the Low Countries and in Italy. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in the regiment of
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From the beginning of Frontenac's term, it was evident that he was prepared to effect a policy of colonial expansion. He was also anxious to inaugurate an era of prosperity for Canada. He exercised an independence of action that did not coincide with the views of his minister
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proceedings. The church in New France had been administered for many years by the religious orders; for the see of Quebec, so long contemplated, had not yet been erected. But three years after the arrival of Frontenac, a former vicar apostolic,
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Frontenac's coat of arms marks the entrance to the Château, part of which lies on the site of his former home. Some claim to have spotted him, dressed in 17th-century garb while he wandering the halls or floating through the ballroom.
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for subsistence, was completely cut off, and a great accumulation of furs remained in the trading posts of the upper lakes, prevented from descending by the watchful enemy. To meet the threat, he dispatched
342:, seigneur de Frontenac, grandfather of the future governor of New France, attained eminence as a councilor of state under Henri IV; and his children were brought up with the dauphin, afterwards
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and by reviving the office of intendant. Responding to his reduction in the Sovereign Council to a figurehead, he expressed his infuriation by challenging the authority of the intendant,
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evidence of a kindly heart. He was fearless, resourceful and decisive, and triumphed as few men could have done over the difficulties and dangers of a most critical position.
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At this period the affairs of New France claimed the unexpected attention of the French court. From the year 1665 the colony had been successfully administered by three men:
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During Frontenac's first administration many improvements had been made in the country. The defenses had been strengthened, a fort was built at Cataraqui (now
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Arthur Quinn, A New World: An Epic of Colonial America from the Founding of Jamestown to the Fall of Quebec (Boston: Faber & Faber, 1994), 277
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Quinn, Arthur. A New World: An Epic of Colonial America from the Founding of Jamestown to the Fall of Quebec. Boston: Faber & Faber, 1994.
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Recreation of part of the clothing given by Louis de Buade de Frontenac to the French colonial militia in the 17th century.
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enthusiastic welcome, and confidence was at once restored in the public mind. Quebec was not long to enjoy peace.
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Historica’s Heritage Minute video docudrama about “Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Governor of New France.”
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required to build the new forts. In particular, despite the opposition of the bishop, he supported selling
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from 1672 to 1682, and again from 1689 to his death in 1698. He established a number of Forts on the
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Battleground: Nova Scotia: The British, French, and First Nations at War in the North-East 1675–1760
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Eccles, William John. "Frontenac and New France, 1672–1698." PhD diss., McGill University, 1955.
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At the time of his second appointment as governor in 1689, France authorized the importation of
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A 17th-century painting of Anne de la Grange-Trianon can be seen at the Château de Versailles.
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against the Ottomans, Frontenac was placed in command of the troops on the recommendation of
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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against New France. On October 16, 1690, several New England ships under the command of Sir
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Eccles, W.J. Frontenac: The Courtier Governor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
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Canada Post revives Canadian-made ghost tales with collection of five spine-tingling stamps
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W. J. Eccles, Frontenac: The Courtier Governor (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1959), 23.
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His second term was characterised by the defence of Quebec from an English invasion during
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that were required to build the new forts. In particular, despite the opposition of Bishop
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Many sites and landmarks were named to honour Louis de Buade de Frontenac. They include:
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on 5 August 1689 must be regarded as one of the unhappy results of his administration.
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Eccles, W. J. Frontenac: The Courtier Governor. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1959.
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Burke, Peter. The Fabrication of Louis XIV. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
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and demanding that the council refer to him as the "chief and president".
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social life of the colony and encouraged the revival of drama at the
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Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville
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Reception for Frontenac's return to Quebec in October 1689
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Burials at the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec
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Soldier and Governor of New France (r. 1672-82, 1689-98)
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and a large expansion of the fur trade using Canadian
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In 1664, Frontenac admitted to owing debt of 325,878
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In his first term, he supported the expansion of the
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1563:"Buade, Louis de, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau"
1351:. New York: Glasgow, Brook & Company. pp.
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1714:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
469:fortune and those of his associates. According to
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80:Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault
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231:Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau
1348:The Fighting Governor: A Chronicle of Frontenac
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258:and engaged in a series of battles against the
1466:"Vincennes, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste Bissot)",
1144:Frontenac et Palluau, Louis de Buade, Comte de
975:is the second largest city in Crawford County.
957:to extend into the United States; situated at
939:Frontenac Public School and Frontenac Park in
322:. He died before his second recall to France.
1571:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
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924:Frontenac School and Frontenac Park in the
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1259:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
239:[lwidəbɥadkɔ̃tdəfʁɔ̃tənakedəpalɥo]
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1052:"Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac"
645:adding citations to reliable sources
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439:François-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval
105:Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre
1565:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
1170:Frontenac and New France, 1672–1698
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541:Frontenac receiving the envoy of
1568:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
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833:Frontenac Street, located in
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656:"Louis de Buade de Frontenac"
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1384:Eccles, Frontenac, 274-75.
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1689:Governors of New France
1561:Eccles, W. J. (1979) .
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1281:Eccles, Frontenac, 2–3.
1153:Encyclopædia Britannica
802:Frontenac National Park
293:, he supported selling
1335:Eccles, Frontenac, 79.
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893:Forward Operating Base
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785:Le Château Frontenac
641:improve this article
1694:Counts of Frontenac
1612:Daniel de Courcelle
1604:Government offices
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910:Kingston Frontenacs
744:Parliament Building
572:Fort Wayne, Indiana
479:massacre of Lachine
1656:Hector de Callière
818:Rue Frontenac and
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556:Chateau St-Louis
547:Battle of Quebec
508:English colonies
410:Marquis de Tracy
368:defense of Crete
361:in October 1648.
340:Antoine de Buade
277:(in what is now
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168:Personal details
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926:Windsor Park
912:team of the
762:
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639:Please help
634:verification
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194:(1698-11-28)
153:Succeeded by
112:
100:Succeeded by
54:
45:3rd and 6th
1679:1698 deaths
1674:1622 births
1594:Flash video
1556:(in French)
1494:A New World
1481:A New World
897:Afghanistan
789:Québec City
748:Quebec City
603:West Indies
256:Great Lakes
203:Quebec City
176:22 May 1622
141:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
82:(1675–1682)
1668:Categories
1650:1689–1698
1623:1672–1682
1525:References
961:and upper
941:Burlington
809:Shawinigan
772:St. Ignace
697:April 2019
667:newspapers
455:mortal sin
408:, and the
402:Jean Talon
344:Louis XIII
326:Early life
314:New France
303:mortal sin
207:New France
1496:, 325–26.
1483:, 320–21.
1448:Fiske, J.
1142:(1911). "
1072:8 January
969:Frontenac
883:Minnesota
879:Frontenac
873:St. Louis
865:Frontenac
846:Frontenac
841:, Canada;
466:Cataraqui
406:intendant
271:fur trade
213:Signature
125:Louis XIV
117:1689–1698
113:In office
68:Louis XIV
59:1672–1682
55:In office
1450:(eds.).
1436:(1900).
1066:Archived
989:See also
980:Folklore
947:, Canada
936:, Canada
934:Manitoba
930:Winnipeg
869:Missouri
830:, Canada
824:Montréal
815:, Canada
776:Michigan
568:Kekionga
471:La Salle
398:governor
264:Iroquois
262:and the
244:courtier
1492:Quinn,
1479:Quinn,
1239:6 April
1150:(ed.).
1137::
945:Ontario
839:Ontario
835:Sudbury
681:scholar
613:Honours
549:in 1690
447:corvées
418:Colbert
372:Turenne
297:to the
260:English
122:Monarch
64:Monarch
1413:
1359:
1353:p. 112
1146:". In
1131:
973:Kansas
850:Quebec
828:Québec
813:Quebec
797:Canada
793:Québec
756:Ottawa
683:
676:
669:
662:
654:
451:brandy
404:, the
396:, the
379:livres
295:brandy
287:corvée
246:, and
183:France
130:Deputy
74:Deputy
1442:. In
1233:(PDF)
1038:Notes
822:, in
688:JSTOR
674:books
1411:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1241:2021
1074:2016
908:The
903:rose
660:news
189:Died
173:Born
1582:at
754:in
746:in
643:by
250:in
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1446:;
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