732:
738:
1484:
2399:
1993:, reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal. In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints, where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints. In heavy mammals, especially in quadrupeds, the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column.
383:
1500:
1648:
1491:
1657:
1124:
the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum. The movements possible in the lumbosacral joint are flexion and extension, a small amount of lateral flexion (from 7 degrees in childhood to 1 degree in adults), but no axial rotation. Between ages 2–13 the joint is responsible for as much as 75% (about 18 degrees) of flexion and extension in the lumbar spine. From age 35 the ligaments considerably limit the range of motions.
154:
1966:
2093:
2108:
1007:
2120:
1313:
40:
1168:
598:
578:
1324:, one of the muscles of the upper limb, arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest. Its action on the shoulder joint are internal rotation, adduction, and retroversion. It also contributes to respiration (i.e. coughing). When the arm is adducted, latissimus dorsi can pull it backward and medially until the back of the hand covers the buttocks.
587:
52:
1461:). However, psoas passes through the pelvis and because it acts on two joints, it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle. Iliopsoas flexes and externally rotates the hip joints, while unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally and bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the
285:. It includes several structures: the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, and the perineum. The bony pelvis (pelvic skeleton) is the part of the skeleton embedded in the pelvic region of the trunk. It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle is composed of the
2122:
2126:
2125:
2121:
966:"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle."
2076:
The present-day morphology of the pelvis is inherited from the pelvis of our quadrupedal ancestors. The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of
1996:
In ambulatory mammals, the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements, including significant abduction, than in cursorial mammals. The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms
1929:
However, Caldwell and Moloy then complicated this simple fourfold scheme by dividing the pelvic inlet into posterior and anterior segments. They named a pelvis according to the anterior segment and affixed another type according to the character of the posterior segment (i.e. anthropoid-android) and
1895:
is the so-called normal female pelvis. Its inlet is either slightly oval, with a greater transverse diameter, or round. The interior walls are straight, the subpubic arch wide, the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination, and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded. Because this type is
1123:
and lateral lumbosacral ligaments. The iliolumbar ligament passes between the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the posterior part of the iliac crest. The lateral lumbosacral ligament, partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament, passes down from the lower border of
993:
Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking, and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and
2080:
The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the
African Rift Valley saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest. The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country. This
1937:
according to their types of pelves: the gynaecoid type has small shoulders, a small waist and wide hips; the android type looks square-shaped from behind; and the anthropoid type has wide shoulders and narrow hips. Lastly, in their article they described all non-gynaecoid or "mixed" types of pelves
1924:
is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter. It has straight walls, a small subpubic arch, and large sacrosciatic notches. The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis. Caldwell found this type
1428:
Flexing the trunk (bending forward) is essentially a movement of the rectus muscles, while lateral flexion (bending sideways) is achieved by contracting the obliques together with the quadratus lumborum and intrinsic back muscles. Lateral rotation (rotating either the trunk or the pelvis sideways)
2127:
1941:
The classification of
Caldwell and Moloy was influenced by earlier classifications attempting to define the ideal female pelvis, treating any deviations from this ideal as dysfunctions and the cause of obstructed labour. In the 19th century anthropologists and others saw an evolutionary scheme in
1916:
is a female pelvis with masculine features, including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment. The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth. In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one-third of white women and in one-sixth of
928:
are wider apart in females than in males. In males, the acetabulum faces more laterally, while it faces more anteriorly in females. Consequently, when males walk the leg can move forwards and backwards in a single plane. In females, the leg must swing forward and inward, from where the pivoting
1870:
studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type. In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology, including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks: Gynaecoid
1582:
on the posterior side of the femoral shaft. It is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, but, because of its bipartite insertion, it can both adduct and abduct the hip. Medius and minimus arise on the external surface of the ilium and are both inserted into the greater
1070:
The pelvic inclination angle is the single most important element of the human body posture and is adjusted at the hips. It is also one of the rare things that can be measured at the assessment of the posture. A simple method of measurement was described by the
British orthopedist
914:
The distance between the ischia bones is small in males, making the outlet narrow, but large in females, who have a relatively large outlet. The ischial spines and tuberosities are heavier and project farther into the pelvic cavity in males. The greater sciatic notch is wider in
1908:
pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter. Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems, such as transverse arrest. Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis
2124:
1360:) component, both of which stretch between vertebral processes; the former acts similar to the muscles of the lateral tract, while the latter function unilaterally as spine extensors and bilaterally as spine rotators. In the medial tract, the multifidi originates on the
1147:. When sitting, with the hip joint flexed, these ligaments become lax permitting a high degree of mobility in the joint. When standing, with the hip joint extended, the ligaments get twisted around the femoral neck, pushing the head of the femur firmly into the
997:
Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera (inferior parts of the urinary tracts, internal reproductive organs), providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes.
1339:
thoracis originates on the back of the sacrum and the posterior part of the iliac crest. Contracting these muscles bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally contraction bends the spine to the same side. The medial tract has a "straight"
1429:
is achieved by contracting the internal oblique on one side and the external oblique on the other. The transversus' main function is to produce abdominal pressure in order to constrict the abdominal cavity and pull the diaphragm upward.
2000:
In addition to this, the relatively wide shape (front to back) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus. These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance.
1930:
ended up with no less than 14 morphologies. Notwithstanding the popularity of this simple classification, the pelvis is much more complicated than this as the pelvis can have different dimensions at various levels of the birth canal.
879:, has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth—a wider pelvis would make women unable to walk. In contrast, human male pelvises are not constrained by the need to give birth and therefore are more optimized for bipedal locomotion.
1614:
are lateral rotators of the hip. Together they are stronger than the medial rotators and therefore the feet point outward in the normal position to achieve a better support. The obturators have their origins on either sides of the
1436:
arises from the posterior part of the iliac crest and extends to the rib XII and lumbar vertebrae I–IV. It unilaterally bends the trunk to the side and bilaterally pulls the 12th rib down and assists in expiration. The
1903:
has a transversally wide, flattened shape, is wide anteriorly, greater sciatic notches of male type, and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis. This is similar to the
1675:
can be subdivided into adductors (medial group), extensors (anterior group), and flexors (posterior group). The extensors and flexors act on the knee joint, while the adductors mainly act on the hip joint.
1248:
is a strong ligament which connects the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest. It can be thought of as the lower border of the
1029:
As a mechanical structure the pelvis may be thought of as four roughly triangular and twisted rings. Each superior ring is formed by the iliac bone; the anterior side stretches from the acetabulum up to the
1861:
measurements were made on pregnant women to determine whether a natural birth would be possible, a practice today limited to cases where a specific problem is suspected or following a caesarean delivery.
2123:
1587:
has its origin on the ventral side of the sacrum and is inserted on the greater trochanter. It abducts and laterally rotates the hip in the upright posture and assists in extension of the thigh. The
1840:, or it can be much smaller, known as a reduced pelvis or pelvis justo minor. Other variations include an android pelvis, a pelvis of the normal male shape in a female, which can prove problematic in
921:
The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounced promontory.
1574:. Maximus has a wide origin stretching from the posterior part of the iliac crest and along the sacrum and coccyx, and has two separate insertions: a proximal which radiates into the
1639:, arising from the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively, can be thought of as marginal heads of the obturator internus, and their main function is to assist this muscle.
1063:
as an infinite element. Such a system is able to withstand omnidirectional forces—ranging from weight-bearing to childbearing—and, as a low energy requiring system, is favoured by
759:
organs that pierce the pelvic floor and make it weaker. To achieve both these tasks, the pelvic floor is composed of several overlapping sheets of muscles and connective tissues.
790:. This leaves a slit for the anal and urogenital openings. Because of the width of the genital aperture, which is wider in females, a second closing mechanism is required. The
751:
has two inherently conflicting functions: One is to close the pelvic and abdominal cavities and bear the load of the visceral organs; the other is to control the openings of the
246:
The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the
1896:
spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process. Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens.
886:
The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact. The female pelvis is lighter and thinner than the male pelvis.
1761:
or SPD). As the end of pregnancy approaches, the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen, letting the pelvis outlet widen somewhat; this is easily noticeable in the
929:
head of the femur moves the leg back in another plane. This change in the angle of the femoral head gives the female gait its characteristic (i.e. swinging of hips).
1863:
1379:
The superficial group is subdivided into a lateral and a medial group. In the medial superficial group, on both sides of the centre of the abdominal wall (the
2413:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (2013).
950:. At birth the whole of the hip joint (the acetabulum area and the top of the femur) is still made of cartilage (but there may be a small piece of bone in the
1867:
1026:
to form the pelvic ring. The ring is very stable and allows very little mobility, a prerequisite for transmitting loads from the trunk to the lower limbs.
2843:
1957:. The dimensions of the head of the fetus and of the birth canal are accurately measured and compared, and the feasibility of labor can be predicted.
2017:
which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the
3523:
3194:
2821:
1072:
990:
The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora. It is then connected to two hip bones.
2951:
1228:
which stabilize the hip bone on the sacrum and prevent the promonotory from tilting forward. Additionally, these two ligaments transform the
250:. The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis, called the pelvic cavity, is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the
787:
117:
2347:
2226:
2021:, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In
3225:
1119:, and synovial joints between the articular processes of the two bones. In addition to these ligaments the joint is strengthened by the
2986:"Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis: Their Classification and Obstetrical Significance: (Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)"
1583:
trochanter. Their anterior fibers are medial rotators and flexors while the posterior fibers are lateral rotators and extensors. The
330:
below; alternatively, the pelvic cavity is sometimes also defined as the whole space enclosed by the pelvic skeleton, subdivided into:
2873:
1938:
as "abnormal", a word which has stuck in the medical world even though at least 50 per cent of women have these "abnormal" pelves.
1253:
and is occasionally accompanied by a smaller ligamentous band passing between the fourth lumbar vertebra and the iliac crest. The
1155:
assists in maintaining the contact in the joint by acting like a buttonhole on the femoral head. The intracapsular ligament, the
1753:'s head aligns inside the pelvis. Also joints of bones soften due to the effect of pregnancy hormones. These factors may cause
807:
2899:
918:
The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females.
3487:
3446:
3425:
3404:
3306:
3279:
3219:
2424:
871:
has been confronted by two conflicting demands: a wide birth canal and locomotion efficiency, a conflict referred to as the "
3352:
3516:
2414:
2403:
896:
The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the outlet, whereas the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.
1257:
is partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament. It passes between the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the
938:
Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage, which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through childhood:
304:) oriented in a ring, and connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs. The pelvic spine consists of the
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3377:
1414:
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led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis. It is suggested that bipedalism was the result.
4101:
4096:
1718:
1217:
1031:
1014:
The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the
814:
799:
2847:
2077:
the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
911:
in women. Additionally, the bones forming the angle/arch are more concave in females but straight in males.
1406:
1254:
1209:
842:
261:
In mammals, the bony pelvis has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males. Their
2817:
1758:
76:
1499:
1483:
1327:
In a longitudinal osteofibrous canal on either side of the spine there is a group of muscles called the
2818:"When should my baby's head engage? If it engages early does that mean I am going to give birth early?"
2054:
1056:
An alternative approach is to consider the pelvis part of an integrated mechanical system based on the
955:
162:
17:
1490:
903:
is acute (70 degrees) in men, but obtuse (90–100 degrees) in women. Accordingly, the angle is called
4200:
3461:
2947:
1989:
The shape of the pelvis, most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the
1954:
1714:
arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and is thus the only of the four acting on two joints.
1703:
1607:
1603:
1433:
1345:
1156:
854:
686:
2107:
1208:, almost immobile joints enclosed by very taut joint capsules. This capsule is strengthened by the
258:, while the pelvic floor at the base of the cavity assists in supporting the organs of the abdomen.
1814:
1636:
1632:
1611:
1591:
arises on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial tract. It presses the
1331:
which is subdivided into a lateral superficial and a medial deep tract. In the lateral tract, the
1265:
136:
100:
72:
1733:
are inserted on the tibia on the medial side of the knee, while biceps femoris is inserted on the
4327:
2339:
1628:
1386:
1321:
1237:
1192:
1188:
838:
834:
830:
806:
and extends to the urogenital hiatus. The urogenital diaphragm is reinforced posteriorly by the
2494:"The sacroiliac joint: an overview of its anatomy, function and potential clinical implications"
2230:
982:
There is preliminary evidence that the pelvis continues to widen over the course of a lifetime.
468:
459:
4336:
4266:
4066:
2144:
2092:
1730:
1241:
1225:
1187:, the interpubic disk, within which a non-synovial cavity might be present. Two ligaments, the
1136:
822:
666:
322:, typically defined as a small part of the space enclosed by the bony pelvis, delimited by the
124:
112:
3436:
3296:
3269:
3251:
3209:
4331:
4076:
4071:
4037:
3415:
3365:
3188:
1832:
of the pelvis. In the female the pelvis can be of a much larger size than normal, known as a
1818:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1692:
1559:
which is inserted into the lesser trochanter. The iliopsoas is the most powerful hip flexor.
1341:
1301:
1229:
1221:
1116:
1112:
779:
658:
286:
4184:
3966:
1829:
1680:
1588:
1380:
1250:
1233:
1140:
1132:
900:
803:
791:
562:
2407:
2398:
8:
4384:
2869:
1971:
1950:
even though there are at least some genetic component to variation in pelvic morphology.
1357:
1332:
1245:
1120:
1096:
1053:, supports the acetabulum and is twisted 80–90 degrees in relation to the superior ring.
872:
717:
Alternatively, the pelvis is divided into three planes: the inlet, midplane, and outlet.
619:
251:
166:
2267:"Human variation in pelvic shape and the effects of climate and past population history"
1710:
with a common tendon. Three of the four muscles have their origins on the femur, while
231:, below the pelvic floor. The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back, by the
4300:
4296:
3532:
3171:
3146:
3118:
3110:
3093:
Gregory, William K. (1935). "The pelvis from fish to man: a study in paleomorphology".
3010:
2985:
2572:
2518:
2493:
2492:
Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Masi AT, Carreiro JE, Danneels L, Willard FH (December 2012).
2169:
1837:
1624:
1620:
1579:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1532:
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1446:
1442:
1398:
1336:
994:
posture. Compared to the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle is thus strong and rigid.
860:
818:
710:
698:
662:
1942:
these pelvic typologies, a scheme since then refuted by archaeology. Since the 1950s
4322:
4310:
3483:
3465:
3442:
3421:
3400:
3373:
3339:
3302:
3275:
3215:
3176:
3015:
2564:
2523:
2509:
2420:
2288:
1934:
1800:
1616:
1584:
1528:
1454:
1418:
1353:
1184:
1088:
1064:
890:
868:
826:
731:
702:
654:
505:
3122:
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1982:, and can be tracked back to the paired fins of fish that were some of the earliest
1791:
often affect the elderly and occur more often in females; this is frequently due to
653:
or superior pelvic aperture, which leads into the lesser pelvis, is bordered by the
4305:
4289:
4136:
3723:
3654:
3331:
3166:
3158:
3102:
3005:
2997:
2895:
2554:
2513:
2505:
2278:
2183:
2151:
1773:
1688:
1575:
1438:
1277:
1200:
1152:
1035:
1023:
951:
767:
737:
706:
638:
525:
2068:), have longer three-pelvic planes with a maximum diameter in the sagittal plane.
1288:
has a deep and a superficial part, the former is a flat band corresponding to the
4379:
4256:
3959:
3672:
3394:
3356:
2177:
2060:
2044:
1796:
1684:
1602:
The ventral hip muscles are important in the control of the body's balance. The
1571:
1563:
1462:
1293:
1204:, formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the two hip bones. are
1176:
1108:
1092:
1015:
882:
The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include:
670:
486:
274:
193:
105:
450:
4251:
4141:
3929:
3839:
3787:
3644:
3001:
1810:
1567:
1544:
1450:
1373:
1328:
1205:
1180:
904:
678:
642:
477:
334:
3335:
4373:
4356:
4179:
4047:
4029:
3864:
3854:
2180: – Cartilaginous joint between the front of the left and right hip bones
2034:
1822:
1422:
1390:
1258:
775:
674:
630:
609:
344:
318:
278:
220:
197:
153:
537:
The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly (in the area of the back), by the
129:
4346:
4230:
4020:
3986:
3849:
3180:
3019:
2568:
2527:
2292:
2099:
1943:
1833:
1792:
1788:
1076:
947:
939:
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726:
650:
646:
558:
550:
438:
415:
354:
327:
301:
293:
224:
3343:
3162:
1220:. The most important accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint are the
4351:
4241:
4146:
4131:
3934:
3859:
3760:
3622:
3607:
3501:
2543:"Surprising evidence of pelvic growth (widening) after skeletal maturity"
1947:
1806:
1548:
1458:
1394:
1060:
1042:
864:
763:
634:
615:
529:
338:
323:
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1946:
is thought to be one of the chief factors affecting pelvic shape in the
618:
that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains
382:
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4284:
3904:
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3728:
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2065:
1990:
1979:
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971:
925:
908:
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682:
493:
3951:
3322:
Holm, Niels J. (1980). "The
Internal Stress Pattern of the os Coxae".
2559:
2542:
1997:
for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion.
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1417:
muscles, originate on the rib cage and on the pelvis (iliac crest and
545:
and laterally and anteriorly (forward and to the sides), by a pair of
497:
142:
3876:
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2612:
A Different
Approach to the Mechanics of the Human Pelvis: Tensegrity
2283:
2266:
2039:
1746:
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1556:
1457:
of the femur. Of these, only iliacus is attached to the pelvis (the
1039:
771:
561:. During childhood, these sections are separate bones, joined by the
262:
247:
2541:
Berger AA, May R, Renner JB, Viradia N, Dahners LE (November 2011).
1695:, gracilis reaches beyond the knee to their common insertion on the
4010:
3884:
3804:
3639:
3572:
3480:
Thieme Atlas of
Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
3434:
3106:
2014:
1983:
1965:
1953:
Nowadays obstetric suitability of the female pelvis is assessed by
1349:
1034:; the posterior side reaches from the top of the acetabulum to the
546:
392:
377:
363:
289:
240:
228:
1543:) originates along the spine between the rib cage and pelvis. The
1527:
The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the region of the
867:. Because the pelvis is vital to both locomotion and childbirth,
4164:
3819:
3765:
3711:
3701:
3587:
3268:
Ebrall, Phillip S.; Sportelli, Louis; Donato, Phillip R. (2004).
2390:
2049:
2018:
2010:
1925:
in one-quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women.
1905:
1707:
1297:
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943:
821:
close the anus and the urethra. The former is surrounded by the
554:
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190:
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3834:
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3743:
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3677:
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1734:
1421:) and are attached to the anterior and posterior layers of the
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690:
623:
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309:
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255:
236:
232:
3353:"Hang In There!: The Statics and Dynamics of Pelvic Mechanics"
1453:, muscles with separate origins but a common insertion on the
208:), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called
3914:
3894:
3844:
3824:
3814:
3770:
3716:
3706:
3692:
3649:
3577:
2022:
2013:, the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right
1750:
1696:
1672:
1144:
959:
889:
The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male
282:
239:
and anteriorly and to the left and right sides, by a pair of
219:
The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the
201:
158:
88:
67:
2491:
1261:
where it intermingle with the anterior sacroiliac ligament.
893:
projects further (i.e. the male inlet is more heart-shaped).
565:. During puberty, they fuse together to form a single bone.
3982:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3829:
3682:
3664:
3582:
3567:
3562:
3298:
Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation
2419:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 8.3 The pelvic girdle and pelvis.
3249:
1809:
can affect anybody and has a variety of causes, including
1312:
1167:
597:
586:
577:
51:
39:
3924:
3889:
3796:
3634:
3629:
3612:
2412:
2029:
1762:
1521:
1159:, transmits blood vessels that nourish the femoral head.
1128:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2174: – Congenitally large female pelvis of normal shape
273:
The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the
3435:
Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006).
1432:
There are two muscles in the deep or posterior group.
3458:
Color Atlas of Human
Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
3207:
2540:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
1717:
The posterior thigh muscles have their origins on the
1143:—form a twisting mechanism encircling the neck of the
677:
or inferior pelvic aperture is the region between the
3074:
3026:
2965:
2440:
2196:
859:
Modern humans are to a large extent characterized by
3211:
Human
Evolution: An Introduction to Mans Adaptations
1389:
stretches from the cartilages of ribs V-VII and the
1376:
are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group.
3062:
3050:
3038:
2473:
2452:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1687:, inserted along the femoral shaft. Together with
1599:and flexes, medially rotates, and abducts the hip.
3438:Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function
3417:Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management
3250:Cunningham, Daniel John; Robinson, Arthur (1818).
2361:
2025:, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.
1512:Anterior view for the top-left and right diagrams.
3147:"Human evolution: the real cause for birth palsy"
1397:. At the lower end of the rectus abdominis, the
1268:, is strengthened by a series of ligaments. The
1264:The joint between the sacrum and the coccyx, the
954:of the femur); this makes it difficult to detect
4371:
2771:
2759:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2698:
2647:
2626:
2583:
2373:
1852:
2783:
2320:
2299:
1524:are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group.
1175:The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the
2940:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2691:
2689:
2668:
2659:
2617:
1740:
1721:, with the exception of the short head of the
1679:The thigh adductors have their origins on the
1307:
358:(or pelvic diaphragm), below the pelvic cavity
3967:
3517:
2983:
2719:
2251:
2249:
2247:
1535:(posterior or outer group). Anteriorly, the
1276:(ALL) that run down the anterior side of the
1045:. The lower ring, formed by the rami of the
549:. Each hip bone consists of three sections:
223:(the space enclosed by the bony pelvis), the
3370:Mind – Primary Cause of Human Evolution
3201:
3193:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2990:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
2595:
1244:, a pair of important pelvic openings. The
1001:
2898:. Plus-Size Pregnancy Website. April 2003.
2896:"Pelvic Pain (Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction)"
2801:
2792:
2743:
2686:
2638:
1514:Posterior view for the bottom-left diagram
1082:
3974:
3960:
3531:
3524:
3510:
2710:
2604:
2311:
2244:
265:pass through this gap when they are born.
50:
38:
3170:
3144:
3009:
2677:
2558:
2517:
2282:
2154: – Nerve plexus near the coccyx bone
1127:The three extracapsular ligaments of the
3129:
2166: – Measurement of the female pelvis
1964:
1783:
1776:) the fetus passes through the maternal
1405:. The lateral superficial muscles, the
1311:
1296:. Several other ligaments complete the
1292:(PLL) and the latter corresponds to the
1166:
1005:
762:The pelvic diaphragm is composed of the
736:
730:
381:
152:
3981:
3455:
3214:. Transaction Publishers. p. 170.
3092:
1978:The pelvic girdle was present in early
1933:Caldwell and Moloy also classified the
1623:on the femur. Quadratus arises on the
1280:. Its irregular fibers blend with the
1171:Coronal section through pubic symphysis
1010:Anatomical drawing of the female pelvis
157:The same human pelvis, front imaged by
14:
4372:
3413:
2984:Caldwell, W. E.; Moloy, H. C. (1938).
1038:; and the third side is formed by the
3955:
3505:
3392:
3363:
3350:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
2971:
2479:
2467:
2446:
2367:
2264:
2213:
2186: – Joint of the pelvis and spine
1095:, has, like all vertebral joints, an
3321:
3294:
2084:
1795:. There are also different types of
1702:The anterior thigh muscles form the
1665:Anterior and posterior thigh muscles
1578:and a distal which inserts into the
1151:, thus stabilizing the joint. The
782:which spans between the tip of the
778:and converge on the coccyx and the
227:, below the pelvic cavity, and the
178:
24:
1969:The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur
1091:, between the sacrum and the last
629:A distinction is made between the
596:
585:
576:
386:The skeleton of the human pelvis:
25:
4396:
3497:
3253:Cunningham's text-book of anatomy
2928:from the original on 4 March 2016
2876:from the original on 26 July 2009
2846:. Baby Care Guide. Archived from
2113:Right hip bone. External surface.
1562:The posterior group includes the
1531:(anterior or inner group) or the
1286:posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
3228:from the original on 11 May 2016
2902:from the original on 25 May 2017
2824:from the original on 6 June 2009
2510:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01564.x
2402: This article incorporates
2397:
2118:
2106:
2091:
1960:
1681:inferior ramus of the pubic bone
1655:
1646:
1498:
1489:
1482:
1468:
1270:anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
568:
3355:. Biotensegrity. Archived from
3301:. University of Chicago Press.
3208:Bernard Grant Campbell (1998).
3145:Sreekanth, R (September 2015).
3138:
3086:
2977:
2954:from the original on 2016-08-22
2914:
2888:
2862:
2836:
2810:
2547:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
2534:
2485:
2350:from the original on 2016-08-21
1683:and are, with the exception of
1290:posterior longitudinal ligament
808:superficial transverse perineal
720:
2844:"Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy"
2332:
2258:
2219:
1879:, human being), platypelloid (
1737:, on the knee's lateral side.
1274:anterior longitudinal ligament
933:
371:
13:
1:
3243:
2922:"Part 2 – Labor and Delivery"
2265:Betti, Lia (March 17, 2017).
1853:Caldwell–Moloy classification
1075:and is performed by using an
1032:anterior superior iliac spine
829:in females and surrounds the
27:Lower torso of the human body
3441:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3274:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2674:Palastanga (2006), pp. 332–3
2665:Palastanga (2006), pp. 326–7
2623:Palastanga (2006), pp. 331–2
2071:
1857:Throughout the 20th century
1255:lateral lumbosacral ligament
1162:
985:
848:
669:, and the upper part of the
268:
165:(middle), and 3-dimensional
7:
3396:Clinically oriented anatomy
3151:West Indian Medical Journal
2138:
2004:
1759:symphysis pubis dysfunction
1741:In pregnancy and childbirth
1308:Shoulder and intrinsic back
1218:dorsal sacroiliac ligaments
1195:, reinforce the symphysis.
770:. These arise between the
77:superior hypogastric plexus
10:
4401:
3399:. Williams & Wilkins.
3351:Levin, Stephen M. (2007).
3295:Hall, Brian Keith (2007).
3256:. William Wood and company
3002:10.1177/003591573803200101
2872:. Pain relief medication.
2716:Platzer (2004), pp. 72, 74
2160: – Bone of the pelvis
2142:
2055:Australopithecus afarensis
1847:
1619:and are inserted into the
1608:external obturator muscles
1472:
1367:
956:congenital hip dislocation
875:". The female pelvis, or
852:
724:
607:
375:
189:) is the lower part of an
163:magnetic resonance imaging
4277:
4229:
4209:
4201:tuberosity of the ischium
4193:
4172:
4163:
4120:
4085:
4055:
4046:
4028:
4019:
3993:
3875:
3795:
3786:
3691:
3663:
3553:
3539:
3414:Morris, Craig E. (2005).
3336:10.3109/17453678008990818
2789:Platzer (2004), pp. 240–3
2728:Platzer (2004), pp. 84–91
1706:which is inserted on the
1627:and is inserted into the
1506:
1488:
1018:, and posteriorly to the
1002:As a mechanical structure
855:Sex differences in humans
584:
335:greater (or false) pelvis
135:
123:
111:
99:
87:
82:
66:
61:
49:
37:
32:
3456:Platzer, Werner (2004).
3393:Moore, Keith L. (2014).
3364:Merry, Clare V. (2005).
2416:Anatomy & Physiology
2190:
1815:irritable bowel syndrome
1266:sacrococcygeal symphysis
1193:inferior pubic ligaments
1083:As an anchor for muscles
837:squeezes blood into the
796:deep transverse perineal
367:, below the pelvic floor
137:Anatomical terms of bone
73:Pelvic splanchnic nerves
4328:greater sciatic foramen
3372:. Trafford Publishing.
3271:Assessment of the Spine
3165:(inactive 2024-06-10).
3095:The American Naturalist
2778:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2766:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2738:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2705:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2654:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2633:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2590:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2385:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2327:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
2306:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
1799:, often resulting from
1629:intertrochanteric crest
1272:is an extension of the
1226:sacrotuberous ligaments
839:corpora cavernosa penis
794:consists mainly of the
614:The pelvic cavity is a
347:, below the pelvic brim
345:lesser (or true) pelvis
204:(sometimes also called
4337:lesser sciatic foramen
3533:Human regional anatomy
3135:Hall (2007), pp. 254–5
2807:Platzer (2004), p. 250
2798:Platzer (2004), p. 248
2756:Platzer (2004), p. 234
2695:Platzer (2004), p. 140
2644:Platzer (2004), p. 198
2601:Holm (1980), pp. 425–6
2317:Platzer (2004), p. 106
2255:Platzer (2004), p. 188
2145:anatomical terminology
1975:
1883:, flat), and android (
1875:, woman), anthropoid (
1864:William Edgar Caldwell
1719:inferior ischial ramus
1320:The inferior parts of
1317:
1316:Intrinsic back muscles
1234:lesser sciatic notches
1172:
1117:supraspinous ligaments
1011:
980:
899:The angle between the
798:which arises from the
744:
742:
601:
590:
581:
534:
170:
4332:greater sciatic notch
3163:10.7727/wimj.2014.083
2271:The Anatomical Record
2133:Pelvic girdle anatomy
1968:
1830:anatomical variations
1819:interstitial cystitis
1784:Clinical significance
1551:to join psoas at the
1315:
1170:
1141:pubofemoral ligaments
1009:
964:
780:anococcygeal ligament
740:
734:
725:Further information:
659:arcuate line of ilium
600:
589:
580:
385:
376:Further information:
156:
4185:lesser sciatic notch
2948:"Justo major pelvis"
2870:"Female Pelvic Pain"
2683:Morris (2005), p. 59
2406:available under the
1589:tensor fasciae latae
1352:) and an "oblique" (
1251:thoracolumbar fascia
792:urogenital diaphragm
687:ischial tuberosities
563:triradiate cartilage
1972:Falcarius utahensis
1901:platypelloid pelvis
1868:Howard Carmen Moloy
1745:In later stages of
1671:The muscles of the
1520:The muscles of the
1372:The muscles of the
1246:iliolumbar ligament
1105:posterior ligaments
1097:intervertebral disc
901:inferior pubic rami
873:obstetrical dilemma
819:urethral sphincters
667:pecten of the pubis
620:reproductive organs
252:reproductive organs
167:computed tomography
4301:iliopectineal line
4297:iliopubic eminence
4112:posterior inferior
4107:posterior superior
2614:(See conclusions.)
2498:Journal of Anatomy
2171:Pelvis justo major
2143:This article uses
1976:
1838:pelvis justo major
1625:ischial tuberosity
1621:trochanteric fossa
1610:together with the
1580:gluteal tuberosity
1553:iliopubic eminence
1547:originates on the
1539:(and occasionally
1533:greater trochanter
1508:Muscles of the hip
1475:Muscles of the hip
1445:(and occasionally
1434:Quadratus lumborum
1346:intertransversarii
1318:
1173:
1012:
861:bipedal locomotion
825:which narrows the
745:
743:
711:iliopectineal arch
699:obturator membrane
663:iliopubic eminence
602:
591:
582:
535:
478:tuberculum pubicum
171:
56:Female type pelvis
4367:
4366:
4323:obturator foramen
4311:ischiopubic ramus
4225:
4224:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4102:anterior inferior
4097:anterior superior
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3489:978-1-58890-419-5
3448:978-0-7506-8814-7
3427:978-0-07-137472-9
3406:978-1-4511-1945-9
3324:Acta Orthopaedica
3308:978-0-226-31337-5
3281:978-0-443-07228-4
3221:978-0-202-02042-6
2560:10.1002/jor.21469
2426:978-1-947172-04-3
2340:"Gynecoid pelvis"
2216:, pp. 357–8.
2158:Coccyx (tailbone)
2128:
2085:Additional images
1935:physique of women
1922:anthropoid pelvis
1801:traffic accidents
1755:pelvic joint pain
1617:obturator foramen
1612:quadratus femoris
1593:head of the femur
1529:lesser trochanter
1518:
1517:
1455:lesser trochanter
1419:inguinal ligament
1302:last sacral nerve
1259:ala of the sacrum
1201:sacroiliac joints
1185:hyaline cartilage
1181:fibrous cartilage
1089:lumbosacral joint
1065:natural selection
1024:sacroiliac joints
891:sacral promontory
869:natural selection
831:corpus spongiosum
827:vaginal introitus
703:inguinal ligament
606:
605:
533:
506:Obturator foramen
151:
150:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4392:
4306:linea terminalis
4290:acetabular notch
4217:no substructures
4170:
4169:
4125:
4090:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4026:
4025:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3793:
3792:
3724:Vertebral column
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3482:. Thieme. 2006.
3475:
3460:(5th ed.).
3452:
3431:
3410:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3360:
3347:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3174:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3101:(722): 193–210.
3090:
3084:
3083:, pp. 58–9.
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:, pp. 55–6.
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2981:
2975:
2974:, pp. 52–4.
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2562:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2449:, pp. 50–1.
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2387:, (2006), p. 113
2382:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2284:10.1002/ar.23542
2262:
2256:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2227:"Gray's anatomy"
2223:
2217:
2211:
2184:Sacroiliac joint
2152:Coccygeal plexus
2130:
2129:
2110:
2095:
1917:non-white women.
1893:gynaecoid pelvis
1774:Cesarean section
1659:
1650:
1637:inferior gemelli
1576:iliotibial tract
1502:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1415:internal oblique
1387:rectus abdominis
1322:latissimus dorsi
1278:vertebral bodies
1157:ligamentum teres
1153:zona orbicularis
1036:sacroiliac joint
978:
952:great trochanter
835:Ischiocavernosus
800:inferior ischial
768:coccygeus muscle
707:lacunar ligament
637:inferior to the
573:
572:
526:Linea terminalis
387:
180:
143:edit on Wikidata
140:
54:
44:Male type pelvis
42:
30:
29:
21:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4273:
4263:inferior ramus
4257:obturator crest
4248:superior ramus
4221:
4205:
4189:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4086:
4081:
4056:
4042:
4015:
3989:
3980:
3950:
3941:
3871:
3782:
3687:
3659:
3549:
3535:
3530:
3500:
3490:
3478:
3472:
3449:
3428:
3420:. McGraw-Hill.
3407:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3186:
3185:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:(2006), p. 422.
2764:
2760:
2755:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2553:(11): 1719–23.
2539:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2178:Pubic symphysis
2148:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2074:
2061:Pan troglodytes
2007:
1963:
1855:
1850:
1828:There are many
1811:bowel adhesions
1797:pelvic fracture
1786:
1743:
1731:semimembranosus
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1572:gluteus minimus
1564:gluteus maximus
1513:
1511:
1477:
1471:
1463:supine position
1425:of the rectus.
1370:
1310:
1294:ligamenta flava
1242:lesser foramina
1177:pubic symphysis
1165:
1109:ligamenta flava
1093:lumbar vertebra
1085:
1016:pubic symphysis
1004:
988:
979:
970:
936:
877:gynecoid pelvis
857:
851:
823:bulbospongiosus
735:Female perineum
729:
723:
671:pubic symphysis
649:above it. The
612:
571:
521:
487:Pubic symphysis
482:
434:
400:
388:
380:
374:
271:
214:pelvic skeleton
147:
57:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:pectineal line
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4252:pubic tubercle
4246:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4210:inferior ramus
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4194:superior ramus
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4080:
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4069:
4063:
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4050:
4044:
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4041:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3979:
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3971:
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3956:
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3807:
3801:
3799:
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3775:
3774:
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3741:
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3714:
3709:
3698:
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3675:
3669:
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3661:
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3647:
3642:
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3627:
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3615:
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3600:
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3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3499:
3498:External links
3496:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3476:
3470:
3453:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3390:
3378:
3366:"Pelvic Shape"
3361:
3359:on 2010-06-10.
3348:
3319:
3307:
3292:
3280:
3265:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3220:
3200:
3137:
3128:
3107:10.1086/280593
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
2976:
2964:
2939:
2924:. Ask Dr Amy.
2913:
2887:
2861:
2835:
2820:. BabyCentre.
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2780:(2006), p. 424
2770:
2758:
2742:
2740:(2006), p. 128
2730:
2718:
2709:
2707:(2006), p. 266
2697:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2656:(2006), p. 383
2646:
2637:
2635:(2006), p. 381
2625:
2616:
2610:Levin (2003),
2603:
2594:
2592:(2006), p. 112
2582:
2533:
2484:
2472:
2451:
2439:
2425:
2389:
2372:
2360:
2331:
2329:(2006), p. 136
2319:
2310:
2308:(2006), p. 137
2298:
2257:
2243:
2218:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2155:
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2132:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2006:
2003:
1962:
1959:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1914:android pelvis
1910:
1897:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1785:
1782:
1778:pelvic opening
1742:
1739:
1727:semitendinosus
1723:biceps femoris
1712:rectus femoris
1693:semitendinosus
1664:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1568:gluteus medius
1516:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1374:abdominal wall
1369:
1366:
1329:erector spinae
1309:
1306:
1206:amphiarthroses
1164:
1161:
1084:
1081:
1003:
1000:
987:
984:
976:Last's Anatomy
968:
935:
932:
931:
930:
922:
919:
916:
912:
905:subpubic angle
897:
894:
887:
850:
847:
722:
719:
715:
714:
679:subpubic angle
608:Main article:
604:
603:
593:
592:
583:
570:
567:
469:ramus inferior
460:ramus superior
373:
370:
369:
368:
359:
350:
349:
348:
341:
326:above and the
277:, between the
270:
267:
196:, between the
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4358:
4357:pelvic outlet
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:ischial spine
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:gluteal lines
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3861:
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3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
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3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
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3764:
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3727:
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3715:
3713:
3710:
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3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
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3609:
3606:
3604:
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3586:
3584:
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3556:
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3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:3-13-533305-1
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3381:
3379:1-4120-5457-5
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3071:, p. 57.
3070:
3065:
3059:, p. 56.
3058:
3053:
3047:, p. 52.
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2850:on 2009-03-21
2849:
2845:
2839:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
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2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2725:
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2713:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:(6): 537–67.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2482:, p. 72.
2481:
2476:
2470:, p. 50.
2469:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2370:, p. 48.
2369:
2364:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2277:(4): 687–97.
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:on 2013-10-24
2232:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2098:Diameters of
2094:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1961:Other animals
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:endometriosis
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:Hip fractures
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1469:Hip and thigh
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:interspinales
1338:
1335:lumborum and
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:covered by a
1182:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:ischiofemoral
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:Philip Willes
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:ischial bones
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1008:
999:
995:
991:
983:
977:
973:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
927:
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:external anal
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:ischial spine
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
741:Male perineum
739:
733:
728:
718:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:pelvic outlet
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:terminal line
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
611:
610:Pelvic cavity
599:
595:
594:
588:
579:
575:
574:
569:Pelvic cavity
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
531:
527:
524:
519:
515:
512:
508:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
480:
479:
475:
471:
470:
466:
462:
461:
457:
453:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
398:
394:
391:
384:
379:
366:
365:
360:
357:
356:
351:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:
319:pelvic cavity
315:
314:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:pelvic cavity
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:pelvic region
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
176:
168:
164:
160:
155:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
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122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
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86:
81:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
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48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4347:pelvic inlet
4216:
4122:
4088:iliac spines
4087:
4057:
4038:arcuate line
3750:
3673:Adam's apple
3479:
3457:
3437:
3416:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3369:
3357:the original
3330:(1): 421–8.
3327:
3323:
3312:. Retrieved
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3252:
3230:. Retrieved
3210:
3203:
3189:cite journal
3157:(4): 424–8.
3154:
3150:
3140:
3131:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2967:
2956:. Retrieved
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2737:
2733:
2712:
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2700:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2501:
2497:
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2475:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2415:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2221:
2170:
2100:pelvic inlet
2079:
2075:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1977:
1970:
1952:
1944:malnutrition
1940:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1856:
1834:giant pelvis
1827:
1805:
1793:osteoporosis
1787:
1777:
1767:
1754:
1744:
1716:
1701:
1678:
1670:
1601:
1561:
1555:to form the
1526:
1519:
1507:
1441:consists of
1431:
1427:
1402:
1393:down to the
1381:
1378:
1371:
1358:semispinalis
1333:iliocostalis
1326:
1319:
1263:
1222:sacrospinous
1214:interosseous
1199:
1197:
1174:
1126:
1113:interspinous
1086:
1077:inclinometer
1069:
1055:
1028:
1013:
996:
992:
989:
981:
975:
965:
937:
881:
876:
858:
812:
761:
749:pelvic floor
746:
727:Pelvic floor
721:Pelvic floor
716:
651:pelvic inlet
647:false pelvis
628:
613:
536:
522:
517:
510:
504:
501:
490:
483:
476:
473:
467:
464:
458:
455:
449:
446:
442:
435:
430:
423:
419:
412:
408:
401:
396:
389:
362:
355:pelvic floor
353:
337:, above the
328:pelvic floor
317:
287:appendicular
272:
260:
245:
225:pelvic floor
218:
213:
209:
205:
186:
182:
174:
172:
118:A01.1.00.017
93:
4352:pelvic brim
4242:pubic crest
2996:(1): 1–30.
2344:MedicineNet
2066:chimpanzees
1980:vertebrates
1948:Third World
1859:pelvimetric
1807:Pelvic pain
1772:(unless by
1549:iliac fossa
1541:psoas minor
1537:psoas major
1459:iliac fossa
1447:psoas minor
1443:psoas major
1407:transversus
1401:tenses the
1399:pyramidalis
1395:pubic crest
1337:longissimus
1133:iliofemoral
1061:icosahedron
1043:iliac crest
934:Development
907:in men and
833:in males.
788:anal hiatus
764:levator ani
697:Ligaments:
635:true pelvis
616:body cavity
530:pelvic brim
518:os coccygis
516:/tailbone (
372:Pelvic bone
339:pelvic brim
324:pelvic brim
210:bony pelvis
83:Identifiers
4385:Flat bones
4374:Categories
4343:Landmarks
4315:pubic arch
4285:acetabulum
4137:tuberosity
3840:Fingernail
3385:2010-08-14
3314:2010-08-14
3287:2010-08-14
3260:2010-08-14
3244:References
3081:Merry 2005
3069:Merry 2005
3057:Merry 2005
3045:Merry 2005
3033:Merry 2005
2972:Merry 2005
2958:2016-08-07
2500:(Review).
2480:Merry 2005
2468:Merry 2005
2447:Merry 2005
2368:Merry 2005
2354:2016-03-22
2237:2014-12-20
2214:Moore 2014
2164:Pelvimetry
2040:orangutans
2032:, such as
1955:ultrasound
1842:childbirth
1825:in women.
1770:childbirth
1704:quadriceps
1597:acetabulum
1585:piriformis
1403:linea alba
1382:linea alba
1354:multifidus
1282:periosteum
1149:acetabulum
1121:iliolumbar
1058:tensegrity
972:R. J. Last
909:pubic arch
863:and large
853:See also:
843:clitoridis
804:pubic rami
757:urogenital
683:pubic arch
655:promontory
641:, and the
494:Acetabulum
439:Pubic bone
248:hip joints
191:anatomical
18:Lower body
4319:Foramina
4067:posterior
3756:Genitalia
2408:CC BY 4.0
2072:Evolution
2015:hip bones
1991:acetabula
1984:chordates
1877:anthropos
1747:pregnancy
1689:sartorius
1595:into the
1557:iliopsoas
1439:iliopsoas
1236:into the
1163:Junctions
1129:hip joint
986:Functions
926:acetabula
849:Variation
772:symphysis
547:hip bones
498:hip joint
431:os ischii
409:os sacrum
290:hip bones
269:Structure
263:offspring
241:hip bones
4278:Compound
4142:tubercle
4077:inferior
4072:anterior
4011:hip bone
3885:Buttocks
3805:Shoulder
3640:Mandible
3573:Forehead
3226:Archived
3181:26624599
3123:85158234
3020:19991699
2952:Archived
2926:Archived
2900:Archived
2874:Archived
2822:Archived
2577:19401628
2569:21608025
2528:22994881
2410:license.
2348:Archived
2293:28297180
2139:See also
2050:gorillas
2011:primates
2005:Primates
1906:rachitic
1887:, man).
1685:gracilis
1633:superior
1604:internal
1411:external
1350:spinalis
1189:superior
1101:anterior
1040:palpable
969:—
960:X-raying
915:females.
786:and the
774:and the
766:and the
689:and the
622:and the
541:and the
496:(of the
443:os pubis
420:os ilium
397:os coxae
393:Hip bone
378:Hip bone
364:perineum
281:and the
254:and the
235:and the
229:perineum
200:and the
187:pelvises
169:(bottom)
4165:Ischium
3994:General
3985:of the
3930:Toenail
3820:Forearm
3766:Scrotum
3712:Midriff
3702:Abdomen
3695:(Trunk)
3645:Occiput
3588:Eyebrow
3344:7446021
3232:30 July
3172:4909080
3115:2456838
3011:1997320
2519:3512279
2432:May 14,
2045:Gorilla
2028:Larger
2019:ischium
1848:History
1768:During
1725:. The
1708:patella
1631:. The
1545:iliacus
1451:iliacus
1391:sternum
1385:), the
1368:Abdomen
1300:of the
1298:foramen
1284:. The
1238:greater
1230:greater
1210:ventral
1022:at the
944:ischium
673:. The
643:greater
555:ischium
528:of the
523:Dotted.
427:Ischium
298:ischium
279:abdomen
198:abdomen
161:(top),
106:D010388
62:Details
4380:Pelvis
4123:other:
4006:coccyx
4001:sacrum
3987:pelvis
3865:Little
3855:Middle
3835:Finger
3810:Axilla
3751:Pelvis
3744:Nipple
3739:Breast
3734:Thorax
3678:Throat
3655:Temple
3618:Tongue
3598:Eyelid
3486:
3468:
3462:Thieme
3445:
3424:
3403:
3376:
3342:
3305:
3278:
3218:
3179:
3169:
3121:
3113:
3018:
3008:
2932:1 June
2906:1 June
2880:1 June
2854:1 June
2828:1 June
2575:
2567:
2526:
2516:
2423:
2291:
2058:, and
2023:humans
1881:platys
1821:, and
1735:fibula
1570:, and
1449:) and
1423:sheath
1362:sacrum
1348:, and
1216:, and
1139:, and
1020:sacrum
865:brains
784:coccyx
753:rectum
691:coccyx
685:, the
665:, the
661:, the
657:, the
631:lesser
624:rectum
557:, and
543:coccyx
539:sacrum
514:Coccyx
451:corpus
405:Sacrum
310:coccyx
306:sacrum
300:, and
283:thighs
256:rectum
237:coccyx
233:sacrum
202:thighs
183:pelves
175:pelvis
94:pelvis
33:Pelvis
4238:body
4231:Pubis
4147:fossa
4132:crest
4021:Ilium
3983:Bones
3915:Ankle
3895:Thigh
3850:Index
3845:Thumb
3825:Wrist
3815:Elbow
3788:Limbs
3771:Vulva
3761:Penis
3717:Navel
3707:Waist
3693:Torso
3650:Scalp
3623:Tooth
3608:Mouth
3578:Cheek
3119:S2CID
3111:JSTOR
2573:S2CID
2191:Notes
2035:Pongo
1909:type.
1751:fetus
1697:tibia
1673:thigh
1198:Both
1179:by a
1145:femur
1131:—the
1047:pubic
948:pubis
940:ilium
559:pubis
551:ilium
416:Ilium
302:pubis
294:ilium
275:trunk
194:trunk
159:X-ray
141:[
89:Latin
68:Nerve
4173:body
4048:wing
4030:body
3935:Sole
3920:Heel
3910:Foot
3905:Calf
3900:Knee
3860:Ring
3830:Hand
3778:Anus
3729:Back
3683:Nape
3665:Neck
3603:Nose
3583:Chin
3568:Face
3563:Hair
3555:Head
3547:Skin
3541:Body
3484:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3340:PMID
3303:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3234:2012
3216:ISBN
3195:link
3177:PMID
3016:PMID
2934:2009
2908:2009
2882:2009
2856:2009
2830:2009
2565:PMID
2524:PMID
2434:2023
2421:ISBN
2404:text
2289:PMID
2030:apes
1920:The
1912:The
1899:The
1891:The
1885:aner
1873:gyne
1866:and
1749:the
1729:and
1691:and
1635:and
1606:and
1413:and
1409:and
1356:and
1240:and
1232:and
1224:and
1191:and
1115:and
1103:and
1087:The
1049:and
924:The
841:and
817:and
813:The
802:and
755:and
747:The
390:2–4.
361:the
352:the
343:the
333:the
316:the
308:and
185:or
173:The
113:TA98
101:MeSH
3925:Toe
3890:Hip
3877:Leg
3797:Arm
3635:Jaw
3630:Ear
3613:Lip
3593:Eye
3332:doi
3167:PMC
3159:doi
3103:doi
3006:PMC
2998:doi
2555:doi
2514:PMC
2506:doi
2502:221
2279:doi
2275:300
2052:),
2042:),
2009:In
1836:or
1763:cow
1522:hip
958:by
681:or
645:or
633:or
500:),
474:4d.
465:4c.
456:4b.
447:4a.
445:) (
422:),
411:),
216:).
212:or
179:pl.
130:129
125:TA2
4376::
4330:/
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3328:51
3326:.
3224:.
3191:}}
3187:{{
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