227:. A microscope slide, with or without a well, is prepared with a droplet of water, and a fine dusting of lycopodium powder is applied. Then, a cover-glass can be placed over the water and spore sample in order to reduce convection in the water by evaporation. Under several hundred diameters magnification, one will see in the microscope, when well focused upon individual lycopodium particles, that the spore particles "dance" randomly. This is in response to asymmetric collisional forces applied to the macroscopic (but still quite small) powder particle by microscopic water molecules in random thermal motion.
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220:; if the surface of a cup of water is coated with lycopodium powder, a finger or other object inserted straight into the cup will come out dusted with the powder but remain completely dry.
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Z. Živcová, E. Gregorová, W. Pabst; Porous alumina ceramics produced with lycopodium spores as pore-forming agents; Journal of
Materials Science (2007), v 42, i 20, p 8760-8764.
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Today, the principal use of the powder is to create flashes or flames that are large and impressive but relatively easy to manage safely in
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As a then-common laboratory supply, lycopodium powder was often used by inventors developing experimental prototypes. For example,
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115:, because these widespread and often locally abundant species are both prolific in their spore production and easy to collect.
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Copies in
Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg
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as theatrical special effects. The powder was traditionally used in physics experiments to demonstrate phenomena such as
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From left: Lycopodium spore house before drying, dried spore house and dried spore house emptied for spores
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146:, as the spores have a large surface area per unit of volume (a single spore's diameter is about 33
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Because of the very small size of its particles, lycopodium powder can be used to demonstrate
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used lycopodium powder in the fuel for one of the first internal combustion engines, the
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61:. When it is mixed with air, the spores are highly flammable and are used to create
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in air visible for observation and measurement, and to make a pattern of
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used lycopodium powder in 1938 in his early experiments to demonstrate
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experiments and demonstrations, lycopodium powder can be used to make
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Spore houses from the lycopodium plant drying for harvesting spores
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Lycopodium powder being used to demonstrate the power of a
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is a yellow-tan dust-like powder, consisting of the dry
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Photographic Times and
American Photographer, vol.18
142:. Both these uses rely on the same principle as a
138:. Historically it was also used as a photographic
280:. Scovill Manufacturing Company. 1888. p. 26
264:"Operatic Pyrotechnics in the Eighteenth Century"
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185:Lycopodium powder is also sometimes used as a
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360:. Niépce House Museum. Archived from
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358:"Other Inventions: The Pyrelophore"
315:Commercial uses – Lycopodium Powder
216:visible. The powder is also highly
101:. The preferred source species are
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390:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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333:"Randomness and Brownian Motion"
77:The powder consists of the dry
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89:principally in the genera
304:10.1007/s10853-007-1852-y
418:Pyrotechnic compositions
189:dust on skin-contacting
111:Diphasiastrum digitatum
319:Natural History Museum
191:latex (natural rubber)
106:(stag's horn clubmoss)
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238:, in about 1807, and
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214:electrostatic charge
169:, as a covering for
113:(common groundcedar)
167:fingerprint powders
157:It is also used in
104:Lycopodium clavatum
85:plants, or various
57:plants, or various
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47:Lycopodium powder
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148:micrometers (ÎĽm)
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240:Chester Carlson
225:Brownian motion
193:goods, such as
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136:special effects
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67:Brownian motion
63:dust explosions
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199:medical gloves
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150:), and a high
144:dust explosion
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87:fern relatives
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59:fern relatives
25:dust explosion
16:Plant material
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397:0-7432-5117-2
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368:20 September
366:. Retrieved
362:the original
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342:20 September
340:. Retrieved
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282:. Retrieved
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236:Pyréolophore
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177:stabilizer.
173:, and as an
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140:flash powder
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384:Owen, David
218:hydrophobic
210:sound waves
187:lubricating
73:Composition
412:Categories
284:23 October
250:References
244:xerography
181:Other uses
163:explosives
133:theatrical
92:Lycopodium
175:ice cream
159:fireworks
154:content.
119:Main uses
386:(2004).
83:clubmoss
55:clubmoss
423:Powders
206:physics
195:condoms
394:
129:cinema
79:spores
51:spores
337:NRICH
171:pills
125:magic
392:ISBN
370:2020
344:2020
286:2017
197:and
161:and
131:and
108:and
95:and
300:doi
204:In
152:fat
81:of
53:of
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