163:
and disqualification, taking into account that people were often blackmailed to become informants or coerced into providing information without realising its true recipient. Lustration law in
Hungary (1994–2003) was based on the exposure of compromised state officials, while lustration law in Poland (1999–2005) depended on confession. Lustration law "is a special public employment law that regulates the process of examining whether a person holding certain higher public positions collaborated confidentially with the repressive apparatus of the communist regime." The "special" nature of lustration law refers to its transitional character. As of 1996, various lustration laws of varying scope were implemented in the
114:
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34:
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dissident activity, the public attention and condemnation has focused primarily on them rather than on the communist government officials or secret police officers. Moreover, if the past collaboration is contested in a court, the verdict depends to some extent on testimonies of former communist secret police officers who engaged with the alleged informant, thus making those orchestrating the repressions
162:
Lustration in turn targets former confidential informants of the communist secret police who remain in or apply for political positions or even civil service positions, rather than former communist regular officials. In some countries, however, lustration laws did not lead to indiscriminate exclusion
267:
There are, however, some paradoxal side effects of the process. For example, in spite of the fact that some informants were coerced or blackmailed into collaboration and may thus be also considered victims themselves, or in some cases despite terminating later the collaboration in favor of genuine
92:
by making the public opinion aware of the established outcomes through their free dissemination. Another motivation was the fear that undisclosed past confidential collaboration could be used to blackmail public officials by foreign intelligence services of other former Warsaw Pact allies, in
345:. Several other projects were then submitted and reviewed by a dedicated commission, resulting in a new lustration law passed in 1996. From 1997 to 2007 lustration was dealt with by the office of the Public Interest Ombudsperson (
87:
means that a past role of a confidential collaborator (informant) is alone as such inadmissible from the beginning for criminal prosecution or conviction, thus, lustration allows at least to bring such past collaborators to
263:
parties are in power. It is claimed that lustration systems based on dismissal or confession might be able to increase trust in government, while those based on confession might be able to promote social reconciliation.
96:
Depending on jurisdiction, either every positive result or only the one obtained regarding a person who falsely declared otherwise, may trigger consequences varying greatly among jurisdictions, ranging from mere
353:), who analyzed lustration declarations and could initiate further proceedings. According to a new law which came into effect on 15 March 2007, lustration in Poland is now administered by the
304:(BIS), army positions, management of state owned enterprises, the central bank, the railways, senior academic positions and the public electronic media. This law remained in place in the
1497:
652:
Roman David, Lustration and
Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, pp. 183, 209
155:
between 1989 and 1991, government-sanctioned policies of "mass disqualification of those associated with the abuses under the prior regime" were initiated as part of the wider
703:(pdf), Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 59, No. 4, Accountability for International Crimes and Serious Violations of Fundamental Human Rights (Autumn, 1996), pp. 181–96
902:
48:
in
Central and Eastern Europe is the official public procedure of scrutinizing a public official or a candidate for public office in terms of their history as a
696:
300:, the Communist-era secret police, were blacklisted from designated public offices, including the upper levels of the civil service, the judiciary, procuracy,
507:
1721:
342:
1477:
488:"a sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified"
26:
This article is about political lustration. For the ancient Roman purificatory ceremony from which the modern-day term lustration is derived, see
940:
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The lustration laws in
Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic were not intended to serve as justice, but to ensure that events such as the
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1345:
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to purging the person from office and a 10-year exclusion from holding public offices. Various forms of lustration were employed in
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which is the process of barring former communist regular officials from public offices as well as eliminating communist symbols.
1649:
663:"451/1991 Sb. Zákon, kterým se stanoví některé další předpoklady pro výkon některých funkcí ve státních orgánech a organizacích"
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541:""Lustration Laws in Action: The Motives and Evaluation of Lustration Policy in the Czech Republic and Poland (1989-2001)"
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Najważniejsze wiadomości – Informacje i materiały pomocnicze dla organów realizujących postanowienia ustawy lustracyjnej
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under a
Communist-led government. Lustration laws are usually passed right before elections, and become tightened when
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332:
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Lustration map of Europe, with green representing some form of lustration; pink no lustration; and grey not a former
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Lustration in general is the process of making something clear or transparent, usually by means of a
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Lustration and
Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland
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383:, lustration refers mainly to the removal from public office of civil servants who worked under
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trials, but instead took a non-judicial approach to ensure changes would be implemented.
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463:, Vol.5, No.1, Winter 1996, Univ. of Chicago Law School and Central European University
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23:, the process of purging former communist officials and eliminating communist symbols.
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Purging the past: The
Current State of Lustration Laws in the Former Communist Bloc
466:
Rohozinska, "Struggling with the Past - Poland's controversial
Lustration trials",
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72:. Surfacing of evidence for such a past activity typically inflicts severe
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594:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
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Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional
Justice in Post-Communist Europe
151:
After the fall of the various
European Communist governments with the
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According to a law passed on 4 October 1991, all employees of the
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508:"In Ukraine's Corridors Of Power, An Effort To Toss Out The Old"
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damage to the person concerned. It should not be confused with
738:
Biuro Lustracyjne IPN w miejsce Rzecznika Interesu Publicznego
290:
338:
285:
Unlike many neighbouring states, the new government in the
280:
484:
Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language
903:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
882:
637:
Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy
512:
297:
479:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
684:
341:
in 1992, but it was declared unconstitutional by the
211:. As of 2019, lustration laws had not been passed in
337:The first lustration bill was passed by the Polish
16:
Scrutinizing the communist past of public officials
610:, Beyond Intractability.org, June 2004, 8 Sep 2009
534:
532:
530:
343:Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland
1931:
603:
601:
247:Lustration can serve as a form of punishment by
941:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
744:, 15 March 2007, Last accessed on 24 April 2007
527:
1722:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
755:"Lustration law faces sabotage, legal hurdles"
459:, "Lustration or the Czech Way of Screening",
390:. They may be excluded for five to ten years.
811:
598:
259:governments are in power, and loosened while
448:Williams, "A Scorecard for Czech Lustration"
706:
538:
818:
804:
639:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
728:
624:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
64:due to its essential role in suppressing
747:
725:IPN News. Last accessed on 24 April 2007
578:
281:In Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic
112:
32:
1346:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
825:
1932:
1029:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
966:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
634:
619:
1376:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
799:
648:
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133:offering. The term is taken from the
287:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
146:
461:East European Constitutional Review
429:Truth and reconciliation commission
13:
643:
441:
14:
1971:
873:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
858:Criticism of communist party rule
355:Institute of National Remembrance
333:Institute of National Remembrance
312:, and was extended indefinitely.
50:witting confidential collaborator
1919:Human rights in the Soviet Union
878:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
1827:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1757:Fall of the inner German border
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317:Communist coup of February 1948
56:) of relevant former communist
1817:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
956:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
669:
655:
628:
613:
572:
500:
1:
1955:Political and cultural purges
1837:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1436:Inter-regional Deputies Group
1421:National League for Democracy
676:Kieran Williams, "Lustration"
493:
368:
351:Rzecznik Interesu Publicznego
310:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
117:Drawing of a relief from the
1747:Alexanderplatz demonstration
1712:Polish Round Table Agreement
1386:People's Movement of Ukraine
554:(2): 387–439. Archived from
322:
302:Security Information Service
272:the ones deciding the case.
108:
68:and enabling persecution of
7:
1792:January Events in Lithuania
1727:Hungarian Round Table Talks
1366:Democratic Party of Albania
393:
275:
10:
1976:
1446:Hungarian Democratic Forum
1441:Alliance of Free Democrats
1431:Union of Democratic Forces
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363:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
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1807:1991 protests in Belgrade
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635:Elster, Jon, ed. (2006).
435:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
419:Proclamation of Timișoara
289:did not adjudicate under
1797:January Events in Latvia
1787:Reunification of Germany
1772:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
1702:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1426:National Salvation Front
1411:Belarusian Popular Front
1401:Popular Front of Estonia
1170:Polish underground press
931:List of socialist states
608:Eric Brahm, "Lustration"
548:Law & Social Inquiry
424:Religion in ancient Rome
19:Not to be confused with
1873:Economic liberalization
1812:1991 Belarusian strikes
1752:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1406:Public Against Violence
1396:Popular Front of Latvia
1175:Political demonstration
1024:Chinese economic reform
936:People Power Revolution
620:Nalepa, Monika (2010).
591:Encyclopædia Britannica
468:Central European Review
221:Central Asian Republics
125:lustrating with incense
1007:New political thinking
362:
350:
319:did not happen again.
126:
42:
1945:Political terminology
1878:Post-Soviet conflicts
1832:Tajikistani Civil War
1782:Revolution on Granite
1742:Monday Demonstrations
1268:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
1102:Mengistu Haile Mariam
868:Eastern Bloc politics
680:Central Europe Review
452:Central Europe Review
375:Lustration in Ukraine
251:politicians who were
219:or the former Soviet
116:
36:
1960:Transitional justice
1288:Vytautas Landsbergis
1283:Viacheslav Chornovil
1112:Denis Sassou Nguesso
539:Roman David (2003).
329:Lustration in Poland
141:purification rituals
90:moral responsibility
66:political opposition
1732:Pan-European Picnic
1707:1988 Polish strikes
1087:Wojciech Jaruzelski
827:Revolutions of 1989
408:Indignité nationale
385:Ukrainian President
153:Revolutions of 1989
121:in Egypt showing a
93:particular Russia.
1940:Politics of Europe
1092:Slobodan Milošević
961:Vatican Opposition
763:. 23 October 2014.
721:2007-10-07 at the
699:2013-11-01 at the
585:"Lustration"
472:Human Rights Watch
127:
43:
1927:
1926:
1853:Colour revolution
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1650:Congo-Brazzaville
1371:Democratic Russia
1328:Pope John Paul II
1323:George H. W. Bush
1273:Vladimir Bukovsky
1062:Mikhail Gorbachev
1057:Nicolae Ceaușescu
843:Era of Stagnation
388:Viktor Yanukovych
261:social-democratic
217:former Yugoslavia
147:Policies and laws
85:non-retroactivity
83:The principle of
1967:
1802:Transnistria War
1461:
1460:
1303:Aung San Suu Kyi
1218:Alexander Dubček
1155:Civil resistance
1012:Sinatra Doctrine
992:Demokratizatsiya
893:Shortage economy
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1858:Decommunization
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1717:April 9 tragedy
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946:Reagan Doctrine
921:Active measures
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898:Totalitarianism
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1846:Later events
1762:Malta Summit
1594:Turkmenistan
1522:Soviet Union
1508:Soviet Union
1488:East Germany
1308:Meles Zenawi
1263:Sali Berisha
1213:Václav Havel
1160:Human chains
1067:Károly Grósz
997:Khozraschyot
888:Nomenklatura
863:Eastern Bloc
782:. Retrieved
778:
769:
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556:the original
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518:. Retrieved
516:. 2014-05-07
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131:propitiatory
128:
95:
82:
45:
44:
1822:August Coup
1675:South Yemen
1620:Afghanistan
1464:Central and
1457:by location
1361:Civic Forum
1248:Feng Congde
1223:Ion Iliescu
1208:Lech Wałęsa
1165:Magnitizdat
1127:Zhao Ziyang
1117:Heng Samrin
1077:Miloš Jakeš
987:Perestroika
735:(in Polish)
713:(in Polish)
159:campaigns.
39:Warsaw Pact
1934:Categories
1863:Lustration
1737:Baltic Way
1688:Individual
1665:Mozambique
1604:Uzbekistan
1589:Tajikistan
1574:Kyrgyzstan
1569:Kazakhstan
1534:Azerbaijan
1513:Yugoslavia
1391:Solidarity
1351:Charter 77
1337:Opposition
1233:Wu'erkaixi
1199:Opposition
1146:Opposition
1137:Siad Barre
1082:Egon Krenz
1052:Ramiz Alia
1043:Government
982:Uskoreniye
914:background
836:background
784:7 November
565:2011-11-12
520:2014-05-07
494:References
369:In Ukraine
339:Parliament
308:after the
257:right-wing
253:dissidents
237:Uzbekistan
233:Tajikistan
229:Kyrgyzstan
225:Kazakhstan
74:reputation
70:dissidents
46:Lustration
1903:Pink tide
1697:Jeltoqsan
1613:Elsewhere
1564:Lithuania
1416:Rastokhez
1356:New Forum
1339:movements
1238:Chai Ling
848:Communism
760:Kyiv Post
323:In Poland
215:, nor in
189:Lithuania
177:Macedonia
138:lustratio
109:Etymology
54:informant
28:Lustratio
1660:Mongolia
1655:Ethiopia
1640:Cambodia
1544:Chechnya
1478:Bulgaria
1253:Tank Man
1243:Wang Dan
1228:Liu Gang
1185:Samizdat
1180:Protests
1019:Glasnost
1002:500 Days
926:Cold War
834:Internal
719:Archived
697:Archived
394:See also
365:; IPN).
276:Examples
270:de facto
185:Bulgaria
169:Slovakia
105:Europe.
1912:Related
1670:Somalia
1599:Ukraine
1579:Moldova
1554:Georgia
1549:Estonia
1539:Belarus
1529:Armenia
1503:Romania
1493:Hungary
1473:Albania
1381:Sąjūdis
1201:leaders
1148:methods
1045:leaders
1034:Đổi Mới
975:Reforms
779:Hrw.org
381:Ukraine
243:Results
213:Belarus
209:Romania
201:Germany
197:Estonia
181:Albania
173:Hungary
123:pharaoh
62:corrupt
1690:events
1625:Angola
1584:Russia
1559:Latvia
1498:Poland
1455:Events
1107:Ne Win
486:says:
359:Polish
347:Polish
235:, and
207:, and
205:Poland
193:Latvia
99:infamy
41:member
1645:China
1635:Burma
1630:Benin
775:"Hsw"
559:(PDF)
544:(PDF)
291:court
786:2017
331:and
883:KGB
513:NPR
450:,
379:In
298:StB
239:).
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