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1854:, which featured an X-shaped frame that was perfectly suited for lowering and modification with hydraulics. The standard perimeter-type frame was abandoned, replaced by a unit with rails laid out in the form of an elongated "X." Chevrolet claimed that the new frame offered increased torsional rigidity and allowed for a lower placement of the passenger compartment. This was a transitional step between conventional perimeter frame construction and the later fully unitized body/chassis, the body structure was strengthened in the rocker panels and firewall. This frame was not as effective in protecting the interior structure in a side impact crash, as a conventional perimeter frame.
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went into effect on
January 1, 1958, prohibiting cars modified to shift the vehicle body lower than the bottoms of its wheel rims. In 1959, mechanic Ron Aguirre bypassed the law by installing hydraulics that could quickly toggle the height of a General Motors X-frame chassis.
1965:(APD) used to take a firm stance against this practice, but in recent years have reversed this stance, with APD introducing a lowrider police car and the city creating a 'Cruising Task Force' to "promote responsible cruising" in the city.
1870:
in the 1970s, lowriders formed car clubs that began to help their community by using these cars for fundraising. Lowrider cars are typically elaborately painted and decorated, often using graphic art of significance to
Chicano culture.
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2197:
Hydraulic suspension system in the trunk of an
Oldsmobile, running 12 batteries and 4 hydraulic pumps. This system is set up for frequent hopping, whereas a lowrider designed for cruising typically uses fewer batteries and
2088:
1999:. Since the introduction of lowriders in Japan and the rise of lowriders in Japan in 2001, it is estimated that there are still 200 car clubs that are related to the lowrider scene that are still active to this day.
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At first, lowriders were only seen in places such as Los
Angeles, especially in the 1970s on Whittier Boulevard when lowriding came to its peak. Whittier was a wide commercial street that cut through the
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1987:
Junichi
Shimodaira continues to import and sell these cars through his business, Paradise Road. The spread of lowrider culture and the fame of Paradise Road even attracted the attention of
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of the city in Los
Angeles, California. Throughout the 1970s that culture spread throughout the Central Valley and San Jose areas of California, helped by release of the funk song “
2665:
1834:
at the flick of a switch. Ron
Aguirre developed this modification with help from his father, after conceiving of the idea. Aguirre's motivation was to stop being targeted with
1801:, which banned it in 1992) to repeal them. In 2023, California rescinded state restrictions on the height of vehicle bodies and superseded local regulations against cruising.
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Lowriding became widely popular in the 1980s and 1990s, and bans were enacted in many
California cities. It regained popularity a little in 2009, then significantly during the
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Lowrider cars had their origins in the 1940s, when
Mexican American veterans began customizing vehicles to run "low and slow", a contrast to the
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are also artworks, generally being painted with intricate, colorful designs, unique aesthetic features, and rolling on wire-spoke wheels with
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1785:. In the 2020s, activists argued that the practice was harmless and banning it was simply the result of prejudice against Mexican-Americans.
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have become hotspots for lowriders in the northern part of the state. Española is billed as the "lowrider capital of the world".
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lowrider. Lowriders from the 1930s through the early 1950s are typically called "bombs" in the community.
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community and its police department collaborated to create a hand-painted lowrider police car, and the
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youth culture. Conversion of standard production vehicles included adding lowering blocks and cut-down
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2074:(In a music video of "Right Now") among others featured low riders prominently in their music videos.
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made lowriding illegal, which was ultimately criticized as unnecessary and discriminatory toward
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repealed their bans in 2022 that had been enacted in 1986 and 1988, respectively. In 2022, the
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In 1959, a customizer named Ron
Aguirre developed a way of bypassing the law with the use of
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magazine had monthly sales of over 60,000 copies. Lowriders were featured in the 1979 film
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Lowrider: DIY car magazine that became voice of Mexican-American resistance, The Guardian
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Lowrider rims are generally smaller than the original wheels. They are often fitted with
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2614:"Sacramento Repeals Ban on Lowriding, Rescinding 1988 Law Now Viewed as Discriminatory"
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3111:"Here's Why You'll Find American-Styled Lowriders Roaming Around the Streets of Japan"
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introduced a lowrider police car in a reversal of the city's anti-lowriding policies.
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1906:, which some blamed for associating lowrider culture with street gangs. A mural in
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2502:"Once Harassed by Police, Lowriders Can Cruise Across California Under a New Law"
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unanimously passed a resolution urging all remaining cities with bans (including
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636:
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2823:"The life and death of Lowrider: How the Chicano car magazine shaped California"
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1996:
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2642:"The lowrider is back: The glorious return of cruising to the streets of L.A."
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95:, allowing the car to be lowered or raised by switch. From 1958 to 2023, the
41:
1769:(2019). The city was among the first to repeal its ban on lowriding in 2022.
3813:
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2289:"Gypsy Rose, the Most Famous Lowrider of Them All, Goes to Washington D.C."
1907:
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2314:"Lowrider fans pay their final respects to owner of Gypsy Rose in East LA"
1749:. The purpose of lowriders, as their motto "Low and Slow" suggests, is to
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also refers to the driver of the car and their participation in lowrider
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Encyclopedia Latina: history, culture, and society in the United States
2051:
2016:
1935:
1827:
1809:
1726:
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487:
387:
244:
77:
4157:
2530:"Low and Slow CSUN Holds its First Event Celebrating Lowrider Culture"
3772:
3747:
2666:"State Assembly encourages California cities to repeal cruising bans"
2640:
Hernandez, Daniel; Schaben, Allen J.; Chun, Myung J. (May 14, 2021).
2268:
2071:
2010:
1885:
948:
755:
48:. It is considered to be one of the most iconic lowriders ever built.
20:
3543:
3447:
2954:"Lowrider enthusiasts: Police targeting Sunday cruises down Central"
2407:
California ends cruising ban that targeted Chicano low-rider culture
362:
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2140:
Chevrolet wagon lowrider equipped with hydraulic suspension hopping
2059:
2043:
1931:
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1235:
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69:
2473:"Ron Aguirre's 1956 Chevrolet Corvette - The X-Sonic - Kustomrama"
1896:
magazine by San Jose State students in 1977. At its peak in 1988,
646:
3762:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3309:
3163:"The Elaborate Customized Cars of Japan's 'Lowriding' Subculture"
2743:"Automotive History: An X-Ray Look At GM's X Frame (1957 – 1970)"
2669:
2163:
2047:
2039:
1992:
1988:
1863:
669:
169:
159:
118:
100:
73:
3737:
3273:
1964 Chevrolet Impala (Gypsy Rose), Placentia, Orange County, CA
1961:) has become a tradition, particularly on Sundays. The city and
1197:
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3626:
3363:
2558:"Cruising in National City could make a legal comeback in 2023"
2263:
2035:
2031:
1881:
1577:
179:
2878:"Oceanside police turn law enforcement vehicle into lowrider"
462:
2374:
Chicano Popular Culture, Second Edition: Que Hable El Pueblo
3487:
472:
60:
is a customized car with a lowered body that emerged among
2506:
2152:
A 1994 Cadillac Fleetwood lowrider 3-wheeling during the
2026:
In the 1990s, low riders became strongly associated with
2904:"San Jose police cruise with lowriders on Cinco de Mayo"
3308:
2585:"What Happened To Hydraulics? Nothing. It's Still Here"
2345:
Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture
76:
culture and have since expanded internationally. These
1815:
2772:"The Vibrant History of Lowrider Car Culture in L.A."
3244:
Brown, J (2002). "DIPN The Industry of Low Riding",
2639:
2210:
2980:"APD's Lowrider Makes Debut at Drive-thru Car Show"
2692:"APD's Lowrider Makes Debut at Drive-thru Car Show"
2366:
2364:
2851:"Here's the story behind Chicano Park's new mural"
2552:
2550:
2430:
1765:Lowrider culture and society public conference in
2428:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2019:, highlighting the culture, reached #7 on the US
1991:, who is famous for creating custom cars such as
19:This article is about the car. For the song, see
4930:
4129:List of Mexican-American political organizations
2361:
2116:Test of a 1964 Chevrolet Impala hydraulic system
1838:, as he had been by local police in his city of
1729:, in the mid-to-late 1940s, and grew during the
3189:"War Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)"
2547:
1922:lowrider parade with its own lowrider vehicle.
1845:
2797:"Carnales Unidos Car Club – Lowrider Magazine"
2331:
1910:celebrates the lowrider culture. In 2024, the
4173:
3294:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
1697:
2467:
2465:
2377:. University of Arizona Press. p. 230.
1984:Lowriding culture has also spread to Japan.
4147:Category:American people of Mexican descent
2740:
1830:Pesco pumps and valves that allowed him to
4180:
4166:
3301:
3287:
2876:Candelieri, Domenick (February 17, 2024).
2875:
2720:"Going "Low and Slow" in East Los Angeles"
2391:
2343:Sturken, Marita; Cartwright, Lisa (2009).
1866:that was customized for speed. During the
1704:
1690:
3005:"City of Albuquerque Cruising Task Force"
2901:
2765:
2763:
2499:
2462:
2128:1988 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham lowrider
1760:
1065:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
31:
4187:
4099:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
3483:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
3134:
3108:
2582:
2371:Tatum, Charles M. (September 5, 2017).
2347:. Oxford University Press. p. 80.
1753:as slowly and as smoothly as possible.
1279:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
4931:
3137:"Paradise Road - Shop Stop & Talk"
2902:Freimarck, Annalise (April 30, 2024).
2769:
2760:
2741:Niedermeyer, Paul (January 19, 2012).
2527:
2437:. Grolier Academic Reference. p.
1874:
1783:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
4161:
4114:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
3282:
2714:
2712:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2370:
2185:pickup modified in the lowrider style
2002:
1918:planned to participate in the city's
1842:after the statewide ban was enacted.
1716:
4124:List of Mexican-American communities
3549:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
3269:Historic American Engineering Record
3160:
3109:Lirones, Brett (February 28, 2019).
2500:Hernandez, Jose (October 17, 2023).
2495:
2493:
2429:Stavans, I.; Augenbraum, H. (2005).
2235:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
1046:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
3926:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
3870:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
3135:Mendoza, Beto (November 27, 2014).
1938:, lowriders play a central role in
1857:
1816:Adding height adjustable suspension
1442:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1379:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
3238:
3214:
2709:
2602:
908:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
16:Customized car with a lowered body
14:
4975:
3252:
3052:
2528:Arizon, Gabriel (June 29, 2023).
2490:
4912:
3718:Mexican-American women's fashion
2410:. PBS NewsHour. October 20, 2022
2227:
2213:
2190:
2174:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2103:
2087:
1731:post-war prosperity of the 1950s
1661:
129:
3863:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
3217:"Lowriders and Hip Hop Culture"
3208:
3181:
3154:
3128:
3102:
3077:
3046:
3021:
2997:
2972:
2946:
2921:
2895:
2882:FOX 5 San Diego & KUSI News
2869:
2843:
2815:
2789:
2734:
2684:
2658:
2633:
2612:Clift, Theresa (June 6, 2022).
2576:
1756:
1745:, and creating "Z frames" from
1372:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
298:California agricultural strikes
4734:List of counties in New Mexico
2521:
2422:
2306:
2281:
1850:1958 saw the emergence of the
1721:Lowrider car culture began in
873:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
1:
3528:Occupation of Catalina Island
3503:Farm workers' rights campaign
2274:
1963:Albuquerque Police Department
1925:
929:...y no se lo tragĂł la tierra
468:Occupation of Catalina Island
40:named "Gypsy Rose," owned by
2770:Blanck, Nili (May 5, 2021).
1846:Role of the Chevrolet Impala
1822:Height adjustable suspension
1585:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1289:Self Help Graphics & Art
93:height adjustable suspension
7:
4954:Automotive styling features
3275:", 2 measured drawings
2929:"New Mexico History Museum"
2534:The San Fernando Valley Sun
2206:
887:The Dirty Girls Social Club
260:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
4980:
4530:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
3271:(HAER) No. CA-2329, "
2722:. The Golden State Company
2257:which includes the track:
1995:and a prominent figure in
1916:San Jose Police Department
1819:
1086:This Bridge Called My Back
832:Who Would Have Thought It?
46:Petersen Automotive Museum
18:
4908:
4724:
4551:
4435:
4364:
4211:
4199:
4137:
4081:
3935:
3837:
3781:
3713:Mexican-American folklore
3635:
3536:
3493:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
3438:
3372:
3321:
1795:California State Assembly
1590:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1322:Great Wall of Los Angeles
894:The House on Mango Street
746:Mexican-American folklore
478:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
303:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
72:, which remain a part of
25:Lowrider (disambiguation)
4944:Mexican-American culture
4226:Census-designated places
3708:Mexican-American cuisine
1979:
1668:United States portal
1079:The Church in the Barrio
939:Poetry and Short Stories
675:Mexican-American cuisine
516:1985–1987 cannery strike
4543:Southwestern New Mexico
3898:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
3794:Coyolxauhqui imperative
2933:www.nmhistorymuseum.org
2562:San Diego Union-Tribune
1775:California Vehicle Code
1743:suspension spring coils
1407:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1251:Royal Chicano Air Force
1110:Coyolxauhqui imperative
922:Under the Feet of Jesus
97:California Vehicle Code
3877:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
3643:Anti-Mexican sentiment
3605:Killing of Adam Toledo
3588:Great American Boycott
3458:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
3055:"History of Lowriders"
2777:. Smithsonian Magazine
1944:Hispanos of New Mexico
1942:, particularly of the
1770:
1386:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1269:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
1231:East Los Streetscapers
970:Pensamiento Serpentino
560:Great American Boycott
438:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
408:Conferencia de Mujeres
196:Anti-Mexican sentiment
105:Latin American culture
49:
23:. For other uses, see
4919:New Mexico portal
3912:Mendez v. Westminster
3849:Botiller v. Dominguez
3829:Youth control complex
3698:Estrada Courts murals
3559:2019 El Paso shooting
3537:Post-Chicano Movement
3498:Plan de Santa Bárbara
3453:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
2079:Examples of Lowriders
1912:Oceanside, California
1773:Section 24008 of the
1764:
1747:stock straight frames
1464:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1421:Mendez v. Westminster
1358:Botiller v. Dominguez
1150:Youth control complex
526:2019 El Paso shooting
483:Plan de Santa Bárbara
378:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
308:Citrus Strike of 1936
250:San Elizario Salt War
221:Early-American Period
35:
3905:Leal Garcia v. Texas
3600:Justice for Janitors
3518:Los Siete de la Raza
3513:Colegio César Chávez
3405:Mexican Repatriation
3373:Pre-Chicano Movement
2775:Smithsonian Magazine
2064:South Central Cartel
1767:San Jose, California
1414:Leal Garcia v. Texas
1036:MAS Programs, Tucson
825:Living Up the Street
577:Justice for Janitors
443:Los Siete de la Raza
398:Colegio César Chávez
318:Mexican Repatriation
269:Pre-Chicano Movement
240:Mexican–American War
64:youth in the 1940s.
44:, on display in the
4490:Northern New Mexico
4351:Tourist attractions
3728:New Mexican cuisine
3554:1992 Drywall Strike
3523:Los Seis de Boulder
3508:Land grant struggle
3425:Sleepy Lagoon trial
3246:Dream Factory Films
3089:Convictedartist.com
2984:City of Albuquerque
2831:. December 14, 2019
2696:City of Albuquerque
2254:Gangsta Rap (album)
2096:Chevrolet Fleetline
1940:New Mexican culture
1875:Southern California
1804:In 2020, police in
1453:Federal Court cases
1347:Supreme Court cases
665:New Mexican cuisine
627:Abrazos, no balazos
548:Chicano Art Exhibit
521:1992 Drywall Strike
507:Post-Chicano Period
498:United Farm Workers
448:Los Seis de Boulder
433:Land grant struggle
423:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
338:Sleepy Lagoon trial
113:Part of a series on
78:customized vehicles
4525:Shortgrass prairie
4470:Eastern New Mexico
4450:Central New Mexico
4334:Pueblos and Tribes
3936:By city and region
3856:Hernandez v. Texas
3819:Spiritual activism
3663:Chicano literature
3478:Chicano Moratorium
3385:Bisbee Deportation
3085:"LOWRIDER HISTORY"
3065:on August 18, 2020
3029:"Lowrider Culture"
2908:San José Spotlight
2619:The Sacramento Bee
2028:West Coast Hip hop
2003:In popular culture
1840:Rialto, California
1832:change ride height
1771:
1717:Origin and purpose
1489:Population by City
1365:Hernandez v. Texas
1274:GalerĂa de la Raza
1241:Mujeres Muralistas
1140:Spiritual activism
794:Chicano literature
789:Chicana literature
594:South Central Farm
418:East L.A. walkouts
393:Chicano Moratorium
283:Bisbee Deportation
235:Las Gorras Blancas
50:
4959:Visual arts media
4939:Modified vehicles
4926:
4925:
4570:Metropolitan Area
4480:Manzano Mountains
4460:Chihuahuan Desert
4155:
4154:
4104:Mexican Americans
4052:Dallas–Fort Worth
3919:Bernal v. Fainter
3891:MedellĂn v. Texas
3420:Porvenir Massacre
3415:Plan de San Diego
3410:Operation Wetback
3259:Lowriders, NMAAHC
3059:Historyaccess.com
2828:Los Angeles Times
2747:Curb Side Classic
2645:Los Angeles Times
2564:. January 1, 2023
2448:978-0-7172-5818-5
2384:978-0-8165-3652-8
2354:978-0-19-531440-3
2111:
2021:Billboard Hot 100
1741:, reduced-length
1714:
1713:
1651:
1650:
1633:Mexican Americans
1598:
1597:
1538:Dallas–Fort Worth
1473:
1472:
1435:Perez v. Brownell
1428:Bernal v. Fainter
1400:MedellĂn v. Texas
1330:
1329:
1260:Art organizations
1158:
1157:
986:
985:
963:Moment of Silence
764:
763:
602:
601:
368:Black-brown unity
333:Porvenir Massacre
328:Plan de San Diego
323:Operation Wetback
203:
202:
123:Mexican Americans
89:hydraulic systems
4971:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4520:Sandia Mountains
4485:Mogollon Plateau
4465:Colorado Plateau
4455:Chicoma Mountain
4317:New Mexico music
4182:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4142:Category:Chicano
4072:Salt Lake Valley
3782:Chicana/o Theory
3753:Teatro Campesino
3743:Regional Mexican
3733:New Mexico music
3723:Mexican muralism
3610:Murder of Selena
3473:Chicano Blowouts
3468:Chicana feminism
3440:Chicano Movement
3334:Mexican American
3314:Mexican American
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3061:. Archived from
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:. August 6, 2010
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2318:ABC7 Los Angeles
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2243:Lowrider bicycle
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2194:
2178:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2091:
1972:and neighboring
1903:Boulevard Nights
1868:Chicano Movement
1858:Lowrider culture
1852:Chevrolet Impala
1735:Mexican-American
1706:
1699:
1692:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1611:
1610:
1486:
1485:
1343:
1342:
1246:Teatro Campesino
1171:
1170:
1072:Brown, Not White
1013:Chicana feminism
1001:
1000:
880:Mexican WhiteBoy
852:Bless Me, Ultima
808:Autobiographical
777:
776:
741:Lowrider bicycle
615:
614:
582:Murder of Selena
493:Raza Unida Party
353:Chicano Movement
288:Bloody Christmas
218:
217:
144:
143:
133:
110:
109:
62:Mexican American
38:Chevrolet Impala
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4904:
4720:
4547:
4537:(highest point)
4515:San Luis Valley
4505:Rocky Mountains
4431:
4360:
4207:
4195:
4186:
4156:
4151:
4133:
4077:
3931:
3833:
3777:
3763:Tex-Mex cuisine
3631:
3621:Proposition 187
3570:Arizona SB 1070
3532:
3434:
3430:Zoot Suit Riots
3390:Bracero program
3380:1917 Bath riots
3368:
3317:
3307:
3255:
3241:
3239:Further reading
3236:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3215:Strait, Kevin.
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2857:. June 26, 2022
2855:FOX 5 San Diego
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2768:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2672:. June 28, 2022
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2385:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2294:. June 13, 2017
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2155:Fiestas Patrias
2150:
2141:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2117:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2005:
1982:
1928:
1877:
1860:
1848:
1836:traffic tickets
1824:
1818:
1759:
1719:
1710:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1628:Chicano rappers
1608:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1549:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1447:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1293:
1255:
1212:Art Collectives
1207:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1091:
1050:
1022:
1018:Chicanafuturism
998:
996:Chicano studies
988:
987:
982:
934:
915:So Far from God
837:
803:
774:
766:
765:
760:
712:
679:
670:Tex-Mex cuisine
651:
637:Chicano English
612:
604:
603:
598:
588:Proposition 187
537:Arizona SB 1070
502:
383:Centro Cultural
347:
343:Zoot Suit Riots
293:Bracero program
278:1917 Bath riots
264:
215:
205:
204:
141:
82:whitewall tires
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:Kustom Kulture
4946:
4941:
4924:
4923:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:San Juan Basin
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Llano Estacado
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Climate change
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4356:Transportation
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:National Guard
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4019:Nuevomexicanos
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Gringo justice
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Chicano poetry
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Chicano cinema
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3253:External links
3251:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3207:
3180:
3161:Donoghue, JJ.
3153:
3127:
3101:
3076:
3045:
3020:
2996:
2971:
2960:. July 4, 2017
2945:
2920:
2894:
2868:
2842:
2814:
2801:MotorTrend.com
2788:
2759:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2657:
2632:
2601:
2575:
2546:
2520:
2489:
2477:kustomrama.com
2461:
2447:
2421:
2390:
2383:
2360:
2353:
2330:
2305:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2007:The 1975 song
2004:
2001:
1997:Kustom Kulture
1981:
1978:
1968:The cities of
1955:Central Avenue
1953:, cruising on
1927:
1924:
1876:
1873:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1820:Main article:
1817:
1814:
1758:
1755:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1655:
1654:
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1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:Nuevomexicanos
1570:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
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1476:
1471:
1470:
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1459:
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1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
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1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:Estrada Courts
1314:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
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1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:Chicano cinema
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Gringo justice
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
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1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
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993:
990:
989:
984:
983:
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973:
966:
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944:
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936:
935:
933:
932:
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918:
911:
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890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
836:
835:
828:
821:
818:Always Running
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
802:
801:
799:Chicano poetry
796:
791:
785:
782:
781:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
719:
718:
714:
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455:
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428:Huelga schools
425:
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410:
405:
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385:
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370:
365:
359:
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230:Josefa Segovia
226:
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115:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4976:
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4957:
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4498:
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4495:Permian Basin
4493:
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4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
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4445:Apachian zone
4443:
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4428:
4425:
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4413:
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4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Chicano poets
4092:
4090:
4089:Chicano films
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:Pennsylvania
4035:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:New York City
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:San Francisco
3958:
3954:
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3907:
3906:
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3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:Plyler v. Doe
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:Supreme Court
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:New tribalism
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Barrioization
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
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3709:
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3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Cinco de Mayo
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Chicano names
3666:
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3649:
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3320:
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3304:
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3297:
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3211:
3196:
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3184:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3090:
3086:
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3056:
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3024:
3006:
3000:
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2646:
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2636:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2583:TUNDRA_News.
2579:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2478:
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2260:
2256:
2255:
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2240:
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2222:
2211:
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2148:
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2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:Above the Law
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:U.S. Route 66
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1920:Cinco de Mayo
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1799:National City
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1754:
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1644:
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1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Chicano poets
1621:
1619:
1618:Chicano films
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
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1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:Plyler v. Doe
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
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1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
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1290:
1287:
1285:
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1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Culture Clash
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:New tribalism
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Barrioization
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1027:Organizations
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
979:
978:
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
946:
945:
943:
942:
938:
937:
931:
930:
926:
924:
923:
919:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
898:
896:
895:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
867:
863:
861:
860:
856:
854:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
841:
840:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
814:
812:
811:
807:
806:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
783:
779:
778:
770:
769:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
721:
720:
716:
715:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
687:
683:
682:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
655:
654:
648:
645:
643:
642:Chicano names
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
621:
617:
616:
608:
607:
595:
592:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
511:
510:
506:
505:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
357:
354:
351:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
272:
268:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
209:
208:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
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150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
132:
128:
127:
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120:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
42:Jesse Valadez
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4910:
4731:
4706:Sunland Park
4535:Wheeler Peak
4412:Homelessness
4387:Demographics
4341:Paleontology
4324:New Mexicans
4305:World War II
4273:Nuevo MĂ©xico
4201:
4119:Bibliography
4040:Philadelphia
4017:New Mexico (
3970:California (
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1908:Chicano Park
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1757:Legal issues
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1643:Bibliography
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1284:Precita Eyes
1203:Tortilla art
1135:Rasquachismo
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708:Tejano music
703:Chicano soul
698:Chicano rock
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572:Farah strike
564:
552:
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373:Brown Berets
103:and broader
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4566:Albuquerque
4417:LGBT rights
4253:Delegations
3972:Californios
3957:Los Angeles
3688:Chicano rap
3653:Chicano art
3615:Party crews
3576:Castro 2020
3564:Abolish ICE
3221:Smithsonian
2676:January 27,
2625:October 22,
2594:January 27,
2568:January 27,
2513:October 22,
2482:January 27,
2414:January 19,
2323:January 26,
2298:January 26,
2248:Chicano Rap
2221:Cars portal
1951:Albuquerque
1806:Albuquerque
1723:Los Angeles
1568:Californios
1554:Multiethnic
1506:Los Angeles
1307:Balmy Alley
1188:Chicano art
1183:Chicana art
1120:Nahui Ollin
693:Chicano rap
543:Castro 2020
531:Abolish ICE
91:that allow
4933:Categories
4860:San Miguel
4845:Rio Arriba
4815:Los Alamos
4740:Bernalillo
4676:Rio Rancho
4651:Los Alamos
4641:Las Cruces
4616:Farmington
4586:Bloomfield
4561:Alamogordo
4500:Rio Grande
4422:Literature
4263:Government
4236:Bizcochito
4193:New Mexico
4024:New York (
4010:Nebraska (
4003:Michigan (
3996:Maryland (
3984:Illinois (
3977:Colorado (
3953:California
3463:Chicanismo
3400:La Matanza
3395:Korean War
3248:, 1(2)(3).
3226:August 30,
3033:myText CNM
2726:August 24,
2454:January 9,
2292:MotorTrend
2275:References
2259:Ridin' Low
2183:GMC Sonoma
2168:Washington
2160:South Park
2052:Snoop Dogg
1936:New Mexico
1926:New Mexico
1810:New Mexico
1791:Sacramento
1727:California
1525:Nebraska (
1518:Michigan (
1511:Illinois (
1482:Population
1174:Visual Art
1167:Visual art
780:Literature
773:Literature
488:Quinto Sol
388:Chicanismo
313:La Matanza
255:Sonoratown
245:Mutualista
4850:Roosevelt
4790:Guadalupe
4716:Tucumcari
4661:Lovington
4656:Los Lunas
4646:Las Vegas
4402:Elections
4397:Education
4300:Civil War
4285:Landmarks
4278:Territory
4258:Geography
4206:(capital)
3998:Baltimore
3965:San Diego
3824:VergĂĽenza
3773:Zoot suit
3748:Skull art
3194:Billboard
3069:April 25,
2958:KRQE NEWS
2913:April 30,
2589:theTUNDRA
2539:April 24,
2269:Kid Frost
2072:John Cena
2034:culture.
2011:Low Rider
1898:Low Rider
1894:Low Rider
1886:Low Rider
1828:hydraulic
1563:Blaxicans
1497:Arizona (
1298:Locations
1145:VergĂĽenza
977:The Moths
949:Emplumada
859:Caballero
756:Zoot suit
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21:Low Rider
4900:Valencia
4890:Torrance
4870:Santa Fe
4865:Sandoval
4855:San Juan
4825:McKinley
4775:Doña Ana
4726:Counties
4691:Santa Fe
4666:Portales
4636:Kirtland
4611:Española
4601:Corrales
4591:Carlsbad
4427:Politics
4407:Gun laws
4372:Abortion
4329:Hispanos
4290:Military
4203:Santa Fe
4032:Oklahoma
3942:Arizona
3804:Nepantla
3703:Lowrider
3359:Blaxican
3141:Lowrider
2207:See also
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2060:Warren G
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1993:hot rods
1970:Española
1932:US state
1787:San Jose
1739:spindles
1673:Category
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1125:Nepantla
736:Lowrider
618:Language
188:Concepts
147:Identity
119:Chicanos
66:Lowrider
54:lowrider
4880:Socorro
4810:Lincoln
4800:Hidalgo
4795:Harding
4770:De Baca
4701:Socorro
4686:Ruidoso
4681:Roswell
4581:Artesia
4437:Regions
4392:Economy
4365:Society
4346:Symbols
4268:History
4248:Culture
4231:Cuisine
4109:Writers
4065:Tejanos
4063:Texas (
4057:Houston
4005:Detroit
3986:Chicago
3636:Culture
3349:Pachuco
3339:La Raza
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213:History
175:Pinta/o
170:Pachuco
165:Pachuca
160:La Raza
155:Chola/o
101:Chicano
74:Chicano
4875:Sierra
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4750:Chaves
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4626:Grants
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4596:Clovis
4553:Cities
4213:Topics
4070:Utah (
3992:Kansas
3979:Denver
3946:Tucson
3627:Xicanx
3544:Aztlán
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1096:Theory
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731:Homies
363:Aztlán
180:Xicanx
4895:Union
4835:Otero
4785:Grant
4765:Curry
4732:See:
4671:Raton
4631:Hobbs
4576:Aztec
4382:Crime
4312:Music
4241:Chile
4221:Index
4189:State
4082:Lists
4047:Texas
4012:Omaha
3841:cases
3354:Pinto
3344:Cholo
3322:Terms
3169:. CNN
3008:(PDF)
2181:1991
2094:1948
1980:Japan
1888:” by
1678:Index
1607:Lists
1533:Texas
1527:Omaha
1055:Texts
1041:NACCS
684:Music
647:Ă“rale
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3202:2022
3175:2019
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3122:2019
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3071:2018
3040:2023
3015:2023
2991:2023
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2809:2022
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2754:2015
2728:2020
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2678:2023
2652:2023
2627:2023
2596:2023
2570:2023
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