453:, in opposition to the idea of high-brow art following the initial rejection of recognition of his work from several pre-established art institutions. The movement has also been referred to as "pop surrealism" in some circles (and likewise Williams himself has referred to it as "cartoon-tainted abstract surrealism"), where the feeling appears to be that the label "lowbrow" may be inappropriate, given the artistic merit found in the movement's artists. Despite initial pushback from contemporary critics, the movement has begun to be taken more seriously as the years have gone on, with the first formal gallery exhibition displaying the works of the movement being orchestrated in 1992 by Greg Escalante at the Julie Rico Gallery in
559:, has been studied as an example of low culture consumed by upper classes. Certain examples of these artifacts, such as artwork from African cultures, may be found in higher-income establishments with no ties to these cultures, a phenomenon that has been described as "cultural omnivorousness ," with the aim of creating a more distinguished air in the interior design of the owners' business or living spaces. These cases exemplify another means by which media deemed low culture can still be consumed by socioeconomic classes besides those with which it is chiefly associated, or notably for which it has primarily been created.
403:. Although most forms of off-color comedy could be viewed as a kind of low culture, toilet humor in particular has received this connotation due to the comedy style's frequent interest amongst toddlers and young children, for whom cultural taboos related to the acknowledgement of waste excretion still have a degree of novelty. For this reason, toilet humor has come to be regularly viewed as juvenile, although it has continued to find success in a number of modern settings such as in the
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483:, memes are cultural ideas (often in the form of images, videos, or vernacular phrases) that have gradually developed certain contextual meanings for their audiences. Memes are often shared by internet users in an informal setting, often with the intent of humor, satire, or social commentary; these behaviors frequently lead to certain images reaching a status of near-universal recognition and fame across the internet. The rapid popularization of
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colorful designs and relatively inexpensive production, which led to their frequent consumption for both spreading various sociopolitical ideas or decorative purposes. This usage of brief, eye-catching marketing strategy allowed the prints, much like their
European counterparts, to appeal to a wider audience that would be receptive to both the entertainment and political content they contained.
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techniques advanced, and the quality of the art itself improved during the 17th and 18th centuries, higher social classes began to take more interest in it. This has allowed for more of this genre's later works to survive into the modern age, with earlier, 15th century era works being lost to time due to the perishable nature of printing materials.
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experience of being able to live vicariously through the lives of others by viewing them through various forms of media. While the audiences that consume low culture tend to originate from lower socioeconomic classes, those considered 'elite' can also interact with this media. An example of this interaction between classes can be found in
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in a manner that can be perceived as more simplistic, crude, emotive, unbalanced, or blunt compared to the ways in which a piece of high culture would implement them. This leads to the perception of high culture as being more subtle, balanced, or refined and open for interpretation in comparison with
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Popular prints are also observed in
Chinese society from the late 1800s to mid-1900s, in which they were intended to be readily accessible to the majority of consumers (i.e., the working or middle classes). Similarly to those found in Europe, the Chinese prints would emphasize design elements such as
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began to enter the public lexicon in the 1980s as a classification for these kinds of recent low-cultural expressions. This kind of content is often considered to be either vulgar, in poor taste, or lacking in-depth artistic merit. With the explosion of tabloid journalism and sensationalistic reality
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in many countries generated interest from middle class enthusiasts. In comparison to other forms of music, such as music written for orchestras or by well-known classical composers, folk music was considered a product of low culture given its association with the more popular, cruder tastes of those
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mass-produces each type of popular culture for every socioeconomic class. Despite being viewed as characteristic of less-educated social classes, low culture is still often enjoyed by upper classes as well. This makes the content that falls under this categorization the most broadly consumed kind of
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has specific meanings and usages that are collectively determined by the members of any respective social class. However, people of higher social classes often view the cultural objects they consume as having a higher societal standing than that taken in by lower classes. This makes the distinction
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would use these works as inspirations to bridge the gap between the confines of high and low culture. The result of this on his work in particular has been media that could belong to either categorization based on the grotesque nature of his works content mixed with the depth more characteristic of
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All cultural products (especially high culture) have a certain demographic to which they appeal most. In regard to low culture, it often appeals to very simple and basic human emotional needs, while also offering a perceived return to innocence. This escape from real world problems comes from the
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The demographics who make up lower social classes have often been given specific phrases to refer to their classification as being of a lower social standing. These varying groups, who are usually made up of younger and poorer individuals, are often viewed as being a part of regionally specific
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Aesthetic standards of low culture stress substance, form being totally subservient, and there is no explicit concern with abstract ideas or even with fictional forms of contemporary social problems and issues. . . . Low culture emphasizes morality, but limits itself to familial and individual
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Although the reach of popular prints was both far spanning and effective, its classification as a lower art made it less desirable to higher classes, especially during the art form's earlier years when the drawings themselves were more crude and simply produced due to necessity. As printing
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or luxury objects of high culture. While this is a necessity for this low culture media to be broadly disseminated, it has also contributed to its reputation as low-brow or of lesser merit. The cheapness of the materials, many of which are perishable, generally means that their survival and
369:, popular prints became a useful tool for spreading political, religious, and social ideas to the working class—emphasis was placed on adding artwork or visually appealing designs in order to maximize readership in societies which, at the time, were not fully
210:) is thought of as a reflection of common themes present in its community of origin. These combined traits help define folk music as an early, widespread form of low culture, for which the lower/working classes were both the largest producers and consumers.
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possesses its own versions of high and low culture, the definition and content of which are determined by the socioeconomic and educational particulars of the people who compose said social class. This falls in line with the sociological theory known as
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who created it. This social separation between folk and classical music was also influenced by the traditions and expectations followed by the latter, which was often written for use in religious settings that demanded certain consistencies in the
526:—interestingly, it has been heavily associated with consumption by higher classes throughout the 20th century in a notable example of higher classes consuming media that was neither generated by nor specifically intended to catch their attention.
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and other academic communities, as the meme's spread and highly varied usage by different online groups represented a unique kind of media that could influence future political discourse, particularly among middle- or lower-class internet users.
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media in a culture overall. Various forms of low culture can be found across a variety of cultures, with the physical objects composing these mediums often being constructed from less expensive, perishable materials. The phrase
38:
German peasants bare their buttocks and fart in response to a papal bull of Pope Paul III: "The Pope speaks: Our sentences are to be feared, even if unjust. Response: Be damned! Behold, o furious race, our bared buttocks."
1271:"Lessons in On-Line Reference Publishing Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary . Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus . Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia . Merriam-Webster"
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problems and values, which apply to such problems. Low culture is content to depict traditional working class values winning out over the temptation to give in to conflicting impulses and behavior patterns.
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which states that the way that people perceive and respond to the social world they inhabit is through their personal habits, skills, and disposition of character. Therefore, what exactly constitutes
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are common. Wood must have been a common material, but survives for long periods only in certain climatic conditions, such as Egypt and other very arid areas, and permanently wet and slightly acidic
373:. These prints contributed to pioneering satirical content, varying portrayals of common subcultures at the time, and other subject matter that is still found in modern-day low culture media.
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as a meme in the mid-2010s highlights the variety of symbolic purposes that any one meme can be applied to represent. The image, which can be traced back to a comic book character created by
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Common throughout the 1400s to 1700s in Europe, popular prints highlight some of the key identifying features of low culture media. Shortly after innovations in printing technology such as
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In Latin, the caption concludes: "PAPA LOQVITUR. Sententiae nostrae etiam iniustae metuendae sunt. Responsio. Maledetta Aspice nudatas gens furiosa nates. Ecco qui Papa el mio belvedere."
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between high and low culture one drawn along social standings, a trend that has resulted in the art and content that makes up low culture being regularly discredited throughout history.
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its lower counterpart. Modern media that would often be constituted as low culture often continues to implement stereotypes, often to comment or critique them in a satirical manner.
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is another notable historical manifestation of low culture. Much traditional folk music was only written down, and later mechanically recorded, in the 19th century, as growing
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in 2005, was heavily reused and shared across various online forums in later years. Eventually, Pepe's presence spread to a number of far-right communities on the website
1316:
Nagarajan, T.; Vijayalakshmi, P.; O'Shaughnessy, Douglas (2006-09-17). "Combining multiple-sized sub-word units in a speech recognition system using baseform selection".
119:
In other words, low culture is often associated with media that presents smaller-scale or individual experiences that are easier for the general public to identify with.
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has come to be viewed by some as a derogatory idea in and of itself, existing to put down elements of pop or tribal culture that others may deem to be "inferior."
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media franchises. This relation between low culture and what is enjoyed by children demonstrates a regular pattern in who is seen to find low culture appealing.
1816:
Hahl, Oliver; Zuckerman, Ezra W.; Kim, Minjae (2017-06-02). "Why Elites Love
Authentic Lowbrow Culture: Overcoming High-Status Denigration with Outsider Art".
429:, area during the 1960s, Lowbrow was an underground visual art movement that took inspiration from other popular forms of low culture art of the time such as
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788:
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Physical artifacts from low culture are normally cheaply and often crudely made, as well as often small, in contrast to the comparatively grand
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delinquent subcultures. The following variations of these types of groups are stereotypical of the audiences who consume low culture works.
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1225:"Tangier, a Novel, by Diane Skelly Ponasik. North Charleston: BookSurge Publishing, 2005. 409 pages. US$ 17.99 (Paper) ISBN 1-4196-2086-X"
1178:"Tangier, a Novel, by Diane Skelly Ponasik. North Charleston: BookSurge Publishing, 2005. 409 pages. US$ 17.99 (Paper) ISBN 1-4196-2086-X"
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Sports, pop music, fast food, fast-fashion and superhero movies are all considered modern examples of low culture. The phrase
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Pettegree, Andrew (2017-06-30), "Broadsheets: Single-Sheet
Publishing in the First Age of Print. Typology and Typography",
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1385:"The Music of the Machine: A Ying, International Constructivism, and Sonic Modernity in Chinese Revolutionary Literature"
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is a small piece of pottery (or sometimes stone) which has been written on, for any of a number of purposes, among which
589:– Cultural objects which a society deems to be intellectually and artistically exemplary (the opposite of low culture).
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1915:
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631:, also known as Primitive art – art made by the indigenous tribes that has been categorized by some as "low culture."
73:, often broadly appealing to the middle or lower cultures of any given society. This is in contrast to the forms of
1141:"O tym, dlaczego dresiarze noszą dresy. Rozważania nad antropologią odzieży sportowej w subkulturach chuligaoskich"
752:
Bru, Sascha; Nuijs, Laurence; Hjartarson, Benedikt; Nicholls, Peter; Ørum, Tania; Berg, Hubert, eds. (2011-11-20).
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187:, typically new topical words to a familiar tune. These examples became extremely common, but were treated as
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2013:
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that deals with defecation, urination, and other bodily functions that would often be deemed as societally
601:– society based on relations between huge numbers of people, whose prototypical denizen is the "mass man."
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637:– A popular style of sensationalized journalism known for being lurid and vulgar in nature (similar to
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583:– A branch of social sciences with the scientific understanding and analysis of cultures as a whole.
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607:– Art qualification meaning middle of the road, often from a lack of or deviation from convention.
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Ames, Melissa; McDuffie, Kristi (2023-04-01), "Introduction: Redefining
Hashtag Activism",
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Right-Wing
Extremists' Use of the Internet: Emerging Trends in the Empirical Literature
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Hashtag
Activism Interrogated and Embodied: Case Studies on Social Justice Movements
1693:, Palgrave Hate Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 355–380,
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Bret Easton Ellis's controversial fiction: writing between high and low culture
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953:"From J.C. Bach to Hip Hop: Musical Borrowing, Copyright and Cultural Context"
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1861:"An Economic Theory of Avant-Garde and Popular Art, or High and Low Culture"
647:– Type of off-color humor dealing with defecation, urination and flatulence.
395:
Also referred to as potty or scatological humor, toilet humor is a brand of
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1790:(Second ed.). London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
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1463:. Cambridge studies in early modern British history (Reprinted ed.).
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Regarding the
Popular: Modernism, the Avant-Garde and High and Low Culture
341:– A derogatory, stereotypical phrase used within the Canadian province of
132:
preservation in modern times is rare. There are exceptions, especially in
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1982:
1765:. A Longman topics reader (Nachdr. ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
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Many well-known examples of modern low culture are represented by online
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television throughout the late 20th century, many modern artists such as
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172:
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Scrivens, Ryan; Gaudette, Tiana; Conway, Maura; Holt, Thomas J. (2022),
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331:– Derogatory term applied to a white person from the rural South of the
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that appeal to a smaller, often upper-class proportion of the populace.
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2003:
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The use and display of different cultural artifacts, especially in the
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20:
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Popular culture and high culture: an analysis and evaluation of taste
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Popular
Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste
543:
500:
274:
104:
Popular
Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste
1876:
522:, which is often created by individuals without a background in the
175:. This technology also allowed for the production of cheap texts in
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571:– Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement.
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1924:
1037:. Continuum literary studies series. London New York: Continuum.
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used to refer to someone who is ignorant, aggressive and unruly.
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term for delinquent. Characterized as wearing Adidas tracksuits.
2235:
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314:
304:
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287:– Stereotype of anti-social youth dressed in sportswear in the
449:, who decided to name a 1979 book containing his paintings as
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The Graphic Art of the Underground: A Countercultural History
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Lowbrow art: the unlikely defender of art history's tradition
613:– Figure of speech used to describe jokes of a vulgar nature.
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659:– Cultures created by or popular among working class people.
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The Latin title reads: "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur."
284:
1893:
1686:
1526:"WCBS-TV News/New York Times New York City Poll, May 1993"
751:
1436:
Prints & people: a social history of printed pictures
1788:
God in the details: American religion in popular culture
731:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress. p. 4.
191:, so survival of this material is relatively uncommon.
1062:(Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Basic Books.
988:"Concerning the Conception of Authentic Folk Music*"
728:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46
81:
proposes that both high culture and low culture are
41:
The irreligious scene is low-culture humor from the
1339:
1337:
1859:Cowen, Tyler; Tabarrok, Alexander (October 2000).
1786:Mazur, Eric Michael; McCarthy, Kate, eds. (2011).
892:
301:chav-like subculture that originated in the 1990s.
16:Term for forms of popular culture with mass appeal
925:"World Wetlands Day: An introduction to peatland"
479:or messaging platforms. In the context of modern
445:. The phrase for this style was coined by artist
206:. Instead, folk music (along with its successor,
3249:
1815:
1564:(Thesis). Louisiana State University Libraries.
1334:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1083:de Quehen, Hugh. "Bogan, Zachary (1625–1659)".
992:Journal of the International Folk Music Council
854:, London: SAGE Publications, pp. 131–144,
816:
814:
812:
810:
1731:, Utah State University Press, pp. 3–17,
1620:Beinart, William; Hughes, Lotte (2007-10-11),
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534:Low culture can often be formulaic, employing
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1807:
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1089:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
807:
97:
1664:Post memes: seizing the memes of production
1662:Bown, Alfie; Bristow, Daniel, eds. (2019).
1661:
1584:
1550:
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550:
495:, in which it later became associated with
171:became increasingly widespread by the late
1916:
1902:
1461:Cheap print and popular piety: 1550 - 1640
941:
790:Globalization and American Popular Culture
231:
1804:
1736:
1591:(1 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1569:
1438:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Univ. Press.
1418:
1400:
1353:
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625:– Hostility to intellect, art and beauty.
273:– Unrefined or unsophisticated person in
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1229:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
1182:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
820:
793:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48.
718:
475:that can quickly spread through various
148:or more positive magical spells such as
25:
1485:"National Coalition Against Censorship"
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1222:
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1120:. Oxford University Press. 2023-03-02.
1086:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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693:
414:
260:
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899:. New York City: Basic Books. p.
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687:
1897:
1433:
1389:Modern Chinese Literature and Culture
1082:
985:
950:
697:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays
3211:
2812:Role of Christianity in civilization
1458:
1223:Dichter, Thomas W. (December 2006).
1176:Dichter, Thomas W. (December 2006).
1057:
887:
825:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
3223:
1489:Encyclopedia of the First Amendment
1320:. Art. 1280-Wed1BuP.12. ISCA.
349:
19:For the UK television website, see
13:
1634:10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0006
694:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1994).
14:
3284:
1666:. Goleta, Calif.: Punctom Books.
1585:Lowey, Ian; Prince, Suzy (2014).
1491:, Washington DC: CQ Press, 2009,
460:
451:The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams
354:
3222:
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3199:
3198:
1933:
49:, 1545) series of wood cuts, by
3024:Culture and positive psychology
1934:
1852:
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1383:Kindler, Benjamin (June 2022).
1309:
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1139:Dąbrowski, Jakub (2005-12-19).
1132:
1109:
1076:
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1026:
979:
917:
384:
2463:High- and low-context cultures
1571:10.31390/gradschool_theses.654
881:
848:"Four Types of Visual Culture"
839:
780:
745:
678:
669:
529:
85:within a society, because the
1:
1434:Mayor, Alpheus Hyatt (1980).
1327:10.21437/Interspeech.2006-446
725:Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (2004).
663:
507:
213:
3029:Culture and social cognition
2014:Cross-cultural communication
1818:American Sociological Review
1761:Tomasino, Anna, ed. (2007).
1699:10.1007/978-3-030-99804-2_14
1597:10.5040/9781474293914.ch-004
1318:Proceedings Interspeech 2006
1103:UK public library membership
951:Arewa, Olufunmilayo (2004).
852:Handbook of Material Culture
846:Pinney, Christopher (2006),
53:, which was commissioned by
47:Depictions of Papal Messages
7:
3111:Intercultural communication
1923:
1763:Discovering popular culture
1738:10.7330/9781646423187.c000b
1628:, Oxford University Press,
1033:Baelo-Allué, Sonia (2011).
562:
512:
167:) became relatively cheap,
10:
3289:
2554:Cross cultural sensitivity
2221:Resistance through culture
1497:10.4135/9781604265774.n915
702:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
700:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
464:
418:
388:
358:
122:
18:
3194:
3166:Transformation of culture
2859:
2779:
2599:Cultural environmentalism
2536:
2276:
2139:
2029:Cross-cultural psychology
2024:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2019:Cross-cultural leadership
1996:
1945:
1931:
1865:Southern Economic Journal
1355:10.1163/9789004340312_002
1281:(3): 392–399. July 2001.
1241:10.1017/S0026318400050409
1194:10.1017/S0026318400050409
1118:Oxford English Dictionary
1058:Gans, Herbert J. (2001).
821:Brottman, Mikita (2005).
343:Newfoundland and Labrador
98:Standards and definitions
3268:Social class subcultures
3126:Living things in culture
3116:Intercultural competence
3019:Culture and menstruation
2518:Trans-cultural diffusion
1830:10.1177/0003122417710642
1348:, BRILL, pp. 1–32,
860:10.4135/9781848607972.n9
551:Cross-cultural artifacts
311:urban lower-class youth.
65:identifies the forms of
2937:Cultural homogenization
2167:Individualistic culture
2101:Popular culture studies
2086:Intercultural relations
1560:Givens, Joseph (2013).
957:SSRN Electronic Journal
823:High theory/low culture
427:Los Angeles, California
232:Culture as social class
228:other high-brow works.
208:contemporary folk music
51:Lucas Cranach the Elder
35:Kissing the Pope's Feet
2872:Archaeological culture
2619:Cultural globalization
2488:Organizational culture
2336:Cultural communication
2294:Cultural appropriation
2081:Intercultural learning
2009:Cross-cultural studies
1626:Environment and Empire
1402:10.3366/mclc.2022.0008
1126:10.1093/oed/9795111462
986:Wiora, Walter (1949).
787:Lane Crothers (2021).
421:Lowbrow (art movement)
199:nationalist sentiments
117:
58:
3273:Working-class culture
3141:Participatory culture
2932:Cultural evolutionism
2756:Multiracial democracy
2634:Cultural intelligence
2579:Cultural conservatism
2569:Cultural backwardness
2559:Cultural assimilation
2433:Cultural reproduction
2289:Cultural appreciation
2241:Far-right subcultures
2131:Transcultural nursing
2096:Philosophy of culture
1973:Cultural neuroscience
1953:Cultural anthropology
1275:The Library Quarterly
1095:10.1093/ref:odnb/2763
764:10.1515/9783110274691
657:Working Class Culture
112:
61:In society, the term
29:
3136:Oppositional culture
3106:Emotions and culture
3014:Cultural sensibility
3004:Cultural translation
2942:Cultural institution
2922:Cultural determinism
2644:Cultural nationalism
2629:Cultural imperialism
2589:Cultural deprivation
2483:Non-material culture
2116:Sociology of culture
2111:Semiotics of culture
1459:Watt, Tessa (1996).
1154:10.12775/DP.2005.010
415:Lowbrow art movement
339:Skeet (Newfoundland)
261:Variation by country
2987:Culture speculation
2982:Cultural relativism
2912:Cultural competence
2802:Cultural Christians
2674:Cultural Revolution
2664:Cultural radicalism
2639:Cultural liberalism
2574:Cultural Bolshevism
2549:Consumer capitalism
2503:Relational mobility
2443:Cultural technology
2351:Cultural dissonance
2268:Culture by location
2231:Alternative culture
2147:Constructed culture
2126:Theology of culture
2066:Cultural psychology
2046:Cultural entomology
1530:ICPSR Data Holdings
965:10.2139/ssrn.633241
31:Low-culture humor:
3146:Permission culture
3079:Disability culture
3059:Children's culture
2927:Cultural diversity
2887:Circuit of culture
2669:Cultural retention
2649:Cultural pessimism
2604:Cultural exception
2594:Cultural diplomacy
2584:Cultural contracts
2544:Colonial mentality
2473:Manuscript culture
2448:Cultural universal
2418:Cultural pluralism
2398:Cultural landscape
2393:Cultural invention
2361:Cultural framework
2263:Vernacular culture
2061:Cultural mediation
2041:Cultural economics
2036:Cultural analytics
1968:Cultural geography
1958:Cultural astronomy
1538:10.3886/icpsr06203
1145:Dialogi Polityczne
635:Tabloid Journalism
569:Bread and circuses
405:Captain Underpants
225:Brett Easton Ellis
59:
3245:
3244:
3074:Death and culture
2967:Cultural movement
2957:Cultural literacy
2817:Eastern Orthodoxy
2729:Dominator culture
2724:Deculturalization
2624:Cultural hegemony
2614:Cultural genocide
2609:Cultural feminism
2428:Cultural property
2423:Cultural practice
2408:Cultural leveling
2403:Cultural learning
2388:Cultural industry
2383:Cultural identity
2366:Cultural heritage
2356:Cultural emphasis
2341:Cultural conflict
2314:Cultural behavior
2304:Cultural artifact
2216:Primitive culture
2192:Political culture
1797:978-0-415-48537-1
1772:978-0-321-35596-6
1748:978-1-64642-317-0
1708:978-3-030-99803-5
1673:978-1-950192-43-4
1643:978-0-19-926031-7
1606:978-1-4742-9391-4
1470:978-0-521-38255-7
1445:978-0-691-00326-9
1101:(Subscription or
1069:978-0-465-02609-8
1044:978-1-4411-0791-6
910:978-0-465-02609-8
832:978-1-4039-6641-4
800:978-1-5381-4269-1
773:978-3-11-027456-1
738:978-0-8006-3735-4
711:978-0-8028-0732-8
639:yellow journalism
536:trope conventions
431:underground comix
204:musical structure
185:broadside ballads
177:street literature
3280:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3091:Drinking culture
3044:Culture industry
2992:Cultural tourism
2972:Cultural mulatto
2947:Cultural jet lag
2882:Cannabis culture
2839:Cultural Muslims
2761:Pluriculturalism
2744:Multiculturalism
2734:Interculturalism
2709:Culture minister
2699:Cultural Zionism
2694:Cultural subsidy
2689:Cultural silence
2564:Cultural attaché
2523:Transculturation
2478:Material culture
2468:Interculturality
2324:Cultural capital
2309:Cultural baggage
2246:Youth subculture
2187:Official culture
2152:Dominant culture
2091:Internet culture
2056:Cultural mapping
2051:Cultural history
1978:Cultural studies
1963:Cultural ecology
1937:
1936:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1404:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1147:(5–6): 123–130.
1136:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1030:
1024:
1023:
983:
977:
976:
948:
939:
938:
936:
935:
921:
915:
914:
898:
885:
879:
878:
877:
876:
843:
837:
836:
818:
805:
804:
784:
778:
777:
749:
743:
742:
722:
716:
715:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
575:Culture industry
542:, and character
540:stock characters
481:internet culture
350:Popular examples
323:Eastern European
87:culture industry
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3258:Popular culture
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3190:
3181:Western culture
3176:Welfare culture
3101:Eastern culture
2962:Cultural mosaic
2917:Cultural critic
2907:Cultural center
2855:
2829:Cultural Hindus
2775:
2766:Polyculturalism
2739:Monoculturalism
2714:Culture of fear
2684:Cultural safety
2679:Cultural rights
2659:Cultural racism
2654:Cultural policy
2532:
2438:Cultural system
2413:Cultural memory
2346:Cultural cringe
2272:
2204:Popular culture
2135:
2071:Cultural values
1992:
1941:
1927:
1922:
1892:
1877:10.2307/1061469
1857:
1853:
1814:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1583:
1579:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1432:
1428:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1342:
1335:
1314:
1310:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1221:
1217:
1174:
1170:
1137:
1133:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1031:
1027:
984:
980:
949:
942:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
911:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
844:
840:
833:
819:
808:
801:
785:
781:
774:
750:
746:
739:
723:
719:
712:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
670:
666:
611:Off-color humor
565:
553:
532:
515:
510:
469:
463:
447:Robert Williams
425:Arising in the
423:
417:
397:off-color humor
393:
387:
363:
357:
352:
263:
234:
216:
125:
108:Herbert J. Gans
100:
67:popular culture
43:Papstsbotbilder
40:
37:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Cultural probe
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Cross-cultural
2899:
2897:Coffee culture
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Animal culture
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2771:Transculturism
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Culture change
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2528:Visual culture
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Safety culture
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:Cross-cultural
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1988:Culture theory
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1851:
1824:(4): 828–856.
1803:
1796:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1719:
1707:
1679:
1672:
1654:
1642:
1622:"Introduction"
1612:
1605:
1577:
1549:
1532:. 1994-03-10.
1517:
1505:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1444:
1426:
1395:(1): 170–201.
1370:
1364:
1333:
1308:
1287:10.1086/603287
1262:
1235:(2): 309–310.
1215:
1188:(2): 309–310.
1168:
1131:
1108:
1075:
1068:
1050:
1043:
1025:
1004:10.2307/835923
978:
940:
916:
909:
880:
868:
838:
831:
806:
799:
779:
772:
758:. De Gruyter.
744:
737:
717:
710:
704:. p. 61.
686:
677:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
654:
648:
642:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
564:
561:
552:
549:
531:
528:
514:
511:
509:
506:
465:Main article:
462:
461:Internet memes
459:
419:Main article:
416:
413:
389:Main article:
386:
383:
359:Main article:
356:
355:Popular prints
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
336:
326:
312:
302:
297:– Member of a
292:
289:United Kingdom
282:
262:
259:
233:
230:
215:
212:
169:popular prints
124:
121:
99:
96:
79:Culture theory
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3285:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3186:Youth culture
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Urban culture
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Remix culture
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Media culture
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Languaculture
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Culture shock
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Cultural turn
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Bennett scale
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Protestantism
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:Biculturalism
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Technoculture
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Print culture
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Enculturation
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
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2952:Cultural lag
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2792:Christianity
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2157:Folk culture
2106:Postcritique
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599:Mass society
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2719:Culture war
2177:Low culture
2076:Culturomics
1983:Culturology
1346:Broadsheets
929:Kekkilä-BVB
581:Culturology
530:Stereotypes
497:hate speech
279:New Zealand
254:low culture
173:Renaissance
92:low culture
83:subcultures
71:mass appeal
63:low culture
3263:Mass media
3252:Categories
2226:Subculture
2004:Bioculture
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875:2023-11-20
664:References
629:Tribal art
605:Middlebrow
544:archetypes
508:Mass media
489:Matt Furie
435:punk music
409:South Park
214:Modern day
195:Folk music
181:broadsides
150:love magic
129:public art
69:that have
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1997:Subfields
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275:Australia
154:peat bogs
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2537:Politics
1946:Sciences
563:See also
513:Audience
443:graffiti
371:literate
189:ephemera
179:such as
161:printing
142:ostracon
138:graffiti
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3236:Changes
3217:Commons
2860:Related
2851:Sikhism
2846:Judaism
2277:Aspects
1939:Outline
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319:Russian
309:Chilean
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123:History
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