Lumad - Knowledge

1100: 1141:, with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages. The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification was developed. The classification divides the Manobo into several major groups: (1) The Ata subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaingod, and Tagauanum; (2) The Bagobo subgroup: Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan (Kaylawan), Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug), Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (3) The Higaonon subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa; (6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulangiyen; (7) Agusan del Sur; (8) Banwaon; and (9) Bukidnon and others. 1055: 32: 1827:

emphasize to the public, "We are here, and we are not going back until our land is free from troops and corporations, so that we can take back our ancestral land." Relocating to urban centers allowed Lumad leaders to broadcast their plight to local and international audiences. Shortly after, Lumad people themselves realized they needed to have an umbrella organization through which advocates from around the world could work together, leading to the creation of the Liyang Network. The organization Liyang Network works alongside Lumad communities to amplify the voices of their environmental defenders and highlight Lumad social issues. Liyang Network organizes forums, webinars, and educational discussions on current sociopolitical issues and their root causes—mainly the needs of Lumad and rural communities.

940: 310: 483: 406:. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations that formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao's main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had the express goal in the past. 5687: 4892: 1519: 471: 61: 1331: 201: 1184: 1850:, during an AFP-sponsored press conference, claimed that the NPA were responsible for the killings and that none of the alleged "militarization" was actually happening. Another datu accused protesters in Manila of pretending to be Lumad by wearing Lumad clothing. They have also held anti-NPA rallies in Mindanao. The military has attributed to the NPA the assassination of a Lumad leader sympathetic to the government. Some of which are acknowledged by NPA members. 1704:

unoccupied land within the communal territory.' Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land, and the mineral resources below the land. River systems indicate the Lumad people's generations of civilization. Water is used as a "hermeneutic" for how Lumads orient themselves in relation to other ethnic groups, the state, modern Filipino culture, and their own cultural customs. Unlike the

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as mentioned, who resisted the Spanish occupation and later avoided contact with southward migrants from Luzon and Visayas during the late Spanish colonial period and since American colonial and postwar eras seeking better economics opportunities awaiting them in Higaonon homelands. Driven to the hills and mountains, these people continued to exist and fought for the preservation of their people, heritage, and culture.

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literature; some publications present the Teboli and the Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The T'boli, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Allah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim, and Kiamba. In former times, the T'boli also inhabited the upper Allah Valley floor.

1823:) created by the AFP to hunt for NPA members. The AFP denied the allegation and attributed the killings to tribal conflict, though the AFP has admitted that CAFGU has Lumad recruits within its ranks while asserting that the NPA has also recruited Lumad for the group. CHR postponed the presentation of their initial report to December 2015 to include reports of subsequent killings and displacement. 1760:'s claim on the same territory. The Lumad have lost parts of their ancestral land because of a failure to understand the modern land tenure system. Some NGOs have established schools that teach Indigenous communities how to protect their rights, property, and culture. However, the Lumad communities are located in mountains that are distant from urban areas. These areas are also the sites of 1496:. Coastal Tirurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tirurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring 1066:"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first", and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river", and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in 1006:

in each Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use, such as cell phones, televisions, radio, and processed foods.

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names. However, anthropologists and historians pointed out errors in the commission's resolution, particularly with regard to the origin and usage of the term Lumad. Scholars and Lumad leaders stated that the resolution stems from a lack of historical awareness and the commission's ignorance of Lumad struggles in Mindanao.

971:, Agusan del Norte, though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones. 1826:

Indigenous women leaders organized the Sabokahan Unity of Lumad Women. Being located in the mountains, community evacuations have become the highest form of protest for the Lumad. Communities pack up and move en masse to urban areas to set up camp in evacuation centers. Through this, the Lumad people

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Lumad peoples confront a variety of social issues. Identical with other Indigenous peoples (IPs) across the globe, the IPs in the Philippines represent the country's poorest sector who endure disproportionate access to healthcare, education, and human rights. There are claims that Lumad social issues

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Templa, Mae Fe. "STATEMENT: Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquino's Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan." MindaNews STATEMENT Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquinos Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan Comments. Minda News, 5

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Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies

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The word Higaonon is derived from the word "higa" in the Higaonon dialect, which means coastal plains, and "gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains. Taken together, Higaonon, means the people of the coastal plains that ascended to the mountains. Higaonons were formerly coastal people of the provinces,

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when referring to Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) and Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The resolution stated that elders, leaders, and members of different ICCs and IPs in Mindanao requested that they not be called "lumad", and instead want to be referred to by their respective ethnolinguistic group

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History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the

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In a Bakwit school in Cebu, 22 students, 2 teachers and 2 tribe elders were arrested without a warrant on 15 February 2021, in what was labeled as a "rescue operation". Philippine media dubbed this raid as "Lumad 26", as they were taken into custody by members of the Philippine National Police's

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The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been

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are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They self-identify as T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the

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Many Lumad youths live in indigent, hard-to-reach communities. In the 1980s, the Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) began a functional literacy program for Indigenous children in these communities. TRIFPSS established 10 schools in 10 Indigenous people's communities in three

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Under the President Benigno Aquino III administration (2010-2015), a total of 71 Indigenous leaders were killed. Ninety-five cases of attacks against the 87 Indigenous schooling for children were also recorded. More than 40,000 Indigenous peoples—whole communities whose social, political, and

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and that community leaders and teachers were being detained by the military on suspicion of being rebels. They also say that alternative schools within the communities (aided by NGOs and universities) face closure or demolition, with some buildings converted for military use. They have staged

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Lumad have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that 'a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of

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The geographical distribution of the subgroups is so great that some of the local groups have been noted to "assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping," as in the case of the Bagobo or the Higaonon. Part of what makes the classification more difficult is that a

1013:, usually takes on the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies. They believe in a collection of spirits, governed by the 1878:

municipalities of Surigao del Sur in 1997. The Alternative Learning Center for Agriculture Livelihood Development (Alcadev), formed in 2004 with support from TRIFPSS, established community schools for Lumad communities using lessons tailored to suit Indigenous culture and tradition.

550:, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing since the word 1893:(PNP) Central Visayas office (PRO-7) and charged with illegal detention and kidnapping. Local officials claimed the operation aimed to reunite the children with their parents while human rights groups condemned the raid as part of a pattern of harassment of Indigenous peoples. 1386:

particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means "from the head(waters)". The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the Gulf of

1700:, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the Lumad into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%. 1438:, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed. 490:

The Lumad include groups such as the Erumanen ne Menuvu', Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo, Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Bukidnon, Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan,

1020:, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities and populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produces winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers. 1191:

The term "Mansaka" derives from "man" with literal meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend", and means "the first people to ascend mountains/upstream". The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in

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The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo peoples. They comprise three subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu (also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples. The Bagobo were formerly nomadic and farmed through

1655:, and various forms of wind and percussive instruments. Traditional vocal music include love songs, lullabies, funeral songs, narrative songs, and songs about nature. Music may be used to accompany dances in rituals and celebrations. 1719:. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies, and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a 1001:

However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago.

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coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.

1885:(DepEd) recognized community schools and the Alcadev system through the Indigenous framework of education now observed by alternative tribal schools nationwide. The policy framework was signed in 2012 by then-Secretary 1346:

The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters.

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Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad controlled an area that now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and

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BOLINGET, WINDEL. "'Lumad' Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict." Inquirer Opinion Lumad Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict Comments. Inquirer, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.

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Lumads face loss of ancestral lands due to land grabbing or militarization. Some communities have been forced out of their lands for resisting encroachment by mining, logging, and energy companies.

1284:. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to 2227: 4008: 1812:

support the Lumad by raising awareness on the plight of Indigenous peoples through protest marches, concerts, cultural festivals, and commemoration of Lumad leaders that have been killed.

1727:, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice... we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands." 3827:

Reyes, Rex R.B., Jr. "ON THE MILITARIZATION AND IMPENDING CLOSURE OF LUMAD SCHOOLS IN MINDANAO." NCCP. National Council of Churches in the Philippines, 5 June 2014. Web. 5 November 2015.

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The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a

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Bayod, Rogelio. "The Future of the Environment and the Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines under the Duterte Administration." Environment, Development and Sustainability 8.1 (2006).

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The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a

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Magbabayà (The Ruler of All) – The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west.

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In 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte threatened to shut down or destroy NGO-funded community schools because of suspicions that they radicalize Lumad students into joining the

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Omoto K. 1989. Genetic studies of human populations in the Asia-Pacific area with special reference to the origins of the Negritos. In: Hhba H, Hayami I, Michizuki K, orgs.

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completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate

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Paredes, Oona. "Rivers of memory and oceans of difference in the Lumad world of Mindanao." TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia 4.2 (2016): 329-349.

2317: 3864:"NPA Created the Conflict in Lumad Tribes - Office of The Army Chief." Philippine Information Agency. Republic of the Philippines, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015. 3769:

Pangandoy: The Manobo Fight for Land, Education and Their Future. Dir. Hiyasmin Saturay. Perf. Manobo, Talaingod Manobo. Salugpongan Ta' Tanu Igkanogon, 2015. Documentary.

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Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form, it means "person" or "people." It is believed that it is derived from the root word

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Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons.

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tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia.

4923: 444:, collectively known as the "Dumagat" or "Sea People" by the Lumad). All of which, in turn are distinct from the (mostly Visayan) migrant majority of modern Mindanao. 4742: 3930:

Liyang Network. Liyang Network Discussions. Accumulation of info from meetings with Liyang Network supervisor and attending events such as webinars and forums. 2021.

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https://ucsc.academia.edu/EmeraldSnow/Papers/187939/Life-history_reproductive_maturity_and_the_evolution_of_small_body_size_The_Mamanwa_negritos_of_northern_Mindanao

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In August 2019, after spending time in refugee camps, Lumad evacuees in Surigao del Sur formally returned to their home after army soldiers left their communities.

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officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog,

2112: 1925:, with Lumad communities reporting health problems brought about by rising temperatures and diseases that spread with changing rainfall patterns, such as dengue. 1667:

Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.

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except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of other Mindanao native groups: the

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means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands.

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communist rebels. This was supported by some Lumad leaders, who also felt that they were being infiltrated by the NPA and their children being exploited.

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economic life had been obstructed—had no choice but to evacuate because their schools were attacked or their leaders had been murdered or incarcerated.

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Bukidnon groups are found in the Valley in Kitaotao in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the

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and a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively referred to as "Bukidnon" (also meaning "highland people").

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Romero, Alexis. "AFP Denies Forced Recruitment, Extrajudicial Killings of Lumads." Philstar.com. Philstar, 4 November 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.

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PULUMBARIT, VERONICA. "Italian priest the third from PIME murdered in Mindanao? gmanetwork.com. GMA NEWS, 17 October 2011. Web. 05, November 2015

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or militarization, economic and social exclusion, and threats to their traditional culture and identity. Lumad groups contend with displacement,

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whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in

503:, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in 289: 3561: 3483: 3778:

Labrador, Kriztja Marae G. "Shelter Sites for Lumads Congested." Www.sunstar.com.ph. Sunstar Davao, 10 December 2014. Web. 6 November 2015.

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among Lumads whose farmlands are affected by stronger typhoons and more intense droughts. Climate change is also giving rise to various

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demonstrations to gain the public's attention, calling for a halt to the alleged militarization of Lumad communities. Organizers of the

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because of increasing military and NPA activity. There are claims that Lumads account for about 70 percent of the fighting force of the

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Human rights watchdogs, Indigenous peoples groups, and environmentalists claim that Lumad territories were being militarized by the

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and was ranked third globally among countries most at-risk to disasters, according to a 2012 report. Climate change is threatening

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Mindanao is home to a substantial part of the country's indigenous population, comprising around 15% of the Philippine population.

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The Philippines Commission on Human Rights (CHR) has been investigating the 2015 murder of Lumad leaders and a school official by

869:. They comprise three subgroups which are usually treated as different tribes: the Tagakaulo, the Kagan, and the Kallao people of 4308: 2314: 1281: 409:

Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the three major groups of the

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Ramirez, Robertzon. "Lumads Refuse Dialogue with CHR." Philstar.com. The Philippine Star, 29 October 2015. Web. 6 November 2015.

5538: 3110: 2140:"The IP struggle continues as NCIP red-tags and bans use of "Lumad," the collective word for Mindanao IPs since the late 1970s" 2087: 1772:(AFP). Caught in the conflict, the Lumad people's education, property, and security are endangered by the increasing amount of 4769: 3376:

UNDP. "Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines." United Nations Development Programme, no. Fast Facts: Lagom, 2010. undp.org.ph.

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National Statistics Office. "Statistics on Filipino Children." Journal of Philippine Statistics, vol. 59, no. 4, 2008, p. 119.

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is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are an indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of

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to demand protection for environmental activists, protest destructive mining operations within ancestral lands, and promote

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dialectical subgroup's membership within a supergroup can shift depending on specific points of view regarding linguistics.

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Alamon, Arnold P. "Wars of Extinction: The Lumad Killings in Mindanao, Philippines." Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 2015,

3901: 1204:, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo. 367: 3228: 3073: 2251: 907:, ("spirit" or "soul"). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270. 865:

The Kalagan, also spelled K'lagan or (by the Spanish) Caragan, are a subgroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the

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FIANZA, MYRTHENA L. "Contesting Land and Identity in the Periphery: The Moro Indigenous People of Southern Philippines."

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against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests.

1304:. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both 139: 3818:

Cruz, Tonyo. "#StopLumadKillings: What You Need to Know." Tonyocruz.com. N.p., 4 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.

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farmers, allegedly by members of the Philippine Army. A pro-AFP and pro-mining datu of the Langilan Manobo people in

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arise from ethnic grievances that develop into an issue of economic greed. They face loss of ancestral lands due to

756: 4932: 1945: 1316:. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown but is estimated to be around 10,000 people. 465: 239: 143: 4359: 3275: 3161:

Yengoyan, Aram A. (1991). "Shaping and Reshaping the Tasaday: A Question of Cultural Identity—A Review Article".

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Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia

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people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.

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Mateo, Janvic. "Lumads Demand End to Violence." Philstar.com. Philstar, 27 October 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.

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31 October 2006, Kidapawan City, Philippines. Contributed by Pependayan, LMPF Secretary-General from 1988–1999

1749:. Defenders of Indigenous land rights, environmentalists, and human rights activists have also been harassed. 1222:)." Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct subgroup. 5472: 4804: 4190: 2295: 386: 370:, where the word was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish Lumad ethnic communities from the islands of 815:. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is their most important economic activity. 5467: 3719:

Paredes, Oona (2015). "Indigenous vs. native: negotiating the place of Lumads in the Bangsamoro homeland".

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Ibabasok – He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field.

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The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the

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In December 2019, the Philippines under Duterte became the deadliest for farmers and Indigenous peoples.

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A hat from the Mandaya people made up of palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber, and beads, housed at the

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Loss, emergence, and retribalization: The politics of Lumad ethnicity in Northern Mindanao (Philippines)

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For the Lumad, securing their rights to their ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros' quest for

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island. Residing in their ancestral lands, they are often evicted and displaced because of the

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and some parts of Davao Oriental, specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan,

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Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol – Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles.

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word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other

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A Tboli dance performed during colorful street dancing competition on the Tnalak Festival in

1473: 2902: 2591: 2536: 1854: 1789: 1765: 1580: 1469: 329: 3692: 2734:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania" 1280:) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the 629:. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos. 8: 1640:

Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of

979: 348: 179: 118: 86: 5594: 5024: 3594: 2906: 2595: 2540: 986:: dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature. The origins of this phenotype (found in the 681:

in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the

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The total current Manobo population is not known, although they occupy core areas from

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region is named after them. Their name means "spirited people" or "brave people", from

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B'laan women record dreams in woven mats – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos

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Bulalakaw – The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch.

5163: 5135: 5087: 5029: 4427:"A Fulfilled Promise: Lumads Graduate from School Harassed by Military - Page 2 of 3" 3740: 3190: 3052: 2938: 2920: 2867: 2763: 2619: 2552: 1793: 1359: 1253: 1067: 928: 878: 555: 519: 437: 122: 106: 78: 41: 3534: 3114: 2564: 5579: 5493: 5261: 5130: 5097: 4901: 4395: 3728: 3698: 3170: 2928: 2910: 2753: 2745: 2660: 2609: 2599: 2544: 2495: 2274: 1614: 1597: 1592: 1485: 1481: 1461: 1309: 1249: 1231: 1039: 975: 956: 924: 866: 796: 788: 593: 482: 414: 403: 340: 270: 114: 98: 5193: 3732: 3640:"Stop the Lumad Killings! Lumad Activists Are Not Terrorists! Save Lumad Schools!" 2783:

A Study of the Structure and Style of Two Manuvu Epic Songs in English Translation

2664: 2500: 2483: 539: 309: 5676: 5498: 5347: 5231: 5120: 5072: 5067: 4978: 4846: 3601: 2321: 2302: 2258: 1987: 1933: 1847: 1777: 1404: 1339: 1289: 1257: 1237: 1193: 1149: 882: 812: 522:, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their 515: 433: 3909: 1641: 5715: 5554: 5324: 5314: 5256: 5183: 5125: 5092: 5077: 5062: 5044: 5004: 4994: 4989: 4876: 4866: 2828:. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from 2749: 1914: 1835: 1709: 1697: 1527: 1493: 1489: 1453: 1447: 1325: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1241: 890: 886: 860: 800: 626: 572: 535: 492: 441: 363: 4635:"Lumad students 'rescued' in Cebu raid had parents' consent, House panel told" 4584:"Philippines: Cops Raid Lumad School, Arrest 26 Including Indigenous Children" 4378:"Study: PH deadliest nation for farmers, indigenous people over land disputes" 4242:"IPs on Lumad killings: the war isn't ours, but why are we the ones suffering" 1518: 5709: 5651: 5418: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5223: 5173: 5168: 5082: 5039: 5014: 4999: 4662:"Commentary: Pablo, climate change and banana production in the Davao region" 2924: 1960: 1886: 1843: 1761: 1693: 1680:, harassment of Lumad rights defenders, and forced closure of Lumad schools. 1673: 1568: 1379: 1312:

are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the

1261: 1014: 874: 622: 470: 418: 37: 4691:"Lumad community in Bukidnon turns to prayers in adapting to climate change" 4507:"[OPINION] Teaching without schools? Lumad education under lockdown" 2915: 2651:

Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".

2604: 2578:

Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; et al. (2013).

2548: 1330: 978:

and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from

5329: 5284: 5266: 5251: 5198: 5102: 4881: 4831: 4774: 3615:"Rights activists, defenders tagged human rights violators in Davao poster" 2942: 2767: 2623: 2556: 2364: 1816: 1797: 1741:

Environmental issues in the Philippines § Threats to environmentalists

1535: 1513: 1305: 1197: 1183: 1119: 894: 870: 618: 612: 547: 500: 82: 74: 4743:"Indigenous, urban poor kids form 'human tree' to promote climate justice" 2580:"Genome-wide data substantiates Holocene gene ?ow from India to Australia" 2061: 200: 5636: 5365: 5150: 4112: 3484:"6 arrested in a week, rights group decries 'escalating state terrorism'" 3454:"Rappler Talk: Addressing Lumad killings and internally displaced people" 3327: 2038: 2036: 1955: 1785: 1757: 1705: 1644:– ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed 1548: 1219: 808: 527: 425: 336: 167: 66: 2853:"Exploring the Indigenous Local Governance of Manobo Tribes in Mindanao" 2472:. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Nature and Culture: 1. 2228:"Beauty queens from Bagobo tribe promote culture with coffee enterprise" 702:

The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct from and should not be confused with the

5646: 5641: 5370: 5188: 5158: 3703: 3182: 3098:

http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rop3=109689&rog3=RP

1708:, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in 1501: 1388: 1277: 1213: 1093: 1089: 1043: 991: 693: 653: 576: 543: 504: 163: 4558:"Raid or rescue? What we know so far about Lumad arrests in Cebu City" 2509: 2470:

Current Aspects of Biogeography in West Pacific and East Asian Regions

2033: 4943: 2891:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 1839: 1720: 1651:

Lumad groups also have traditional stringed instruments, such as the

1523: 1245: 1168: 983: 580: 410: 352: 256: 175: 3562:"Driven from home, Philippine indigenous people long for their land" 3426:"Upper Right Hand: Vulnerabilities of Lumad Communities in Mindanao" 3174: 2732:

Reich, David; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; et al. (2011).

726: 5436: 5428: 5413: 5112: 5054: 4983: 4836: 3510:"Why Lumad schools are valuable to the education of Lumad children" 2113:"Bishop hits 'red-tagging' of word lumad in recent NCIP resolution" 1781: 1753: 1652: 1416: 1408: 1375: 1293: 1153: 920: 804: 792: 706: 703: 696: 667: 660: 649: 638: 523: 429: 371: 356: 171: 45: 1648:

which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.

359:. Usage of the term was accepted in Philippine jurisprudence when 5666: 5380: 5357: 5339: 5319: 5299: 4871: 4856: 4851: 4717:"#ClimateStrike | Lumad youth demand halt to environment plunder" 3943: 3667:"Duterte, not activists, destroying the nation and Lumad schools" 2887: 2522: 2305:", inq7.net (accessed through seasite.niu.edu on 3 February 2010) 1497: 1428: 1412: 1392: 1363: 1123: 948: 943:

A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors in full war regalia

682: 663: 496: 147: 4789: 4455:"Lumad alternative schools recognized by DepEd –rights advocate" 3400:"Rights abuses, land grabbing confront indigenous peoples in PH" 1663: 5656: 5309: 5009: 4861: 3757: 3100:

Joshua Project – Bagobo, Tagabawa of Philippines Ethnic Profile

3023:"Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency" 2577: 1984:"The Tri-People Relationship and the Peace Process in Mindanao" 1873:

Education in the Philippines § Indigenous peoples' schools

1084: 1079: 898: 422: 70: 1723:

leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the

644: 637:"Bukidnon people" redirects here. For the Panay Bukidnon, see 4970: 4948: 3332:

PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings

1635: 1297: 1107:

of the Bagobo, with family, followers, and two missionaries (

952: 903: 822:

The Higaonon people believe in a variety of deities, namely:

710: 599: 343:

term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for

5697:

National Commission on Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines

4165:"Lumad leader killed by NPA in Surigao del Norte – military" 3969:

https://kyotoreview.org/issue-21/lumad-killings-philippines/

2822:"Binantazan nga Banwa / Binantajan nu Bubungan, Philippines" 1547:

The Tigwahonon are a subgroup of Manobo originally from the

951:

tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from

395:

grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the

3207:

Invented Eden: The Elusive, Disputed History of the Tasaday

2731: 1834:

On 8 December 2017, human rights group Karapatan asked the

1645: 1435: 995: 987: 4610:"Rights groups slam police raid on Cebu City Lumad school" 4533:"An inclusive education that respects indigenous cultures" 4309:"Some Lumad leaders call for Red-tagged schools' shutdown" 4283:"Lumad group condemns CPP-NPA and release of Talaingod 18" 4217:"NPA congratulates fighters for killing Lumad father, son" 2960:. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 2. 1745:

Lumad communities contend with extrajudicial killings and

1137:

The Manobo are considered the most diverse among the many

787:

The Higaonon are mainly located in the entire province of

597:

or female shamans. The supreme spirit in their indigenous

5624: 4260: 2202:"The last tribes of Mindanao, the Bagobo, the New People" 850:

Tagabugtà – The spirit who watches the farm or the forest

1928:

In 2019, Lumad youth and urban poor children joined the

1838:

to probe Lumad killings, including the killing of eight

3982:"Karapatan asks UN to probe Lumad killings in Mindanao" 3790:"Lumads account for 70 percent of NPA's fighting force" 1800:

alone according to NCIP chief and former army colonel.

2296:

Bukidnon heritage kept alive, Dr. Antonio Montalvan II

1187:

A group of Mansaka tribeswomen in their formal attire.

982:. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito" 4785:

The indigenous people of Central and Eastern Mindanao

4113:"Lumad leaders meet with PNP chief; deny joining NPA" 677:

The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire

4931: 2997:"Peoples of the Philippines: Sangil (Sangir/Marore)" 2956:

Fuentes, Vilma May A.; De La Cruz, Edito T. (1980).

2635: 2633: 2054:"Drop 'lumad', use ethnic group names instead: NCIP" 1171:

admixture, much like the Mamanwa. Manobos also hold

1148:

island into the Mindanao mainland in the regions of

1042:(or Minamanwa). They are genetically related to the 4189:Nawal, Allan; Magbanua, Williamor (10 April 2018). 2088:"Analysis: Notes on the NCIP resolution on 'Lumad'" 1752:The Lumad are people from various ethnic groups in 451:issued a resolution denouncing the use of the term 432:

of coastal areas in northern and eastern Mindanao (

2365:"It's Kagan, not Kalagan, new city ordinance says" 927:and are closely related to the Manobo groups from 4009:"Militant group seeks UN probe on Lumad killings" 2958:A Treasure of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature 2955: 2826:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas Registry 2630: 2484:"The Negrito and allied types in the Philippines" 1160:put their population in 1988 at around 250,000. 5707: 3508:Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (3 September 2019). 1913:The Philippines is vulnerable to the effects of 1288:due to proximity and contact with the Christian 1030:) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words 659:The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the 4531:Padilla, Stephen Norries A. (5 November 2012). 4061:"Lumad leaders blame NPA for Mindanao killings" 3328:"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines" 2895:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2727: 2725: 2464: 2462: 1819:group Magahat-Bagani (in line with the idea of 1403:Talaandig are originally from the foothills of 1296:. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to 1070:(formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province). 621:is an indigenous group that is concentrated in 526:and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The 313:The Bagobo people in their traditional attire ( 4111:Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (17 October 2018). 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 1583:belonging to various branches. These include: 583:. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains ( 5610: 4917: 4805: 4188: 4032: 3752: 3750: 3697:(PhD thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. 2341:. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from 428:of southwestern Mindanao; and the sea-faring 290: 4139:"Lumads, tribal leaders hold anti-NPA rally" 4035:"In PH, they kill people for their thoughts" 3306:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon 3255:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon 3141:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon 3001:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2976:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon 2814: 2808:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2722: 2459: 2395:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2179:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2015:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 4300: 4104: 2860:Philippine Journal of Public Administration 2789: 755:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5617: 5603: 4924: 4910: 4812: 4798: 4274: 4052: 3747: 3051:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96. 2523:The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). 2324:", Bukidnon.gov (accessed 3 February 2010) 2226:Carillo, Carmencita A. (13 October 2016). 683:collective name of the permanent residents 603:religions is Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama. 297: 283: 30: 4775:Preserving Culture: the Tboli of Mindanao 4394:Solitario, J. Mikhail (10 January 2019). 4393: 4281:Colina, Antonio L. IV (4 December 2018). 4268:"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools" 4191:"NPA rebels admit killing 'lumad' leader" 4136: 4033:Espina-Varona, Inday (11 November 2015). 3787: 3702: 3424:Alave, Dionesio (Jr.) (17 January 2021). 2932: 2914: 2757: 2613: 2603: 2525:"Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia" 2499: 2137: 2085: 1152:, Davao, Bukidnon, Surigao, Misamis, and 775:Learn how and when to remove this message 685:in the province regardless of ethnicity. 449:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 4714: 4688: 4660:Ortiz, Andrea Monica (10 January 2013). 4424: 4333:Andrade, Jeanette I. (7 December 2018). 3781: 3559: 3507: 3325: 3160: 1683: 1662: 1517: 1411:, specifically in the municipalities of 1329: 1300:due to the influence of the neighboring 1182: 1098: 1083: 1053: 938: 643: 575:" methods. Their territory extends from 507:, forests, lowlands, and coastal areas. 481: 469: 308: 4581: 4530: 4478: 4449: 4447: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4389: 4387: 4332: 4306: 4110: 3760:. PSI-SDLAP, n.d. Web. 5 November 2015. 3718: 3612: 2785:. University of San Carlos. p. 13. 2780: 2774: 2650: 2481: 2417:"Amazing History about Camiguin Island" 2225: 2219: 2199: 2193: 2138:Arguillas, Carolyn O. (19 March 2021). 1696:. Significant migration to Mindanao of 16:Group of Austronesian indigenous people 5708: 4684: 4682: 4280: 4058: 3938: 3936: 3690: 3664: 3482:Umil, Anne Marxze (15 February 2021). 3398:Ellao, Janess Ann J. (9 August 2019). 3319: 3204: 3046: 2881: 2738:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2166: 1563:The Umayamnon are originally from the 1378:. Their traditional territories is in 347:(Literally: "indigenous people"), the 5626:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines 5598: 4905: 4793: 4715:Macaraeg, Aaron (24 September 2019). 4659: 4582:Beltran, Michael (19 February 2021). 4162: 3855:September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015. 3613:Lacorte, Germelina (13 August 2020). 3477: 3475: 3448: 3446: 3423: 3397: 3393: 3391: 2850: 2844: 2446:California State University, East Bay 2391:"Peoples of the Philippines: Kalagan" 2335:"CARAGA Region History and Geography" 2051: 1951:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines 1909:Climate change and indigenous peoples 1571:. They are a subgroup of the Manobo. 1139:indigenous peoples of the Philippines 1130:which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus 4740: 4607: 4481:"School a distant dream for 'lumad'" 4444: 4413: 4400:University of the Philippines System 4384: 4214: 4137:Crismundo, Mike (11 December 2018). 4059:Romero, Alexis (15 September 2015). 3481: 3074:"The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao" 3071: 2804:"Peoples of the Philippines: Manobo" 2081: 2079: 2008: 1977: 1975: 1567:watershed and the headwaters of the 1134:would be "-grown" or "aboriginal"). 963:provinces in Mindanao; primarily in 807:(used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in 753:adding citations to reliable sources 720: 53:Regions with significant populations 5149: 4741:Rita, Joviland (20 November 2019). 4689:Torralba, Alanah (4 October 2017). 4679: 4608:Ryan, Macasero (15 February 2021). 4588:The News Lens International Edition 4479:Lacorte, Germelina (19 June 2016). 4335:"'Lumad' leaders want schools shut" 3933: 3788:Casayuran, Mario (27 August 2019). 3326:Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). 2679:"Agusan-Surigao Historical Archive" 2172: 1625: 1276:. Their populations (much like the 829:Domalondong – The god of the north. 13: 4425:Magbanua, Marife (27 March 2010). 4006: 3472: 3443: 3388: 3276:"Manobo, Umayamnon in Philippines" 1784:was evacuated to shelter sites in 1374:Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in 873:. They are native to areas within 835:Tagolambong – The god of the east. 14: 5732: 4819: 4780:The indigenous people of Mindanao 4763: 4163:Manos, Merlyn (9 February 2018). 3665:Cagula, Ken (24 September 2020). 2862:. 48XLVIII (1 & 2): 124–154. 2076: 1981: 1972: 1903:Climate change in the Philippines 1896: 1792:, with the communists collecting 1730: 893:; between the territories of the 5685: 4933:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 4890: 4734: 4708: 4653: 4627: 4601: 4575: 4550: 4524: 4498: 4472: 4370: 4352: 4307:Gagalac, Ron (6 December 2018). 4084: 3691:Acosta, J. R. Nereus O. (1994). 3560:Chandran, Rina (19 April 2018). 3539:Indigenous Environmental Network 3225:Ethnic Groups of the Philippines 2200:de Jong, Ronald (4 March 2010). 2086:Gatmaytan, Gus (25 March 2021). 1946:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 1866: 1658: 725: 486:Map of Lumad in Mindanao Islands 466:Ethnic groups of the Philippines 459: 199: 59: 4396:"From computers to communities" 4326: 4234: 4215:Basa, Mick (14 February 2018). 4208: 4182: 4156: 4130: 4078: 4026: 4000: 3974: 3961: 3924: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3772: 3763: 3712: 3684: 3658: 3632: 3606: 3588: 3579: 3553: 3527: 3501: 3417: 3379: 3370: 3345: 3294: 3268: 3243: 3213: 3209:. University of Nebraska Press. 3198: 3154: 3129: 3103: 3091: 3065: 3040: 3015: 2989: 2964: 2949: 2697: 2671: 2644: 2571: 2516: 2475: 2434: 2409: 2383: 2357: 2327: 2308: 2289: 2263: 2245: 1805:Armed Forces of the Philippines 1770:Armed Forces of the Philippines 1737:Human rights in the Philippines 1088:A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the 413:, the Teduray. The choice of a 212:Philippine Statistics Authority 4504: 2781:Sevilla, Ester Orlida (1979). 2442:"Anthropology Museum: Mamanwa" 2157: 2131: 2105: 2052:Moaje, Marita (4 March 2021). 2045: 2002: 1810:Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya 1456:live in the municipalities of 1: 5289: 4841: 4360:"Lumad evacuees go back home" 3733:10.1080/14631369.2015.1003690 3003:. Republic of the Philippines 2665:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100 2501:10.1525/aa.1910.12.3.02a00020 2397:. Republic of the Philippines 2181:. Republic of the Philippines 1966: 1542: 1207: 1108: 832:Ongli – The god of the south. 791:as well as northern parts of 387:Prehistory of the Philippines 314: 3758:https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu 3163:The Journal of Asian Studies 1796:of P1.2 billion per year in 1574: 1558: 1398: 1369: 554:literally means "native" in 7: 3072:Basa, Mick (9 March 2014). 1939: 1476:municipality, northwestern 1354: 1338:living in the mountains of 916: 716: 632: 10: 5737: 5672:Palawan indigenous peoples 3357:Filipinas Heritage Library 2750:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 2482:Barrows, David P. (1910). 2339:National Nutrition Council 1906: 1900: 1870: 1734: 1629: 1511: 1445: 1441: 1426: 1422: 1323: 1319: 1229: 1211: 1178: 1077: 1049: 934: 910: 885:(including Samal Island), 858: 854: 636: 610: 463: 384: 380: 5721:Ethnic groups in Mindanao 5694: 5683: 5632: 5547: 5486: 5460: 5449: 5427: 5389: 5356: 5338: 5275: 5222: 5215: 5111: 5053: 4969: 4962: 4939: 4888: 4827: 4770:Portraits of Lumad People 4339:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4195:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3595:Mindanao, Land of Promise 3535:"Stop the Lumad Killings" 1776:by the armed parties. In 1225: 1073: 1038:(forest). They speak the 561: 162: 157: 137: 132: 97: 92: 57: 52: 29: 3971:. Accessed 7 April 2021. 1632:Music of the Philippines 1605:South Mindanao languages 1579:The Lumad peoples speak 1507: 1302:Sultanate of Maguindanao 606: 587:), a council of elders ( 111:South Mindanao languages 4244:. News5. Archived from 3709:. Web. 5 November 2015. 3600:28 October 2008 at the 3047:Hayase, Shinzō (2007). 2916:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 2851:Felix, Leny E. (2004). 2653:American Anthropologist 2605:10.1073/pnas.1211927110 2549:10.1126/science.1177074 2488:American Anthropologist 1883:Department of Education 1478:Sultan Kudarat Province 1286:Protestant Christianity 974:They are traditionally 897:and the coastline. The 811:, and eastern parts of 652:celebrated annually in 4117:Philippine News Agency 3205:Hemley, Robin (2007). 2058:Philippine News Agency 1774:violent confrontations 1678:extrajudicial killings 1668: 1553:San Fernando, Bukidnon 1531: 1484:, which is related to 1454:Teduray/Tiruray people 1343: 1334:The Subanon people of 1188: 1115: 1096: 1063: 1060:Honolulu Museum of Art 944: 656: 487: 479: 321: 247:Country of citizenship 4087:"NPA killing Lumads?" 2320:10 March 2011 at the 2301:25 April 2010 at the 2257:4 August 2009 at the 1930:global climate strike 1907:Further information: 1684:Ancestral land rights 1666: 1521: 1333: 1252:(particularly in the 1186: 1102: 1087: 1057: 942: 647: 485: 473: 464:Further information: 447:On 2 March 2021, the 312: 158:Related ethnic groups 36:Women in traditional 3644:Intercontinental Cry 3353:"Music of the Lumad" 3231:on 21 September 2019 3117:on 25 September 2015 2277:on 11 September 2015 1581:Philippine languages 1470:Maguindanao Province 1458:Datu Blah T. Sinsuat 980:tropical rainforests 749:improve this section 180:Austronesian peoples 4380:. 11 December 2019. 4364:The Philippine Star 4091:The Philippine Star 4065:The Philippine Star 2907:2021PNAS..11826132L 2901:(13): e2026132118. 2877:on 26 October 2019. 2596:2013PNAS..110.1803P 2541:2009Sci...326.1541. 2535:(5959): 1541–1545. 2369:SunStar Philippines 2011:"Lumad in Mindanao" 1395:. a long time ago. 1167:The Manobo possess 919:from the island of 799:, western parts of 795:, western parts of 87:Zamboanga Peninsula 26: 4954:Indigenous peoples 4505:Sy, Jose Monfred. 4007:Leonen, Julius N. 3800:on 26 January 2021 3646:. 31 December 2017 3541:. 24 December 2017 3460:. 9 September 2021 3282:. 28 November 2017 2421:Bintana sa Paraiso 2173:Mangune, Sonia D. 1717:self-determination 1669: 1620:Sangiric languages 1610:Mansakan languages 1588:Mindanao languages 1532: 1384:Sarangani Province 1344: 1336:Misamis Occidental 1314:Sangirese language 1189: 1156:. A study by the 1116: 1097: 1064: 947:The Mamanwa are a 945: 915:A subgroup of the 657: 488: 480: 333:indigenous peoples 322: 103:Mansakan languages 40:attire during the 24: 5703: 5702: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5445: 5444: 5437:Suludnon/Tumandok 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 4899: 4898: 4248:on 18 August 2018 3988:. 8 December 2017 3902:"About Sabokahan" 3058:978-97-155-0511-6 2371:. 20 January 2016 2345:on 28 August 2018 2315:Kaamulan Festival 2009:Ulindang, Faina. 1794:revolutionary tax 1790:New People's Army 1766:New People's Army 1480:. They speak the 1254:Sarangani Islands 1068:Compostela Valley 929:Surigao del Norte 923:. They speak the 879:Compostela Valley 785: 784: 777: 697:Kaamulan Festival 694:Malaybalay city's 650:Kaamulan Festival 556:Bisayan languages 524:Visayan ethnicity 368:Republic Act 6734 307: 306: 185: 184: 107:Subanen languages 79:Northern Mindanao 42:Kaamulan Festival 5728: 5689: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5458: 5457: 5220: 5219: 5147: 5146: 4967: 4966: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3944:"Liyang Network" 3940: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3912:on 29 April 2021 3908:. Archived from 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796:. Archived from 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3227:. Archived from 3217: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113:. Archived from 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3027:sp2010.bps.go.id 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2918: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2870:. Archived from 2857: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2685:on 23 March 2012 2681:. Archived from 2675: 2669: 2668: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2607: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2331: 2325: 2312: 2306: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2273:. Archived from 2267: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2060:. Archived from 2049: 2043: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2017:. Archived from 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1990:on 5 August 2004 1986:. Archived from 1979: 1626:Musical heritage 1615:Mamanwa language 1598:Subanon language 1593:Manobo languages 1482:Tiruray language 1468:in southwestern 1250:Davao Occidental 1232:Sangirese people 1122:spelling of the 1113: 1110: 1040:Mamanwa language 976:hunter-gatherers 957:Agusan del Norte 925:Kamigin language 867:Kalagan language 797:Agusan del Norte 789:Misamis Oriental 780: 773: 769: 766: 760: 729: 721: 474:A Bagobo chief ( 404:Ferdinand Marcos 366:signed into law 335:in the southern 319: 316: 299: 292: 285: 203: 187: 186: 99:Manobo languages 65: 63: 62: 34: 27: 23: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5628: 5623: 5593: 5584: 5543: 5482: 5452: 5441: 5423: 5385: 5352: 5334: 5271: 5203: 5145: 5107: 5049: 4958: 4935: 4930: 4900: 4895: 4886: 4823: 4818: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4747:GMA News Online 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4687: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4459:GMA News Online 4453: 4452: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4423: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4279: 4275: 4270:. ABS-CBN News. 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4169:GMA News Online 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4143:Manila Bulletin 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3794:Manila Bulletin 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3748: 3721:Asian Ethnicity 3717: 3713: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3602:Wayback Machine 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3203: 3199: 3175:10.2307/2057561 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2954: 2950: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2832:on 22 June 2017 2820: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2790: 2779: 2775: 2730: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2576: 2572: 2521: 2517: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2322:Wayback Machine 2313: 2309: 2303:Wayback Machine 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2259:Wayback Machine 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2119:. 24 March 2021 2117:GMA News Online 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2064:on 5 March 2021 2050: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1982:Rodil, Rudy B. 1980: 1973: 1969: 1942: 1934:climate justice 1911: 1905: 1899: 1875: 1869: 1848:Davao del Norte 1844:Dulangan Manobo 1778:Surigao del Sur 1743: 1733: 1686: 1661: 1642:agung ensembles 1638: 1630:Main articles: 1628: 1577: 1561: 1545: 1516: 1510: 1450: 1444: 1431: 1425: 1405:Mount Kitanglad 1401: 1372: 1357: 1340:Mount Malindang 1328: 1322: 1290:Minahasa people 1258:Davao del Norte 1248:) and parts of 1234: 1228: 1216: 1210: 1194:Davao del Norte 1181: 1111: 1082: 1076: 1052: 937: 913: 883:Davao del Norte 863: 857: 813:Lanao del Norte 781: 770: 764: 761: 746: 730: 719: 654:Malaybalay City 642: 635: 615: 609: 564: 468: 462: 419:common language 389: 383: 345:Katawhang Lumad 328:are a group of 317: 303: 193:the Philippines 192: 191:Demographics of 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 60: 58: 48: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5734: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5455: 5453:or expatriates 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4764:External links 4762: 4760: 4759: 4733: 4707: 4678: 4652: 4626: 4600: 4574: 4549: 4523: 4497: 4471: 4443: 4412: 4383: 4369: 4351: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4259: 4233: 4207: 4181: 4155: 4129: 4103: 4077: 4051: 4025: 3999: 3973: 3960: 3948:Liyang Network 3932: 3923: 3906:Liyang Network 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3746: 3727:(2): 166–185. 3711: 3683: 3657: 3631: 3605: 3587: 3578: 3552: 3526: 3500: 3471: 3442: 3416: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3344: 3318: 3293: 3267: 3242: 3212: 3197: 3169:(3): 565–573. 3153: 3128: 3102: 3090: 3064: 3057: 3039: 3014: 2988: 2963: 2948: 2880: 2843: 2813: 2788: 2773: 2744:(4): 516–528. 2721: 2696: 2670: 2659:(1): 116–120. 2643: 2629: 2570: 2515: 2494:(3): 358–376. 2474: 2458: 2433: 2408: 2382: 2356: 2326: 2307: 2288: 2262: 2244: 2218: 2192: 2165: 2156: 2130: 2104: 2075: 2044: 2032: 2001: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1915:climate change 1898: 1897:Climate change 1895: 1868: 1865: 1836:United Nations 1768:(NPA) and the 1762:armed conflict 1732: 1731:Lumad killings 1729: 1710:armed struggle 1685: 1682: 1660: 1657: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1576: 1573: 1560: 1557: 1544: 1541: 1528:South Cotabato 1512:Main article: 1509: 1506: 1448:Teduray people 1446:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1427:Main article: 1424: 1421: 1400: 1397: 1371: 1368: 1356: 1353: 1326:Subanon people 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1274:North Cotabato 1270:South Cotabato 1266:Sultan Kudarat 1242:Talaud Islands 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1180: 1177: 1118:Manobo is the 1103:Datu Manib, a 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1051: 1048: 1026:(also spelled 936: 933: 912: 909: 891:North Cotabato 887:Davao Oriental 861:Kalagan people 859:Main article: 856: 853: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 801:Agusan del Sur 783: 782: 733: 731: 724: 718: 715: 634: 631: 627:South Cotabato 611:Main article: 608: 605: 573:slash-and-burn 563: 560: 461: 458: 382: 379: 364:Corazon Aquino 305: 304: 302: 301: 294: 287: 279: 276: 275: 274: 273: 268: 260: 259: 253: 252: 251: 250: 243: 236: 229: 222: 215: 205: 204: 196: 195: 183: 182: 160: 159: 155: 154: 140:Roman Catholic 138:Christianity ( 135: 134: 130: 129: 95: 94: 90: 89: 55: 54: 50: 49: 35: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5733: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 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4508: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4092: 4088: 4085:Uson, Mocha. 4081: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3246: 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