290:
207:
286:. He explained to Morès that the chivalric Tuaregs could easily be convinced that Islam and Catholicism were similar faiths, and once they had become loyal to the French all the other African Arabs would join in a crusade to drive the British out of the Mediterranean. Morès was convinced, and after studying the geography of Algeria for two years returned to France in mid-1895 in an unsuccessful attempt to raise funds.
298:
Tuaregs, ignoring
Polignac's warning that he should not go since he did not speak the language. Morès set out south from Ghadames with five companions, and on 9 June 1896 was ambushed and killed by a Tuareg force. Although Morès wanted the Tuareg to fight the Jews, his death was taken by the extreme right as evidence that the Tuareg were part of a huge conspiracy of Jews and Anglo-Saxons. The
297:
Morès returned to
Algeria in March 1896. He made a speaking tour of Algerian towns with Polignac in which he denounced the Jews. He said, "France is exploited to the profit on foreigners, above all, England with the connivance of the Jews. Despite lack of money he decided to travel south the meet the
250:
The report by
Mircher and Polignac on the mission to the Tuaregs was published in 1863. Based on the agreement with the Tuaregs the metropolitan French chambers of commerce gave support to the traders in Algiers to arrange a caravan to the Sudan, although it does not seem to have ever departed. After
242:
in
October 1862 and travelled south to the oasis of Ghadames. There they met with Tuareg chiefs of the ruling Araghen tribe, and quickly agreed on a convention that supported friendly intercourse between the two nations, protection to the Tuareg in Algeria and to the French in Tuareg country, and
221:
treaty of 1862. Ghadames is a mainly Berber town in northwest Libya near the borders with
Algeria and Tunisia. It was independent until 1830 when it became a dependency of Tunisia and then of the Turkish empire. The Europeans noted its commercial importance. The governor of Algeria, Marshal
302:
blamed the
Polignacs and the Duveyriers for the tragedy and said the Tuaregs should be chased into their hideouts and made to pay for the bloodshed. Another Algerian newspaper said the Tuareg were like other "Semitic pirates, politicians and financiers" and should be outlawed.
251:
revolts in 1864 the projected trade between the
Tuaregs and Algeria failed to develop. However, the mission had gained detailed information on the trade between Tripoli and the Sudan. Mircher gave a detailed report on this trade from Tripoli via Ghadames to
193:
in 1851. He later pursued a military career in
Algeria. In 1855 he was a sub-lieutenant in the 59th line regiment. Polignac thought that France should obtain an empire in Africa that extended from Algeria to the
234:
as chief and
Captain de Polignac, both of whom were familiar with Algerian Moslems. They were accompanied by the mining engineer Vatonne, the army doctor Hoffman and the military interpreter Isma'yl Bou Derba.
243:
trade between the
Tuaregs and Algeria. The treaty was signed on 29 November 1862. After leaving Ghadames the mission travelled northwest past the Ghardaya well and through the Wadi Souf to the town of
185:(1780–1847), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1829 to 1830, and Mary Charlotte Parkyns (1792–1864). His father left his widow comfortably off, but not wealthy. His younger brother,
449:, then a Turkish province and later part of the Italian colony of Libya. In 1910 the frontier between Tripolitania and Tunisia was defined as running 10 miles (16 km) to the west of the town.
366:(rapports officiels et documents à l'appui), Alger: impr. de Duclaux, publ. avec l'autorisation de son Excellence M. le maréchal duc de Malakoff, gouverneur général de l'Algérie, p. 358
31:
271:, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. They had no children. The marriage was unhappy, and they separated when Polignac assumed the position of Chief of Military Affairs in
282:
and came to believe that Morès could help create a French empire in north and central Africa that would compensate for the loss of Egypt to the British Jew,
353:
Résultats obtenus jusqu'à ce jour par les explorations entreprises sous les auspices du Gouvernement de l'Algérie, pour pénétrer dans le Soudan
170:
65:
314:
at the oasis of Taoua. A committee of African experts was formed to examine these claims. It included Colonel Ludovic de Polignac;
961:
Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1994), "French Missions to the Central Sudan in the 1890s: The Role of Algerian Agents and Interpreters",
436:-speaking people of southern Algeria, southwest Libya, Burkino Faso, Niger and Mali who were traditionally nomadic pastoralists.
413:(Extrait de la "Revue générale internationale, scientifique, littéraire et artistique"), Paris: Imprimé pour l'auteur, p. 11
1048:
946:
842:
746:
1083:
920:
161:
in 1862. He dreamed of creating a huge French empire in north and central Africa with the support of the Tuaregs and
875:
769:(3), Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac on behalf of Review of Politics: 341–362,
445:
The Turks prohibited European visitors to Ghadames after 1878, and in 1899 it was decided that Ghadames was in
206:
1088:
1009:
Newbury, C. W. (1966), "North African and Western Sudan Trade in the Nineteenth Century: A Re-Evaluation",
181:
Charles Ludovic ("Louis") Marie de Polignac was born in London, England on 24 March 1828. His parents were
789:
Cohen, William B. (December 1974), "Imperial Mirage: The Western Sudan in French Thought and Action",
1093:
186:
153:(24 March 1828 – 13 January 1904) was a French soldier and explorer who spent much of his career in
857:
323:
1038:
910:
736:
190:
994:
936:
832:
813:
319:
1078:
1073:
395:(Extrait du "Radical algérien", novembre-décembre 1893), Alger: impr. C. Zamith, p. 75
272:
267:
Polignac married Gabrielle Henriette Prinzessin von Croÿ (1835–1904) on 28 January 1874 at
965:, 40, The Sokoto Caliphate and the European Powers 1890–1907, Frobenius Institute: 15–35,
223:
8:
307:
279:
1026:
966:
798:
778:
738:
A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844-1902
1044:
942:
916:
838:
742:
283:
231:
210:
182:
140:
1018:
977:
770:
433:
315:
893:
809:
381:
818:
Ocean highways: the geographical record (continued as The Geographical magazine)
361:
645:
462:
460:
327:
256:
239:
154:
87:
1022:
774:
306:
In 1895 the Algerian Arab interpreter Djebari claimed that survivors from the
1067:
1040:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
311:
158:
35:
Ludovic de Polignac from the frontispiece of Gabriel Esquer's 1930 biography
457:
226:, decided to send a mission to Ghadames to make an official treaty with the
621:
446:
334:
289:
83:
195:
970:
802:
761:
Byrnes, Robert F. (July 1950), "Morès, "The First National Socialist"",
782:
278:
After his retirement Polignac met the handsome, young and anti-semitic
247:
in Algeria. Vatonne and Polignac surveyed the route of the expedition.
1030:
938:
In Search of New Scales: Prince Edmond de Polignac, Octatonic Explorer
555:
553:
363:
Mission de Ghadamès (septembre, octobre, novembre & décembre 1862)
359:
318:, former Lieutenant-Governor of Dahomey; the explorers Gaston Donnet,
30:
227:
268:
856:
651:
550:
252:
218:
976:
511:
466:
61:
909:
Houtsma, Th.; Wensinck, A.J.; Arnold, T.W., eds. (1987-12-31),
892:
627:
244:
57:
540:
538:
535:
230:
Tuaregs. The political aspects were entrusted to Commander
166:
162:
633:
584:
582:
580:
198:, and thus become a world power that could rival Britain.
834:
The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914
599:
597:
375:(conférence faite à Alger), Paris: J. Dumaine, p. 48
678:
676:
674:
672:
330:, secretary-general of the Société africaine de France.
814:"The Progress of Discovery South of Algeria, 1859-1872"
609:
577:
992:
594:
517:
908:
712:
700:
669:
565:
559:
688:
657:
293:
An impression of the death of Morès from a 1902 book
912:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936
523:
408:
399:
390:
379:
370:
350:
982:(in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France
898:(in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France
499:
487:
996:Annuaire officiel des officiers de l'armée active
360:Polignac, Ludovic de; Mircher, Hippolyte (1863),
1065:
477:
475:
157:. He is known for negotiating a treaty with the
333:Ludovic de Polignac died on 13 January 1904 in
960:
544:
797:(3), Historical Society of Nigeria: 417–445,
472:
791:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
66:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1017:(2), Cambridge University Press: 233–246,
189:, became a composer. Polignac entered the
29:
858:"Gabrielle Henriette Prinzessin von CroĂż"
808:
615:
588:
404:, Paris: Impr. de "la Vérité", p. 24
402:Discours en faveur du canal des Deux-mers
816:, in Sir Clements Robert Markham (ed.),
386:, Alger: imp. de L. Remordet, p. 52
288:
205:
1008:
652:Gabrielle Henriette Prinzessin von CroĂż
639:
603:
116:Gabrielle Henriette Prinzessin von CroĂż
1066:
963:Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde
830:
760:
734:
718:
706:
694:
682:
310:were still being held prisoner by the
1036:
934:
788:
663:
571:
529:
505:
493:
467:Ludovic de Polignac (1828–1904) – BnF
373:Considérations sur l'armée allemande
628:Hippolyte Mircher (1820–1878) – BnF
560:Houtsma, Wensinck & Arnold 1987
355:, Paris: Challamel aîné, p. 19
213:, leader of the mission to Ghadames
13:
873:
831:Fuller, Robert Lynn (2012-04-19),
481:
393:La France, vassale de l'Angleterre
345:Publications by Polignac include:
201:
14:
1105:
1037:Shoup, John A. III (2011-10-17),
411:Mes Souvenirs sur le Mis de Morès
217:Polignac helped to negotiate the
151:Charles Ludovic Marie de Polignac
23:Charles Ludovic Marie de Polignac
735:Brower, Benjamin Claude (2011),
173:were conspiring against France.
993:Ministère de la guerre (1855),
979:Ludovic de Polignac (1828–1904)
876:"Charles Ludovic M DE POLIGNAC"
439:
426:
340:
262:
165:, and came to believe that the
126:
1011:The Journal of African History
941:, University Rochester Press,
176:
1:
895:Hippolyte Mircher (1820–1878)
741:, Columbia University Press,
409:Ludovic de Polignac (1896),
400:Ludovic de Polignac (1895),
391:Ludovic de Polignac (1894),
380:Ludovic de Polignac (1893),
371:Ludovic de Polignac (1877),
351:Ludovic de Polignac (1862),
7:
518:Ministère de la guerre 1855
16:French soldier and explorer
10:
1110:
727:
1023:10.1017/S0021853700006290
775:10.1017/S003467050004701X
187:Prince Edmond de Polignac
136:
110:
102:
94:
72:
43:
28:
21:
1084:People of French Algeria
419:
337:, a suburb of Algiers.
935:Kahan, Sylvia (2009),
763:The Review of Politics
294:
214:
144:Mary Charlotte Parkyns
292:
209:
324:Ferdinand de BĂ©hagle
1089:Explorers of Africa
642:, pp. 236–237.
545:Kanya-Forstner 1994
383:France et islamisme
308:Flatters expedition
191:École Polytechnique
320:Bernard d'Attanoux
295:
215:
1050:978-1-59884-363-7
948:978-1-58046-305-8
844:978-0-7864-9025-7
748:978-0-231-15493-2
432:The Tuareg are a
284:Benjamin Disraeli
238:The mission left
232:Hippolyte Mircher
224:Aimable PĂ©lissier
211:Hippolyte Mircher
183:Jules de Polignac
148:
147:
141:Jules de Polignac
1101:
1094:French explorers
1059:
1058:
1057:
1033:
1005:
1004:
1003:
989:
988:
987:
973:
957:
956:
955:
931:
930:
929:
905:
904:
903:
889:
888:
887:
870:
869:
868:
862:genealogieonline
853:
852:
851:
827:
826:
825:
810:Duveyrier, Henry
805:
785:
757:
756:
755:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
592:
586:
575:
574:, p. 295ff.
569:
563:
557:
548:
542:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
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497:
491:
485:
479:
470:
464:
450:
443:
437:
430:
414:
405:
396:
387:
376:
367:
356:
316:Jean-Marie Bayol
300:Dépêche algérien
280:Marquis de Morès
130:
128:
79:
53:
51:
33:
19:
18:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1001:
999:
985:
983:
953:
951:
949:
927:
925:
923:
901:
899:
885:
883:
874:Garric, Alain,
866:
864:
849:
847:
845:
823:
821:
753:
751:
749:
730:
725:
717:
713:
705:
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693:
689:
681:
670:
662:
658:
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638:
634:
626:
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566:
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500:
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488:
480:
473:
465:
458:
454:
453:
444:
440:
431:
427:
422:
417:
343:
265:
204:
202:Ghadames treaty
179:
143:
132:
129: 1874)
124:
120:
117:
90:
81:
77:
76:13 January 1904
68:
55:
49:
47:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1034:
1006:
990:
974:
958:
947:
932:
921:
906:
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871:
854:
843:
828:
806:
786:
758:
747:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:
721:, p. 243.
711:
709:, p. 361.
699:
687:
685:, p. 360.
668:
666:, p. 341.
656:
644:
632:
620:
616:Duveyrier 1874
608:
606:, p. 236.
593:
589:Duveyrier 1874
576:
564:
562:, p. 134.
549:
534:
532:, p. 441.
522:
510:
498:
486:
471:
455:
452:
451:
438:
424:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:
406:
397:
388:
377:
368:
357:
347:
342:
339:
328:Paul Bourdarie
264:
261:
203:
200:
178:
175:
155:French Algeria
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
122:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:French Algeria
82:
80:(aged 75)
74:
70:
69:
56:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
22:
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9:
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1071:
1069:
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1041:
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1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
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991:
981:
980:
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968:
964:
959:
950:
944:
940:
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933:
924:
922:90-04-08265-4
918:
914:
913:
907:
897:
896:
891:
881:
877:
872:
863:
859:
855:
846:
840:
837:, McFarland,
836:
835:
829:
820:, vol. 1
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
750:
744:
740:
739:
733:
732:
720:
715:
708:
703:
697:, p. 63.
696:
691:
684:
679:
677:
675:
673:
665:
660:
653:
648:
641:
636:
629:
624:
618:, p. 98.
617:
612:
605:
600:
598:
591:, p. 97.
590:
585:
583:
581:
573:
568:
561:
556:
554:
547:, p. 25.
546:
541:
539:
531:
526:
519:
514:
508:, p. 38.
507:
502:
496:, p. 19.
495:
490:
483:
478:
476:
468:
463:
461:
456:
448:
442:
435:
429:
425:
412:
407:
403:
398:
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389:
385:
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369:
365:
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229:
225:
220:
212:
208:
199:
197:
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188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
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160:
159:Tuareg people
156:
152:
142:
139:
135:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:24 March 1828
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1054:, retrieved
1043:, ABC-CLIO,
1039:
1014:
1010:
1000:, retrieved
995:
984:, retrieved
978:
962:
952:, retrieved
937:
926:, retrieved
911:
900:, retrieved
894:
884:, retrieved
879:
865:, retrieved
861:
848:, retrieved
833:
822:, retrieved
817:
794:
790:
766:
762:
752:, retrieved
737:
714:
702:
690:
659:
647:
640:Newbury 1966
635:
623:
611:
604:Newbury 1966
567:
525:
513:
501:
489:
447:Tripolitania
441:
428:
410:
401:
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
344:
341:Publications
332:
305:
299:
296:
277:
266:
263:Later career
257:Hausa states
249:
237:
216:
180:
150:
149:
78:(1904-01-13)
36:
1079:1904 deaths
1074:1828 births
882:(in French)
719:Brower 2011
707:Byrnes 1950
695:Fuller 2012
683:Byrnes 1950
273:Constantine
196:Niger River
177:Early years
95:Nationality
37:Un Saharien
1068:Categories
1056:2018-02-17
1002:2018-02-17
986:2018-02-16
954:2018-02-16
928:2018-02-17
902:2018-01-31
886:2018-02-16
867:2018-02-16
850:2018-02-17
824:2018-02-17
754:2018-02-17
664:Kahan 2009
572:Shoup 2011
530:Cohen 1974
506:Kahan 2009
494:Kahan 2009
103:Occupation
50:1828-03-24
915:, BRILL,
335:Bouzaréah
228:Kel Ajjer
137:Parent(s)
84:Bouzaréah
971:40341674
880:geneanet
812:(1874),
803:41857030
255:and the
253:Timbuktu
219:Ghadames
169:and the
783:1404665
728:Sources
312:Tuaregs
240:Tripoli
171:British
131:
123:
119:
106:Soldier
62:England
1047:
1031:179952
1029:
969:
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801:
781:
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482:Garric
434:Berber
326:; and
269:DĂĽlmen
245:Biskra
111:Spouse
98:French
58:London
1027:JSTOR
967:JSTOR
799:JSTOR
779:JSTOR
420:Notes
163:Arabs
125:(
121:
1045:ISBN
943:ISBN
917:ISBN
839:ISBN
743:ISBN
322:and
167:Jews
73:Died
44:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
