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negotiations with the Soviet authorities for two years, until the invasion of the Soviet Union by
Germany. His goals were to keep the Czechoslovak military group together, to keep it materially supported, and to transport the larger part of its officers and non-commissioned officers to countries that fought against Germany—that is, first to France, then after France's fall, to Great Britain, and finally to the Middle East. A total of 12 transports with 662 men, 12 women and 6 children were dispatched with the help of the Soviets. At that time the Czechoslovak government in exile, led by President Edvard Beneš, was not yet recognized by Czechoslovakia's pre-Munich allies—that is, France and Great Britain. They had not yet declared the Munich Agreement and the borders of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia invalid. Czechoslovak airmen had to serve in the French Foreign Legion in France until it was invaded by Germany, but their military ranks were reduced or not recognized.
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Svoboda transferred a group of more than 700 officers and soldiers to the Soviet Union (USSR) for asylum. The escape of the group to
Romania was ruled out because there was a threat that the Romanians would hand them over to the Germans. In the USSR, the group was immediately renamed the "Eastern Group of the Czechoslovak Republic army". The group crossed without weapons and in civilian clothes, but as a military unit with the consent of the Czechoslovak ambassador in Poland, Juraj Slávik, and after negotiations with the Soviet diplomatic authorities on the territory of Poland. In order not to disperse as civilian emigrants to the Soviet Union, which at that time had a mutual non-aggression agreement with Germany (within the so-called Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact), the soldiers were isolated from the public in internment camps, where they lived according to Czechoslovak Republic army regulations. These internment camps were neither POW camps, nor labor camps, nor gulags.
686:. However, this battalion had to be organizationally included in the structure of the Red Army. The unit included not only Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians from Subcarpathian Rus, Czechoslovak Jews and expatriates living in the territory of the USSR, but also German and Hungarian anti-fascists with Czechoslovak citizenship. Svoboda also accepted women into the army, although this was not in accordance with the rules of the Czechoslovak Republic. army. With the arrival of other volunteers, especially Rusyns who came from the gulags and Slovaks who went into Soviet captivity during the war—in which the puppet Slovak state was involved on the side of the Third Reich—the battalion gradually grew into an independent mixed brigade and then into an army corps. It became the largest Czechoslovak military unit abroad. Czechoslovak soldiers served on the Eastern Front the longest of all units of the Czechoslovak foreign army fighting against Germany in the Second World War.
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acquitted of the charges. According to the speculative considerations of some historians, at that time
Svoboda "committed to cooperation with the Soviet secret service, in which he remained until the end of his life". However, no evidence has been found for this claim. In Svoboda's diary, there is an entry related to this matter, which clarifies the reason for his detention and accusation of espionage. The head of the mission, Col. Píka, neglected to announce his and other members of the mission's contacts with the Slovak diplomat Dr. Krn. By this omission, “… he brought the mission, especially himself and me, into a very unpleasant situation, and thereby his and my position in the USSR was greatly deteriorated and confidence was shaken. I believe that this was the reason why the encryption key was demanded from us and the control over the radio traffic was tightened."
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674:. He carried an important message from the head of the Czechoslovak military mission, Col. Heliodor Píka for the Czechoslovak government—a report on Czechoslovak citizens imprisoned in Soviet gulags co-signed by Lt. Col. Svoboda. On 30 April 1942, the cruiser was attacked by a German submarine and Josef Berounský died in his cabin. This event also influenced the work of Svoboda. With the death of Berounský, he lost hope that the conditions in which the Czechoslovak unit was formed would change. Svoboda blamed the Soviets for delaying the implementation of the agreement and had sharp disputes with Ambassador
25:
708:. "On 10 September 1944, command of the 1st Czechoslovak Corps passed from Brigadier General Jan Kratochvíl to Brigadier General Ludvík Svoboda (by order of the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the USSR Konev). The change of commander was related to the unsuccessful start of the operation on 9 September 1944." Historian Jiří Bílek evaluates Kratochvíl's dismissal as "unjustified". Jan Bystrický quotes the assessment of the MS. Ministry of National Defense in London, which recognized the reasons for Koněv's decision.
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The artillerymen of the army corps took part in a massive artillery training in the Jaslo operation, aimed at the liberation of Kraków and eastern Poland. The army corps was liberating
Slovakia and eastern Moravia. After the mobilization of Slovaks and the involvement of local partisans, the number of soldiers increased to roughly 50,000. On 3 April 1945, General Karel Klapálek took command of the corps. A tank brigade and a mixed air division from the corps took part in the
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893:, Svoboda warned against an invasion, saying it would be a "catastrophe" and would cause the peoples of Czechoslovakia "to lose all faith in the Soviet Union for many generations to come... Don't you dare resort to military means to resolve the situation". Horrified at his experiences in two world wars, he signed an order preventing the Czechoslovak Army from getting involved with the invading
909:. These were kept secret and permitted what an October parliamentary session would euphemistically call a "temporary stay" for Warsaw Pact armies in Czechoslovakia. The protocols also mandated the Party leadership to promote political, cultural and other changes to stop the reform process. Svoboda also supported Minister of Defence
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The corps was further organized on the basis of the arrival of other volunteers, especially Volyn Czechs. The corps distinguished itself in the
Carpathian-Dukel operation—the largest mountain operation of the Second World War and the largest operation in the Czechoslovak Republic army in its history.
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Husák never trusted
Svoboda, and made numerous attempts to oust him. Svoboda was able to resist until 1975, when he was forced to retire through a constitutional act (paragraph 64 Nr.143/1968 Sb.). This act stated that if the incumbent president was unable to carry out his duties for a year or more,
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The activity of
Svoboda throughout the rest of the war was connected with the organization and command of the Czechoslovak troops in the USSR. Svoboda, together with a group of 93 officers and non-commissioned officers that he prepared during the internment (the Oran Group), organized an independent
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of Nazi
Germany) in Moscow. Hieke-Stoj persuaded the diplomat to cooperate. In connection with this action, Svoboda was detained by Soviet counter-intelligence and accused of conspiring with Germany, the enemy of the Soviet Union, and of espionage. The misunderstanding was cleared up and Svoboda was
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During the internment, the "Čs. Eastern military groups" moved successively to
Kamenec Podolský, Olchovce, Jarmolince, Oranky and the Spaso-Jevfimij Monastery in Suzdal. There was no Czechoslovak diplomatic representation on the territory of the USSR at that time, so Lt. Col. Svoboda led diplomatic
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Commemorative medals: 3rd
Infantry Regiment Jan Žižka; 4th Rifle Regiment Prokop the Great; 5th Rifle Regiment T. G. M.; 6th Rifle Regiment Hanácké; 9th Rifle Regiment K.H. Borovsky; 10th Rifle Regiment P. J. Kozina; 21st Rifle Regiment terronskeho; 30th Infantry Regiment A. Jirasek; 1st Motorised
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demanded that he appoint a "peasant-workers' government" in order to give credence to the planned official line—that hardliners in the KSČ (Czechoslovak Communist Party) had themselves requested the invasion. Svoboda not only refused, but threatened to put a bullet into his head in the presence of
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with the command of the army corps. Klapálek, along with several other generals and a number of junior officers, came from England on his request. These officers reinforced the command corps of the unit. Some came to the brigade before battle of Kyiv, some even to the corps and took part in the
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Colonel Pika had already been leading a secret Czechoslovak military mission in Moscow during the spring of 1941, with Lt. Col. Svoboda as his deputy. At the turn of May and June 1941, Svoboda and intelligence officer Hieke-Stoj contacted L. Krna, the deputy ambassador of the Slovak Republic (a
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The Polish president allowed the Czechoslovaks a military unit designated the "Legion of Czechs and Slovaks" only on 3 September 1939, the third day after the German invasion of Poland, so Svoboda had little opportunity to intervene in the fighting. After the defeat of Poland in September 1939,
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President Svoboda survived the removal of reformist Communists in Czechoslovakia in the aftermath of the Prague Spring, while passively witnessing the purges and the suffocation of the civil liberties that had briefly been restored. He even helped muzzle the press and contributed to Dubček's
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On 18 July 1941, one month after Germany attacked the USSR, Czechoslovak political representatives signed an agreement with the Soviet Union on the restoration of diplomatic relations and mutual cooperation in the war against Germany. The agreement made it possible to organize a separate
654:. Lt. Col. Svoboda was significantly involved in the preparation of this military agreement and also in negotiating the conditions for the cooperation of the Soviet and Czechoslovak intelligence services. On the Czechoslovak side, the liaison officer was Colonel
697:, Kiev, and in the battles for western Ukraine. In December 1943, after the liberation of Kiev, he was appointed brigadier general. The brigade under his command liberated the cities of Ruda, Bíla Cerkev and many others. At Žaškov, the brigade took part in the
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in April 1969. To the day he died, he believed and maintained that his submissive conduct before Brezhnev helped save thousands of lives from "immense consequences"; and he defended this policy by invoking his own memories of the horrors of war.
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Despite being misused by politicians for their goals several times, Svoboda still enjoys some credibility among Czechs and Slovaks, probably due to his bravery during crucial moments of Czechoslovak history. Squares and streets in both the
638:. Hundreds of emigrating junior officers passed through this camp. Within three months, 1,200 airmen were dispatched to France. Those soldiers who remained in Poland joined the Czech Republic military unit on the territory of Poland.
634:("Defence of the Nation"). It is supposed that at the same time he established a connection with Soviet intelligence. In June 1939 he fled to Poland, and as the oldest and most senior officer formed a Czechoslovak military unit in
805:. The takeover was completely bloodless. Svoboda, whose label had been that of an "apolitical" minister since the first days of his term, then joined the Communist Party and was elected as a deputy to the National Assembly at
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in 1934 and transferred back to the 3rd infantry regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Svoboda served in several positions, and became a battalion commander until the German occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939.
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which followed, Svoboda was imprisoned and "recommended" to save his image by committing suicide, but eventually released and stripped of all offices. His return to public life took place upon a personal wish of
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532:, to the family of Jan Svoboda. His father died when he was one year old and he was raised by his mother Františka who remarried to František Nejedlý. Svoboda attended the agricultural school at
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troops. He traveled to Moscow in order to secure the release of Dubček and the other reform leaders, who had been kidnapped by the invading forces. However, when Svoboda arrived,
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Regiment John Sparks of Brandys; Artillery troops in Russia; machine building company separate traffic workshop of train troops in Russia; dobrovoleckeho Corps in Italy 1918–1948
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the Federal Assembly had the right to elect a permanent successor. In Svoboda's case, he had been in ill health for some time, making the act relevant. Husák succeeded him.
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took to the streets, Svoboda refused to quell the insurrection with military force, saying "the army will not march against the people". Two days later (and one day after a
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In January 1945, after the entry of the corps into Slovak territory, Svoboda established a corps counterintelligence service at the direct request of Soviet General
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gave in to growing pressure from Gottwald and appointed a government dominated by Communists and pro-Soviet Social Democrats—in effect, giving legal sanction to
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On 18 May 1944, Brigadier General Jan Kratochvíl was appointed commander of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps. Under his command, the corps was deployed in the
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693:(in the fight against the retaliatory operation of the German army for Stalingrad and Kharkiv). He commanded a brigade that played a significant role in the
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956:. His attitude can be perhaps explained in his own words: "All I have ever done must be measured by my intention to serve best my people and my country."
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Svoboda was forced out of the army (in which he had reached the rank of Army General in November 1945) in 1950 under pressure from the Soviets. He was
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and the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps under the leadership of Svoboda. Svoboda was appointed Minister of Defense while being welcomed as a hero of the
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Before going to the front—on 30 January 1943—Svoboda was promoted to colonel. Colonel Svoboda commanded a battalion that distinguished itself
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On 22 February 1948, nearly all of the non-Communist cabinet ministers resigned in protest against the practices of Communist Party chairman
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Nevertheless, Svoboda could do nothing to prevent Brezhnev from forcing the Czechoslovak representatives to sign the notorious
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general and politician. He fought in both World Wars, for which he was regarded as a national hero, and he later served as the
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and the other Communists. Minister of Defense Svoboda was one of the few who remained in office. The Communist-dominated
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in 1921. He married Irena Stratilová in 1923. In the same year, Svoboda was transferred to the 36th infantry regiment in
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is a 2013 historical television series chronicling Czech history from 1918. Emil Horváth portrays Svoboda in the series.
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field battalion from volunteers—Czechoslovak citizens who signed up from all over the USSR—which became the germ of the
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Ludvík Svoboda has been portrayed, as himself or a character based on him, in a number of films and television series:
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1786:(in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Ministerstvo obrany České republiky - Agentura vojenských informací a služeb.
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voted unanimously to replace the 12 departed ministers with pro-Communist ministers. As armed workers and the
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Svodoba married Irena Svobodová (1901–1980) in 1923. Their children include the Czech economist and academic,
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1500:(in Czech). Paris Karviná in association with the Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague. pp. 150–153.
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In the spring of 1942, attaché Josef Berounský sailed from Murmansk back to Great Britain on the cruiser
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President Svoboda was mildly supportive of the reform process of the new Party leadership until the
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1808:"Československé ženy bojující bojující v zahraničních vojenských jednotkách za druhé světové války"
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774:. The Soviet Union enjoyed great popularity among the population, and in the elections of 1946 the
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continue to bear his name, while those of most other Communist-era leaders were removed after the
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738:. Svoboda was appointed as a non-partisan Minister of National Defense and entrusted General
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Commander of the Order of the Czechoslovak Sokol TCH CS Vojenský řád Bílého lva 1st (1945)
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Svoboda worked at his father's estate before launching his military career in the
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1626:"Při torpédování křižníku HMS Edinburgh zahynul plk. Josef Berounský 30. 4. 1942"
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Od priesmyku Predeal po Kurovske sedlo: boje vo Východných Karpatoch v roku 1944
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Lieutenant Colonel Svoboda became a member of a secret underground organization
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840:(he was awarded the latter title again in 1970 and 1975). He was awarded the
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Takoví nám vládli, Komunističtí prezidenti Československa a doba, v níž žili
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Ludvík Svoboda as the Minister of National Defence of Czechoslovakia in 1948
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Commemorative medals en. community for 1918–1919 dobrovolecke (badge)
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1841:(in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava: Vojenský historický ústav. 2011.
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is a 2018 Slovak film that shows events in 1968. Svoboda is portrayed by
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Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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1703:"Za den třikrát unikl smrti. Přečtěte si neznámý příběh českého vojáka"
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2044:"RECENZE: Rok 1968 aneb Dubček v Moskvě a České století v trenkách"
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1972:
913:, who ordered the Czechoslovak army to not show any resistance.
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1363:. Central European University Press Language: English Editors.
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Military commemorative medals with the label of the USSR (1945)
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Brezhnev unless Dubček and the other reformists were released.
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Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1964–1968)
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Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1960–1964)
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Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1954–1960)
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Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1948–1954)
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List of heads of state and government with military background
889:. On 17 August 1968, at a meeting with the Soviet ambassador,
1934:
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997:, three times (24 November 1965, 30 April 1970, 30 May 1975)
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Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class
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Bez milosti a slitování: B. Reicin – fanatik rudého teroru
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Hrdinové od Sokolova : 1. čs. samostatný polní prapor
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a substantial part of Czechoslovakia was liberated by the
1865:(in Czech). Prague: Ministerstvo obrany ČR - AVIS. 2005.
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2,500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire
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Order "For Service to the people", 1st class (Yugoslavia)
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After the German occupation and the establishment of the
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Czechoslovak Medal "for bravery before the enemy" (1945)
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at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia
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in which 2.5 million citizens participated), President
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was forced to resign, a pivotal moment leading to the
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and worked at a vineyard. In 1915, he had to join the
1311:. Svoboda is once again portrayed by Ladislav Chudík.
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Honorary Medal for Fighter against fascism, 1st class
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Commemorative Medal of the second national resistance
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Commemorative medal of the second national resistance
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Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
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Vojenské osobnosti československého odboje 1939–1945
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
1523:Československý zahraniční odboj za 2. světové války
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4075:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945
4070:Recipients of the Military Order of the White Lion
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1475:(in Czech). Kroměříž: Město Kroměříž. p. 47.
2405:Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation
1559:(in Czech) (1st ed.). Prague: Mladá fronta.
1525:(in Czech). Prague: Computer Media. p. 112.
4045:Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I
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1012:Order of the Slovak National Uprising, 1st class
4130:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
4050:Czechoslovak military personnel of World War II
2249:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union
2078:Czechoslovak military units in USSR (1942-1945)
4115:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)
1940:
1557:Deník z doby válečné: červen 1939 – leden 1943
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1042:Medal cs.dobrovolnika 1918–1919 (crisis)
652:Czechoslovak military unit in the Soviet Union
504:; 25 November 1895 – 20 September 1979) was a
171:Minister of National Defence of Czechoslovakia
4105:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
4060:Heroes of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
3990:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia politicians
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16:President of Czechoslovakia from 1968 to 1975
4110:Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
4035:Chiefs of the General Staff (Czechoslovakia)
1905:(in Czech). Prague: Ostrov. pp. 89–90.
1450:. Říčany: Orego. pp. 113–122, 209–216.
1228:Order "For Merit", 1st class (Hungary, 1950)
757:
743:liberation of Slovakia and eastern Moravia.
4065:Recipients of the Order of Klement Gottwald
4055:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia
1385:
1359:Navrátil, Jaromir; Benčík, Antonín (1998).
995:Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
878:on 30 March 1968, on the recommendation of
838:Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
3117:
3103:
2908:
2894:
2576:
2562:
2171:
2157:
1614:(in Czech). Prague: Brána. pp. 88–89.
1024:Czechoslovak Medal "For Merit" a degree of
515:
93:
1582:Českoslovenští letci v boji proti fašismu
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2347:1960 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
2342:1954 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
2337:1948 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
851:
32:This article includes a list of general
3902:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
2420:1973 Czechoslovak presidential election
2370:1968 Czechoslovak presidential election
1900:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1579:
1554:
1495:
1445:
919:
887:Warsaw Pact intervention in August 1968
380:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the USSR
4135:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
3985:People from the Margraviate of Moravia
3962:
2390:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1885:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1749:
1609:
1594:
1539:
1520:
1277:
1097:Czechoslovak Cross of Valour 1914–1918
1016:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945
4120:Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari
4095:Recipients of the Cross of St. George
3098:
2889:
2557:
2152:
959:
832:. Svoboda was also awarded the title
499:
182:5 April 1945 – 25 April 1950
3066:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2761:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
1781:
1768:
1754:(in Czech). Plus. pp. 112–113.
1152:Medal "For the Liberation of Prague"
1068:Honour Field Squadron pilot cs. Army
695:liberation of the capital of Ukraine
122:30 March 1968 – 29 May 1975
18:
4080:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
4000:Defence ministers of Czechoslovakia
3833:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
1826:
1651:"Čeští a slovenští piloti u Sovětů"
1142:, 1st (1945) and 2nd (1943) classes
626:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
4090:Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union
2425:Lubormír Štrougal's Second Cabinet
2352:Military History Institute Prague
2305:Zdeněk Fierlinger's Second Cabinet
2218:
2178:
1398:Biography in Czech at his web page
1258:Order of the White Rose of Finland
1160:"for peace between nations" (1970)
1071:Honour Czechoslovak military pilot
787:Revolutionary Trade Union Movement
578:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4166:
4150:Commanders of the Legion of Merit
2543:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2415:Lubormír Štrougal's First Cabinet
2321:Klement Gottwald's Second Cabinet
2300:Zdeněk Fierlinger's First Cabinet
2066:
1888:Šestnástimi krajinami za slobodou
1471:Klusáková-Svobodová, Zoe (2005).
1419:[General at the Castle].
1254:, Commander (United States, 1945)
1205:Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945
1200:Medal for Oder, Neisse and Baltic
828:In 1946 he was awarded the title
776:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
736:Zdeněk Fierlinger's First Cabinet
611:. He was promoted to the rank of
271:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
4100:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
3944:
3943:
2316:Klement Gottwald's First Cabinet
1890:(in Slovak). Bratislava: Pravda.
1599:(in Czech). Prague: Naše vojsko.
1584:(in Czech). Prague: Naše vojsko.
1065:Sokolovskaya commemorative medal
1036:Bahmachskaya commemorative medal
1007:Military Order of the White Lion
1003:, three times (1959, 1970, 1975)
965:Czechoslovakia (1920–1939)
778:won 38% of the vote nationwide.
563:and took part in the battles of
453:Military Order of the White Lion
358:1916–1950 (Czechoslovakia)
288:
23:
2723:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2385:Oldřich Černík's Second Cabinet
2036:
2010:
1984:
1966:
1946:
1919:
1894:
1879:
1855:
1800:
1743:
1721:
1695:
1669:
1643:
1618:
1603:
1134:Order of the October Revolution
1091:Order of 25 February, 1st class
1033:Zborovskaya commemorative medal
1009:"For Victory", 1st class (1945)
619:
2410:Oldřich Černík's Third Cabinet
2380:Oldřich Černík's First Cabinet
1588:
1573:
1514:
1489:
1464:
1439:
1409:
1062:Dukelskaya commemorative medal
1056:Štefánikův commemorative badge
926:Normalization (Czechoslovakia)
571:. He returned home through a "
550:
1:
1378:
1225:Order of Red Banner (Hungary)
847:
750:on 10 May 1945. He became an
3995:Presidents of Czechoslovakia
2620:Second Czechoslovak Republic
2519:The Man Who Stood in the Way
2284:Battle for Liptovský Mikuláš
2279:Western Carpathian offensive
2264:Zhitomir–Berdichev offensive
2135:30 March 1968 – 28 May 1975
2050:(in Czech). 16 November 2014
1110:, 3rd and 4th classes (1917)
7:
3980:People from Třebíč District
3828:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
2705:Third Czechoslovak Republic
2597:First Czechoslovak Republic
2131:President of Czechoslovakia
1901:Hanzlík, František (2011).
1677:"Berounský, Josef : B"
1496:Preclík, Vratislav (2019).
1421:Portál hlavního města Prahy
1335:
1269:Commemorative Medal of the
1087:Czechoslovak War Cross 1918
876:President of Czechoslovakia
830:People's Hero of Yugoslavia
730:On 4 April 1945, President
684:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
510:president of Czechoslovakia
280:Irena Svobodová (1901–1980)
110:President of Czechoslovakia
10:
4171:
4085:Heroes of the Soviet Union
3492:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
3472:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
2269:Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy
1941:Navrátil & Benčík 1998
1731:(in Czech). Obec Chorušice
1595:Loucký, František (1989).
1521:Emmert, František (2012).
1217:Order of the People's Hero
1195:Medal for Warsaw 1939–1945
1183:Order of Polonia Restituta
923:
816:from 1950 to 1951. In the
706:Carpathian-Dukel operation
699:Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy
501:[ˈludviːkˈsvoboda]
3939:
3894:
3850:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
3841:
3820:
3772:1st Czechoslovak Division
3759:
3752:
3709:
3637:
3594:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
3538:
3531:
3428:
3378:
3369:
3316:
3264:
3213:
3204:
3143:
3136:
3064:
3026:
3008:
2990:
2927:
2777:
2759:
2721:
2703:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2636:
2618:
2595:
2535:
2489:
2464:
2438:
2360:
2329:
2292:
2231:
2215:
2186:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2018:"Osvobození Prahy (1976)"
1709:(in Czech). 26 March 2019
1473:Ludvík Svoboda: životopis
1307:is a 1977 film about the
1291:is a 1974 film about the
1239:Croix de guerre 1939–1945
1001:Order of Klement Gottwald
836:on 24 November 1965, and
758:Post-war political career
714:Moravia–Ostrava offensive
486:
445:
385:
375:
365:
348:
322:
301:
296:
284:
276:
266:
246:
219:
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198:
186:
175:
170:
158:
146:
126:
115:
108:
104:
92:
85:
4155:Czech resistance members
3739:Sereď concentration camp
3460:Jan Hus partisan brigade
3402:Slovak National Uprising
2512:The Liberation of Prague
2274:Battle of the Dukla Pass
1580:Smoldas, Zdeněk (1987).
1555:Svoboda, Ludvík (2008).
1446:Svoboda, Ludvík (1996).
1403:17 February 2009 at the
1352:
1304:The Liberation of Prague
1264:Order of the Supreme Sun
1244:Knight Commander of the
1121:Hero of the Soviet Union
977:Order of King Charles IV
834:Hero of the Soviet Union
746:Svoboda was promoted to
587:as a member of the 3rd (
555:Svoboda was sent to the
430:Battle of the Dukla Pass
3807:11th Infantry Battalion
2451:Zoe Klusáková-Svobodová
2244:Czech and Slovak Legion
1886:Ressel, Alfréd (1978).
1782:Brož, Miroslav (2006).
1361:The Prague Spring, 1968
1094:Order Wins the February
982:Order of M. R. Štefánik
591:) infantry regiment in
545:Zoe Klusáková-Svobodová
516:Early and personal life
53:more precise citations.
3448:Czech National Council
3223:Konstantin von Neurath
2473:From Buzuluk to Prague
2224:
1750:Pacner, Karel (2013).
1729:"Plk.i.m. Šťastný Jan"
1683:(in Czech). April 2012
860:
721:Lev Zacharovič Mechlis
526:Margraviate of Moravia
355:1915 (Austria-Hungary)
3744:Theresienstadt Ghetto
3690:Kremnička and Nemecká
3194:Chief of Intelligence
2665:First Slovak Republic
2222:
2209:Siberian intervention
2097:(before World War II)
1752:Nevšední doteky dějin
1610:Pernes, Jiří (2003).
1231:Grand Officer of the
855:
814:Deputy Prime Minister
538:Austro-Hungarian Army
349:Years of service
330:Austro-Hungarian Army
3812:1st Armoured Brigade
2917:Ministers of Defence
1978:5 March 2016 at the
1030:Allied victory Medal
920:Normalization period
520:Svoboda was born in
497:Czech pronunciation:
335:Czechoslovak Legions
3861:Emergency Divisions
3767:Czechoslovak Legion
3734:Carpathian Ruthenia
3394:Vrba–Wetzler report
3355:Minister of Defence
3145:Government-in-exile
2683:Government-in-exile
2490:Cultural Depictions
2293:Minister of Defence
2194:Czechoslovak Legion
2103:Minister of Defence
2086:Government offices
2073:Ludvík Svoboda Site
1954:Trinásť prezidentov
1278:Cultural references
1266:(Afghanistan, 1970)
1074:Badge cs. guerrilla
971:Order of the Falcon
561:Czechoslovak Legion
512:from 1968 to 1975.
458:Cross of St. George
370:General of the Army
3570:Čajánek's barracks
3249:Karl Hermann Frank
3028:Socialist Republic
2254:Battle of Sokolovo
2225:
2204:Battle of Bakhmach
2105:of Czechoslovakia
1417:"Generál na Hradě"
1293:Battle of Sokolovo
1219:(Yugoslavia, 1946)
1185:, 1st class (1969)
1179:, 1st class (1948)
1123:(24 November 1965)
1108:Cross of St George
960:Honours and awards
891:Stepan Chervonenko
861:
859:and Ludvík Svoboda
754:on 1 August 1945.
752:army corps general
748:divisional general
613:lieutenant colonel
420:Battle of Sokolovo
408:Battle of Bakhmach
3957:
3956:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3666:
3651:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3527:
3526:
3456:
3444:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3365:
3364:
3312:
3311:
3227:Reinhard Heydrich
3189:František Moravec
3092:
3091:
2982:František Machník
2883:
2882:
2736:Antonín Zápotocký
2699:
2698:
2638:German occupation
2551:
2550:
2147:
2146:
2138:Succeeded by
2111:Succeeded by
1992:"Sokolovo (1974)"
1912:978-80-86289-72-4
1848:978-80-89523-07-8
1566:978-80-204-1939-2
1532:978-80-251-2756-8
1507:978-80-87173-47-3
1299:portrays Svoboda.
1273:(14 October 1971)
1246:Order of the Bath
1177:Cross of Grunwald
1173:, 1st class(1947)
1158:Lenin Peace Prize
954:Velvet Revolution
931:replacement with
842:Lenin Peace Prize
807:the 1948 election
791:People's Militias
676:Zdeněk Fierlinger
585:Czechoslovak Army
573:Siberian anabasis
490:
489:
478:Order of the Bath
398:Russian Civil War
340:Czechoslovak Army
250:20 September 1979
79:
78:
71:
4162:
4040:Czech communists
3947:
3946:
3931:Western betrayal
3914:Munich Agreement
3873:Slovak Air Force
3757:
3756:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3602:Prague Offensive
3596:
3588:
3580:
3578:Slovak–Hungarian
3572:
3564:
3562:Carpatho-Ukraine
3556:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3515:
3487:Slovak partisans
3468:
3450:
3438:
3436:Council of Three
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3350:Ferdinand Čatloš
3211:
3210:
3182:foreign minister
3141:
3140:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3084:Imrich Andrejčák
2967:František Udržal
2952:František Udržal
2910:
2903:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2731:Klement Gottwald
2643:
2642:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2330:1950-1960 Period
2226:
2199:Battle of Zboriv
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2121:Preceded by
2091:Preceded by
2083:
2082:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1952:Libor Budinský:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:
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1883:
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1812:zeny-bojujici.cz
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1597:Mnozí nedoletěli
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1493:
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1434:
1432:
1423:. Archived from
1413:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1374:
1248:(United Kingdom)
1233:Legion of Honour
1171:Virtuti Militari
1140:Order of Suvorov
1049:Memorial Cross,
907:Moscow protocols
880:Alexander Dubček
803:a Communist coup
783:Klement Gottwald
609:Military Academy
503:
498:
468:Legion of Honour
463:Order of Suvorov
435:Prague Offensive
403:Battle of Zborov
297:Military service
292:
253:
230:25 November 1895
229:
227:
215:Personal details
201:
189:
180:
161:
149:
141:Lubomír Štrougal
129:
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97:
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49:this article by
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3424:
3410:Prague uprising
3361:
3318:Slovak Republic
3308:
3304:Emanuel Moravec
3292:Richard Bienert
3288:Jaroslav Krejčí
3260:
3254:Chief of Police
3241:Reichsprotektor
3200:
3132:
3123:
3093:
3088:
3079:Luboš Dobrovský
3060:
3022:
3004:
2992:Second Republic
2986:
2972:Karel Viškovský
2923:
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2884:
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2741:Antonín Novotný
2717:
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2446:Irena Svobodová
2434:
2395:Moscow Protocol
2356:
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2126:
2124:Antonín Novotný
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1321:Vladimír Hrabal
1309:Prague uprising
1297:Ladislav Chudík
1280:
1260:(Finland, 1969)
1252:Legion of Merit
1128:Orders of Lenin
962:
928:
922:
916:
899:Leonid Brezhnev
865:Antonín Novotný
863:In early 1968,
857:Josef Smrkovský
850:
760:
727:and prevailed.
622:
603:, then part of
581:
579:Interwar period
553:
530:Austria-Hungary
518:
496:
482:
473:Legion of Merit
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309:Austria-Hungary
267:Political party
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153:Antonín Novotný
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4030:Czech generals
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3036:Ludvík Svoboda
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1962:80-551-0751-3
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1457:80-902107-5-9
1453:
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1427:on 5 May 2012
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3482:Out Distance
3354:
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3338:Vojtech Tuka
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3296:
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3239:
3231:Kurt Daluege
3206:Protectorate
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3153:Edvard Beneš
3130:World War II
3035:
3017:
2947:Otakar Husák
2769:Václav Havel
2751:Gustáv Husák
2745:
2713:Edvard Beneš
2691:Edvard Beneš
2647:Protectorate
2610:Edvard Beneš
2524:
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2510:
2503:
2496:
2478:
2471:
2232:World War II
2179:
2141:Gustáv Husák
2129:
2101:
2052:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1968:
1953:
1948:
1936:
1926:(in Russian)
1921:
1902:
1896:
1887:
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1816:. Retrieved
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1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1420:
1411:
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1314:
1302:
1286:
1281:
1130:(1943, 1965)
1115:Soviet Union
1053:2nd Regiment
942:
938:
933:Gustáv Husák
929:
915:
904:
884:
862:
827:
811:
799:Edvard Beneš
780:
764:World War II
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732:Edvard Beneš
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664:client state
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629:
623:
620:World War II
601:Subcarpathia
582:
554:
542:
519:
492:
491:
415:World War II
386:Battles/wars
252:(1979-09-20)
200:Succeeded by
177:
165:Gustáv Husák
160:Succeeded by
133:Jozef Lenárt
117:
80:
65:
56:
37:
3975:1979 deaths
3970:1895 births
3919:Sudetenland
3878:Slovak Army
3719:Sudetenland
3658: [
3647:17 November
3626:Operation B
3502: [
3463: [
3418:Czech Radio
3284:Alois Eliáš
3177:Jan Masaryk
3051:Martin Dzúr
2430:Lex Svoboda
2187:World War I
1655:vrtulnik.cz
1431:25 November
911:Martin Dzúr
895:Warsaw Pact
873:was elected
691:at Sokolovo
551:World War I
393:World War I
193:Jan Masaryk
188:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
51:introducing
3964:Categories
3639:War crimes
3586:Dukla Pass
3386:Anthropoid
3371:Resistance
3326:Jozef Tiso
3272:Emil Hácha
3165:Jan Šrámek
3137:Government
3000:Jan Syrový
2962:Jan Syrový
2673:Jozef Tiso
2655:Emil Hácha
2628:Emil Hácha
2585:Presidents
2108:1945–1950
2094:Jan Syrový
2024:(in Czech)
1998:(in Czech)
1814:(in Czech)
1657:(in Czech)
1395:(in Czech)
1379:References
993:Gold Star
924:See also:
871:. Svoboda
848:Presidency
823:Khrushchev
734:appointed
302:Allegiance
226:1895-11-25
59:March 2012
34:references
3908:Fall Grün
3780:Squadrons
3711:Holocaust
3693:(1944–45)
3331:President
3277:President
3158:President
2778:Elections
2362:President
1929:Biography
1818:23 August
1735:23 August
1713:23 August
1687:23 August
1661:23 August
1635:23 August
1630:fronta.cz
589:Jan Žižka
522:Hroznatín
285:Signature
233:Hroznatín
178:In office
118:In office
3949:Category
3729:Slovakia
3698:Ploština
3682:Životice
3670:Kobylisy
3618:Racibórz
3532:Military
2536:See also
2526:Sokolovo
2048:iDNES.cz
1976:Archived
1707:iDNES.cz
1681:Valka.cz
1401:Archived
1336:See also
1288:Sokolovo
1241:(France)
1235:(France)
950:Slovakia
844:(1970).
768:Red Army
740:Klapálek
597:Uzhhorod
593:Kroměříž
569:Bakhmach
376:Commands
3760:Western
3610:Slivice
3546:Sudeten
3539:Battles
3379:Actions
2054:22 July
2028:22 July
2002:22 July
1973:Badraie
237:Moravia
47:improve
3895:Topics
3821:Soviet
3701:(1945)
3685:(1944)
3675:Lidice
3665:(1942)
3650:(1939)
3629:(1945)
3621:(1945)
3613:(1945)
3605:(1945)
3597:(1945)
3589:(1944)
3581:(1939)
3573:(1939)
3565:(1939)
3557:(1938)
3554:Liptaň
3549:(1938)
3429:Groups
3413:(1945)
3405:(1944)
3397:(1944)
3389:(1942)
2505:Dubček
2439:Family
1960:
1909:
1869:
1845:
1790:
1758:
1563:
1529:
1504:
1479:
1454:
1367:
1316:Dubček
1191:(1944)
1165:Poland
1154:(1945)
1148:(1945)
1136:(1970)
818:purges
636:Kraków
565:Zborov
446:Awards
277:Spouse
257:Prague
36:, but
3753:Units
3662:]
3514:]
3467:]
3265:Czech
2465:Books
1353:Books
1211:Other
506:Czech
3842:Axis
3499:ÚVOD
3215:Nazi
2875:1992
2870:1990
2865:1989
2860:1985
2855:1980
2850:1975
2845:1973
2840:1968
2835:1964
2830:1957
2825:1953
2820:1948
2815:1946
2810:1938
2805:1935
2800:1934
2795:1927
2790:1920
2785:1918
2056:2020
2030:2020
2004:2020
1958:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1820:2022
1788:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1737:2022
1715:2022
1689:2022
1663:2022
1637:2022
1561:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1433:2023
1365:ISBN
1126:Two
948:and
567:and
366:Rank
247:Died
220:Born
3800:313
3795:312
3790:311
3785:310
3777:RAF
3128:in
2919:of
2587:of
762:In
575:".
3966::
3660:cs
3512:pl
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3508:de
3506:;
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3286:,
3233:,
3229:,
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2046:.
2020:.
1994:.
1828:^
1810:.
1770:^
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1628:.
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701:.
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