352:
318:
396:
302:
407:
437:
27:
279:
1881:
678:
correct the orbit, most satellites released into low lunar orbits (under about 60 miles or 100 km) will eventually crash into the Moon. ... a number of 'frozen orbits' where a spacecraft can stay in a low lunar orbit indefinitely. They occur at four inclinations: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86° — the last one being nearly over the lunar poles. The orbit of the relatively long-lived
168:) beneath the lunar surface caused by large impacting bodies at some remote time in the past. These anomalies are large enough to cause a lunar orbit to change significantly over the course of several days. They can cause a plumb bob to hang about a third of a degree off vertical, pointing toward the mascon, and increase the force of gravity by one-half percent. The
541:(LM) landed. The combined CSM/LM would first enter an elliptical orbit, nominally 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) by 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi), which was then changed to a circular parking orbit of about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi). Orbital periods vary according to the sum of
516:
of 102.1 nautical miles (189.1 km; 117.5 mi). Then the orbit was circularized at around 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) to obtain suitable imagery. Five such spacecraft were launched over a period of thirteen months, all of which successfully mapped the Moon, primarily for the
172:
first manned landing mission employed the first attempt to correct for the perturbation effect (the frozen orbits were not known at that time). The parking orbit was "circularized" at 66 nautical miles (122 km; 76 mi) by 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi), which was expected to
677:
Lunar mascons make most low lunar orbits unstable ... As a satellite passes 50 or 60 miles overhead, the mascons pull it forward, back, left, right, or down, the exact direction and magnitude of the tugging depends on the satellite's trajectory. Absent any periodic boosts from onboard rockets to
177:
with the CSM. But the effect was overestimated by a factor of two; at rendezvous, the orbit was calculated to be 63.2 nautical miles (117.0 km; 72.7 mi) by 56.8 nautical miles (105.2 km; 65.4 mi).
218:, and successfully completed its mission after one and a half years. PFS-2 was placed in a particularly unstable orbital inclination of 11°, and lasted only 35 days in orbit before crashing into the lunar surface.
927:
245:
extends to a radius of 60,000 km (37,000 mi), the gravity of Earth intervenes enough to make lunar orbits unstable at a distance of 690 km (430 mi).
686:
had an inclination of 28°, which turned out to be close to the inclination of one of the frozen orbits—but poor PFS-2 was cursed with an inclination of only 11°.
923:
699:
Konopliv, A. S.; Asmar, S. W.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W. L.; Yuan, D. N. (2001-03-01). "Recent
Gravity Models as a Result of the Lunar Prospector Mission".
873:
764:
980:
464:, on January 4, 1959. It passed within 6,000 kilometres (3,200 nmi; 3,700 mi) of the Moon's surface, but did not achieve lunar orbit.
1039:
125:) is an orbit below 100 km (62 mi) altitude. These have a period of about 2 hours. They are of particular interest in the
549:, and for the CSM were about two hours. The LM began its landing sequence with a Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) burn to lower their
211:
1758:
631:
561:
to save more of the LM fuel for its powered descent, by using the CSM's fuel to perform the DOI burn, and later raising its
557:
reaching heights of 20,000 feet (6.1 km; 3.3 nmi). After the second landing mission, the procedure was changed on
1818:
341:
426:
947:
410:
1013:
226:
For lunar orbits with altitudes in the 500 to 20,000 km (300 to 12,000 mi) range, the gravity of Earth leads to orbit
898:
497:, was launched on August 24, 1966, and studied lunar gravitational anomalies, radiation and solar wind measurements.
351:
1813:
1693:
1112:
1778:
1532:
795:
1851:
1490:
1481:
1218:
813:
The moon's Hill sphere has a radius of 60,000 kilometres, about one-sixth of the distance between it and Earth.
161:
660:
554:
534:
460:
sent the first spacecraft to the vicinity of the Moon (or any extraterrestrial object), the robotic vehicle
1798:
1268:
366:
356:
1743:
594:
306:
291:
479:
and returned to the Earth. This craft provided the first pictures of the far side of the Lunar surface.
1905:
1723:
1550:
160:
Gravitational anomalies slightly distorting the orbits of some Lunar
Orbiters led to the discovery of
1861:
988:
951:
173:
become the nominal circular 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) when the LM made its return
1846:
1371:
589:
257:
227:
130:
1856:
1164:
816:
For mean distance and mass data for the bodies (for verification of the foregoing citation), see
272:
263:
Some halo orbits remain over particular regions of the lunar surface. These can be used by lunar
126:
819:
1718:
1320:
1240:
1228:
472:
469:
1047:
317:
1841:
1783:
1753:
1541:
1418:
1386:
1356:
1315:
1300:
1179:
331:
359:
trajectory around Earth. Using a direct transfer, it arrived on moon in four and a half days
1866:
1688:
1472:
1361:
1330:
1258:
1233:
1208:
1169:
1150:
1105:
847:
708:
476:
268:
742:
395:
194:: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86°, in which a spacecraft can stay in a low orbit indefinitely. The
8:
1728:
1523:
1263:
538:
441:
414:
345:
215:
191:
1040:"CHAPTER IX: MISSIONS I, II, III: APOLLO SITE SEARCH AND VERIFICATION, The First Launch"
712:
1401:
1290:
1188:
981:"APPENDIX C [367-373] RECORD OF UNMANNED LUNAR PROBES, 1958-1968: Soviet Union"
294:, using as well a Lagrange point, have been used and are planned to be employed by the
235:
1768:
1666:
1596:
1351:
1305:
1223:
724:
627:
584:
301:
20:
1069:
1748:
1680:
1444:
1406:
1280:
1250:
1203:
800:
776:
716:
619:
505:
174:
252:
of the Earth-Moon system can provide stable orbits in the lunar vicinity, such as
1788:
1381:
1285:
1275:
1174:
1098:
501:
445:
406:
335:
275:. It was placed around Earth-Moon L2 at roughly 65,000 km (40,000 mi).
264:
214:, contributed to this discovery. PFS-1 ended up in a long-lasting orbit, at 28°
186:
Study of the mascons' effect on lunar spacecraft led to the discovery in 2001 of
112:
1017:
623:
436:
1884:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1708:
1703:
1634:
1614:
1605:
1198:
1184:
1160:
1155:
1130:
579:
574:
530:
518:
490:
249:
26:
955:
468:, launched on October 4, 1959, was the first robotic spacecraft to complete a
1899:
1738:
1733:
1652:
1295:
1213:
728:
399:
340:
There are three main ways to get to lunar orbit from Earth: direct transfer,
295:
231:
152:
30:
924:"Fifty Years Ago, This Photo Captured the First View of Earth From the Moon"
475:, still not a lunar orbit, but a figure-8 trajectory which swung around the
65:. In general these orbits are not circular. When farthest from the Moon (at
1803:
1713:
1587:
1570:
1428:
1325:
1193:
720:
457:
278:
187:
139:
98:
402:'s trajectory included multiple orbit raising maneuvers to get to the Moon
1808:
1643:
1413:
1310:
553:
to about 50,000 feet (15 km; 8.2 nmi), chosen to avoid hitting
242:
46:
444:(the Moon), and first picture of both Earth and the Moon from space, by
1376:
1090:
780:
253:
134:
309:) in cislunar space, as illustrated by A.I. Solutions, Inc. using the
1793:
1145:
679:
562:
558:
550:
546:
493:
flux, and lunar environment until May 30, 1966. A follow-on mission,
449:
310:
203:
195:
169:
82:
42:
34:
824:
542:
513:
287:
66:
865:
765:"Stable Constellations of Frozen Elliptical Inclined Lunar Orbits"
1698:
899:"45 Years Ago: How the 1st Photo of Earth From the Moon Happened"
509:
494:
482:
1046:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
987:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
614:
Woods, W.D. (2008). "Entering lunar orbit: the LOI manoeuvre".
465:
461:
282:
An example of a halo orbit at the second lunar lagrange point.
874:"It's International Moon Day! Let's talk about Cislunar Space"
618:. Space Exploration. Springer Praxis Books. pp. 189–210.
1503:
1122:
683:
512:
of 1,008 nautical miles (1,867 km; 1,160 mi) and a
348:. These take 3–4 days, months or 2.5–4 months respectively.
207:
199:
58:
698:
565:
back to a circular orbit after the LM had made its landing.
749:
486:
62:
871:
500:
The first United States spacecraft to orbit the Moon was
157:
Most lunar low orbits below 100 km (60 mi) are unstable.
1044:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
985:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
489:
and any extraterrestrial body in April 1966. It studied
735:
146:
133:
that make most unstable, and leave only a few orbital
420:
143:. These would be useful for long-term stays in LLO.
230:. At altitudes higher than that perturbed two-body
817:
537:(CSM) remained in a lunar parking orbit while the
485:became the first spacecraft to actually orbit the
840:
828:. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
210:, both small satellites released from the Apollo
1897:
19:For the orbit of the Moon around the Earth, see
1076:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
1106:
793:
427:List of extraterrestrial orbiters § Moon
97:. These derive from names or epithets of the
524:
267:to communicate with surface stations on the
1016:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
640:
504:on August 14, 1966. The first orbit was an
1880:
1113:
1099:
1007:
1005:
974:
972:
769:The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
440:First image of Earth from around another
1120:
872:The Aerospace Corporation (2023-07-20).
435:
405:
394:
350:
316:
300:
277:
25:
1002:
941:
939:
937:
818:Williams, David R. (20 December 2021).
756:
1898:
1759:Transposition, docking, and extraction
969:
115:maneuver used to achieve lunar orbit.
1094:
1067:
1061:
1037:
978:
930:from the original on August 25, 2016.
916:
896:
613:
934:
271:. The first to do this was the 2019
221:
181:
762:
448:(not to be confused with the later
325:
147:Perturbation effects and low orbits
13:
421:History of missions to lunar orbit
16:Orbit of an object around the Moon
14:
1917:
1819:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
897:Stein, Ben P. (August 23, 2011).
848:"A New Paradigm for Lunar Orbits"
431:
321:Overview of NRHOs around the Moon
1879:
1814:Interplanetary Transport Network
1694:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
1011:
945:
794:Follows, Mike (4 October 2017).
129:, but suffer from gravitational
69:) a spacecraft is said to be at
37:above the Moon in December 2022.
1779:Astronomical coordinate systems
1533:Longitude of the ascending node
1074:Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal
1031:
81:. When closest to the Moon (at
1852:Retrograde and prograde motion
1038:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
979:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
890:
787:
692:
607:
1:
1068:Jones, Eric M. (1976-12-14).
600:
305:Near-rectilinear halo orbit (
1799:Equatorial coordinate system
517:purpose of finding suitable
367:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
292:near-rectilinear halo orbits
234:models are insufficient and
61:by an object around Earth's
7:
624:10.1007/978-0-387-74066-9_8
616:How Apollo Flew to the Moon
595:Near-rectilinear halo orbit
568:
10:
1922:
1551:Longitude of the periapsis
743:"Apollo 11 Mission Report"
665:NASA Science: Science News
424:
329:
150:
18:
1875:
1862:Specific angular momentum
1767:
1679:
1623:
1559:
1512:
1452:
1443:
1339:
1249:
1138:
1129:
1070:"The First Lunar Landing"
952:Encyclopedia Astronautica
796:"Ever Decreasing Circles"
525:Crewed and later orbiters
258:distant retrograde orbits
590:Distant retrograde orbit
137:possible for indefinite
1857:Specific orbital energy
763:Ely, Todd (July 2005).
413:'s trajectory included
273:Queqiao relay satellite
127:exploration of the Moon
1269:Geostationary transfer
752:. pp. 4–3 to 4–4.
721:10.1006/icar.2000.6573
661:"Bizarre Lunar Orbits"
535:Command/Service Module
473:free return trajectory
453:
417:
403:
392:
322:
314:
283:
85:) it is said to be at
38:
1842:Orbital state vectors
1784:Characteristic energy
1754:Trans-lunar injection
1542:Argument of periapsis
1219:Prograde / Retrograde
1180:Hyperbolic trajectory
439:
425:Further information:
409:
398:
354:
332:Trans-lunar injection
320:
304:
281:
238:models are required.
151:Further information:
105:Lunar orbit insertion
29:
1689:Bi-elliptic transfer
1209:Parabolic trajectory
477:far side of the Moon
269:far side of the Moon
241:Although the Moon's
192:orbital inclinations
1729:Low-energy transfer
926:. August 23, 2016.
713:2001Icar..150....1K
442:astronomical object
415:low energy transfer
346:low-energy transfer
342:low thrust transfer
162:mass concentrations
55:selenocentric orbit
1724:Inclination change
1372:Distant retrograde
1020:on August 21, 2002
781:10.1007/BF03546355
667:. NASA. 2006-11-06
454:
418:
404:
393:
323:
315:
284:
190:occurring at four
39:
1906:Orbit of the Moon
1893:
1892:
1867:Two-line elements
1675:
1674:
1597:Eccentric anomaly
1439:
1438:
1306:Orbit of the Moon
1165:Highly elliptical
820:"Moon Fact Sheet"
633:978-0-387-71675-6
585:Orbital mechanics
222:Lunar high orbits
182:Stable low orbits
53:(also known as a
21:Orbit of the Moon
1913:
1883:
1882:
1824:Lagrangian point
1719:Hohmann transfer
1664:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1450:
1449:
1419:Heliosynchronous
1368:Lagrange points
1321:Transatmospheric
1136:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
976:
967:
966:
964:
963:
954:. Archived from
943:
932:
931:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
815:
810:
808:
801:NewScientist.com
791:
785:
784:
760:
754:
753:
747:
739:
733:
732:
696:
690:
689:
673:
672:
657:
638:
637:
611:
506:elliptical orbit
391:
389:
380:
378:
369:
364:
326:Orbital transfer
265:relay satellites
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1871:
1789:Escape velocity
1770:
1763:
1744:Rocket equation
1671:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1491:Semi-minor axis
1486:
1482:Semi-major axis
1477:
1468:
1462:
1435:
1357:Areosynchronous
1341:
1335:
1316:Sun-synchronous
1301:Near-equatorial
1245:
1125:
1119:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1014:"Lunar Orbiter"
1010:
1003:
994:
992:
977:
970:
961:
959:
944:
935:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
895:
891:
882:
880:
870:
866:
857:
855:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
806:
804:
792:
788:
761:
757:
745:
741:
740:
736:
697:
693:
670:
668:
659:
658:
641:
634:
612:
608:
603:
571:
555:lunar mountains
527:
521:landing sites.
502:Lunar Orbiter 1
446:Lunar Orbiter 1
434:
429:
423:
387:
386:
376:
375:
362:
361:
360:
338:
336:orbit insertion
330:Main articles:
328:
250:Lagrange points
224:
184:
155:
149:
119:Low lunar orbit
113:orbit insertion
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1885:List of orbits
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Orbit equation
1834:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Gravity assist
1706:
1704:Delta-v budget
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1635:Orbital period
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1615:True longitude
1608:
1606:Mean longitude
1599:
1590:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:Areostationary
1359:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1331:Very low Earth
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1259:Geosynchronous
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1241:Transfer orbit
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:Lagrange point
1196:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1121:Gravitational
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1060:
1030:
1001:
968:
933:
915:
889:
864:
839:
786:
775:(3): 301–316.
755:
734:
691:
639:
632:
605:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:List of orbits
577:
575:Cislunar space
570:
567:
531:Apollo program
526:
523:
519:Apollo program
491:micrometeoroid
433:
432:First orbiters
430:
422:
419:
327:
324:
223:
220:
212:Service Module
183:
180:
148:
145:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:-body problem
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Oberth effect
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:Orbital speed
1647:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1464:
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1714:Gravity turn
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1473:Eccentricity
1471:
1429:Lunar cycler
1402:Heliocentric
1393:
1342:other points
1291:Medium Earth
1189:Non-inclined
1078:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1043:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1012:Wade, Mark.
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
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960:. Retrieved
956:the original
946:Wade, Mark.
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
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854:. 2006-12-01
851:
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669:. Retrieved
664:
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539:Lunar Module
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286:Since 2022 (
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1809:Hill sphere
1644:Mean motion
1524:Inclination
1513:Orientation
1414:Mars cycler
1352:Areocentric
1224:Synchronous
707:(1): 1–18.
470:circumlunar
379: Earth
254:halo orbits
243:Hill sphere
216:inclination
75:apocynthion
51:lunar orbit
47:spaceflight
1749:Rendezvous
1445:Parameters
1281:High Earth
1251:Geocentric
1204:Osculating
1161:Elliptical
1080:2014-11-09
1054:2007-02-17
1024:2007-02-17
995:2007-02-17
962:2007-02-17
908:October 7,
883:2023-11-07
858:2023-11-05
671:2012-12-09
601:References
508:, with an
390: Moon
236:three-body
175:rendezvous
95:periselene
1794:Ephemeris
1771:mechanics
1681:Maneuvers
1624:Variation
1387:Libration
1382:Lissajous
1286:Low Earth
1276:Graveyard
1175:Horseshoe
903:Space.com
729:0019-1035
680:Apollo 15
563:periapsis
559:Apollo 14
551:periapsis
547:periapsis
450:Earthrise
313:software.
311:FreeFlyer
204:Apollo 16
196:Apollo 15
170:Apollo 11
83:periapsis
79:aposelene
43:astronomy
35:Artemis 1
1900:Category
1560:Position
1185:Inclined
1156:Circular
928:Archived
852:Phys.org
825:NASA.gov
569:See also
543:apoapsis
514:perilune
452:image).
288:CAPSTONE
202:and the
164:(dubbed
111:) is an
87:perilune
67:apoapsis
57:) is an
1769:Orbital
1739:Phasing
1699:Delta-v
1504:Apsides
1498:,
1296:Molniya
1214:Parking
1151:Capture
1139:General
832:23 July
807:23 July
709:Bibcode
510:apolune
495:Luna 11
483:Luna 10
166:mascons
71:apolune
1425:Other
1326:Tundra
1194:Kepler
1170:Escape
1123:orbits
948:"Luna"
878:Medium
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701:Icarus
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466:Luna 3
462:Luna 1
388:
383:·
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372:·
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1667:Epoch
1456:Shape
1394:Lunar
1348:Mars
1340:About
1311:Polar
1131:Types
746:(PDF)
684:PFS-1
385:
374:
208:PFS-2
200:PFS-1
93:, or
77:, or
59:orbit
1459:Size
1398:Sun
1377:Halo
1229:semi
910:2020
834:2023
809:2023
750:NASA
725:ISSN
628:ISBN
545:and
529:The
487:Moon
456:The
411:SLIM
344:and
334:and
307:NRHO
256:and
248:The
63:Moon
49:, a
45:and
1234:sub
1146:Box
777:doi
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41:In
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