Lynching in the United States

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Any person found guilty of lynching in the second degree shall be confined at hard labor in the State Penitentiary for a term not exceeding twenty years nor less than three years, at the discretion of the presiding judge." By 2003, however, all but two of the state's 46 counties charged blacks with second-degree lynching out of proportion to their representation in the population. In the prior 5 years, 4,000 adults were charged, and 136 were convicted. Black suspects were convicted of this assault charge at twice the rate of white suspects. 1,400 juvenile lynching charges were filed, and, in 2002, 231 Black youths were convicted, ten times as many as white youths. In 2006, five white teenagers were given various sentences for second-degree lynching in a non-lethal attack on a young Black man in South Carolina. In 2010, the South Carolina Sentencing Reform Commission voted to rename the law "assault and battery by a mob", and to soften consequences for situations in which no one was killed or seriously injured in an attack by two or more people on a single victim.

3858: 4431: 4532:, these Committees lynched an unnamed thief in northern California. The Gold Rush and the economic prosperity of Mexican-born people was one of the main reasons for mob violence against them. Other factors include land and livestock, since they were also a form of economic success. In conjunction with lynching, mobs also attempted to expel Mexicans, and other groups such as the indigenous peoples of the region, from areas with great mining activity and gold. As a result of the violence against Mexicans, many formed bands of bandits and would raid towns. One case, in 1855, was when a group of bandits went into Rancheria and killed six people. When the news of this incident spread, a mob of 1,500 people formed, rounded up 38 Mexicans, and executed Puertanino. The mob also expelled all the Mexicans in Rancheria and nearby towns as well, burning their homes. 56: 1781: 1642:

Institute's annual report was published, a total of 4,733 persons had died by lynching since 1882. The last lynching recorded by the Tuskegee Institute was that of Emmett Till in 1955. In the 65 years leading up to 1947, at least one lynching was reported every year. The period from 1882 to 1901 saw the height of lynchings, with an average of over 150 each year. 1892 saw the most number of lynchings in a year: 231 or 3.25 per one million people. After 1924 cases steadily declined, with less than 30 a year. The decreasing rate of yearly lynchings was faster outside the South and for white victims of lynching. Lynching became more of a Southern phenomenon and a racial one that overwhelmingly affected Black victims. There were measurable variations in lynching rates between and within states.

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photographs or postcards, it banned the explicit racist texts and poems inscribed on certain prints. According to some, these texts were deemed "more incriminating" and caused their removal from the mail instead of the photograph itself because the text made "too explicit what was always implicit in lynchings". Some towns imposed "self-censorship" on lynching photographs, but section 3893 was the first step towards a national censorship. Despite the amendment, the distribution of lynching photographs and postcards continued. Though they were not sold openly, the censorship was bypassed when people sent the material in envelopes or mail wrappers.

3234: 68: 3196: 44: 2274: 285:" of the U.S. judicial system. He links the decline in lynchings in the early 20th century to "the advent of the modern death penalty", and argues that "legislators renovated the death penalty...out of direct concern for the alternative of mob violence". Between 1901 and 1964, Georgia hanged and electrocuted 609 people. Eighty-two percent of those executed were Black men, even though Georgia was majority white. Pfeifer also cited "the modern, racialized excesses of urban police forces in the twentieth century and after" as bearing characteristics of lynchings. 7273:

an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives," "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads," and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing". On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men," and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

3759:"To assure to persons within the jurisdiction of every State the equal protection of the laws, and to punish the crime of lynching.... Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the phrase 'mob or riotous assemblage,' when used in this act, shall mean an assemblage composed of three or more persons acting in concert for the purpose of depriving any person of his life without authority of law as a punishment for or to prevent the commission of some actual or supposed public offense." 3282:

date and reasons for the lynching—while others contained polemics or poems with racist or otherwise threatening remarks. An example of this is a photographic postcard attached to the poem "Dogwood Tree", which says: "The negro now/By eternal grace/Must learn to stay in the negro's place/In the Sunny South, the land of the Free/Let the WHITE SUPREME forever be." Such postcards with explicit rhetoric such as "Dogwood Tree" were typically circulated privately or mailed in a sealed envelope. Other times these pictures simply included the word "WARNING".

2079: 1944: 213:, which became popular souvenirs in parts of the United States. Lynching victims were also killed in a variety of other ways: being shot, burned alive, thrown off a bridge, dragged behind a car, etc. Occasionally, the body parts of the victims were removed and sold as souvenirs. Lynchings were not always fatal; "mock" lynchings, which involved putting a rope around the neck of someone who was suspected of concealing information, was sometimes used to compel people to make "confessions". Lynch mobs varied in size from just a few to thousands. 9925: 3443: 3015:

concluding old contracts or discussing new arrangements, frequently came into conflict in these months and sometimes fell to blows." During the winter, murder was most cited as a cause for lynching. After 1901, as economics shifted and more Blacks became renters and sharecroppers in the Delta, with few exceptions, only African Americans were lynched. The frequency increased from 1901 to 1908 after African Americans were disfranchised. "In the twentieth century Delta vigilantism finally became predictably joined to white supremacy."

3024: 9963: 9715: 1929: 3389:. She learned it was because their grocery store had competed successfully against a white-owned store. Outraged, Wells-Barnett began a global anti-lynching campaign that raised awareness of these murders. She also investigated lynchings and overturned the common idea that they were based on Black sexual crimes, as was popularly discussed; she found lynchings were more an effort to suppress Blacks who competed economically with Whites, especially if they were successful. As a result of her efforts at education, 1753:

lynchings than were African Americans, but their deaths were included among those of other Whites. Similarly, although Italian immigrants were the focus of violence in Louisiana when they started arriving in greater numbers, their deaths were not tabulated separately from Whites. In earlier years, Whites who were subject to lynching were often targeted because of suspected political activities or support of freedmen, but they were generally considered members of the community in a way new immigrants were not.

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property (chiefly theft). Conversely, Blacks were lynched at a rate, in the Delta, lesser than their proportion of the population. This was unlike the rest of the South, where Blacks comprised the majority of lynching victims. In the Delta, they were most often accused of murder or attempted murder, in half the cases, and 15 percent of the time, they were accused of rape, meaning that another 15 percent of the time they were accused of a combination of rape and murder, or rape and attempted murder.

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states had Congressional representation based on total population, but essentially only Whites could vote and only their issues were supported. Due to seniority achieved through one-party Democratic rule in their region, Southern Democrats controlled many important committees in both houses. As a result, Southern white Democrats were a formidable power in Congress until the 1960s and they consistently opposed any legislation related to putting lynching under Federal oversight.

1799: 3071:, of the 4,743 people lynched between 1882 and 1968, 1,297 were listed as "white". The Tuskegee Institute, which kept the most complete records, documented victims internally as "Negro", "white", "Chinese", and occasionally as "Mexican" or "Indian", but merged these into only two categories of Black or white in the tallies it published. Mexican, Chinese, and Native American lynching victims were tallied as white. Particularly in the West, minorities such as Chinese, 2907: 4447: 3052: 3517: 2043:, tried to stop the lynching of a Black man who had been wrongfully accused of assaulting a white woman. The mob responded by putting the noose around the officer's neck as a way of scaring him, and completed killing the other man. Although at the inquest the officer identified eight people who had participated in the lynching, including the former chief of police, the jury determined that the murder had been carried out "by person or persons unknown". 3941: 3036: 3485: 3879:, changed the political climate in Washington. On July 19, 1935, Rubin Stacy, a homeless African-American tenant farmer, knocked on doors begging for food. After resident complaints, deputies took Stacy into custody. While he was in custody, a lynch mob took Stacy from the deputies and murdered him. Although the faces of his murderers could be seen in a photo taken at the lynching site, the state did not prosecute the murder. 28: 1822: 2032:, in 1893 for killing Myrtle Vance, the three-year-old daughter of a Texas policeman, after the policeman had assaulted Smith. Smith was not tried in a court of law. A large crowd followed the lynching, as was common then in the style of public executions. Henry Smith was fastened to a wooden platform, tortured for 50 minutes by red-hot iron brands, and burned alive while more than 10,000 spectators cheered. 4337:, received national publicity after he said in an editorial that the Ku Klux Klan was needed to "clean up D.C." When he was asked what he meant by "cleaning up D.C.", he stated: "We'll get the hemp ropes out, loop them over a tall limb and hang all of them." "When he was asked if he felt that it was appropriate for the publisher of a newspaper to call for the lynching of 4218:. Byrd was a 49-year-old father of three, who had accepted an early-morning ride home with the three men. They attacked him and dragged him to his death behind their truck. The three men dumped their victim's mutilated remains in the town's segregated African-American cemetery and then went to a barbecue. Local authorities immediately treated the murder as a 4203:, in order to retaliate for a jury's acquittal of a Black man who was accused of murdering a white police officer. The Klansmen were caught, prosecuted, and convicted (one of the Klansmen, Henry Hayes, was sentenced to death and executed on June 6, 1997). A $ 7 million judgment in a civil suit against the Klan bankrupted the local Klan subgroup, the 3098:. This incident was one of the largest mass lynchings in U.S. history. A total of twenty Italians were lynched during the 1890s. Although most lynchings of Italian Americans occurred in the South, Italians did not comprise a major portion of immigrants or a major portion of the population as a whole. Isolated lynchings of Italians also occurred in 202:. One study found that there were "4,467 total victims of lynching from 1883 to 1941. Of these victims, 4,027 were men, 99 were women, and 341 were of unidentified gender (although likely male); 3,265 were Black, 1,082 were white, 71 were Mexican or of Mexican descent, 38 were American Indian, 10 were Chinese, and 1 was Japanese." 3471:. She analyzed and refuted with data his attempted justification of lynching as a response to assaults by Black men on white women. Terrell showed how apologists like Page had tried to rationalize what were violent mob actions that were seldom based on assaults. African-American newspapers such as the Chicago Illinois newspaper 3320:, particularly from 1910 to 1940, 1.5 million African Americans left the South, primarily for destinations in northern and mid-western cities, both to gain better jobs and education and to escape the high rate of violence. From 1910 to 1930 particularly, more Blacks migrated from counties with high numbers of lynchings. 5413:, features a finale with a detailed depiction of the lynching of a white woman identified as a working-class racist Southerner, with graphic focus on her suffering, prompting some debate among critics about whether it is a political commentary on racism and hate in America or simply sensational and sexist exploitation. 2022:

rates of Blacks in Southern counties between 1889 and 1931 found a relation to the concentration of Blacks in parts of the Deep South: where the Black population was concentrated, lynching rates were higher. Such areas also had a particular mix of socioeconomic conditions, with a high dependence on cotton cultivation.

240:. Some 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress between the end of the Civil War and the Civil Rights movement, but none passed. Finally, in 2022, 67 years after Emmett Till's killing and the end of the lynching era, the United States Congress passed anti-lynching legislation in the form of the 7990:

p. 93: "the corpse of Will Stanley, lynched in Temple, Texas, in 1915, his burned arms are contorted to make it appear that he his flexing his biceps... the postcard"; p. 108: "As noted above, Joe Meyers marked the postcard of Will Stanley's charred body to show his parents he was in the crowd. 'This

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Wade, 1987, gave a similar account, but suggested that the meeting was a regular Klan one. An interview with Truman's friend Hinde at the Truman Library's web site portrayed the meeting as one-on-one at the Hotel Baltimore with a Klan organizer named Jones. Truman's biography, written by his daughter

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In an odd turn in 1951, South Carolina passed a law criminalizing second-degree lynching, which it defined as "any act of violence inflicted by a mob upon the body of another person and from which death does not result shall constitute the crime of lynching in the second degree and shall be a felony.

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being among the twenty U.S. senators abstaining. The resolution expressed "the deepest sympathies and most solemn regrets of the Senate to the descendants of victims of lynching, the ancestors of whom were deprived of life, human dignity and the constitutional protections accorded all citizens of the

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conspiracy to deprive the victims of their civil rights under 19th century federal law, in order to prosecute the crime in a federal court. Seven men were convicted but received light sentences, two men were released because of a deadlocked jury, and the remainder were acquitted. In 2005, 80-year-old

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fan tied around his neck with barbed wire. His mother insisted on a public funeral with an open casket, to show people how badly Till's body had been disfigured. News photographs circulated around the country, and drew intense public reaction. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an

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In 1946, the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department gained its first conviction under federal civil rights laws against a lyncher. Florida constable Tom Crews was sentenced to a $ 1,000 fine (equivalent to $ 15,600 in 2023) and one year in prison for civil rights violations in the killing

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Fewer than one percent of lynch mob participants were ever convicted by local courts and they were seldom prosecuted or brought to trial. By the late 19th century, trial juries in most of the southern United States were all white because African Americans had been disenfranchised, and only registered

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The lynchers sometimes murdered their victims, but sometimes whipped or physically assaulted them to remind them of their former status as slaves. Often night-time raids of African American homes were made in order to confiscate firearms. Lynchings to prevent freedmen and their allies from voting and

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Harkrider Drug Co., Center, Texas (publisher), photographic postcard titled "Scene in Sabine County, Texas, June 15, 1098, with poem "Dogwood Tree" (1908). Photograph records the lynching of Jerry Evans, Will Johnson, Moss Spellman, Clevel Williams, and Will Manuel in Hemphill, Texas. Image: Library

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pushed for passage of the 1931 Indiana anti-lynching law. The law provided for the immediate dismissal of any sheriff who allowed a jailed person to be lynched, and allowed the victim's family to sue for $ 10,000. However, local authorities failed to prosecute mob leaders. In one case when a sheriff

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In 1859, white settlers began to expel Mexicans from Arizona. The mob was able to chase Mexicans out of many towns, southward. Even though they were successful in doing so, the mob followed and killed many of the people that had been chased out. The Sonoita massacre was a result of these expulsions,

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Between the 1830s and 1850s, the majority of those lynched were Whites. More Whites were lynched than Blacks for the years 1882–1885. By 1890s, the number of Blacks lynched yearly grew to a number significantly more than that of Whites, and the vast majority of victims were Black from then on. White

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The late 1800s and early 1900s in the Mississippi Delta showed both frontier influence and actions directed at repressing African Americans. After the Civil War, 90% of the Delta was still undeveloped. Both Whites and Blacks migrated there for a chance to buy land in the backcountry. It was frontier

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reported a new, popular make-believe children's game: "The Game of Lynching". "Imaginary mayor gives order not to harm imaginary mob, and an imaginary hanging follows. Fire contributes realistic touch." "It has crowded out baseball", and if it continues, "may deprive of some of its prestige the game

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For instance, the files at Tuskegee Institute contain the most comprehensive count of lynching victims in the United States, but they only refer to the lynching of fifty Mexicans in the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Our own research has revealed a total of 216 victims during

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An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the Woodmen of the World, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was

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For most of the history of the United States, lynching was rarely prosecuted, as the same people who would have had to prosecute and sit on juries were generally on the side of the action or related to the perpetrators in the small communities where many lived. When the crime was prosecuted, it was

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has traditionally been portrayed as a positive response to government corruption and rampant crime, but revisionist historians have argued that it created more lawlessness than it eliminated. Four men were executed by the 1851 Committee of Vigilance before it disbanded. When the second Committee of

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believes were lynchings. According to Jill Jefferson, "There is a pattern to how these cases are investigated", "When authorities arrive on the scene of a hanging, it's treated as a suicide almost immediately. The crime scene is not preserved. The investigation is shoddy. And then there is a formal

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In the 1940s, the Klan openly criticized Truman for his efforts to promote civil rights. Later historians documented that Truman had briefly made an attempt to join the Klan as a young man in 1924, when it was near its peak of social influence in promoting itself as a fraternal organization. When a

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A 2022 study found that African American communities that had increased access to firearms were less likely to be lynched. The study authors write, "In states and years in which Black residents had more access to firearms, there were fewer lynchings... In all three estimation strategy variants, the

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headed the anti-lynching crusade to create an integrated women's movement against lynching. It was affiliated with the NAACP, which mounted a multi-faceted campaign. For years the NAACP used petition drives, letters to newspapers, articles, posters, lobbying Congress, and marches to protest against

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After the lynching, photographers would sell their pictures as-is or as postcards, sometimes costing as much as fifty cents a piece, or $ 9, as of 2016. Though some photographs were sold as plain prints, others contained captions. These captions were either straightforward details—such as the time,

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Conclusions of numerous studies since the mid-20th century have found the following variables affecting the rate of lynchings in the South: "lynchings were more numerous where the African American population was relatively large, the agricultural economy was based predominantly on cotton, the white

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were charged in 1918 with the murder of Florencio Garcia. Two rangers had taken Garcia into custody for a theft investigation. The next day they let Garcia go, and were last seen escorting him on a mule. Garcia was never seen again. A month after the interrogation, bones and Garcia's clothing were

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Southerners had a disproportionate influence on Congress. Because of the Southern Democrats' disfranchisement of African Americans in Southern states at the start of the 20th century, Southern Whites for decades had nearly double the representation in Congress beyond their own population. Southern

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In the post–Reconstruction era, lynching photographs were printed for various purposes, including postcards, newspapers, and event mementos. Typically these images depicted an African American lynching victim and all or part of the crowd in attendance. Spectators often included women and children.

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removing the word "lynching" from the state's criminal code without comment after it received unanimous approval in a vote by state lawmakers. Mitchell stated, "It's been said that strong words should be reserved for strong concepts, and 'lynching' has such a painful history for African Americans

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People often carried out lynchings in the Old West against accused criminals in custody. Lynching did not so much substitute for an absent legal system as constitute an alternative system dominated by a particular social class or racial group. Historian Michael J. Pfeifer writes, "Contrary to the

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In modern scholarship, researchers estimate that 597 Mexicans were lynched between 1848 and 1928. Mexicans were lynched at a rate of 27.4 per 100,000 of population between 1880 and 1930. This statistic was second only to that of the African American community, which endured an average of 37.1 per

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Tuskegee Institute's method of categorizing most lynching victims as either Black or white in publications and data summaries meant that the murders of some minority and immigrant groups were obscured. In the West, for instance, Mexican, Native Americans, and Chinese were more frequent targets of

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Many of the Mexicans who were native to what would become a state within the United States were experienced miners, and they had great success mining gold in California. Their success aroused animosity by white prospectors, who intimidated Mexican miners with the threat of violence and committed

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defeated the bill in the Senate in December. In 1923, Dyer went on a Midwestern and Western state tour promoting the anti-lynching bill; he praised the NAACP's work for continuing to publicize lynching in the South and for supporting the federal bill. Dyer's anti-lynching motto was "We have just

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was passed, which banned the publication of "obscene matter as well as its circulation in the mails". In 1908, Section 3893 was added to the Comstock Act, stating that the ban included material "tending to incite arson, murder, or assassination". Although this act did not explicitly ban lynching

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Whites accounted for just over 12 percent of the Delta region's population, but made up nearly 17 percent of lynching victims. So, in this region, they were lynched at a rate that was over 35 percent higher than their proportion in the population, primarily due to being accused of crimes against

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The frequency of lynchings rose during years of poor economy and low prices for cotton, demonstrating that more than social tensions generated the catalysts for mob action against the underclass. Researchers have studied various models to determine what motivated lynchings. One study of lynching

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The records of Tuskegee Institute remain the single most complete source of statistics and records on this crime since 1882 for all states, although modern research has illuminated new incidents in studies focused on specific states in isolation. As of 1959, which was the last time that Tuskegee

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preventing the bill from being passed by unanimous consent. Paul opposed the passage of the bill because, according to Paul, the language was overly broad, included attacks which he believed were not extreme enough to qualify as "lynching". He stated that "this bill would cheapen the meaning of

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by deputies Robert Fenter and Frank Moore. This lynching was unusual, since the perpetrators were arrested, tried, and convicted for the murders. Fenter and Moore were both found guilty of second degree murder and each sentenced to 10 years to life in prison. However, they were both pardoned by

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African Americans emerged from the Civil War with the political experience and stature to resist attacks, but disfranchisement and imposition of Jim Crow in the South at the turn of the 20th century closed them out of the political system and judicial system in many ways. Advocacy organizations

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Lynching was often treated as a spectator sport, where large crowds gathered to partake in or watch the torture and mutilation of the victim(s). The attendants often treated these as festive events, with food, family photos, and souvenirs. Whites used these events to demonstrate their power and

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A clear seasonal pattern to lynchings existed with colder months being the deadliest. As noted, cotton prices fell during the 1880s and 1890s, increasing economic pressures. "From September through December, the cotton was picked, debts were revealed, and profits (or losses) realized... Whether

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and white supremacy. The lynchings were also an indicator of long economic stress due to falling cotton prices through much of the 19th century, as well as financial depression in the 1890s. In the Mississippi bottomlands, for instance, lynchings rose when crops and accounts were supposed to be

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In 1933, California defined lynching, punishable by 2–4 years in prison, as "the taking by means of a riot of any person from the lawful custody of any peace officer", with the crime of "riot" defined as two or more people using violence or the threat of violence. It does not refer to lynching

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African Americans at the start of the 20th century, the white Southern Democrats controlled all the apportioned seats of the South, nearly double the Congressional representation that white residents alone would have been entitled to. They were a powerful voting bloc for decades and controlled

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found that 4,084 Black men, women, and children fell victim to "racial terror lynchings" in twelve Southern states between 1877 and 1950, besides 300 that took place in other states. During this period, Mississippi's 654 lynchings led the lynchings which occurred in all of the Southern states.

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There were also Black-on-Black lynchings, with 125 recorded between 1882 and 1903, and there were four incidences of Whites being killed by Black mobs. The rate of Black-on-Black lynchings rose and fell in similar pattern of overall lynchings. There were also over 200 cases of white-on-white

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has recorded the lynchings of 3,446 Blacks and the lynchings of 1,297 Whites, all of which occurred between 1882 and 1968, with the peak occurring in the 1890s, at a time of economic stress in the South and increasing political suppression of Blacks. A six-year study published in 2017 by the

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out of jail. In a scuffle between a white man and an armed African American veteran, the white man was shot, leading to a shootout between the two groups, which left 2 African Americans and 10 Whites dead. Whites retaliated by rioting, during which they burned 1,256 homes and as many as 200

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Although the rhetoric which surrounded lynchings frequently suggested that they were carried out in order to protect the virtue and safety of white women, the actions basically arose out of white attempts to maintain domination in a rapidly changing society and their fears of social change.

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In the 1960s, the civil rights movement attracted students to the South from all over the country to work on voter registration and integration. The intervention of people from outside the communities and threat of social change aroused fear and resentment among many Whites. In June 1964,

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estimated negative effect of Black firearm access on lynchings is quite large and statistically significant. An increase of one standard deviation in firearm access, for example, is associated with a reduction in lynchings of between 0.8 and 1.4 per year, about half a standard deviation."

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According to the Tuskegee Institute, 38% of victims of lynching were accused of murder, 16% of rape, 7% for attempted rape, 6% were accused of felonious assault, 7% for theft, 2% for insult to white people, and 24% were accused of miscellaneous offenses or no offense. In 1940, sociologist

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wilderness, heavily forested and without roads for years. Before the start of the 20th century, lynchings often took the form of frontier justice directed at transient workers as well as residents. Thousands of workers were brought in by planters to do lumbering and work on levees.

236:). The overwhelming majority of lynching perpetrators never faced justice. White supremacy and all-white juries ensured that perpetrators, even if tried, would not be convicted. Campaigns against lynching gained momentum in the early 20th century, championed by groups such as the 3136:. In 1913, Frank had been convicted of the murder of Mary Phagan, a thirteen-year-old girl who was employed by his pencil factory. A series of appeals were filed on behalf of Frank, but all of them were denied. The final appeal was denied after a 7–2 decision was made by the 6725:

Lynching was a form of racial terrorism that has contributed to a legacy of racial inequality that the United States must address. Thousands of people of African descent were killed in violent public acts of racial control and domination and the perpetrators were never held

3717:. Rep. Dyer was concerned over increased lynching, mob violence, and disregard for the "rule of law" in the South. The bill made lynching a federal crime, and those who participated in lynching would be prosecuted by the federal government. It did not pass due to a Southern 4174:

Because of J. Edgar Hoover's and others' hostility to the civil rights movement, agents of the FBI resorted to outright lying to smear civil rights workers and other opponents of lynching. For example, the FBI leaked false information in the press about the lynching victim

5147:, a northern Jewish man convicted of murder of a Georgia factory girl. He portrayed the character analogous to Frank as guilty and set the film in New York, removing sectional conflict as one of the cultural forces in the trial. Micheaux's first version was a silent film, 2212:

While the frequency of lynching dropped in the 1930s, there was a spike in 1930 during the Great Depression. For example, in North Texas and southern Oklahoma alone, four people were lynched in separate incidents in less than a month. A spike in lynchings occurred after

4847:, is the first bill to make lynching a federal hate crime, despite over a century of failed attempts to pass an anti-lynching bill through Congress. Anyone who violates the terms of the bill will be penalized with a fine, a prison sentence of up to 30 years, or both. 10015:

White men were lynched less often than Indians. Indians were regarded as living outside legal justice and therefore more likely to suffer from lynch law, much like Blacks in the South. As a hated and feared ethnic group, the Indians had first-hand experience with

7997:],' he wrote."; p. 180: "What is more, several months before the lynching of Washington, photographs of a lynching by burning of Will Stanley in Temple, Texas, including images of Stanley's charred corpse, were sold on the streets of Waco for ten cents each." 3561:

Despite physical threats and hostile opposition, the women leaders persisted with petition drives, letter campaigns, meetings, and demonstrations to highlight the issues. By the 1930s, the number of lynchings had dropped to about ten per year in Southern states.

5248:(1960), featured a Black man, Tom Robinson, who is wrongfully accused of rape and narrowly escapes lynching. After having been wrongfully convicted by an all-white jury, Robinson is later killed while attempting to escape from prison. The novel was adapted as a 1907:

to terrorize, intimidate and assassinate African-American and white Republicans in an organized drive to regain power. In Mississippi and the Carolinas, paramilitary chapters of Red Shirts conducted overt violence and disruption of elections. In Louisiana, the

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Statistics for lynchings have traditionally come from three sources primarily, none of which covered the entire historical time period of lynching in the United States. Before 1882, no contemporaneous statistics were assembled on a national level. In 1882, the

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We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching

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and, by the 1930s, thought that social conditions had changed so that the bill was less needed. He spoke at length in opposition to the bill in 1935 and 1938. 1934 saw 15 lynchings of African Americans with 21 lynchings in 1935, 8 in 1936, and 2 in 1939.

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depicts a lynch mob burning down a jail in which Joe Wilson (played by Spencer Tracy) was held as a suspect in a kidnapping, a crime for which Wilson was soon after cleared. Lang had left Germany after the Nazis came to power. The story was based on a

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tried, but failed, to prosecute lynchers under Reconstruction era civil rights laws. The first successful federal prosecution of a lyncher for a civil rights violation was in 1946. By that time, the era of lynchings as a common occurrence had ended.

4680:, where he was lynched by a mob on September 18, 1902. He was accused by Mrs. Dennis for assault. After the lynching, Dennis and her family quickly left town and headed to California. Tucker is the only documented lynching of a Black man in Oregon. 3668:

From 1882 to 1968, "nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress, and three of them passed the House. Seven presidents between 1890 and 1952 petitioned Congress to pass a federal law." None succeeded in gaining passage, blocked by the

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in the British Isles and unsettled social and political conditions in the American colonies, lynchings became a frequent form of "mob justice" when the authorities were perceived as untrustworthy. In the United States, during the decades after the

4477:

popular understanding, early territorial lynching did not flow from an absence or distance of law enforcement but rather from the social instability of early communities and their contest for property, status, and the definition of social order."

4037:, Truman introduced in Congress the first presidentially proposed comprehensive Civil Rights Bill - it included legislation making lynching a federal crime. The first year on record with no lynchings reported in the United States was 1952. 2977:

Members of mobs that participated in lynchings often took photographs of what they had done to their victims in order to spread awareness and fear of their power. Souvenir taking, such as pieces of rope, clothing, branches, and sometimes

2926:", took over the governments of the southern states in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, with struggles over labor and disenfranchisement, and continuing agricultural depression, lynchings rose again. Between 1882 and 1968, the 4745:

Starting in 1909, federal legislators introduced more than 200 bills in Congress to make lynching a federal crime, but they failed to pass, chiefly because of Southern legislators' opposition. Because Southern states had effectively

3261:, but lynching scenes became a burgeoning subdepartment of the postcard industry. By 1908, the trade had grown so large, and the practice of sending postcards featuring the victims of mob murderers had become so repugnant, that the 2863:, the most prevalent accusation against lynching victims was murder or attempted murder. Rape charges or rumors were present in less than one-third of the lynchings; such charges were often pretexts for lynching Blacks who violated 2172:

1919 was one of the worst years for lynching with at least seventy-six people killed in mob or vigilante related violence. Of these, more than eleven African American veterans who had served in the recently completed war were

4786:" which, for the first time in U.S. history, would make lynching a federal hate crime. The legislation had been reintroduced to the Senate earlier that year as Senate Bill S. 3178 by the three African-American U.S. senators, 3365:

reprinted accounts of lynchings from other newspapers, and published annual statistics. These provided the main source for the compilations by the Tuskegee Institute to document lynchings, a practice it continued until 1968.

4818:

lynching by defining it so broadly as to include a minor bruise or abrasion," and he has proposed the inclusion of an amendment that would apply a "serious bodily injury standard" for a crime to be classified as a lynching.

1894:

groups in the Deep South worked to suppress Black voting and turn Republicans out of office. In Louisiana, the Carolinas, and Florida especially, the Democratic Party relied on paramilitary "White Line" groups, such as the

1619:

at its Department of Records, drawn primarily from newspaper reports. Monroe Work published his first independent tabulations in 1910, although his report also went back to the starting year 1882. Finally, in 1912, the

1561:

Lynchings emphasized the new social order which was constructed under Jim Crow; Whites acted together, reinforcing their collective identity along with the unequal status of Blacks through these group acts of violence.

11917: 1975:

had regained control of state legislatures. Many incidents were related to economic troubles and competition. At the turn of the 20th century, southern states passed new constitutions or legislation which effectively

3983:

which advocated making lynching a federal crime, abolishing poll taxes, and other civil rights reforms. The Southern Democratic bloc of senators and congressmen continued to obstruct attempts at federal legislation.

2871:, adultery, cohabitation); "race prejudice", "race hatred", "racial disturbance"; informing on others; "threats against whites"; and violations of the color line ("attending white girl", "proposals to white woman"). 1558:, which mandated racial segregation of Whites and Blacks, and second-class status for Blacks. A 2017 paper found that more racially segregated counties were more likely to be places where Whites conducted lynchings. 252:

Collective violence was a familiar aspect of the early American legal landscape, with group violence in colonial America being usually nonlethal in intention and result. In the 17th century, in the context of the

3340:

African American female playwrights were strong in responding. They wrote ten of the 14 anti-lynching plays produced between 1916 and 1935. The NAACP set up a Drama Committee to encourage such work. In addition,

277:

in 1835, a Black man named McIntosh (who killed a deputy sheriff while being taken to jail) was captured, chained to a tree, and burned to death on a corner lot downtown in front of a crowd of over 1,000 people.

12039: 3527:

The growing networks of African American women's club groups were instrumental in raising funds to support the NAACP's public education and lobbying campaigns. They also built community organizations. In 1922,

1627:

Based on the source, the numbers vary depending on the sources which are cited, the years which are considered by those sources, and the definitions which are given to specific incidents by those sources. The

3786:

begun to fight", and he helped generate additional national support. His bill was defeated twice more in the Senate by Southern Democratic filibuster. The Republicans were unable to pass a bill in the 1920s.

2878:

Mobs usually alleged crimes for which they lynched Black people. In the late 19th century, however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed that many presumed crimes were either exaggerated or had not even occurred.

3763:

In 1920, the Black community succeeded in getting its most important priority in the Republican Party's platform at the National Convention: support for an anti-lynching bill. The Black community supported

2028:, an African American handyman accused of murdering a policeman's daughter, was a noted lynching victim because of the ferocity of the attack against him and the huge crowd that gathered. He was lynched at 10074: 3303:

African Americans resisted lynchings in numerous ways. Intellectuals and journalists encouraged public education, actively protesting and lobbying against lynch mob violence and government complicity. The

3397:(NAACP) was formed in 1909, Wells became part of its multi-racial leadership and continued to be active against lynching. The NAACP began to publish lynching statistics at their office in New York City. 11960: 3241:, in 1915. Joe Meyers marked the back of the postcard to show his parents he was in the crowd: "This is the Barbecue we had last night.. my picture is to the left with a cross over it.. your son Joe". 3219:

in Waco, Texas, drew nearly 15,000 spectators. Often lynchings were advertised in newspapers prior to the event in order to give photographers time to arrive early and prepare their camera equipment.

4608:, Antonio Rodriguez, a Mexican, was burned at the stake. This event was widely publicized and protests against the treatment of Mexicans in the U.S. erupted within the interior of Mexico, namely in 3771:

Dyer revised his bill and re-introduced it to the House in 1921. It passed the House, 230 to 119, on January 26, 1922, due to "insistent country-wide demand", and was favorably reported out by the

9485: 4279:, who had been dating a white girl, was found dead, hanging from a swing set. His family believes that he was lynched, but the FBI stated, after an investigation, that it found no evidence of a 3316:

on March 29, 2022). African American women's clubs raised funds and conducted petition drives, letter campaigns, meetings, and demonstrations to highlight the issues and combat lynching. In the

7883:"Lynching files per state" . Tuskegee Institute Lynching records, Box: Box 132.020, File: see for example 'Lynchings in Texas 1882–1942' p. 238-245. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Archives. 10267: 4620:

found beside the road where the Rangers claimed to have let Garcia go. The Rangers were arrested for murder, freed on bail, and acquitted due to lack of evidence. The case became part of the

1624:

started an independent record of lynchings. The numbers of lynchings from each source vary slightly, with the Tuskegee Institute's figures being considered "conservative" by some historians.

5048:. The climax of the film is the lynching of a Black family after one member of the family is wrongly accused of murder. Considered a commercial failure, the film was an inductee of the 1992 4779:

succeeded in gaining House passage of an anti-lynching bill, but it was defeated in the Senate, still dominated by the Southern Democratic bloc, supported by its disfranchisement of Blacks.

4585:

on Christmas Day, the state returned an indictment of John Gut on September 18 the following year. Then in 1872 when Bobolink, a Native American, was accused and imprisoned pending trial in

2054:

after having been accused of having raped a white woman and were jailed pending a grand jury hearing. A physician's subsequent examination of the woman found no evidence of rape or assault.

4191:

Although lynchings have become rare following the civil rights movement and the resulting changes in American social norms, some lynchings have still occurred. In 1981, two Klan members in

1920:, for instance, with an African American population of 12,000, only seven votes were cast for Republicans in 1874. In 1875, Democrats swept into power in the Mississippi state legislature. 7396:

Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument: 'A u vas negrov linchuyut' (and you are lynching Negroes).

4030: 209:, due to the public visibility of the location, which made it easier for photographers to photograph the victims. Some lynchings were professionally photographed and then the photos were 4480:

The exact number of people in the Western states/territories killed in lynchings is unknown. There were 571 lynchings of Mexicans between 1848 and 1928. The most recorded deaths were in

4229:) were caught and stood trial. Brewer and King were both sentenced to death (with Brewer being executed in 2011, and King being executed in 2019). Berry was sentenced to life in prison. 2228:

Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses at this time as hypocrisy, the Russians responded with "

5161:'s short story "The Vigilante" (1936) is retrospectively concerned with a lynching as seen by one of the chief participants in it. The story is based on historical events, namely the 3882:

Stacy's murder galvanized anti-lynching activists, but President Roosevelt did not support the federal anti-lynching bill. He feared that support would cost him Southern votes in the

3481:

would not just merely report lynchings, they would denounce them as well. Indeed in 1919, the NAACP would publish "Thirty Years of Lynching" and hang a black flag outside its office.

4379:

As of 2021, the Equal Justice Initiative claims that lynchings never stopped, listing 8 deaths in Mississippi that law-enforcement deemed suicides, but the civil rights organization

11815: 3992:

if he were re-elected as county judge, Truman refused. He personally knew their worth from his World War I experience. His membership fee was returned and he never joined the Klan.

9426: 5450:

The song became identified with her and was one of her most popular ones. The song became an anthem for the anti-lynching movement. It also contributed to activism of the American

6707: 8723: 5669:

Margaret, agreed with Hinde's version but did not mention the $ 10 initiation fee. The biography included a copy of a telegram from O.L. Chrisman stating that reporters from the

7798:

At least 163 Mexicans were lynched in California between 1848 and 1860, a rate comparable to that of Black Americans in the American South in the early part of the 20th century.

7306:

Moore—a trained attorney, the son of an Alabama judge, and the descendant of a United States Supreme Court justice—became one of the South's more strident advocates of lynching.

3818:

in 1934 to require local authorities to protect prisoners from lynch mobs. Like the Dyer Bill, it made lynching a Federal crime in order to take it out of state administration.

4496:(48 deaths). Lynch mobs killed Mexicans for a variety of reasons, with the most common accusations being murder and robbery. Others were killed as suspected bandits or rebels. 3513:

confirmed 39 dead, 26 Black and 13 white deaths. The commission gave several estimates ranging from 75 to 300 total dead. Rowland was saved, however, and was later exonerated.

1883:

that, "The only times an Afro-American who was assaulted got away has been when he had a gun and used it in self-defense." A study published in August 2022 by researchers from

14657: 10345: 5673:

papers had questioned him about Truman's past with the Klan. He said he had seen Truman at a Klan meeting, but that "if he ever became a member of the Klan I did not know it."

11928: 7028: 3345:, the leading historically Black college, established a theater department in 1920 to encourage African American dramatists. Starting in 1924, the NAACP's major publications 9457: 4554:

was found on November 26, 1933, Thomas Harold Thurman and John Holmes, who had confessed to kidnapping and murdering Hart, were lynched on November 26 or November 27, 1933.

10776: 4298:

stated that Louisiana lawmakers who supported the removal of Confederate monuments from their state should be lynched. Oliver's district includes Money, Mississippi, where

14198: 3550: 8412: 10480: 3412:. He noted that consensual relationships took place between white women and Black men, and said that many of the latter had white fathers (as he did). His references to 2192:. As a result, some city governments prohibited the release of the film. In addition, the NAACP publicized production and helped create audiences for the 1919 releases, 1916:

in the Republican aisle and his attorney general's maneuvers led to a failure to support the Mississippi governor with Federal troops. The campaign of terror worked. In

2240:

wrote that Soviet communist criticism of racial discrimination and violence in the United States influenced the federal government to support civil rights legislation.

11450: 10617: 7373: 3654:

on December 4, 1906. When Roosevelt suggested that lynching was taking place in the Philippines, Southern senators (all white Democrats) demonstrated their power by a

3394: 3305: 2846: 1621: 3187:, there was one instance of 17 "unknown white men" being hanged as cattle thieves in a single day. In the West, lynchings were often done to establish law and order. 1856:. The magnitude of the extralegal violence which occurred during election campaigns reached epidemic proportions, leading the historian William Gillette to label it " 14662: 6281: 4771: 4751:

important committee chairmanships. The Senate Democrats formed a bloc that filibustered for a week in December 1922, holding up all national business, to defeat the

3925: 3590:

A group of white men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim Will Brown who had been lynched and had his body mutilated and burned during the

3553:. She and her co-founders obtained the signatures of 40,000 women to their pledge against lynching and for a change in the South. The pledge included the statement: 3183:

people were mostly lynched in the Western states and territories, although there were over 200 cases in the South. According to the Tuskegee Institute, in 1884 near

3609:

of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the

3245:

At the start of the 20th century in the United States, lynching was photographic sport. People sent picture postcards of lynchings they had witnessed. A writer for

4872:, who forced investigation into a 1902 lynching and removed the sheriff responsible. In 1903 he sent militia to bring order to a race riot which had broken out on 4763:, the chief sponsor, undertook a national speaking tour in support of the bill in 1923, but the Southern Senators defeated it twice more in the next two sessions. 3435:

of Ohio published the article "The Disfranchisement of the Negro", detailing civil rights abuses as Southern states passed laws and constitutions that essentially

3308:(NAACP), and related groups, organized support from white and Black Americans, publicizing injustices, investigating incidents, and working for passage of federal 12183: 4236:

formally apologized for its failure to enact a federal anti-lynching law in the early 20th century, "when it was most needed". Before the vote, Louisiana senator

3557:

In light of the facts we dare no longer to... allow those bent upon personal revenge and savagery to commit acts of violence and lawlessness in the name of women.

78:, on May 15, 1916. He was repeatedly lowered and raised onto a fire for about two hours. A professional photographer took pictures of the lynching as it unfolded. 14415: 12231: 4989: 3359:

compiled statistics and publicized the atrocities, as well as working for enforcement of civil rights and a federal anti-lynching law. From the early 1880s, the

1992:. The rate of lynchings in the South has been strongly associated with economic strains, although the causal nature of this link is unclear. Low cotton prices, 1569:

tool. A 2019 study found that lynchings occurred more frequently in proximity to elections, in particular in areas where the Democratic Party faced challenges.

14622: 14472: 14466: 2125:'s interpretation of history. The film aroused great controversy. It was popular among Whites nationwide, but it was protested against by Black activists, the 1547: 8827: 4076:, Till was killed by a mob of white men. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head before being thrown into the 4044:

years, the FBI was worried more about possible communist connections among anti-lynching groups than about the lynching crimes. For instance, the FBI branded

2243:

Most lynchings ceased by the 1960s. However, in 2021 there were claims that racist lynchings still happen in the United States, being covered up as suicides.

10128: 9287: 4829:

added that "Senator Paul is now trying to weaken a bill that was already passed – there's no reason for this" while speaking to have the amendment defeated.

4825:

criticized Rand Paul's position, saying on Twitter that "it is shameful that one GOP Senator is standing in the way of seeing this bill become law." Senator

4710: 11785:

Hill, Karlos K. (2010). "Black Vigilantism: The Rise and Decline of African American Lynch Mob Activity in the Mississippi and Arkansas Deltas, 1883–1923".

9097: 7232: 4085:

open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the U.S. The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an

3416:

lifted the veil of denial. Whites were outraged. A mob destroyed his printing press and business, ran Black leaders out of town and killed many others, and

11732: 4884: 3857: 12100: 10897: 6879: 7689: 2867:

etiquette or engaged in economic competition with Whites. Other common reasons given included arson, theft, assault, and robbery; sexual transgressions (

2174: 216:

Lynching steadily increased after the Civil War, peaking in 1892. Lynchings remained common into the early 1900s, accelerating with the emergence of the

12170: 7620: 6180: 3439:, excluding them wholesale from the political system. He publicized the need for change in the South. Numerous writers appealed to the literate public. 10728: 4349:

we're talking about. Do you know what socialism and communism is?'" He denied that the Klan was a racist and violent organization, comparing it to the

7649: 7423: 14047: 7915: 7075:

Corzine, Jay; Creech, James; Corzine, Lin (March 1983). "Black Concentration and Lynchings in the South: Testing Blalock's Power-Threat Hypothesis".

5518: 4244:

for which the Senate so uniquely bears responsibility." The resolution was passed on a voice vote with 80 senators cosponsoring, with Mississippians

3890: 3850: 3826: 10259: 3206:. Paint has been applied to his face, circular disks glued to his cheeks, cotton glued to his face and head, while a rod props up the victim's head. 194:

were the second most common accusation; these accusations were often used as a pretext for lynching African Americans who were accused of violating

3658:

in 1902 during review of the "Philippines Bill". In 1903, Roosevelt refrained from commenting on lynching during his Southern political campaigns.

3492:

thousands of Whites rampaged through the Black community, killing men and women, burning and looting stores and homes. Up to 300 Blacks were killed

3083:

100,000 of population during that period. Between 1848 and 1879, Mexicans were lynched at an unprecedented rate of 473 per 100,000 of population.

2144:, inaugurating the revival of the Ku Klux Klan. The event was attended by 15 charter members and a few aging former members of the original Klan. 12883: 11358:

Mob Rule in New Orleans: Robert Charles and His Fight to the Death: The Story of His Life, Burning Human Beings Alive, Other Lynchings Statistics

10185: 4601:, maintains a database of over 600 lynchings committed in Texas between 1882 and 1942. Many of the lynchings were of people of Mexican heritage. 2687: 1977: 10698: 9539: 3685:

of Virginia, and passed by voice vote, the Senate made a formal apology for its failure to pass an anti-lynching law "when it was most needed".

10031: 9513: 9002: 7346: 6149: 4856:

homicide, and has been used to charge individuals who have tried to free someone in police custody – leading to controversy. In 2015, Governor

4571: 2974:, White resentment towards more successful Mexican and Chilean miners resulted in the lynching of at least 160 Mexicans between 1848 and 1860. 2839: 281:

According to historian Michael J. Pfeifer, the prevalence of lynchings in post–Civil War America reflected people's lack of confidence in the "

10642: 6816: 14677: 13865: 13829: 13764: 12253: 6789: 5778: 5528: 5309: 3745: 3636: 3436: 2439: 2305: 20: 8094: 5224:, two drifters are drawn into a Western posse formed to find the murderer of a local man. After suspicion centered on three innocent cattle 11902: 10156: 5954: 4365: 2499: 2332: 11825: 7257: 4738:

by discriminatory voter registration and electoral rules passed by majority-white legislatures in the late 19th century, who also imposed

14289: 12224: 10673: 9434: 7507: 6508: 4783: 4430: 3079:

in the Southwest was long overlooked in American history, when attention was focused on the treatment of African Americans in the South.

1772:

population was economically stressed, the Democratic Party was stronger, and multiple religious organizations competed for congregants."

1581:, defined conditions that constituted a recognized lynching, a definition which became generally accepted by other compilers of the era: 11842: 11431: 10871: 9231: 9137: 3277:. Two of the Black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground. Postcards of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. 14568: 8727: 4357: 3393:

in the U.S. became active in the anti-lynching crusade, often in the form of clubs that raised money to publicize the abuses. When the

7189: 3968:. This lynching of four young sharecroppers, one a World War II veteran, shocked the nation. The attack was a key factor in President 3661:

Roosevelt's efforts cost him political support among white people, especially in the South. Threats against him increased so that the

14178: 14087: 11730:

Fox, James W. Jr. (Fall 2006). "Intimations of Citizenship: Reressions and expressions of Equal Citizenship in the era of Jim Crow".

9312: 7810:

Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2003). "The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928".

6395:

Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2003). "The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928".

5558: 5062:

was about a lynching; it was performed by the Krigwa Players (later called the Negro Experimental Theater), a Harlem theatre company.

4747: 4735: 4505:

violence against some. Between 1848 and 1860, white Americans lynched at least 163 Mexicans in California. On July 5, 1851, a mob in

4094: 3632: 3159:

After the lynching of Leo Frank, around half of Georgia's 3,000 Jews left the state. According to author Steve Oney, "What it did to

2832: 2818: 178:

and intimidate ethnic minorities along with other acts of racial terrorism. A significant number of lynching victims were accused of

5094:

was about an innocent black man lynched on the campus of a fictional college in the Deep South. It was performed on Broadway at the

3976:(FBI) investigated the crime, they were unable to prosecute. It was the last documented lynching of so many people in one incident. 2986:

published a collection of 145 lynching photos in book form as well as online, with written words and video to accompany the images.

14029: 12592: 11644: 4888: 4369: 3883: 11690: 9288:"Former Ole Miss student avoids prison for noose on James Meredith statue; Clinton VP pick rumored (10 Things to Know for Friday)" 4302:

was murdered in 1955. Mississippi's leaders from both the Republican and Democratic parties quickly condemned Oliver's statement.

3063:, on August 17, 1915. Judge Morris, who organized the crowd after the lynching, is on the far right and he is wearing a straw hat. 14667: 14410: 13131: 11597: 5502: 4940: 4734:, who was in jail for rape. In the South, Blacks generally were not able to serve on juries, as they could not vote, having been 4317: 2604: 2362: 2327: 2217:, as tensions arose after veterans returned home. White people tried to re-impose white supremacy over returning Black veterans. 9340: 8550: 14647: 14617: 13799: 12217: 10319: 10186:"Emotional debate erupts over anti-lynching legislation as Cory Booker and Kamala Harris speak out against Rand Paul amendment" 9787: 8607: 7730:

Carrigan, William D. (Winter 2003). "The lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928".

5595: 5548: 3898: 3733: 2300: 1566: 12148: 10488: 4570:. In 1858 the institutions of justice in the new state, such as jails, were scarce and the lynching of Charles J. Reinhart at 3369: 1749:

investigated one hundred lynchings after 1929 and estimated that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.

13959: 12156: 12089: 11891: 11772: 11754: 11679: 11373: 11325: 11236: 11217: 11195: 11168: 11149: 11102: 11057: 11038: 11013: 10524: 10457: 10414: 10384: 10057: 9993: 9916: 9815: 9770: 9698: 9611: 8900: 8872: 8760: 8502: 8344: 7983: 7791: 7714: 7604: 7491: 7383: 7329: 6370: 6321: 6246: 6125: 5904: 5871: 5364:, a lynch mob attacked them, killing 11 by shooting or hanging in one of the largest mass lynchings in United States history. 3674: 3458: 3072: 2813: 2808: 8209:

Tolnay, Stewart E.; Beck, E. M. (February 1992). "Racial Violence and Black Migration in the American South, 1910 to 1930".

2958:

were under-counted in the Tuskegee Institute's records, and some of the largest mass lynchings in American history were the

14672: 11518: 11486: 10830: 7131: 5553: 5513: 5019:(1914) was the first play about the toll of racial violence directed at African-American families; it was produced in 1916. 4540: 4397: 3091: 2255: 2166: 1790: 1780: 10602: 6288: 4384:

ruling of suicide, despite evidence to the contrary. And the case is never heard from again unless someone brings it up."

14395: 14283: 13883: 12731: 12691: 9944: 8750: 6738:

Smith, Thomas E. (Fall 2007). "The Discourse of Violence: Transatlantic Narratives of Lynching during High Imperialism".

6458: 5260: 4767: 4306: 3929: 11458: 9261: 9071: 8724:"Proceedings of the U.S. Senate on June 13, 2005 regarding the "Senate Apology" as Reported in the Congressional Record" 8259: 5397:

features a scene in which a young Brown finds the body of a lynched man hanging from a tree near Brown's childhood home.

4709:

under state murder statutes. In one example in 1907–09, the U.S. Supreme Court tried its only criminal case in history,

13929: 12851: 5732: 5035: 3682: 3602: 3317: 3160: 3137: 2886:

behind lynching, directly connected to the denial of political and social equality, was stated forthrightly in 1900 by

2780: 2549: 1948: 1912:

had numerous chapters; they carried out goals of the Democratic Party to suppress Black voting. Grant's desire to keep

164: 145: 14183: 12360: 12165: 11559: 11293: 11275: 11122: 11079: 10923: 9851: 9565: 8776: 8303: 7177: 7001: 6976: 6690: 6632: 6558: 5755: 5523: 4049: 3605:

disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities, exacerbating hostility between Black and white Northerners. The

2396: 12987: 12915: 12907: 12899: 12891: 12875: 12843: 12811: 12803: 12795: 12787: 11747:

The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans "Mafia" Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob

10236: 9030: 7453: 5232:. It symbolized a wartime defense of United States' values, seen to be based on law, versus the characterization of 4183:, had abandoned her five children, and was involved in sexual relationships with African Americans in the movement. 55: 14150: 13853: 12188: 10102: 9844: 8836: 7563:"'Their Own Hotheadedness': Senator Benjamin R. 'Pitchfork Ben' Tillman Justifies Violence Against Southern Blacks" 7018: 5563: 4873: 4517: 4450: 3776: 3702: 3446: 3262: 3172: 2263: 10430: 9401: 9373: 9297: 6040:"Rule by Violence, Rule by Law: Lynching, Jim Crow, and the Continuing Evolution of Voter Suppression in the U.S." 4676:

was a traveling boxer who was heading north from California to Washington. Part of his travels led him to stay in

4149:, one of the men who had earlier gone free, was retried by the state of Mississippi, convicted of three counts of 3837:

In the 1930s, virtually all Southern senators blocked the proposed Costigan–Wagner Bill. Southern senators used a

1852:

from voting, working, and getting educated. They also sometimes attacked Northerners, teachers, and agents of the

14581: 14235: 13877: 13494: 13422: 11491: 11408: 5648: 4673: 3973: 3726: 3651: 3417: 3323:

African American writers used their talents in numerous ways to publicize and protest against lynching. In 1914,

2930:

recorded 1,297 lynchings of white people and 3,446 lynchings of Black people. Lynchings were concentrated in the

2652: 2642: 1971:, increased dramatically in the aftermath of Reconstruction. The peak of lynchings occurred in 1892, after White 13099: 12584: 8058:

Kim, Linda (2012). "A Law of Unintended Consequences: United States Postal Censorship of Lynching Photographs".

3500:, a group of 75 African American citizens attempted to stop a lynch mob from taking 19-year-old assault suspect 82: 13906: 13717: 13614: 12819: 12739: 12675: 12520: 8829:

Southern Opposition to Civil Rights in the United States Senate: A Tactical and Ideological Analysis, 1938–1965

6889: 5632: 5585: 4961: 4837: 4470: 4469:. In unorganized territories or sparsely settled states, law enforcement was limited, often provided only by a 4341:, Sutton doubled down on his position by stating: …'It's not calling for the lynchings of Americans. These are 2911: 1829: 12859: 7679: 5930:

Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis: A Compendium of History and Biography for Ready Reference: Volume 4.

5791: 3748:

around the start of the 20th century. The Dyer Bill influenced later anti-lynching legislation, including the

3152:

in a planned event that included cutting the prison's telephone wires. They transported him 175 miles back to

14652: 13918: 13912: 13859: 13219: 13171: 12560: 12464: 12368: 12195: 12081:

Borders of Violence and Justice: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Law Enforcement in the Southwest, 1835-1935

10292: 7624: 6184: 4880:. Durbin also publicly declared that an African American man accused of murder was entitled to a fair trial. 3714: 3386: 2677: 2544: 2474: 2459: 2025: 1933: 14552: 14276: 11382:

Gibbons, J. Card. "Lynch Law: Its Causes and Remedy." The North American Review 181, no. 587 (1905): 502–9.

9734: 8360: 3849:, opposed the bill for constitutional reasons (he had also opposed the Dyer Bill). He felt it encroached on 2147: 14511: 14442: 14294: 14208: 14035: 14023: 13752: 13723: 13676: 12955: 12947: 12867: 12771: 12624: 12576: 12528: 12272: 11982: 11141: 9458:"'Time for the Ku Klux Klan to night ride again': An Alabama newspaper editor wants to bring back lynching" 8211: 7653: 7427: 5995:

Smångs, Mattias (2016). "Doing Violence, Making Race: Southern Lynching and White Racial Group Formation".

5622: 5538: 5468: 5249: 4833: 4803: 4799: 4598: 4435: 4241: 4137:. The investigation also unearthed the bodies of numerous anonymous victims of past lynchings and murders. 4025:

a document which argued that the U.S. government's failure to act against lynchings meant it was guilty of

3662: 3574:

in October 1905 condemned lynching, calling it a blot on American civilization and against the teaching of

3313: 3216: 3211:

control. This often led to the exodus of the remaining Black population and discouraged future settlement.

2717: 2574: 2564: 2504: 2494: 2479: 2229: 1896: 1844:, southern Whites struggled to maintain their dominance. Secret vigilante and terrorist groups such as the 241: 118: 71: 14081: 12141: 8668:"House Passes Bill to Curb Lynching— Votes 230 to 119 Making It a Federal Crime and Providing Penalties", 8642:"Political Effect of the Dyer Bill: Delay in Enacting Anti-Lynching Law Diverted Thousands of Negro Votes" 2014:

from 1900 to 1930. Lynchings peaked in many areas when it was time for landowners to settle accounts with

14420: 14041: 13371: 13275: 13259: 13251: 13235: 12963: 12939: 12827: 12648: 12608: 12600: 12568: 12544: 12392: 10346:"Pasadena Black Lives Matter Activist Convicted of 'Felony Lynching', Could Spend Four Years Behind Bars" 8682: 8641: 5590: 5220: 4461:

Historians have debated the history of lynchings on the western frontier, which has been obscured by the

4130: 4098: 4065: 4064:

was gaining momentum. Membership in the NAACP increased in states across the country. The NAACP achieved

4000: 3869: 3510: 2429: 1869: 137: 11862:

African Americans Confront Lynching: Strategies of Resistance from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Era

5955:

https://archive.tuskegee.edu/repository/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lynchings-Stats-Year-Dates-Causes.pdf

5928: 4843:

signed it into federal law on March 29 of that year. The Act, proposed by Illinois House Representative

4513:. She was accused of killing a white man who had attempted to assault her after breaking into her home. 4324:

of that city, it is the first memorial created specifically to document lynchings of African Americans.

3821: 1988:

of public facilities by race, and separated Black people from common public life and facilities through

128:. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimized 14155: 14053: 13935: 13901: 13775: 13670: 13590: 13566: 13542: 13347: 13339: 13331: 13267: 13043: 12723: 12536: 12472: 12055:"Historical racist violence and intergenerational harms: Accounts from descendants of lynching victims" 9292: 6209: 5543: 5329: 5082:(printed in woodblock prints, with no text) includes three prints of the lynching of several Black men. 4604:

During the early 1900s, hostilities between Anglos and Mexicans along the "Brown Belt" were common. In

4536: 4276: 4200: 3772: 3506: 3405: 3163:

can't be discounted... It drove them into a state of denial about their Judaism. They became even more

3148:, a group of men, calling themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan, kidnapped Frank from a prison farm in 2894: 2682: 2672: 2584: 2524: 2489: 2454: 2411: 2279: 2130: 1904: 1868:

bearing arms were extralegal ways of trying to enforce the previous system of social dominance and the

263: 254: 149: 114: 32: 13179: 11444: 10577: 6930:(December 2013). "The Influence of Political Dynamics on Southern Lynch Mob Formation and Lethality". 5360:

in 1891. After the acquittal of 18 Italian American men falsely accused of the murder of police chief

4066:

a significant U.S. Supreme Court victory in 1954 ruling that segregated education was unconstitutional

3233: 14160: 14095: 14065: 13847: 13835: 13682: 13291: 13227: 13027: 12763: 12632: 12552: 12504: 12400: 12304: 11354:

A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States 1892–1893–1894

11094: 10706: 7769: 6239:

Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective

5568: 5533: 4261: 4122: 4106: 3957: 3945: 3610: 2712: 2589: 2539: 2484: 2434: 2218: 2182: 1917: 232:

boy, galvanized the civil rights movement and marked the last classical lynching (as recorded by the

48: 36: 13307: 11570: 10028: 9540:"Capitol police officer reveals rioters called him a 'traitor' for refusing to help hang Mike Pence" 7894: 6781: 6153: 5693: 5428:

Among artistic works that grappled with lynching was the song "Strange Fruit", written as a poem by

5384:

in the early 1900s after being convicted of murder of a young factory girl in a highly biased trial.

13770: 13688: 13606: 13558: 13486: 13446: 13355: 13323: 13315: 13283: 13203: 13163: 13147: 12971: 12835: 12707: 11547: 10967:"The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882–1930" 10650: 6076:. Prelinger Library. Tuskegee, Al.: Dept. of Records and Research, Tuskegee Institute. p. 303. 5728: 5580: 5482: 5215: 4321: 4211: 3876: 2963: 2959: 2554: 1634: 141: 9629:"Review of Segrave, Kerry, Lynchings of Women in the United States: The Recorded Cases, 1851–1946" 7951: 7288:

Bailey, Fred Arthur (Spring 1999). "John Trotwood Moore and the Patrician Cult of the New South".

6857: 4865:

that the law should only use it for what it is – murder by mob." The law was otherwise unchanged.

4755:. It had passed the House in January 1922 with broad support except for the South. Representative 4419:

depicting the January 18, 1882, lynching of James Sullivan, William Howard, and Benjamin Payne in

14453: 14448: 14436: 14269: 13977: 13622: 13598: 13574: 13550: 13414: 13363: 13211: 13195: 13123: 13059: 12995: 12979: 12715: 12683: 12456: 12440: 12376: 12054: 12029:

The Strange Fruit of the Tree of Liberty: Lynch Law and Popular Sovereignty in the United States.

9792: 8104: 6651:

Stagg, J. C. A. (1974). "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868–1871".

6210:"As Study Finds 4,000 Lynchings in Jim Crow South, Will U.S. Address Legacy of Racial Terrorism?" 5487: 4776: 4752: 4506: 4204: 3694: 3614: 3591: 3309: 2983: 2979: 2785: 2579: 2519: 2514: 2449: 2444: 2059: 1542:

A major motive for lynchings, particularly in the South, was white society's efforts to maintain

13051: 12488: 11937: 10966: 7596: 5228:, they were lynched, an injustice that deeply affected the drifters. The novel was adapted as a 5165:

of John Maurice Holmes and Thomas Harold Thurmond in San Jose, California, on November 16, 1933.

5010: 4704:

stating "The United States is the Only Land on Earth where Human Beings are Burned at the Stake"

4439: 3324: 1963:

Lynching of Bennie Simmons, soaked in coal oil before being set on fire. June 13, 1913, Oklahoma

14587: 14339: 14170: 13982: 13953: 13941: 13518: 13454: 12923: 12747: 12616: 12496: 12175: 11416: 11006:

Contempt of Court: The Turn-of-the-Century Lynching That Launched a Hundred Years of Federalism

9680: 8525: 7535: 7517: 7267: 7194: 5627: 5205: 5095: 5049: 4810: 4731: 4727: 4721: 3961: 3698: 3677:, many of the powerful committee chairmanships. In 2005, by a resolution sponsored by senators 3149: 3095: 2755: 2692: 2569: 2559: 2534: 2464: 2222: 2137: 1968: 133: 117:

Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million

67: 8492: 7973: 3195: 14558: 14505: 14459: 14400: 14329: 14105: 13895: 13871: 13841: 13787: 13711: 13699: 13656: 13510: 13243: 13187: 13155: 13083: 12280: 12028: 11965: 11820: 11628: 10826: 10514: 9760: 9490: 9241: 9145: 8163: 6884: 6577:

Crouch, Barry A. (1984). "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865–1868".

6520: 6311: 5451: 5244: 4973: 4714: 4621: 4616: 4586: 4522: 4333: 4134: 4114: 4061: 4014: 3806:

in 1932. They hoped he would lend public support to their efforts against lynching. Senators

3803: 3463: 3337:, noted scholar and head of the recently formed NAACP, called for more Black-authored plays. 3274: 2647: 2632: 2529: 2105: 2084: 2040: 1887:

has stated that, "...rates of Black lynching decreased with greater Black firearm access..."

110: 98: 87: 11315: 8916: 8862: 8118: 3932:. It started prosecutions to combat lynching, but failed to win any convictions until 1946. 3420:, headed by a white mayor and majority-white council. Manly escaped, eventually settling in 43: 14593: 14575: 14213: 13947: 12640: 11593: 10510: 9653: 9172: 6431: 5606: 5507: 5492: 5340: 5197: 5170: 4944: 4637: 4529: 4272: 4233: 3902: 3815: 3799: 3749: 3737: 3631:

At the turn of the century there was a concerted Republican effort to restrict the South's

3520: 3184: 2982:

was not uncommon. Some of those photographs were published and sold as postcards. In 2000,

2971: 2939: 2931: 2887: 2697: 2667: 2662: 2509: 1999: 1853: 11996:"National Crimes: A New National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States, 1883 to 1941" 10129:"The Senate's Three Black Members Introduce Bill to Finally Make Lynching a Federal Crime" 6624: 6617: 5815:"National Crimes: A New National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States, 1883 to 1941" 5174:(1937) was inspired by the Frank case; it featured the Leo Frank character portrayed as a 4915:

Virginia passed anti-lynching legislation, which was signed on March 14, 1928 by Governor

3921:(D-Louisiana) proclaimed: "We shall at all cost preserve the white supremacy of America." 3893:

gained national publicity, and its brutality was widely condemned. Such publicity enabled

2859:

Opponents of legislation often said lynchings prevented murder and rape. As documented by

2169:

from 1919 to 1929. Moore "became one of the South's more strident advocates of lynching".

2113:

as protecting white southern women during Reconstruction, which he portrayed as a time of

8: 14601: 14518: 14498: 14349: 14005: 12779: 12512: 12384: 11843:"'Holding on to Those Who Can't be Held': Reenacting a Lynching at Moore's Ford, Georgia" 11421: 11398: 10079: 9462: 9365: 9057:

The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist

8983: 8530: 8469: 8264: 7925: 6712: 6708:"U.S. owes black people reparations for a history of 'racial terrorism,' says U.N. panel" 6344: 5637: 5286: 5229: 4877: 4544: 4454: 4313: 4295: 4180: 3838: 3795: 3710: 3489: 3454: 3432: 3164: 3068: 3040: 2727: 2469: 2194: 2178: 2162: 2089: 2003: 1807: 1629: 1593:

4. The group must have acted under the pretext of service to justice, race, or tradition.

1578: 274: 233: 217: 60: 11654: 10207: 8385: 6071: 4574:

on December 19 was not prosecuted. The following year, the lynching of Oscar Jackson at

2273: 2188:

The NAACP mounted a strong nationwide campaign of protests and public education against

14532: 14344: 14188: 14135: 13965: 13817: 13758: 13478: 13019: 13011: 12699: 12138:(2017). Documentary film about the history and legacy of lynching in the American South 11922: 11907: 11802: 11698: 11535: 11383: 11174: 10986: 9704: 9378: 9236: 9093: 8808: 8806:"State Lynching Stirs U.S. Action: 2 Negroes Slain By Mob, Officers Will Investigate". 8473: 8438: 8308: 8228: 8075: 7827: 7747: 7589: 7540: 7297: 6949: 6755: 6594: 6547: 6478: 6412: 6020: 5844: 5670: 5497: 5410: 5367: 5349: 5115: 5090: 5085: 5055: 4982: 4869: 4717: 4654: 4605: 4424: 4222:

and requested FBI assistance. The murderers (two of whom turned out to be members of a

4077: 4073: 4018: 3913:(Indiana). The legislation eventually passed in the House, but the emerging Democratic 3910: 3811: 3673:— the delegation of powerful white Southerners in the Senate, which controlled, due to 3643: 3546: 3468: 3382: 2994: 2927: 2765: 2637: 2627: 2401: 2317: 2295: 2078: 1985: 1972: 1884: 1841: 1612: 1551: 259: 11624: 11607: 9138:"How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement" 8387: 8014:

On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the Twenty-First Century

6360: 5321:, which include the lynching of her African American friend Isaac at the hands of the 4912:

was indicted by Indiana's attorney general, James Ogden, the jury refused to convict.

4543:, after a white businessman had inadvertently been killed there in the crossfire of a 4473:

who might, despite the appointment of deputies, be hours, or days, away by horseback.

3768:

in that election, but were disappointed as his administration moved slowly on a bill.

2989:

The murders reflected the tensions of labor and social changes, as the Whites imposed

14492: 14405: 14374: 14314: 14193: 14099: 14017: 12101:"The Lynching of Italians and the Rise of Antilynching Politics in the United States" 12085: 11887: 11806: 11768: 11750: 11675: 11649: 11602: 11555: 11404: 11369: 11321: 11289: 11271: 11232: 11213: 11191: 11164: 11145: 11118: 11098: 11075: 11053: 11034: 11009: 10760: 10547: 10520: 10410: 10380: 10053: 9999: 9989: 9912: 9847: 9766: 9694: 9607: 9369: 8948: 8896: 8868: 8756: 8560: 8498: 8340: 8079: 7979: 7831: 7787: 7751: 7710: 7600: 7487: 7325: 7173: 6997: 6972: 6759: 6686: 6628: 6554: 6482: 6416: 6366: 6317: 6242: 6121: 6012: 5910: 5900: 5877: 5867: 5848: 5836: 5761: 5751: 5616: 5405: 5400: 5293: 4978: 4924: 4813:

were occurring nationwide, the bill was being considered by the Senate, with Senator

4642: 4466: 4210:

In 1998, Shawn Allen Berry, Lawrence Russel Brewer, and ex-convict John William King

4118: 3918: 3897:(D-New York) to gain support for anti-lynching legislation he had put forward in the 3894: 3765: 3342: 3228: 3153: 3145: 3087: 3076: 3060: 2737: 2372: 2047: 2036:

voters could serve as jurors. Often juries never let the matter go past the inquest.

1943: 1857: 1764:

between 1885 and 1942, 339 were Black, 77 white, 53 Hispanic, and 1 Native American.

267: 210: 157: 125: 121: 11798: 10949: 9628: 8615: 6953: 6024: 5454:. A documentary about a lynching and the effects of protest songs and art, entitled 4726:). Shipp was found guilty of criminal contempt for doing nothing to stop the mob in 4179:, who was murdered in 1965 in Alabama. The FBI said Liuzzo had been a member of the 3646:

made public statements against lynching in 1903, following George White's murder in

3408:, directly challenged popular ideas about lynching in an editorial in his newspaper 3023: 2002:

led the nation in lynchings from 1900 to 1931, with 302 incidents, according to The

1646:

Table 3.8: Black victims of lynchings per 100,000 blacks, by state, 1882-1930 (from

14524: 14486: 14477: 14379: 14369: 14334: 13993: 13971: 13823: 13811: 13734: 13582: 13438: 13091: 12755: 12352: 12153: 12115: 12066: 12007: 11794: 11527: 11479:

A treatment of the San Francisco vigilante movement, sympathetic to the vigilantes.

11440: 11178: 10978: 10788: 9686: 9208: 9007: 8465: 8220: 8067: 7819: 7739: 7351: 7084: 7023: 6941: 6817:"A New Study Suggests That Black Southerners' Access to Firearms Reduced Lynchings" 6747: 6660: 6586: 6470: 6404: 6090: 6050: 6004: 5975: 5826: 5389: 5381: 5372: 5314: 5272: 5183: 5135: 5065: 5044: 5004: 4756: 4677: 4146: 3906: 3807: 3706: 3442: 3334: 3133: 3099: 2890: 2770: 2599: 2200: 2153: 2051: 1952: 229: 221: 183: 106: 12149:

account of 1873 lynching Bozeman Montana True West Magazine November 2015 pp.26–29

9183: 5458:(2002) and produced by Public Broadcasting Service, was aired on U.S. television. 5317:) slowly recalls scenes from the night in which she suffered severe and permanent 5300:

trilogy (first volume published in 1990), set in Florida of the late 19th century.

4446: 3841:

to prevent a vote on the bill. Some Republican senators, such as the conservative

1928: 14542: 14075: 14011: 13781: 13379: 13299: 12432: 12424: 12416: 12408: 12328: 12160: 12079: 12044: 11112: 11067: 10811: 10404: 10374: 10133: 10035: 9983: 9904: 8917:"To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights" 8334: 8099: 8071: 7920: 7704: 7684: 7319: 7262: 5345: 5304: 5099: 4965:, an 1885 novel, depicts attempted (although failed) lynching as a minor episode. 4892: 4575: 4223: 4102: 4045: 3989: 3969: 3914: 3829:

in 1937 were the first photos of lynchings to be published by the national press.

3670: 3595: 3497: 3401: 3361: 3118: 3114: 2915: 2732: 2702: 2339: 2237: 2204:, African American–directed films that presented more positive images of blacks. 1746: 1607: 1554:. Lynchings punished perceived violations of customs, later institutionalized as 1543: 199: 175: 129: 12209: 11500: 8951:(Interview). Interviewed by James R. Fuchs. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum 7233:"The Black Activist Who Fought Against D. W. Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation"" 7135: 6365:. Internet Archive. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. pp. 34–39. 6070:

Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst; Foster, Vera Chandler; Hughes, William Hardin (1947).

5779:"Commemorating LA's Chinese Massacre, possibly the worst lynching in US history" 5336:

that describes a lynching from the point of view of a white boy from Cincinnati.

4696: 4105:". Six weeks later, their bodies were found in a partially constructed dam near 3075:, Mexicans, and others were also lynching victims. The lynching of Mexicans and 2225:, in 1946, when local white landowners killed two war veterans and their wives. 14364: 14354: 14324: 14319: 14203: 14071: 14059: 13999: 13693: 13406: 13075: 13067: 13035: 12288: 11961:"'There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror" 11026: 10806: 6969:

The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida

6459:"Quantitative Narrative Analysis—What It Can and Cannot Tell Us About Lynching" 6214: 5574: 5473: 5433: 5361: 5353: 5278: 5225: 5158: 5143:, was one of three films he made based on events in the controversial trial of 5140: 5103: 5039: 5023: 4908: 4904: 4868:

In 1899, Indiana passed anti-lynching legislation. It was enforced by Governor

4861: 4510: 4328: 4257: 4196: 4086: 4022: 3865: 3496:

African American resistance to lynching carried substantial risks. In 1921, in

3237:

The front and back of a postcard showing the charred corpse of Will Stanley in

3141: 3028: 2803: 2722: 2594: 2161:

The Klan and their use of lynching was supported by some public officials like

2141: 2122: 2100: 1872:, which had been invalidated by the 14th and 15th Amendments in 1868 and 1870. 191: 12070: 12040:"The lynching that Black Chattanooga never forgot takes center stage downtown" 11210:

Robert E. Lee and Me: A Southerner's Reckoning with the Myth of the Lost Cause

10898:"Review: Quentin Tarantino's 'The Hateful Eight' Blends Verbiage and Violence" 9063: 8784: 8386:

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (February 28, 2001).

7219:

Stand Your Ground: A History of America's Love Affair with Lethal Self-Defense

6664: 6486: 6055: 6039: 3545:

In 1930, Southern white women responded in large numbers to the leadership of

3199:

Body of a lynched Black male, propped up in a rocking chair for a photograph,

14641: 14547: 14246: 14218: 14140: 13923: 13805: 13705: 13534: 13462: 13003: 12667: 12312: 12296: 12012: 11995: 11466: 11426: 11394: 11050:

Hangman's Call: The Executions and Lynchings of Coos County, Oregon 1854–1925

9762:

Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence Against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928

9604:

Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence Against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928

8456:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

6932: 6927: 6474: 6150:"The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880–1950" 5914: 5897:

Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928

5881: 5840: 5831: 5814: 5765: 5611: 5429: 5423: 5333: 5264: 5110: 5069: 5015: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4887:, but were prevented by the city's police. Lawrence Beitler photographed the 4826: 4791: 4401: 4392: 4237: 4215: 4126: 3842: 3678: 3571: 3413: 3373:

Ida B. Wells exposed lynching in the early 1890s to an international audience

3329: 3286: 3238: 3129: 3044: 2868: 2864: 2322: 1989: 1959: 1555: 195: 102: 11918:"'The Legacy of Lynching,' at the Brooklyn Museum, Documents Violent Racism" 11715: 10855:

Ellison, Ralph (2009). "A Party Down at the Square". In Gwynn, R. S. (ed.).

10003: 9708: 5724: 4806:. The House of Representatives voted 410–4 to pass it on February 26, 2020. 4411: 3586: 1848:(KKK) instigated extrajudicial assaults and killings in order to discourage 14564: 14252: 14240: 14145: 14091: 13746: 13660: 13115: 12480: 12344: 11345: 11091:

Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919

10792: 9167: 8191: 7378: 7321:

Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era

6590: 6016: 5322: 5318: 5253: 5233: 5120: 5031: 4653:

Another well-documented episode in the history of the American West is the

4563: 4373: 4245: 4176: 4150: 4141: 4110: 4101:. They had been investigating the arson of a Black church being used as a " 4010: 4006: 3996: 3575: 3529: 3501: 3449:, displayed in front of their offices from 1920 to 1938 after each lynching 3425: 3421: 3378: 3269: 3168: 3103: 2860: 2406: 2384: 2379: 2214: 2110: 2073: 2029: 2015: 1937: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1876: 1845: 1815: 1811: 1798: 1794:

advocates for military intervention to prevent white terrorism in the South

12171:

This Map Shows Over a Century of Documented Lynchings in the United States

11020:

A Deed So Accursed: Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881–1940.

10237:"Rand Paul holds up anti-lynching legislation as he seeks changes to bill" 7823: 7743: 7591:

Black Woman Reformer: Ida B. Wells, Lynching, & Transatlantic Activism

7088: 6880:"Shaped by Site: Three Communities' Dialogues on the Legacies of Lynching" 6751: 6408: 4589:, the state avoided his lynching despite a public outcry against Natives. 4578:

on April 25 resulted in a later charging of Aymer Moore for the homicide.

4068:. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of 3051: 1996:, and economic stress are associated with higher frequencies of lynching. 1648:

A festival of violence : an analysis of Southern lynchings, 1882-1930

1591:

3. A group of three or more persons must have participated in the killing.

14359: 14224: 13664: 13502: 13470: 13430: 12320: 11365: 10260:"Lynching is now a federal hate crime after a century of blocked efforts" 9690: 8429:

Gibbons, J. Card (October 15, 2023). "Lynch Law: Its Causes and Remedy".

7531: 7512: 7483: 5781:, Robert Petersen, Off-Ramp, South Carolina Public Radio, 21 October 2016 5643: 5394: 5357: 5208: 5193: 5162: 5124: 4994: 4968: 4857: 4822: 4795: 4782:

On December 19, 2018, the U.S. Senate voted unanimously in favor of the "

4609: 4551: 4521:

Vigilance was instituted in 1856, in response to the murder of publisher

4416: 4305:

In 2018, the Senate attempted to pass new anti-lynching legislation (the

4299: 4291: 4226: 4069: 3779: 3741: 3740:

Committee. Its passage was blocked by White Democratic senators from the

3626: 3390: 2967: 2935: 2906: 1861: 1836:, January 27, 1872, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress) 1785: 1616: 1615:

began a systematic collection of lynching reports under the direction of

282: 262:, African Americans were the main victims of racial lynching, but in the 225: 153: 75: 12119: 11779:

Lynching and spectacle: witnessing racial violence in America, 1890-1940

11435:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 169. 11387: 10872:"'Elaborately justified misogyny': The Hateful Eight and Daisy Domergue" 10075:"Senate unanimously approves bill to make lynching a federal hate crime" 10021: 8752:

Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940

8477: 8442: 7975:

Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940

7301: 7105: 6945: 6038:

White, Paul; Strickler, Ryan; Witko, Christopher; Epperly, Brad (2019).

4283:. The case is featured in a 2019 documentary about lynching in America, 4072:, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in 3215:

The perpetrators of lynchings were not identified. The 1916 lynching of

3086:

After their increased immigration to the U.S. in the late 19th century,

14537: 13987: 13740: 13526: 13398: 13139: 13107: 12448: 12336: 11539: 11205: 10990: 10777:"Oscar Micheaux and Leo Frank: Cinematic Justice Across the Color Line" 9863: 8232: 6598: 5600: 5239: 5188: 5175: 5000: 4997: 4956: 4844: 4798:. As of June 2019 the bill, which failed to become law during the 4489: 4485: 4405: 4361: 4280: 4249: 4219: 4081: 3782: 3718: 3655: 3606: 3523:

served as National Director of the NAACP Anti-Lynching Campaign in 1921

3516: 3477: 3347: 2760: 2707: 2609: 2118: 2039:

Such cases happened in the North as well. In 1892, a police officer in

2011: 1981: 16:

Extrajudicial killings in the United States by mobs or vigilante groups

7562: 6790:"Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases by Ida B. Wells (1892)" 3972:'s making civil rights a priority of his administration. Although the 3940: 1821: 13889: 13793: 13728: 12931: 11260:

A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930.

10928: 9402:"Always in Season: behind the painful film about lynching in America" 9317: 6994:

Historic Frenchtown. Heart and Heritage in Tallahassee, Columbia, S.C

6683:

White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction

5377: 5144: 5075: 4981:

novels in the United States, dealt with a fictional treatment of the

4840: 4814: 4787: 4760: 4662: 4567: 4462: 4346: 4342: 4338: 3736:

in 1922, and in the same year it was given a favorable report by the

3484: 3258: 3125: 3056: 3035: 2951: 2923: 2657: 2312: 2157:, showing the lynching of film characters, Jasper Landry and his wife 2093: 1993: 63:, on January 20, 1916 (retouched photo due to material deterioration) 11575:

Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute

11531: 10982: 9486:"Alabama newspaper editor calls for Klan return to 'clean out D.C.'" 8224: 6362:

A festival of violence: an analysis of Southern lynchings, 1882-1930

5131:: "if one song could tell the story of an entire race, that was it." 4581:

In 1866, when Alexander Campbell and George Liscomb were lynched at

4013:

urged him to take action against lynching. In 1951, Robeson and the

2922:

Lynchings declined briefly after White supremacists, the so-called "

2088:, showing an African-American character, Gus (played by white actor 1611:

began to systematically tabulate lynchings nationally. In 1908, the

205:

A common perception of lynchings in the U.S. is that they were only

14130: 10320:"Murrieta immigration protesters charged with obstructing officers" 9985:

Necktie Parties: A History of Legal Executions in Oregon, 1851–1905

9891:

Chicano!: The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement

9514:"Hang Mike Pence: Twitter stops phrase trending after Capitol riot" 8835:(Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University. Archived from 8581: 8555: 8260:"A Sorry History: Why an Apology From the Senate Can't Make Amends" 8239: 8186: 8184: 8164:"H.R.55 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Emmett Till Antilynching Act" 6120:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 120–121. 6118:

Recorder of the Black Experience: A biography of Monroe Nathan Work

6073:

Negro year book: a review of events affecting Negro life, 1941–1946

6008: 5980: 5967: 5966:

Cook, Lisa D.; Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (September 2017).

5477: 5201: 4739: 4633:

where white settlers killed four Mexicans and one Native American.

4566:

of the prosecution of homicides in the early years of statehood of

4041: 4026: 3647: 3620: 3107: 2990: 2955: 2883: 2114: 1849: 174:) out of the American South, and were often perpetrated to enforce 94: 12059:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

10481:"Freedom's Heroes During Jim Crow: Flossie Bailey and the Deeters" 8864:

Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR

7652:. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from 7623:. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from 7426:. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from 6183:. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from 3179:

at weddings – anything that would draw attention."

3090:

in the South were recruited for laboring jobs. On March 14, 1891,

2918:, on November 11, 1909. A crowd of thousands watched the lynching. 2052:

three young African American traveling circus workers were lynched

1532: 12252: 11516:

Eaton, Clement (December 1942). "Mob Violence in the Old South".

10674:"South Carolina takes aim at lynching law because it hurt blacks" 8726:. African American Studies, University of Buffalo. Archived from 7172:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2000. 4658: 4582: 4493: 4420: 4192: 3965: 2943: 2007: 1757: 206: 11903:"History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names" 11420: 10293:"Officials change Calif. law after activist's "lynching" arrest" 8181: 7846: 6511:

Mississippi Ku-Klux in the Disguises in Which They Were Captured

4636:

On April 19, 1915, the Leon brothers were lynched by hanging in

1860:", and historian Thomas E. Smith to understand it as a form of " 1826:

Mississippi Ku-Klux in the Disguises in Which They Were Captured

1756:

Other victims included white immigrants, and, in the Southwest,

27: 11268:

Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War

9344: 8704: 8582:

Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",

8494:

The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement

8328: 8326: 8131:

of Congress, Manuscript Division, NAACP Papers. Washington, DC.

7410:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

6085: 6083: 4154: 4133:. They had been dedicated to non-violent direct action against 3979:

In 1947, the Truman administration published a report entitled

3960:

two young African American couples near Moore's Ford Bridge in

3254: 3176: 2234:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

179: 12193: 12134: 11938:"The Legacy of Lynching: Confronting Racial Terror in America" 11161:

Lynching Beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence Outside the South

9427:"Mississippi rep: Lynch people removing Confederate monuments" 6775:

At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America

5894: 5725:"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror" 4528:

During the same year of 1851, just after the beginning of the

3533:

the abuses in the South and keep the issue before the public.

3333:

to address racial violence. It was produced in 1916. In 1915,

1537: 14230: 9374:"Hangman's Noose, Symbol of Racial Animus, Keeps Cropping Up" 7978:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 93, 108, 180. 5267:

that includes an account of a particularly horrific lynching.

4809:

As of June 4, 2020, while protests and civil unrest over the

4701: 4481: 4350: 4265: 3846: 3744:, the only representatives elected since the southern states 3722: 3121:. Many Greeks were looted, beaten and businesses were burnt. 2947: 2775: 2126: 1761: 237: 14199:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

11229:

The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition

8323: 7374:"The History Behind China's Response to the Baltimore Riots" 7106:"Burned at the Stake: A Black Man Pays for a Town's Outrage" 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 6840: 6838: 6080: 3944:

An FBI poster asking the public for information on the 1946

3551:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

3190: 12189:

Lynching photograph October 18, 1891 Clifton Forge Virginia

11816:"100 years ago, Newark [Ohio] streets were lawless" 9098:"How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today" 5476:– the notion that African Americans have been subjected to 4883:

In 1920, 600 men attempted to remove a Black prisoner from

4376:, and a rudimentary gallows was built on the Capitol lawn. 3755:

As passed by the House, the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill stated:

3418:

overturned the biracial Populist-Republican city government

3355:

sponsored contests to encourage Black literary production.

1913: 187: 11645:"'Bloody Injuries:' Lynchings in Oconee County, 1905–1921" 11451:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

11400:

The Newark [Ohio] Lynching: Its Causes and Results

10999:

Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930

10924:"The Hateful Eight is a play, and a miserable one at that" 10809:(1995). "Explanatory Notes". In Timmerman, John H. (ed.). 9557: 8612:

Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000

8007: 8005: 7931: 7786:. Oxford University Press. Audio book: 26:38 minutes in. 7666:

Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

7637:

Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

7440:

Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

6619:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

6549:

Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930

6197:

Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

6037: 3395:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3306:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3156:, near Atlanta, where they lynched him in front of a mob. 1622:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

90:, September 1930, after killing Police Chief J. B. Jenkins 11876:

Swift to Wrath: Lynching in Global Historical Perspective

11253:

Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture

11163:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 336. 10263: 10157:"House passes bill to make lynching a federal hate crime" 9909:

Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers

7993: 7043: 6909: 6907: 6835: 6808: 6337: 6335: 6333: 4947:, with many artworks depicting lynching in various ways. 4396:

The 1856 lynching of Charles Cora and James Casey by the

4290:

In May 2017, Mississippi Republican state representative

3988:

Klan officer demanded that Truman pledge not to hire any

1967:

Lynching attacks on African Americans, especially in the

1832:, for attempted murder. (Wood engraving from photograph, 1587:

1. There must be legal evidence that a person was killed.

11446:

Thirty years of lynching in the United States, 1889-1918

11246:

Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918

11022:

Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2013.

8367:. Vol. 1, no. 21. November 15, 1919. p. 1 8148:. New Brunswick, N.J.: London: Rutgers University Press. 8146:

Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob

5864:

The Roots of Rough Justice: Origins of American Lynching

5596:

False accusations of rape as justification for lynchings

4525:, it hanged a total of four men, all accused of murder. 4268:

appeared in 2017, primarily in or near Washington, D.C.

3635:

of seats and to set aside cases election results due to

2207: 136:, as the majority of African Americans lived there, but 14416:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

11138:

Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947

11001:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1993. 10519:. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana Univ. Press. p. 69. 10406:

A Lynching in the Heartland: Race and Memory in America

9814:

Holzmeister, Karen; O'Brien, Matt (November 29, 2005).

9209:"Closing arguments today in Texas dragging-death trial" 9003:"Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage" 8032:

Blood at the Root Lynching as American Cultural Nucleus

8002: 7347:"Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage" 6971:. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. p. 3. 6572: 6570: 5855: 5748:

Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947

4990:

Tracked by Bloodhounds; or, A Lynching at Cripple Creek

3775:. Action in the Senate was delayed, and ultimately the 288: 11301:

Southern Honor: Ethics & Behavior in the Old South

11130:

Racial and Religious Violence in America: A Chronology

9813: 9583: 8893:

Fire in a Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America

8551:"Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws" 6904: 6330: 5936: 4256:

In February 2014, a noose was placed on the statue of

3509:

district, destroying what had been a thriving area. A

1890:

From the mid-1870s onward, violence rose as insurgent

14658:

Racially motivated violence against African Americans

11186:

Rucker, Walter; Upton, James Nathaniel, eds. (2007).

10458:"The Strange Story of the Man Behind 'Strange Fruit'" 10029:

U.S. Supreme Court opinion in United States vs. Shipp

9341:"Noose found hanging outside of New Orleans business" 8777:"Rubin Stacy. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. July 19, 1935" 7864: 7150: 4080:, his body weighed down with a 70-pound (32 kg) 3540: 3222: 220:. Lynchings declined considerably by the time of the 124:

were emancipated, they became the primary targets of

11874:

Carrigan, William D., and Christopher Waldrep, eds.

11288:

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990

11089:

McCaskill, Barbara; Gebhard, Caroline, eds. (2006).

10705:. Associated Press. January 11, 2010. Archived from 10699:"SC panel softening lynching law, says it is abused" 10431:"The lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, 1930" 8534:. pp. 110–11, 246–49, 250, 258–59, 261–62, 472. 8025: 8023: 7074: 6646: 6644: 6610: 6608: 6567: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 4934: 3039:

From left to right, the lynching of killer-for-hire

2177:. White supremacist violence culminated in the 1921 12022:

Lynching: Violence, rhetoric, and American identity

11117:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004 10595: 10503: 8755:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 196. 8291:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 65–81. 7782:Richardson, Heather (2020). "Chapter 3: The West". 7324:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 379. 6313:

Lynching: American Mob Murder in Global Perspective

6152:. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Archived from 5933:

New York: Southern History Company, 1899; pg. 1913.

5861: 1879:commented in an 1892 pamphlet she published called 12143:Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America 11927: 11691:"A Civil War Lynching in Athens [Georgia]" 11672:Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America 10373:Bodenhamer, David J.; Shepard, Randall T. (2014). 10038:, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law 9816:"Hayward site of spark for last lynching in state" 9255: 9253: 9251: 8139: 8137: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 7849:Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America 7588: 7567:History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web 6925: 6616: 6546: 6276: 6274: 6069: 5866:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 5290:includes a depiction of a Black man being lynched. 4186: 3001: 198:etiquette or engaged in economic competition with 12239: 12000:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 11270:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 10372: 9739:History of the San Francisco Sheriff's Department 9364: 9296:. Associated Press. July 21, 2016. Archived from 8020: 7706:The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands 7478:Wells, Ida B. (2014). "Southern Horrors (1892)". 6641: 6605: 6540: 6538: 6379: 6305: 6303: 6301: 5819:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5519:History of homeland security in the United States 5022:Following the commercial and critical success of 4645:upon his departure from office in February 1917. 3891:lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 3827:lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 14663:Racially motivated violence in the United States 14639: 13860:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 11114:Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory 11088: 10052:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–118. 10050:Criminal Justice in the United States, 1789–1939 9433:. Associated Press. May 22, 2017. Archived from 9313:"Latest noose stirs worry, anger in D.C. region" 8497:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 146–14. 8245: 7283: 7281: 6175: 6173: 6171: 5745: 5332:" (first published in 1997) is a short story by 3995:International media, including the media in the 3621:Federal legislation inhibited by the Solid South 47:Bodies of three African American men lynched in 12194:Lynching Sites Project Memphis (May 22, 2017). 11598:"The Last Lynching in Athens [Georgia]" 11262:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 10965:Beck, E. M.; Tolnay, Stewart E. (August 1990). 10635: 10287: 10285: 10258:McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (March 29, 2022). 10230: 10228: 9911:(. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9248: 8134: 8038: 7991:is the barbeque we had last Saturday [ 7471: 7451: 6316:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 33–36. 6271: 5965: 5155:(1935) was also related to the Leo Frank trial. 4683:Other lynchings include many Native Americans. 1875:Journalist, educator, and civil rights leader, 1533:Lynching as a means to maintain white supremacy 11994:Seguin, Charles; Rigby, David (January 2019). 11190:. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 10368: 10366: 10103:"Senate Unanimously Passes Anti-Lynching Bill" 9981: 9788:"Bay Area mob lynched kidnappers 75 years ago" 9124:A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till 7416: 6535: 6298: 4772:Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department 4048:a communist sympathizer for joining Robeson's 3298: 2246: 163:Lynchings followed African Americans with the 12254:List of lynching victims in the United States 12225: 11350:Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases 10601:South Carolina Code of Laws section 16-3-220 10449: 10257: 10179: 10177: 9982:Goeres-Gardner, Diane L. (October 31, 2005). 9259: 7595:. University of Georgia Press. 2015. p. 7278: 7258:"The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan" 6676: 6674: 6168: 5529:List of lynching victims in the United States 5444:Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze, 5325:, as well as her cousin Cletis's involvement. 5310:Stolen Memories: Secrets from the Rose Garden 4153:in a new trial, and sentenced to 60 years in 2840: 1881:Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases 1775: 1589:2. That person must have met death illegally. 21:List of lynching victims in the United States 12098: 11765:The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War 11226: 11072:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 10643:"Guilty: Teens enter pleas in lynching case" 10282: 10234: 10225: 9758: 9678: 9601: 9160: 8949:"Oral History Interview with Edgar G. Hinde" 8198:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 194–195. 8103:. Vol. 155, no. 14. Archived from 7937: 7809: 6394: 5446:Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. 5417: 4562:Four lynchings are included in a book of 12 4535:On October 24, 1871, a mob rampaged through 4484:, with up to 232 killings, then followed by 4331:, then editor of a small Alabama newspaper, 4260:, the first African American student at the 3752:, which was also defeated in the US Senate. 2136:On November 25, 1915, a group of men led by 1565:Lynchings were also (in part) intended as a 113:in the 1950s and 1960s, and continued until 14290:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 11993: 11884:The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose 11317:Lynching in America: A history in documents 11227:Theoharis, Athan; Cox, John Stuart (1988). 11185: 10509: 10398: 10396: 10363: 10235:Barrett, Ted; Foran, Clare (June 3, 2020). 9685:. Duke University Press. pp. 185–187. 9606:. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–87. 9456:Farzan, Antonia Noori (February 19, 2019). 8886: 8884: 8710: 8635: 8633: 6740:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 6282:"Lynching, Whites and Negroes, 1882 – 1968" 5812: 4784:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act of 2018 4240:noted: "There may be no other injustice in 4195:randomly selected a 19-year-old Black man, 3665:added to the size of his bodyguard detail. 1932:The 1893 public lynching of black teenager 1538:Lines of continuity from slavery to present 270:were also the targets of lynching as well. 14261: 14106:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 13836:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 12232: 12218: 11716:"American Lynching: A Documentary Feature" 11571:""Lynch Law"—An American Community Enigma" 11303:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. 10964: 10754:"Rose McClendon Rises to Heights in Black 10184:Foran, Clare; Fox, Lauren (June 4, 2020). 10174: 9759:Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2013). 9602:Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2013). 9399: 9262:"A Senate Apology for History on Lynching" 8821: 8819: 8208: 7781: 7702: 7454:"'Lynchings in Mississippi never stopped'" 7132:"American Lynching: A Documentary Feature" 7100: 7098: 6913: 6671: 5968:"Racial Segregation and Southern Lynching" 5927:William Hyde and Howard L. Conrad (eds.), 5700:. Lowndes County Historical Society Museum 5442:Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, 4657:, a dispute in the 1890s over land use in 4358:2021 storming of the United States Capitol 4140:The United States prosecuted 18 men for a 2847: 2833: 2167:State Librarian and Archivist of Tennessee 14582:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 14042:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 12820:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 12184:Lynching Photographs Getty Images website 12099:Seguin, Charles; Nardin, Sabrina (2022). 12011: 11901:Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015). 11900: 11840: 10805: 10774: 10729:"Complete National Film Registry Listing" 10094: 9595: 9505: 9121: 9086: 9048: 7621:"Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968" 6236: 6181:"Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968" 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6054: 5979: 5895:Carrigan, William D.; Clive Webb (2013). 5830: 5559:Mass racial violence in the United States 4442:, after being lynched on December 4, 1888 3191:Spectacle lynching and racist memorabilia 2819:Mass racial violence in the United States 2096:), about to be killed by the Ku Klux Klan 11439: 11025: 10393: 10317: 10183: 10100: 9566:"Lynchings in Mississippi never stopped" 9537: 9511: 9310: 8976: 8881: 8799: 8630: 8597:Zangrando, NAACP Crusade, pp. 43–44, 54. 8339:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 193. 8286: 8202: 7844: 7770:When Italian immigrants were 'the other' 7729: 7371: 7317: 7311: 7019:"Lynching: Florida's Brutal Distinction" 6766: 6680: 6553:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 6544: 6309: 6266: 6261:"1959 Tuskegee Institute Lynch Report", 5356:, is based on events that took place in 5127:". She wrote in her 1951 autobiography, 5072:" (1931) tells the story of a lynch mob. 4889:lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 4695: 4445: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4370:2020 United States Presidential Election 4055: 3939: 3856: 3820: 3585: 3515: 3483: 3441: 3368: 3268: 3232: 3194: 3050: 3034: 3022: 2905: 2146: 2077: 1958: 1942: 1927: 1820: 1797: 1779: 132:. Most of the lynchings occurred in the 81: 66: 54: 42: 26: 14411:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 12077: 11980: 11787:The Journal of African American History 11689:Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (July 19, 2000). 11643:Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (June 24, 1998). 11546: 11415: 11393: 11313: 11204: 11158: 11135: 11074:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11052:. Coos Bay, Oregon: Lawman Publishing. 10854: 10671: 10516:Indiana Blacks in the Twentieth Century 10472: 10402: 10154: 10126: 10072: 9931: 9888: 9735:"Executions in San Francisco 1851–1890" 9721: 9589: 9338: 9176: 9092: 8816: 8639: 8490: 8428: 8251: 8034:. Albany: State University of New York. 7677: 7530: 7524: 7407: 7156: 7095: 6705: 6699: 6623:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 6255: 6115: 5942: 5503:Domestic terrorism in the United States 5038:, African-American director and writer 4977:, a 1902 seminal novel in the genre of 4950: 4941:1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions 4364:!" in an attempt to find and lynch the 4318:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 3789: 3729:to increase support for the Dyer Bill. 3461:, published an article in the magazine 2067: 152:in American history was perpetrated in 14640: 12166:Map of 73 years of lynching, 1900–1931 12052: 11915: 11881: 11688: 11642: 11622: 11592: 11568: 11265: 11132:. N.Y.: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1991 11066: 11047: 10921: 10825: 10478: 10456:Blair, Elizabeth (September 5, 2012). 10343: 10101:Egwuonwu, Nnamdi (December 19, 2018). 9969: 9897: 9626: 9455: 9054: 8890: 8825: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8524: 8455: 8301: 8289:Charles W. 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(October 7, 2022). 12037: 11958: 11813: 11744: 11713: 11669: 11515: 11344: 11286:Racial Violence in Kentucky 1865–1940 11128:Newton, Michael and Judy Ann Newton, 10895: 10869: 10618:"Lynching Law Has Unintended Results" 10615: 10455: 10318:Barragan, James (September 4, 2014). 9903: 9785: 9563: 9512:Pengelly, Martin (January 10, 2021). 9483: 9400:Pilkington, Ed (September 21, 2019). 9260:Thomas-Lester, Avis (June 14, 2005). 9028: 9000: 8946: 8860: 8332: 8190: 8157: 8155: 8011: 7967: 7965: 7897:. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc 7692:from the original on August 10, 2019. 7680:"South revisits ghastly part of past" 7477: 7344: 7129: 7016: 6966: 6860:. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc 6746:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press. 6737: 6650: 6614: 6287:. Tuskegee University. Archived from 5727:(3rd ed.). Montgomery, Alabama: 5719: 5717: 5715: 4836:passed both chambers of Congress and 4547:battle within the Chinese community. 3459:National Association of Colored Women 2964:lynching of eleven Italian immigrants 2208:During and after the Great Depression 14678:White supremacy in the United States 14623:Lynching deaths in the United States 13753:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 13646: 11878:(University of Virginia Press, 2013) 11841:Auslander, Mark (November 8, 2010). 11784: 11552:A Time of Terror: A Survivor's Story 11519:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 11484: 10870:Peers, Juliette (January 24, 2016). 10831:"Larger Than Life, Deader Than Dead" 10672:Jonsson, Patrik (January 12, 2010). 10155:Rummler, Orion (February 26, 2020). 10073:Viebeck, Elise (December 19, 2018). 10047: 9646: 9484:Brown, Melissa (February 18, 2019). 9230:Fox, Faulkner (September 17, 1999). 9074:from the original on August 10, 2004 9001:Quinn, Allison (November 27, 2014). 8919:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum 8748: 8683:"Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bil" 8470:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 8295: 8161: 8143: 8029: 7971: 7345:Quinn, Allison (November 27, 2014), 7250: 6991: 6772: 6438:. Texas State Historical Association 6429: 5554:March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings 5514:Hate crime laws in the United States 5440:Southern trees bear a strange fruit, 4768:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration 4541:killed at least 18 Chinese Americans 4157:. Killen died in 2018 after serving 3953:of an African-American farm worker. 3565: 3018: 1768:lynchings in the South before 1930. 1650:by Tolnay & Beck, 1995, pg. 38) 289:Number of lynchings by year and race 190:, attempted rape, or other forms of 59:Six African American men lynched in 14284:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 14060:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 13842:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 12154:lynching Santa Cruz California 1877 12024:(Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2019). 11981:Gregory, Vanessa (April 25, 2018). 11729: 11674:. Santa Fe: Twin Palms Publishers. 11258:Tolnay, Stewart E., and Beck, E.M. 11188:Encyclopedia of American Race Riots 11004:Curriden, Mark and Leroy Phillips, 10922:Plante, Chris (December 31, 2015). 10270:from the original on March 30, 2022 9654:"Latinas: Area Studies Collections" 9311:Eversley, Melanie (June 15, 2017). 9229: 9029:Cooke, Alistair (January 8, 1953). 8716: 8538: 8287:Ferguson, SallyAnn H., ed. (2001). 8057: 7895:"Chief of Police David C. Hennessy" 6815:Sullum, Jacob (September 8, 2022). 5899:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5750:. North Carolina University Press. 5277:set on the Western frontier, stars 4985:and frontier lynchings in the West. 4903:", which was popularized by singer 4366:vice president of the United States 4307:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 3746:had disfranchised African Americans 273:At the first recorded lynching, in 13: 11554:. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. 11335: 11314:Waldrep, Christopher, ed. (2006). 11307: 11033:. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. 10896:Scott, A. O. (December 25, 2015). 10859:(4th ed.). New York: Penguin. 10649:. January 11, 2006. Archived from 9564:Brown, DeNeen L (August 8, 2021). 8947:Hinde, Edgar G. (March 15, 1962). 8302:Rogers, Angelica (July 14, 2016). 8152: 7962: 7709:. University of New Mexico Press. 7536:"The Blight That Is Still With Us" 7452:DeNeen L. Brown (August 8, 2021). 7031:from the original on March 8, 2019 6147: 5735:from the original on May 10, 2018. 5712: 5393:about the life of American singer 5296:depicted several lynchings in his 5204:footage and was an event in which 4597:"Lynching in Texas", a project of 4033:. Based on his commissions report 4031:United Nations Genocide Convention 3935: 3917:blocked it in the Senate. Senator 3581: 3541:Resistance by Southern white women 3381:was shocked when three friends in 3223:Photographic records and postcards 3092:11 Italian immigrants were lynched 86:Lynching of John William Clark in 35:, lynched near the Pratt Mines in 14: 14689: 14184:American Crusade Against Lynching 13830:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 12127: 11916:Cotter, Holland (July 26, 2017). 11409:American Issue Publishing Company 11159:Pfeifer, Michael J., ed. (2013). 10952:. PBS. Retrieved August 23, 2011. 10575: 10479:Kaplan, Fran (January 29, 2012). 10127:Resnick, Gideon (June 29, 2018). 9893:. Arte Publico Press. p. 29. 9786:Nolte, Carl (November 23, 2008). 9538:Kilander, Gustaf (June 4, 2021). 9339:Jackman, Caresse (July 1, 2017). 8304:"Does This Flag Make You Flinch?" 8162:Rush, Bobby L. (March 29, 2022). 8093:Lacayo, Richard (April 2, 2000). 7221:. Beacon Press. 2017. p. 81. 7017:Clark, James C. (March 7, 1993). 6787: 5524:Human rights in the United States 4935:Representation in popular culture 4691: 4438:hanging from a telephone pole in 4050:American Crusade Against Lynching 4001:racial discrimination in the U.S. 2910:The lynching of African American 2814:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 2809:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 2440:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 2219:The last documented mass lynching 1760:. Of the 468 lynching victims in 97:was the widespread occurrence of 14396:America's Black Holocaust Museum 14179:American anti-lynching activists 14151:Nadir of American race relations 13741:Steve Long and two half-brothers 13677:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 12053:Gaston, Shytierra (March 2021). 11864:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) 11487:"History of Lynchings in Kansas" 11255:. New York: The New Press, 1993. 11248:New York City: Arno Press, 1969. 11212:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 10943: 10915: 10889: 10863: 10848: 10819: 10815:. Penguin Classics. p. 229. 10799: 10768: 10747: 10721: 10691: 10665: 10616:Breed, Allen G. (June 8, 2003). 10609: 10569: 10540: 10485:America's Black Holocaust Museum 10423: 10344:Kenney, Tanasia (June 3, 2016). 10337: 10311: 10299:. Associated Press. July 3, 2015 10251: 10200: 10148: 10120: 10066: 10041: 9975: 9937: 9882: 9856: 9845:The Minnesota Historical Society 9833: 9807: 9779: 9752: 9727: 9672: 9620: 9531: 9477: 9449: 9419: 9393: 9358: 9332: 9304: 9280: 9223: 9201: 9130: 9115: 9022: 8994: 8990:(in French). September 24, 1906. 8963: 8940: 8931: 8909: 8854: 8769: 8742: 8675: 8662: 8640:Harvier, Ernest (July 9, 1922). 8600: 8591: 8575: 8518: 8484: 8449: 8422: 8405: 8379: 8353: 7950:Yarrow, Allison (May 13, 2009). 7678:Glanton, Dahleen (May 5, 2002). 7372:Volodzko, David (May 12, 2015), 6858:"Deputy Sheriff George H. Loney" 6348:. New York: Harper. p. 561. 6265:; April 26, 1959, re-printed in 5792:"History of Lynching in America" 5662: 5564:Nadir of American race relations 5042:responded in 1919 with the film 4907:. In reaction to these murders, 4518:San Francisco Vigilance Movement 4509:, lynched a Mexican woman named 4451:Lynching of the Ruggles brothers 3794:Anti-lynching advocates such as 3275:1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings 3265:banned the cards from the mails. 2500:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 2272: 109:in the 1830s, slowed during the 14602:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14236:National Conference on Lynching 13794:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 13671:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 13012:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 12038:Moody, Chris (March 11, 2021). 11959:Lyman, Bryan (April 20, 2018). 11799:10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0026 11623:Simkin, John (September 1997). 11585:American Communities, 1880–1980 11492:The Kansas Historical Quarterly 9945:"Robert Fenter and Frank Moore" 9682:Lynching in the West, 1850-1935 8559:. June 13, 2005. Archived from 8280: 8258:Wexler, Laura (June 19, 2005). 8124: 7943: 7909: 7887: 7876: 7838: 7803: 7784:How The South Won The Civil War 7775: 7762: 7723: 7696: 7671: 7642: 7613: 7581: 7555: 7500: 7445: 7401: 7365: 7338: 7266:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 7225: 7211: 7182: 7162: 7123: 7068: 7010: 6985: 6960: 6919: 6872: 6850: 6731: 6501: 6457:Tolnay, Stewart (August 2012). 6450: 6430:Ross, John R. (June 15, 2010). 6423: 6352: 6230: 6202: 6109: 6063: 6031: 5988: 5959: 5948: 5649:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5123:sang a ballad about lynching, " 4802:, had been reintroduced as the 4700:Anti-lynching broadside by the 4356:On January 6, 2021, during the 4187:After the civil rights movement 3974:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3924:In 1939, Roosevelt created the 3727:National Conference on Lynching 3652:1906 State of the Union Address 3437:disfranchised African Americans 3002:In the Mississippi Delta region 2653:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2643:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 2363:Expulsions of African Americans 1923: 1548:emancipation of enslaved people 140:lynchings also occurred in the 14668:Terrorism in the United States 13718:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 11714:Davis, Gode (September 2005). 10857:Literature: A Pocket Anthology 10513:(2000). Ruegamer, Lana (ed.). 9951:. February 16, 1917. p. 2 9889:Rosales, Francisco A. (1997). 9870:. Sam Houston State University 9627:McLure, Helen (January 2011). 8812:. Jackson, MS. April 14, 1937. 8393:(Report). pp. 13, 23, 114 8121:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016 7952:"The People Revisit Leo Frank" 7290:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 7130:Davis, Gode (September 2005). 6685:. New York: Harper & Row. 6545:Brundage, W. Fitzhugh (1993). 6359:Tolnay, Stewart Emory (1995). 6091:"Bibliography of data sources" 5921: 5888: 5806: 5784: 5772: 5739: 5686: 5633:Terrorism in the United States 5586:Racism against Black Americans 5187:(1936), the German expatriate 4962:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 4919:following a media campaign by 4860:signed legislation by Senator 4017:made a presentation entitled " 3031:(Juanita) in Downieville, 1851 1830:Tishomingo County, Mississippi 1828:, 1872. They were arrested in 1810:, threatening the lynching of 1: 14648:Lynching in the United States 14618:Lynching in the United States 13919:Springfield race riot of 1908 12337:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 12241:Lynching in the United States 11814:Sudar, Anna (July 12, 2010). 11459:"1856 Committee of Vigilance" 11320:. New York University Press. 10678:The Christian Science Monitor 10604:Lynching in the second degree 8016:. Boston: Beacon. p. 58. 7928:, Retrieved February 26, 2010 7650:"Lynchings: By Year and Race" 7424:"Lynchings: By Year and Race" 7318:Williams, Chad Louis (2010). 6996:. History Press. p. 68. 6241:. Springer. pp. 20, 79. 5997:American Journal of Sociology 5680: 5263:" (1965) is a short story by 4895:. Seeing this image inspired 4850: 4834:Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act 4665:to lynch the small ranchers. 4661:. Large-scale ranchers hired 4499: 4368:for refusing to overturn the 3715:U.S. House of Representatives 3505:businesses in the segregated 3457:, the first president of the 3327:had already written her play 3314:Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act 3312:(which finally passed as the 3293: 3200: 3144:commuted Frank's sentence to 2678:Springfield race riot of 1908 2151:A scene from the 1920 movie, 2082:A scene from the 1915 movie, 1802:An 1869 cartoon published in 1599: 247: 168: 14512:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 14443:And you are lynching Negroes 14295:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 14030:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 13936:Harris County, GA, lynchings 13878:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 13724:New Orleans massacre of 1866 11697:. p. 10. Archived from 11625:"Lynching and the Wild West" 11499:(2): 182–219. Archived from 11485:Yost, Genevieve (May 1933). 11142:University of Illinois Press 11136:Pfeifer, Michael J. (2004). 10997:Brundage, William Fitzhugh, 10971:American Sociological Review 9988:. Caxton Press. p. xv. 9126:. JHU Press. pp. 41–42. 8608:""Anti-Lynching Bill," 1918" 8491:Valelly, Richard M. (2009). 8246:McCaskill & Gebhard 2006 8212:American Sociological Review 8072:10.1080/01973762.2012.678812 8012:Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (2007). 6967:Rabby, Glenda Alice (1999). 6926:Hagen, Ryan; Makovi, Kinga; 6310:Thurston, Robert W. (2013). 6237:Berg, M.; Wendt, S. (2011). 5972:NBER Working Paper No. 23813 5862:Pfeifer, Michael J. (2011). 5623:Slavery in the United States 5539:Lynching of Jesse Washington 5469:And you are lynching Negroes 5380:, a Jewish man lynched near 5200:. This had been recorded on 5030:(1915), which glorified the 4943:were held in support of the 4804:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 4599:Sam Houston State University 4557: 4360:, the rioters shouted "Hang 4005:In a meeting with President 3956:In 1946, a mob of white men 3697:was first introduced to the 3688: 2718:Washington race riot of 1919 2230:And you are lynching Negroes 2181:in which the majority-Black 2010:led the nation in lynchings 242:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 150:largest single mass lynching 72:Lynching of Jesse Washington 7: 14673:White nationalist terrorism 14421:Southern Poverty Law Center 14066:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 13694:? Lachenais and four others 13132:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 12449:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 12159:September 12, 2016, at the 11944:. July 26 – October 8, 2017 11653:. p. 8. Archived from 11606:. p. 8. Archived from 11340:(Arranged chronologically) 11231:. Temple University Press. 10775:Bernstein, Matthew (2004). 10578:"Anti-Lynching Law of 1928" 10403:Madison, James H. (2016) . 9765:. Oxford University Press. 9122:Whitfield, Stephen (1991). 6681:Trelease, Allen W. (1979). 6653:Journal of American Studies 6517:U.S. Capitol Visitor Center 5591:Racism in the United States 5461: 4387: 4131:Congress of Racial Equality 4099:Neshoba County, Mississippi 3870:Public Works of Art Project 3732:The bill was passed by the 3447:NAACP flag against lynching 3299:African American resistance 3175:. The Temple did away with 2605:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 2247:Justifications of lynchings 1980:most Black people and many 1658:No. of victims per 100,000 10: 14694: 13902:1906 Atlanta race massacre 13872:Phoenix, SC, election riot 13848:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 13800:Benjamin and Mollie French 11983:"A Lynching's Long Shadow" 11763:Budiansky, Steven (2008). 11670:Allen, James, ed. (2000). 10958: 10376:The History of Indiana Law 9839:Walter N. Trenerry (1985) 9679:Gonzales-Day, Ken (2006). 9293:New Orleans Times-Picayune 8861:Weiss, Nancy Joan (1983). 8588:. Accessed March 10, 2008. 8458:Annual Review of Sociology 8361:"Arkansas Stages Lynching" 5544:Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen 5421: 5330:A Party Down at the Square 5250:1962 film of the same name 5230:1943 film by the same name 5129:His Eye Was on the Sparrow 4648: 4627: 4537:Old Chinatown, Los Angeles 4277:Bladenboro, North Carolina 4095:three civil rights workers 3901:; it was supported in the 3773:Senate Judiciary Committee 3624: 3406:Wilmington, North Carolina 3226: 2895:governor of South Carolina 2280:1906 Atlanta race massacre 2071: 1776:Reconstruction (1865–1877) 255:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 18: 14610: 14429: 14388: 14307: 14209:William O'Connell Bradley 14169: 14123: 14119: 13948:East St. Louis, IL, riots 13700:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 13683:New York City draft riots 13652: 13641: 13390: 12659: 12264: 12260: 12247: 12071:10.1177/00027162211016317 11749:. Guilford: Lyons Press. 11569:Rhodes, Henry A. (1989). 11463:San Francisco News Letter 11095:New York University Press 11048:Jensen, Andie E. (2008). 10379:. Ohio University Press. 8826:Finley, Keith M. (2003). 8749:Wood, Amy Louise (2011). 8672:, January 27, 1922, p. 27 8584:Constitutional Commentary 8431:The North American Review 8333:Davis, Angela Y. (1983). 7972:Wood, Amy Louise (2011). 7812:Journal of Social History 7732:Journal of Social History 7569:. George Mason University 7199:. July 7, 1903. p. 3 6777:. New York: Random House. 6665:10.1017/S0021875800015905 6579:Journal of Social History 6397:Journal of Social History 6056:10.1017/S1537592718003584 5746:Wood, Amy Louise (2009). 5569:New York City draft riots 5534:Lynching of American Jews 4668: 4262:University of Mississippi 4107:Philadelphia, Mississippi 3639:. These efforts failed. 3611:Chicago race riot of 1919 3467:to respond to Southerner 3310:anti-lynching legislation 2713:Chicago race riot of 1919 2185:was razed to the ground. 2140:burned a cross on top of 2109:, glorified the original 1918:Yazoo County, Mississippi 49:Habersham County, Georgia 37:Jefferson County, Alabama 14473:Deaths in police custody 13960:Jenkins County, GA, riot 13771:Chinese massacre of 1871 13689:Detroit race riot (1863) 13324:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 13116:Dick Rowland (attempted) 12033:Perspectives on Politics 12013:10.1177/2378023119841780 11266:Willis, John C. (2000). 10048:Dale, Elizabeth (2011). 9211:. CNN. February 22, 1999 9031:"A year of no lynchings" 8867:. Princeton University. 7938:Theoharis & Cox 1988 6794:encyclopediavirginia.org 6475:10.1177/0081175012460855 6463:Sociological Methodology 6436:Handbook of Texas Online 6043:Perspectives on Politics 5832:10.1177/2378023119841780 5729:Equal Justice Initiative 5694:"Cartersville Lynchings" 5655: 5581:Porvenir massacre (1918) 5483:Chinese massacre of 1871 5432:in 1939 and recorded by 5216:Walter Van Tilburg Clark 5060:Climbing Jacob's Ladder, 5034:for its violence during 4592: 4322:Equal Justice Initiative 4129:had been members of the 4029:under Article II of the 3899:House of Representatives 3877:Fort Lauderdale, Florida 3637:black disenfranchisement 3249:magazine noted in 2000, 2960:Chinese massacre of 1871 2954:).However, lynchings of 2673:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 1635:Equal Justice Initiative 1577:Tuskegee Institute, now 14454:Battle of Liberty Place 14449:Attack on John Shillady 14437:James Allen (collector) 14270:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 14054:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 13978:Omaha race riot of 1919 13966:Longview, TX, race riot 13942:Newberry, FL, lynchings 13884:Julia and Frazier Baker 13866:Porter and Spencer (MS) 13818:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 13776:Meridian, MS, race riot 13759:Opelousas, LA, massacre 12732:Paul Reed and Will Cato 12417:Big Nose George Parrott 11432:Encyclopædia Britannica 11417:Fleming, Walter Lynwood 10550:Norfolk Virginian-Pilot 9793:San Francisco Chronicle 8711:Rucker & Upton 2007 8413:"Firearms and Lynching" 8336:Women, Race & Class 8196:Women, Race & Class 7170:The Lynchings in Duluth 6992:Hare, Julianne (2006). 6342:Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). 6116:McMurry, Linda (1985). 5488:Crimes against humanity 5313:, protagonist Jessyca ( 4921:Norfolk Virginian-Pilot 4777:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 4753:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 4686: 4507:Downieville, California 4320:opened. Founded by the 4212:murdered James Byrd Jr. 4205:United Klans of America 3695:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 3615:Omaha race riot of 1919 3592:Omaha race riot of 1919 3475:and the NAACP magazine 3263:U.S. Postmaster General 2912:William "Froggie" James 2786:Back to Africa movement 2333:Anti-miscegenation laws 2060:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1804:The Independent Monitor 294:Year by Year Lynchings 224:. The 1955 lynching of 14588:United States v. Shipp 14340:Rebecca Latimer Felton 14171:Anti-lynching movement 14088:Freedom Summer Murders 14018:Rosewood, FL, massacre 13983:Knoxville riot of 1919 12852:Laura and L. D. Nelson 12108:Social Science History 12020:Ore, Ersula J. (2019) 11860:Waldrep, Christopher. 11596:(September 10, 1997). 11465:. 1925. Archived from 11299:Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. 11140:. Urbana and Chicago: 10793:10.1525/fq.2004.57.4.8 10548:"Louis Isaac Jaffe of 10435:Rare Historical Photos 9171:, September 30, 2004; 8895:. New York: Scribner. 8891:Wexler, Laura (2003). 7772:". CNN. July 10, 2012. 7408:Dudziak, M.L. (2001). 7190:"The Fruit of Mob Law" 7110:Historymatters.gmu.edu 6914:Beck & Tolnay 1990 5628:Tarring and feathering 5448: 5206:Governor of California 5153:Lem Hawkins Confession 5096:Provincetown Playhouse 5050:National Film Registry 4927:against mob violence. 4821:House Majority Leader 4811:murder of George Floyd 4728:Chattanooga, Tennessee 4705: 4458: 4443: 4427: 4415:Illustration drawn by 4408: 4398:Committee of Vigilance 4372:in favor of President 4312:On April 26, 2018, in 4232:On June 13, 2005, the 4035:To Secure There Rights 3981:To Secure These Rights 3962:Walton County, Georgia 3949: 3946:Moore's Ford lynchings 3872: 3830: 3761: 3699:United States Congress 3598: 3559: 3524: 3493: 3450: 3374: 3278: 3267: 3242: 3207: 3113:On February 21, 1909, 3096:New Orleans, Louisiana 3064: 3048: 3032: 2919: 2904: 2756:Anti-lynching movement 2693:1917 Chester race riot 2683:Johnson–Jeffries riots 2550:Laura and L. D. Nelson 2236:(2001), the historian 2223:Walton County, Georgia 2158: 2097: 1964: 1956: 1940: 1837: 1818: 1795: 1595: 99:extrajudicial killings 91: 79: 64: 52: 40: 14559:Summer in Mississippi 14506:Mississippi Cold Case 14460:The Birth of a Nation 14401:Civil Rights Memorial 14330:Sidney Johnston Catts 14308:Defenders of lynching 13994:Duluth, MN, lynchings 13972:Elaine, AR, race riot 13930:Laura and L.D. Nelson 13896:Watkinsville lynching 13854:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 13812:Hamburg, SC, massacre 13788:Election riot of 1874 13735:Camilla, GA, massacre 13657:Death of Joseph Smith 12281:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 11966:Montgomery Advertiser 11932:on February 18, 2018. 11882:Shuler, Jack (2014). 11867:Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. 11629:Spartacus Educational 11594:Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. 11469:on September 27, 2006 11397:(November 17, 1910). 11111:Markovitz, Jonathan, 11031:100 Years Of Lynching 10735:. Library of Congress 10582:Encyclopedia Virginia 10511:Thornbrough, Emma Lou 9660:. Library of Congress 9491:Montgomery Advertiser 9431:Starkville Daily News 9188:Spartacus Educational 9096:(February 16, 2017). 9059:. St. Martin's Press. 9055:Jerome, Fred (2002). 8984:"Un lynchage monstre" 8107:on February 10, 2001. 8030:Goff, Jennie (2011). 7824:10.1353/jsh.2003.0169 7757:the same time period. 7744:10.1353/jsh.2003.0169 6885:National Park Service 6773:Dray, Philip (2002). 6752:10.1353/cch.2007.0040 6409:10.1353/jsh.2003.0169 6263:Montgomery Advertiser 5452:civil rights movement 5438: 5261:Going to Meet the Man 5245:To Kill a Mockingbird 5211:refused to intervene. 5149:The Gunsaulus Mystery 4723:U.S. v. Sheriff Shipp 4699: 4622:Canales investigation 4523:James King of William 4449: 4433: 4414: 4395: 4334:The Democrat-Reporter 4135:racial discrimination 4115:Meridian, Mississippi 4062:civil rights movement 4056:Civil rights movement 4015:Civil Rights Congress 3943: 3860: 3824: 3804:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3757: 3701:on April 1, 1918, by 3589: 3555: 3519: 3511:2001 state commission 3487: 3464:North American Review 3445: 3372: 3272: 3251: 3236: 3198: 3054: 3038: 3026: 2909: 2899: 2893:, who was previously 2888:United States Senator 2648:Phoenix election riot 2633:Rock Springs massacre 2290:Historical background 2190:The Birth of a Nation 2150: 2106:The Birth of a Nation 2085:The Birth of a Nation 2081: 2041:Port Jervis, New York 1962: 1946: 1931: 1824: 1801: 1783: 1585: 111:civil rights movement 88:Cartersville, Georgia 85: 70: 58: 46: 39:, on January 15, 1889 30: 14653:Corporal punishments 14277:Costigan-Wagner Bill 14214:Ella Barksdale Brown 14012:Perry, FL, race riot 13924:Slocum, TX, massacre 13824:Mart and Tom Horrell 13782:Colfax, LA, massacre 13765:Bear River City riot 13615:James Craig Anderson 13415:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 13020:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 11657:on December 15, 2012 11503:on November 16, 2002 11443:, ed. (April 1919). 10027:Linder, Douglas O., 9691:10.2307/j.ctv11smmn2 9633:H-Law, H-Net Reviews 9437:on December 26, 2017 9366:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay 9244:on January 23, 2005. 8618:on February 17, 2009 8119:"Legacy of Lynching" 7534:(January 22, 2008). 7520:on October 28, 2009. 7270:on August 19, 2008. 6892:on December 23, 2008 6615:Foner, Eric (1988). 6591:10.1353/jsh/18.2.217 6523:on December 25, 2016 5607:Right-wing terrorism 5508:East St. Louis riots 5493:Death of Lennon Lacy 5198:San Jose, California 5139:(1935), by director 5011:Angelina Weld Grimké 4951:Literature and films 4945:Costigan-Wagner Bill 4440:Cañon City, Colorado 4309:), but this failed. 3926:Civil Rights Section 3816:Costigan–Wagner Bill 3800:Walter Francis White 3790:Roosevelt presidency 3750:Costigan-Wagner Bill 3738:United States Senate 3521:Mary Burnett Talbert 3379:Ida B. Wells-Barnett 3377:In 1892, journalist 3325:Angelina Weld Grimké 3185:Georgetown, Colorado 3043:and three others in 2972:California Gold Rush 2698:East St. Louis riots 2668:Evansville race riot 2663:Robert Charles riots 2175:lynched in that year 2068:The new Ku Klux Klan 2050:, on June 15, 1920, 14519:The Ox-Bow Incident 14499:Mississippi Burning 14350:John Trotwood Moore 14006:Tulsa race massacre 14000:Ocoee, FL, massacre 13495:Mack Charles Parker 13423:Willie James Howard 12196:"Research material" 12120:10.1017/ssh.2021.43 12084:. UNC Press Books. 12027:Gorup, M. (2020). " 11767:. New York: Plume. 11745:Smith, Tom (2007). 11583:Title of volume is 11179:10.5406/j.ctt2jcc5k 10622:The Washington Post 10080:The Washington Post 9841:Murder in Minnesota 9463:The Washington Post 9266:The Washington Post 9232:"Justîce in Jasper" 9094:Newkirk, Vann R. II 8937:Wade, 1987, p. 196. 8787:on December 5, 2007 8713:, pp. 182–183. 8265:The Washington Post 8248:, pp. 210–212. 8144:Apel, Dora (2004). 8095:"Blood at the Root" 7926:Library of Congress 7458:The Washington Post 7089:10.1093/sf/61.3.774 7065:, pp. 154–155. 6847:, pp. 135–154. 6796:. Project Gutenberg 6713:The Washington Post 6489:on January 11, 2016 6345:An American Dilemma 6218:. February 11, 2015 6097:. Auut Studio. 2016 6095:MonroeWorkToday.org 5638:Tulsa race massacre 5436:. In part it goes: 5409:(2015), set in the 5376:tells the story of 5305:made-for-television 5287:Mississippi Burning 5221:The Ox-Bow Incident 4899:to write the song " 4878:Evansville, Indiana 4800:115th U.S. Congress 4455:Redding, California 4314:Montgomery, Alabama 4181:Communist Party USA 3964:, 60 miles east of 3796:Mary McLeod Bethune 3721:. In 1919, the new 3711:St. Louis, Missouri 3490:Tulsa race massacre 3455:Mary Church Terrell 3433:Charles W. Chesnutt 3132:, was lynched near 3047:, on April 19, 1909 2761:Exodusters movement 2728:Tulsa race massacre 2622:Massacres and riots 2195:The Birth of a Race 2179:Tulsa race massacre 2163:John Trotwood Moore 1808:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 1651: 1579:Tuskegee University 1573:Tuskegee definition 295: 218:Second Ku Klux Klan 107:pre–Civil War South 101:which began in the 61:Lee County, Georgia 14533:Reconstruction era 14345:John Temple Graves 14189:Jessie Daniel Ames 14136:Indiana White Caps 13806:Ellenton, SC, riot 13729:Reno Brothers Gang 13479:Judge Edward Aaron 12676:Ballie Crutchfield 11987:The New York Times 11923:The New York Times 11908:The New York Times 11886:. Public Affairs. 11828:on August 27, 2015 11777:Wood, Amy Louise. 11733:Howard Law Journal 11284:Wright, George C. 11018:Finegan, Terence. 10902:The New York Times 10835:The New York Times 10709:on August 10, 2016 10647:The Gaffney Ledger 10350:Atlanta Black Star 10034:2011-01-01 at the 9379:The New York Times 9370:Dickerson, Caitlin 9237:The Texas Observer 9142:100photos.time.com 8809:The Clarion-Ledger 8692:. December 3, 1922 8690:The New York Times 8670:The New York Times 8649:The New York Times 8309:The New York Times 7541:The New York Times 7138:on October 2, 2011 6294:on March 13, 2016. 6148:Gibson, Robert A. 5698:ValdostaMuseum.com 5671:Hearst Corporation 5498:Domestic terrorism 5411:Reconstruction era 5368:Jason Robert Brown 5350:Christopher Walken 5298:Killing Mr. Watson 5116:As Thousands Cheer 5086:Annie Nathan Meyer 5056:Regina M. Anderson 4983:Johnson County War 4885:Marion County Jail 4870:Winfield T. Durbin 4706: 4655:Johnson County War 4550:After the body of 4459: 4444: 4428: 4409: 4275:, a teenager from 4078:Tallahatchie River 4074:Money, Mississippi 4060:By the 1950s, the 4019:We Charge Genocide 3950: 3930:Justice Department 3911:Frederick Van Nuys 3873: 3831: 3812:Edward P. Costigan 3644:Theodore Roosevelt 3599: 3547:Jessie Daniel Ames 3525: 3494: 3469:Thomas Nelson Page 3451: 3383:Memphis, Tennessee 3375: 3279: 3243: 3208: 3138:U.S. Supreme Court 3069:Tuskegee Institute 3065: 3049: 3033: 2928:Tuskegee Institute 2920: 2766:Atlanta Compromise 2638:Thibodaux massacre 2628:Opelousas massacre 2402:Indiana White Caps 2373:Lynching postcards 2318:Compromise of 1877 2296:Reconstruction era 2183:Greenwood District 2159: 2138:William J. Simmons 2098: 2004:Tuskegee Institute 1973:Southern Democrats 1965: 1957: 1941: 1885:Clemson University 1842:American Civil War 1838: 1819: 1796: 1645: 1630:Tuskegee Institute 1613:Tuskegee Institute 1552:American Civil War 293: 264:American Southwest 234:Tuskegee Institute 158:Italian immigrants 138:racially motivated 92: 80: 65: 53: 41: 14635: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14576:They Won't Forget 14493:Lynching postcard 14406:The Legacy Museum 14375:James K. Vardaman 14315:Theodore G. Bilbo 14303: 14302: 14194:Martin C. Ansorge 14115: 14114: 14100:Michael Schwerner 13907:Kemper County, MS 13747:Pulaski, TN, riot 13637: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13340:Shedrick Thompson 13220:Bernice Raspberry 12940:Name unknown (MS) 12844:Name unknown (TX) 12465:Joseph Vermillion 12433:John Wesley Heath 12180:January 24, 2017. 12091:978-1-4696-7013-3 11893:978-1-61039-136-8 11869:American Lynching 11773:978-0-452-29016-7 11756:978-1-59228-901-1 11701:on April 14, 2012 11695:Flagpole Magazine 11681:978-0-944092-69-9 11650:Flagpole Magazine 11610:on April 14, 2012 11603:Flagpole Magazine 11441:Shillady, John R. 11422:"Lynch Law" 11405:Westerville, Ohio 11375:978-0-486-77999-7 11327:978-0-8147-9399-2 11238:978-0-7881-5839-1 11219:978-1-250-23926-6 11197:978-0-313-33301-9 11170:978-0-252-03746-7 11151:978-0-252-02917-2 11104:978-0-8147-3167-3 11059:978-0-9819363-1-4 11040:978-0-933121-18-8 11014:978-0-385-72082-3 10829:(June 24, 1990). 10764:. March 31, 1932. 10761:New York American 10526:978-0-253-33799-3 10491:on April 20, 2015 10416:978-1-137-05393-0 10386:978-0-8214-4390-3 10324:Los Angeles Times 10059:978-1-139-50315-0 9995:978-0-87004-446-5 9918:978-0-19-515444-3 9868:Lynching in Texas 9772:978-0-19-532035-0 9700:978-0-8223-3794-2 9613:978-0-19-532035-0 9300:on July 25, 2016. 9064:"Albert Einstein" 8902:978-0-684-86816-5 8874:978-0-691-10151-4 8762:978-0-8078-7811-8 8730:on March 22, 2012 8504:978-0-226-84527-2 8418:. August 8, 2022. 8346:978-0-394-71351-9 7985:978-0-8078-7811-8 7793:978-0-19-090090-8 7716:978-0-8263-5838-7 7606:978-0-8203-4557-4 7493:978-0-486-77999-7 7386:on April 28, 2016 7331:978-0-8078-3394-0 6946:10.1093/sf/sot093 6372:978-0-252-02127-5 6323:978-1-4094-8208-6 6248:978-1-137-00124-5 6127:978-0-8071-1171-0 5906:978-0-19-532035-0 5873:978-0-252-09309-8 5617:Rosewood massacre 5406:The Hateful Eight 5401:Quentin Tarantino 5294:Peter Matthiessen 5171:They Won't Forget 5113:'s 1933 musical, 5098:in a cast led by 5028:Birth of a Nation 4925:Louis Isaac Jaffe 4643:George W. P. Hunt 4612:and Mexico City. 4492:(87 deaths), and 4467:American Old West 4434:Lifeless body of 4224:white supremacist 4119:Michael Schwerner 3895:Joseph A. Gavagan 3851:state sovereignty 3766:Warren G. Harding 3681:of Louisiana and 3566:Religious leaders 3343:Howard University 3229:Lynching postcard 3146:life imprisonment 3140:. After Governor 3088:Italian Americans 3077:Mexican Americans 3067:According to the 3061:Marietta, Georgia 3019:Other ethnicities 2857: 2856: 2738:Rosewood massacre 2301:Voter suppression 2264:Nadir of American 2048:Duluth, Minnesota 1955:, on May 25, 1911 1858:guerrilla warfare 1854:Freedmen's Bureau 1742: 1741: 1567:voter suppression 1530: 1529: 268:Mexican Americans 211:sold as postcards 130:ethnic minorities 126:white Southerners 122:African Americans 51:, on May 17, 1892 14685: 14430:Related articles 14380:Thomas E. Watson 14370:Benjamin Tillman 14335:Thomas Dixon Jr. 14259: 14258: 14121: 14120: 14024:Jim and Mark Fox 13712:Memphis massacre 13647:Multiple victims 13643: 13642: 13626: 13618: 13610: 13602: 13594: 13586: 13578: 13570: 13562: 13554: 13546: 13543:Wharlest Jackson 13538: 13530: 13522: 13514: 13506: 13498: 13490: 13482: 13474: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13442: 13439:John Cecil Jones 13434: 13426: 13418: 13410: 13402: 13383: 13375: 13367: 13359: 13351: 13343: 13335: 13332:Matthew Williams 13327: 13319: 13311: 13303: 13295: 13287: 13279: 13271: 13263: 13255: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13223: 13215: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13151: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13119: 13111: 13103: 13095: 13092:Berry Washington 13087: 13079: 13071: 13063: 13055: 13047: 13039: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999: 12991: 12983: 12975: 12967: 12959: 12956:Anthony Crawford 12951: 12948:Jesse Washington 12943: 12935: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12903: 12895: 12887: 12879: 12871: 12868:Zachariah Walker 12863: 12855: 12847: 12839: 12831: 12828:Grant Richardson 12823: 12815: 12807: 12799: 12791: 12783: 12775: 12772:Earnest Williams 12767: 12759: 12751: 12743: 12735: 12727: 12719: 12711: 12703: 12695: 12687: 12679: 12671: 12652: 12644: 12636: 12628: 12625:John Henry James 12620: 12612: 12604: 12596: 12588: 12580: 12577:Stephen Williams 12572: 12564: 12556: 12548: 12540: 12532: 12529:Ephraim Grizzard 12524: 12516: 12508: 12500: 12492: 12489:Brown Washington 12484: 12476: 12468: 12460: 12452: 12444: 12436: 12428: 12420: 12412: 12404: 12396: 12393:Arthur St. Clair 12388: 12380: 12372: 12364: 12356: 12353:John W. Stephens 12348: 12340: 12332: 12324: 12316: 12308: 12300: 12292: 12284: 12276: 12273:Francis McIntosh 12262: 12261: 12249: 12248: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12211: 12210: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12123: 12105: 12095: 12074: 12049: 12017: 12015: 11990: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11933: 11931: 11926:. Archived from 11912: 11897: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11824:. Archived from 11810: 11760: 11741: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11685: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11589: 11565: 11543: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11481: 11476: 11474: 11454: 11436: 11424: 11412: 11379: 11331: 11281: 11242: 11223: 11201: 11182: 11155: 11108: 11085: 11068:Lemann, Nicholas 11063: 11044: 10994: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10876:The Conversation 10867: 10861: 10860: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10613: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10576:Smith, Douglas. 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10556:www.pulitzer.org 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10487:. 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March 16, 2014 10427: 10421: 10420: 10400: 10391: 10390: 10370: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10289: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10232: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10208:"Senate Session" 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10045: 10039: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10012: 10010: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9949:The Coconino Sun 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9905:Utley, Robert M. 9901: 9895: 9894: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9860: 9854: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9372:(July 5, 2017). 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9257: 9246: 9245: 9240:. Archived from 9227: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9180: 9174: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9144:. Archived from 9134: 9128: 9127: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9060: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9008:The Moscow Times 8998: 8992: 8991: 8988:Le Petit Journal 8980: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8888: 8879: 8878: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8842:on June 11, 2014 8841: 8834: 8823: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8783:. Archived from 8781:strangefruit.org 8773: 8767: 8766: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8687: 8679: 8673: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8614:. Archived from 8604: 8598: 8595: 8589: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8547: 8536: 8535: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8437:(587): 502–509. 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8365:The Chicago Whip 8357: 8351: 8350: 8330: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8192:Davis, Angela Y. 8188: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8168:www.congress.gov 8159: 8150: 8149: 8141: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8060:Visual Resources 8055: 8036: 8035: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7779: 7773: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7661: 7656:on July 24, 2010 7646: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7632: 7627:on June 29, 2010 7617: 7611: 7610: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7516:. Archived from 7504: 7498: 7497: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7430:on July 24, 2010 7420: 7414: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7382:, archived from 7369: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7352:The Moscow Times 7342: 7336: 7335: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7186: 7180: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7134:. Archived from 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7024:Orlando Sentinel 7014: 7008: 7007: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6888:. Archived from 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6622: 6612: 6603: 6602: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6552: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6519:. Archived from 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6485:. Archived from 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6392: 6377: 6376: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6328: 6327: 6307: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6269: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187:on June 29, 2010 6177: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6156:on July 22, 2010 6145: 6132: 6131: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6003:(5): 1329–1374. 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5963: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5834: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5721: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5674: 5666: 5387:The 2014 biopic 5382:Atlanta, Georgia 5352:and directed by 5315:Mary Tyler Moore 5136:Murder in Harlem 5068:'s short story " 5066:William Faulkner 5045:Within Our Gates 5005:Harry Buckwalter 4874:Independence Day 4757:Leonidas C. Dyer 4678:Coos Bay, Oregon 4457:on July 24, 1892 4436:George Witherell 4285:Always in Season 4271:In August 2014, 4253:United States". 4242:American history 4170: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4147:Edgar Ray Killen 3948:in rural Georgia 3907:Robert F. Wagner 3825:Pictures of the 3808:Robert F. Wagner 3707:Leonidas C. Dyer 3473:The Chicago Whip 3431:In 1903, writer 3410:The Daily Record 3335:W. E. B. Du Bois 3273:Postcard of the 3217:Jesse Washington 3205: 3202: 3134:Atlanta, Georgia 3073:Native Americans 3055:The lynching of 2891:Benjamin Tillman 2849: 2842: 2835: 2771:Niagara Movement 2575:Anthony Crawford 2565:Jesse Washington 2505:John Henry James 2495:Stephen Williams 2480:Ephraim Grizzard 2475:People's Grocery 2391:Vigilante groups 2306:Disfranchisement 2278:Violence in the 2276: 2251: 2250: 2201:Within Our Gates 2154:Within Our Gates 2121:, following the 1953:Okemah, Oklahoma 1947:The lynching of 1791:Southern Justice 1652: 1644: 296: 292: 230:African-American 228:, a 14-year-old 222:Great Depression 184:attempted murder 173: 172: 1916–1970 170: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14627: 14606: 14543:Scottsboro Boys 14425: 14384: 14299: 14257: 14165: 14111: 14076:Harriette Moore 14036:Tate County, MS 13648: 13629: 13621: 13613: 13605: 13597: 13589: 13583:Arthur McDuffie 13581: 13573: 13565: 13557: 13549: 13541: 13533: 13525: 13517: 13509: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13469: 13461: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13413: 13405: 13397: 13386: 13380:Elbert Williams 13378: 13372:Austin Callaway 13370: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13330: 13322: 13314: 13306: 13298: 13290: 13282: 13276:Thomas Williams 13274: 13266: 13260:Thomas Bradshaw 13258: 13252:Albert Williams 13250: 13242: 13236:Joseph Upchurch 13234: 13226: 13218: 13210: 13202: 13194: 13186: 13178: 13170: 13162: 13154: 13146: 13138: 13130: 13122: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13066: 13058: 13050: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12970: 12962: 12954: 12946: 12938: 12930: 12922: 12914: 12906: 12898: 12892:George Saunders 12890: 12882: 12874: 12866: 12858: 12850: 12842: 12834: 12826: 12818: 12810: 12802: 12794: 12786: 12778: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12746: 12740:Bunk Richardson 12738: 12730: 12722: 12714: 12706: 12698: 12690: 12682: 12674: 12666: 12655: 12649:Benjamin Thomas 12647: 12639: 12631: 12623: 12615: 12609:Joseph H. McCoy 12607: 12601:William Andrews 12599: 12591: 12583: 12575: 12569:Richard Puryear 12567: 12559: 12551: 12543: 12535: 12527: 12519: 12511: 12503: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12471: 12463: 12455: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12425:Charles Thurber 12423: 12415: 12409:Joseph Standing 12407: 12399: 12391: 12383: 12375: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12343: 12335: 12329:Clubfoot George 12327: 12319: 12311: 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12271: 12256: 12243: 12238: 12200: 12198: 12161:Wayback Machine 12130: 12103: 12092: 12045:Washington Post 11971: 11969: 11947: 11945: 11942:Brooklyn Museum 11936: 11894: 11871:(Yale UP, 2012) 11851: 11849: 11847:Southern Spaces 11831: 11829: 11821:Newark Advocate 11757: 11720: 11718: 11704: 11702: 11682: 11660: 11658: 11633: 11631: 11613: 11611: 11562: 11532:10.2307/1897915 11506: 11504: 11472: 11470: 11457: 11376: 11338: 11336:Further reading 11328: 11310: 11308:Primary sources 11278: 11251:Thompson, E.P. 11239: 11220: 11198: 11171: 11152: 11105: 11082: 11060: 11041: 11027:Ginzburg, Ralph 10983:10.2307/2095805 10961: 10956: 10950:"Strange Fruit" 10948: 10944: 10934: 10932: 10920: 10916: 10906: 10904: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10868: 10864: 10853: 10849: 10839: 10837: 10824: 10820: 10812:The Long Valley 10807:Steinbeck, John 10804: 10800: 10773: 10769: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10727: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10680: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10654: 10653:on July 4, 2017 10641: 10640: 10636: 10626: 10624: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10584: 10574: 10570: 10560: 10558: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10417: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10371: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10342: 10338: 10328: 10326: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10291: 10290: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10256: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10137: 10134:The Daily Beast 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10099: 10095: 10085: 10083: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10046: 10042: 10036:Wayback Machine 10026: 10022: 10008: 10006: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9902: 9898: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9838: 9834: 9824: 9822: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9743: 9741: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9701: 9677: 9673: 9663: 9661: 9658:American Memory 9652: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9570:Washington Post 9562: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9544:The Independent 9536: 9532: 9522: 9520: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9398: 9394: 9384: 9382: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9309: 9305: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9258: 9249: 9228: 9224: 9214: 9212: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9148:on July 6, 2017 9136: 9135: 9131: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9062: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 8999: 8995: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8903: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8817: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8733: 8731: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8586:, Vol. 17, 2000 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8563:on May 10, 2012 8549: 8548: 8539: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8489: 8485: 8454: 8450: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8388:Tulsa Race Riot 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8331: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8300: 8296: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8225:10.2307/2096147 8207: 8203: 8189: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8160: 8153: 8142: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8116: 8112: 8091: 8087: 8056: 8039: 8028: 8021: 8010: 8003: 7986: 7970: 7963: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7921:American Memory 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7843: 7839: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7685:Chicago Tribune 7676: 7672: 7659: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7630: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7529: 7525: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7450: 7446: 7433: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7406: 7402: 7389: 7387: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7286: 7279: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7168:Fedo, Michael, 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6965: 6961: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6786: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6736: 6732: 6718: 6716: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6679: 6672: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6613: 6606: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6543: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6428: 6424: 6393: 6380: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6340: 6331: 6324: 6308: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6146: 6135: 6128: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6068: 6064: 6036: 6032: 5993: 5989: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5945:, pp. 7–9. 5941: 5937: 5926: 5922: 5907: 5893: 5889: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5758: 5744: 5740: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5464: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5418:"Strange Fruit" 5218:'s 1940 novel, 5100:Juano Hernandez 5080:Wild Pilgrimage 4953: 4937: 4893:Marion, Indiana 4853: 4694: 4689: 4671: 4651: 4630: 4615:Members of the 4595: 4576:Minnehaha Falls 4560: 4502: 4390: 4189: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4097:disappeared in 4058: 4046:Albert Einstein 3970:Harry S. Truman 3958:shot and killed 3938: 3936:Cold War period 3915:Southern caucus 3909:(New York) and 3792: 3691: 3671:Southern Caucus 3629: 3623: 3603:Great Migration 3596:Omaha, Nebraska 3584: 3582:Great Migration 3568: 3549:in forming the 3543: 3498:Tulsa, Oklahoma 3402:Alexander Manly 3362:Chicago Tribune 3318:great migration 3301: 3296: 3231: 3225: 3203: 3193: 3119:Omaha, Nebraska 3027:The hanging of 3021: 3004: 2916:Cairo, Illinois 2853: 2824: 2823: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2781:Great Migration 2751: 2743: 2742: 2733:Perry race riot 2703:Elaine massacre 2623: 2615: 2614: 2430:Andrew Richards 2425: 2417: 2416: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2340:Convict leasing 2291: 2283: 2282: 2265: 2249: 2238:Mary L. Dudziak 2210: 2076: 2070: 1978:disenfranchised 1926: 1834:Harper's Weekly 1788:cartoon called 1778: 1747:Arthur F. Raper 1608:Chicago Tribune 1602: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1575: 1544:white supremacy 1540: 1535: 291: 250: 176:white supremacy 171: 165:Great Migration 148:. In 1891, the 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14691: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14599: 14591: 14584: 14579: 14572: 14562: 14555: 14553:Stone Mountain 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14522: 14515: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14490: 14483: 14475: 14470: 14463: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14439: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14365:Goodloe Sutton 14362: 14357: 14355:John T. Morgan 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14325:Julian S. Carr 14322: 14320:Cole L. Blease 14317: 14311: 14309: 14305: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14280: 14273: 14265: 14263: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14204:Flossie Bailey 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14175: 14173: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14127: 14125: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14103: 14096:Andrew Goodman 14085: 14079: 14069: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14033: 14027: 14021: 14015: 14009: 14003: 13997: 13991: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13969: 13963: 13957: 13951: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13904: 13899: 13893: 13890:Pana, IL, riot 13887: 13881: 13875: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13851: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13815: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13726: 13721: 13715: 13709: 13703: 13697: 13691: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13639: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13619: 13611: 13607:James Byrd Jr. 13603: 13595: 13591:Michael Donald 13587: 13579: 13571: 13563: 13555: 13547: 13539: 13531: 13523: 13515: 13507: 13499: 13491: 13487:Willie Edwards 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13419: 13411: 13407:Johannes Kunze 13403: 13394: 13392: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13376: 13368: 13360: 13352: 13348:George Armwood 13344: 13336: 13328: 13320: 13312: 13304: 13296: 13288: 13280: 13272: 13268:Winston Pounds 13264: 13256: 13248: 13240: 13232: 13224: 13216: 13208: 13200: 13192: 13184: 13176: 13168: 13160: 13152: 13144: 13136: 13128: 13120: 13112: 13104: 13096: 13088: 13080: 13076:John Hartfield 13072: 13068:Wesley Everest 13064: 13056: 13052:Wallace Baynes 13048: 13044:Olli Kinkkonen 13040: 13036:Jim McIlherron 13032: 13024: 13016: 13008: 13000: 12992: 12984: 12976: 12968: 12960: 12952: 12944: 12936: 12928: 12920: 12916:Charles Fisher 12912: 12904: 12896: 12888: 12880: 12872: 12864: 12856: 12848: 12840: 12832: 12824: 12816: 12808: 12800: 12792: 12784: 12776: 12768: 12760: 12752: 12744: 12736: 12728: 12724:Marie Thompson 12720: 12712: 12704: 12700:J. D. Mayfield 12696: 12688: 12680: 12672: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12645: 12637: 12629: 12621: 12613: 12605: 12597: 12589: 12581: 12573: 12565: 12557: 12549: 12541: 12537:Samuel J. Bush 12533: 12525: 12517: 12509: 12501: 12493: 12485: 12477: 12473:George Meadows 12469: 12461: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12429: 12421: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12389: 12381: 12373: 12365: 12361:Alexander Boyd 12357: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12293: 12289:Josefa Segovia 12285: 12277: 12268: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12245: 12244: 12237: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12168: 12163: 12151: 12146: 12139: 12129: 12128:External links 12126: 12125: 12124: 12096: 12090: 12075: 12050: 12035: 12025: 12018: 11991: 11978: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11913: 11898: 11892: 11879: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11838: 11811: 11782: 11775: 11761: 11755: 11742: 11727: 11711: 11686: 11680: 11667: 11640: 11620: 11590: 11566: 11560: 11548:Cameron, James 11544: 11526:(3): 351–370. 11513: 11482: 11455: 11437: 11427:Chisholm, Hugh 11413: 11395:Wheeler, Wayne 11391: 11380: 11374: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11326: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11297: 11282: 11276: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11196: 11183: 11169: 11156: 11150: 11133: 11126: 11109: 11103: 11086: 11080: 11064: 11058: 11045: 11039: 11023: 11016: 11002: 10995: 10977:(4): 526–539. 10960: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10942: 10914: 10888: 10862: 10847: 10818: 10798: 10781:Film Quarterly 10767: 10746: 10720: 10690: 10664: 10634: 10608: 10594: 10568: 10539: 10525: 10502: 10471: 10448: 10422: 10415: 10392: 10385: 10362: 10336: 10310: 10281: 10250: 10224: 10199: 10173: 10147: 10119: 10093: 10065: 10058: 10040: 10020: 9994: 9974: 9962: 9936: 9924: 9917: 9896: 9881: 9855: 9832: 9820:East Bay Times 9806: 9778: 9771: 9751: 9726: 9714: 9699: 9671: 9645: 9619: 9612: 9594: 9582: 9556: 9530: 9504: 9476: 9448: 9418: 9392: 9357: 9331: 9303: 9279: 9247: 9222: 9200: 9184:"Ku Klux Klan" 9175: 9159: 9129: 9114: 9085: 9047: 9021: 8993: 8975: 8962: 8939: 8930: 8908: 8901: 8880: 8873: 8853: 8815: 8798: 8768: 8761: 8741: 8715: 8703: 8674: 8661: 8629: 8599: 8590: 8574: 8537: 8526:Morris, Edmund 8517: 8503: 8483: 8448: 8421: 8404: 8378: 8352: 8345: 8322: 8294: 8279: 8250: 8238: 8219:(1): 103–116. 8201: 8180: 8151: 8133: 8123: 8117:Moyers, Bill. 8110: 8085: 8066:(2): 171–193. 8037: 8019: 8001: 7984: 7961: 7942: 7930: 7916:"Under Attack" 7908: 7886: 7875: 7873:, p. 157. 7863: 7845:Allen, James. 7837: 7818:(2): 411–438. 7802: 7792: 7774: 7761: 7738:(2): 411–438. 7722: 7715: 7695: 7670: 7641: 7612: 7605: 7580: 7554: 7523: 7499: 7492: 7470: 7444: 7415: 7400: 7364: 7337: 7330: 7310: 7277: 7249: 7237:The New Yorker 7224: 7210: 7197:(Nashua, N.H.) 7181: 7161: 7149: 7122: 7094: 7083:(3): 774–796. 7067: 7042: 7009: 7002: 6984: 6977: 6959: 6940:(2): 757–787. 6928:Bearman, Peter 6918: 6903: 6871: 6849: 6834: 6807: 6788:Wells, Ida B. 6780: 6765: 6730: 6698: 6691: 6670: 6659:(3): 303–318. 6640: 6633: 6604: 6585:(2): 217–226. 6566: 6559: 6534: 6500: 6449: 6422: 6403:(2): 411–438. 6378: 6371: 6351: 6329: 6322: 6297: 6270: 6254: 6247: 6229: 6215:Democracy Now! 6201: 6167: 6133: 6126: 6108: 6079: 6062: 6049:(3): 756–769. 6030: 6009:10.1086/684438 5987: 5981:10.3386/w23813 5958: 5947: 5935: 5920: 5905: 5887: 5872: 5854: 5805: 5783: 5771: 5756: 5738: 5711: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5575:Ocoee massacre 5572: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474:Black genocide 5471: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5434:Billie Holiday 5422:Main article: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5398: 5385: 5365: 5362:David Hennessy 5354:Nicholas Meyer 5348:film starring 5337: 5326: 5301: 5291: 5284:The 1988 film 5282: 5279:Clint Eastwood 5270:The 1968 film 5268: 5257: 5237: 5212: 5179: 5166: 5163:1933 lynchings 5159:John Steinbeck 5156: 5141:Oscar Micheaux 5132: 5107: 5104:Rose McClendon 5083: 5073: 5063: 5053: 5040:Oscar Micheaux 5036:Reconstruction 5024:D. W. Griffith 5020: 5008: 4986: 4966: 4952: 4949: 4936: 4933: 4909:Flossie Bailey 4905:Billie Holiday 4862:Holly Mitchell 4852: 4849: 4693: 4692:Federal action 4690: 4688: 4685: 4670: 4667: 4650: 4647: 4629: 4626: 4594: 4591: 4559: 4556: 4511:Josefa Segovia 4501: 4498: 4488:(143 deaths), 4389: 4386: 4329:Goodloe Sutton 4264:. A number of 4258:James Meredith 4197:Michael Donald 4188: 4185: 4123:Andrew Goodman 4103:Freedom School 4087:all-white jury 4057: 4054: 4023:United Nations 3937: 3934: 3919:Allen Ellender 3875:A lynching in 3866:Santos Zingale 3791: 3788: 3725:organized the 3690: 3687: 3663:Secret Service 3622: 3619: 3583: 3580: 3567: 3564: 3542: 3539: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3227:Main article: 3224: 3221: 3192: 3189: 3142:John M. Slaton 3029:Josefa Segovia 3020: 3017: 3003: 3000: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804:Black genocide 2800: 2798:Related topics 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723:Ocoee massacre 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2595:John Hartfield 2592: 2587: 2585:Jim McIlherron 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2525:Marie Thompson 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2490:Samuel J. Bush 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460:Joe Vermillion 2457: 2455:George Meadows 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2357:Common actions 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2266:race relations 2260: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2209: 2206: 2142:Stone Mountain 2123:Dunning School 2103:'s 1915 film, 2101:D. W. Griffith 2072:Main article: 2069: 2066: 2064:of football". 1984:, established 1925: 1922: 1777: 1774: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735:North Carolina 1732: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695:South Carolina 1692: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1574: 1571: 1550:following the 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 846: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 799: 796: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 779: 776: 772: 771: 768: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 688: 687: 684: 681: 678: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 625: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 608: 604: 603: 600: 597: 594: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 576: 575: 572: 569: 566: 562: 561: 558: 555: 552: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 485: 482: 478: 477: 474: 471: 468: 464: 463: 460: 457: 454: 450: 449: 446: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 429: 426: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 394: 393: 390: 387: 384: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 359: 356: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 324: 323: 320: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 290: 287: 249: 246: 192:sexual assault 134:American South 33:George Meadows 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14690: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14548:Silent Parade 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14527: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14507: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14487:Hang 'Em High 14484: 14482: 14480: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14306: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14285: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14251: 14248: 14247:Strange Fruit 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14220: 14219:Father Divine 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14141:Jim Crow laws 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14107: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14061: 14058: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14043: 14040: 14037: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14013: 14010: 14007: 14004: 14001: 13998: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13970: 13967: 13964: 13961: 13958: 13955: 13952: 13949: 13946: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13928: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13914: 13913:Walker family 13911: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13882: 13879: 13876: 13873: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13843: 13840: 13837: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13766: 13763: 13760: 13757: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13719: 13716: 13713: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13644: 13640: 13624: 13623:Ahmaud Arbery 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13599:Yusef Hawkins 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13575:Betty Gardner 13572: 13568: 13567:Marian Pyszko 13564: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13551:Carol Jenkins 13548: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13535:Vernon Dahmer 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13463:George W. Lee 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13316:James Cameron 13313: 13309: 13308:George Hughes 13305: 13301: 13300:J. C. Collins 13297: 13293: 13292:Leonard Woods 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13228:Owen Flemming 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13180:Fred N. Selak 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13028:George Taylor 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13004:Robert Prager 13001: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12988:Charles Jones 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12804:"Mose" Creole 12801: 12797: 12796:Matthew Chase 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12764:William Burns 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12668:Fred Rochelle 12665: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12633:F. W. Stewart 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12617:John Anderson 12614: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12553:Alfred Blount 12550: 12546: 12545:John Peterson 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12401:Michael Green 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12313:Henry Plummer 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12297:Pancho Daniel 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12235: 12230: 12228: 12223: 12221: 12216: 12215: 12212: 12197: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12083: 12082: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12051: 12047: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11979: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11895: 11889: 11885: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11848: 11844: 11839: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11752: 11748: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11728: 11717: 11712: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11673: 11668: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11630: 11626: 11621: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11561:0-933121-44-X 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11514: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11480: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11346:Wells, Ida B. 11343: 11342: 11341: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11312: 11311: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11294:0-8071-2073-1 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11277:0-8139-1971-1 11273: 11269: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11123:0-8166-3994-9 11120: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11087: 11083: 11081:0-374-24855-9 11077: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11051: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10962: 10951: 10946: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10918: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10851: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10750: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10708: 10704: 10703:GoUpstate.com 10700: 10694: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10623: 10619: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10598: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10557: 10553: 10551: 10543: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10459: 10452: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10399: 10397: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10369: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10286: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10238: 10231: 10229: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10187: 10180: 10178: 10162: 10158: 10151: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10123: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10061: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10024: 10017: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9978: 9971: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9933: 9928: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9892: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9852:0-87351-180-8 9849: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9782: 9774: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9755: 9744:September 20, 9740: 9736: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9675: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9638:September 20, 9634: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9592:, p. 30. 9591: 9586: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9346: 9342: 9335: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9268:. p. A12 9267: 9263: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9210: 9204: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9125: 9118: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8972: 8966: 8950: 8943: 8934: 8918: 8912: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8885: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8857: 8838: 8831: 8830: 8822: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8802: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8745: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8634: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8594: 8587: 8585: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8414: 8408: 8389: 8382: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8329: 8327: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8283: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8169: 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7220: 7214: 7198: 7196: 7195:The Telegraph 7191: 7185: 7179: 7178:0-87351-386-X 7175: 7171: 7165: 7159:, p. 35. 7158: 7153: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077:Social Forces 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7003:1-59629-149-4 6999: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6978:0-8203-2051-X 6974: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6933:Social Forces 6929: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6859: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6827:September 20, 6822: 6818: 6811: 6800:September 20, 6795: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6692:0-313-21168-X 6688: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6636: 6634:0-06-015851-4 6630: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6560:0-252-06345-7 6556: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6539: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6346: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6268: 6267:Ginzburg 1988 6264: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5757:9780807878118 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Robert Prager 5610: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5456:Strange Fruit 5453: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430:Abel Meeropol 5425: 5424:Strange Fruit 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334:Ralph Ellison 5331: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5273:Hang 'Em High 5269: 5266: 5265:James Baldwin 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194:1933 lynching 5190: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5111:Irving Berlin 5108: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5088:'s 1932 play 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078:'s 1932 book 5077: 5074: 5071: 5070:Dry September 5067: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4974:The Virginian 4970: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917:Harry F. Byrd 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4901:Strange Fruit 4898: 4897:Abel Meeropol 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4848: 4846: 4845:Bobby L. Rush 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832:In 2022, the 4830: 4828: 4827:Kamala Harris 4824: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792:Kamala Harris 4789: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4748:disfranchised 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736:disfranchised 4733: 4730:that lynched 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4698: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674:Alonzo Tucker 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617:Texas Rangers 4613: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4402:San Francisco 4399: 4394: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:Mary Landrieu 4235: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Jasper, Texas 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127:New York City 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040:In the early 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3905:by Democrats 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889:In 1937, the 3887: 3885: 3884:1936 election 3880: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843:William Borah 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679:Mary Landrieu 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3650:, and in the 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633:apportionment 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3572:James Gibbons 3563: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:miscegenation 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3291: 3288: 3285:In 1873, the 3283: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3239:Temple, Texas 3235: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161:Southern Jews 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150:Milledgeville 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3045:Ada, Oklahoma 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2996: 2993:rules, legal 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2970:. During the 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2869:miscegenation 2866: 2862: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2590:George Taylor 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2545:Walker family 2543: 2541: 2540:William Burns 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2485:Alfred Blount 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435:Michael Green 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323:Jim Crow laws 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057:In 1903, the 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2016:sharecroppers 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1990:Jim Crow laws 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:White Camelia 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1812:carpetbaggers 1809: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1556:Jim Crow laws 1553: 1549: 1545: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 983: 979: 976: 973: 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410: 409: 405: 402: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 385: 382: 381: 377: 374: 371: 368: 367: 363: 360: 357: 354: 353: 349: 346: 343: 340: 339: 335: 332: 329: 326: 325: 321: 318: 315: 312: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 286: 284: 279: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 166: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:border states 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:United States 100: 96: 89: 84: 77: 73: 69: 62: 57: 50: 45: 38: 34: 29: 25: 22: 14594: 14586: 14574: 14565:Sundown town 14557: 14525: 14517: 14504: 14497: 14485: 14478: 14467:The Clansman 14465: 14458: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14253:Ida B. Wells 14241:Paul Robeson 14146:Ku Klux Klan 14092:James Chaney 14082:Anniston, AL 13706:Plummer Gang 13661:Joseph Smith 13559:Henry Marrow 13519:Frank Morris 13447:Willie Earle 13356:Cordie Cheek 13284:Henry Choate 13204:Dan Anderson 13164:Raymond Byrd 13148:Samuel Smith 13100:Willie Baird 12980:Frank Little 12972:Paulo Boleta 12900:Robert Perry 12876:Mary Jackson 12836:King Johnson 12788:James Hodges 12708:George White 12692:Walker Davis 12593:Jacob Henson 12521:Robert Lewis 12481:Ellen Watson 12369:Jim Williams 12345:Wyatt Outlaw 12240: 12199:. Retrieved 12174: 12142: 12133: 12114:(1): 65–91. 12111: 12107: 12080: 12065:(1): 78–91. 12062: 12058: 12043: 12032: 12021: 12003: 11999: 11986: 11970:. Retrieved 11964: 11946:. Retrieved 11941: 11929:the original 11921: 11906: 11883: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11850:. Retrieved 11846: 11832:September 2, 11830:. Retrieved 11826:the original 11819: 11793:(1): 26–43. 11790: 11786: 11778: 11764: 11746: 11737: 11731: 11719:. Retrieved 11703:. 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Retrieved 9569: 9559: 9547:. Retrieved 9543: 9533: 9521:. Retrieved 9518:The Guardian 9517: 9507: 9495:. Retrieved 9489: 9479: 9467:. Retrieved 9461: 9451: 9441:December 26, 9439:. Retrieved 9435:the original 9430: 9421: 9409:. Retrieved 9406:The Guardian 9405: 9395: 9383:. Retrieved 9377: 9360: 9348:. Retrieved 9334: 9322:. Retrieved 9316: 9306: 9298:the original 9291: 9282: 9270:. Retrieved 9265: 9242:the original 9235: 9225: 9213:. Retrieved 9203: 9191:. Retrieved 9187: 9178: 9168:Detroit News 9166: 9162: 9150:. Retrieved 9146:the original 9141: 9132: 9123: 9117: 9105:. Retrieved 9102:The Atlantic 9101: 9088: 9076:. Retrieved 9068:foia.fbi.gov 9067: 9056: 9050: 9038:. Retrieved 9035:The Guardian 9034: 9024: 9014:December 17, 9012:. Retrieved 9006: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8970: 8965: 8953:. Retrieved 8942: 8933: 8921:. Retrieved 8911: 8892: 8863: 8856: 8846:September 1, 8844:. Retrieved 8837:the original 8828: 8807: 8801: 8789:. Retrieved 8785:the original 8780: 8771: 8751: 8744: 8732:. 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Retrieved 6487:the original 6469:(1): 91–93. 6466: 6462: 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6435: 6425: 6400: 6396: 6361: 6354: 6343: 6312: 6289:the original 6262: 6257: 6238: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6213: 6204: 6196: 6189:. Retrieved 6185:the original 6158:. Retrieved 6154:the original 6117: 6111: 6099:. Retrieved 6094: 6072: 6065: 6046: 6042: 6033: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5971: 5961: 5950: 5943:Pfeifer 2004 5938: 5929: 5923: 5896: 5890: 5863: 5857: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5796:. Retrieved 5786: 5774: 5747: 5741: 5702:. Retrieved 5697: 5688: 5664: 5455: 5449: 5439: 5427: 5404: 5388: 5371: 5339: 5323:Ku Klux Klan 5319:brain damage 5308: 5303:In the 1996 5297: 5285: 5271: 5254:Gregory Peck 5243: 5236:as mob rule. 5234:Nazi Germany 5219: 5182: 5169: 5152: 5148: 5134: 5128: 5121:Ethel Waters 5114: 5089: 5079: 5059: 5043: 5032:Ku Klux Klan 5027: 5014: 5003:directed by 4988: 4972: 4960: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4914: 4882: 4867: 4854: 4831: 4820: 4808: 4781: 4765: 4744: 4722: 4707: 4682: 4672: 4652: 4638:Pima Country 4635: 4631: 4614: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4564:case studies 4561: 4549: 4534: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4479: 4475: 4471:U.S. Marshal 4460: 4380: 4378: 4374:Donald Trump 4355: 4332: 4326: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4284: 4270: 4255: 4246:Thad Cochran 4231: 4209: 4201:murdered him 4190: 4177:Viola Liuzzo 4173: 4151:manslaughter 4142:Ku Klux Klan 4139: 4111:James Chaney 4091: 4059: 4039: 4034: 4011:Paul Robeson 4007:Harry Truman 4004: 3997:Soviet Union 3994: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3955: 3951: 3923: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3861: 3836: 3832: 3814:drafted the 3793: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3731: 3705:Congressman 3692: 3683:George Allen 3667: 3660: 3641: 3630: 3600: 3576:Jesus Christ 3569: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3535: 3530:Mary Talbert 3526: 3502:Dick Rowland 3495: 3488:In the 1921 3476: 3472: 3462: 3452: 3430: 3426:Pennsylvania 3422:Philadelphia 3409: 3399: 3387:were lynched 3376: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3302: 3287:Comstock Act 3284: 3280: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3213: 3209: 3181: 3173:Episcopalian 3158: 3130:American Jew 3123: 3112: 3104:Pennsylvania 3085: 3081: 3066: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2976: 2921: 2900: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2861:Ida B. Wells 2858: 2570:Newberry Six 2555:King Johnson 2530:Watkinsville 2407:Ku Klux Klan 2397:Black Legion 2385:Whitecapping 2380:Sundown town 2367: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2221:occurred in 2215:World War II 2211: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2171: 2160: 2152: 2135: 2131:civil rights 2111:Ku Klux Klan 2104: 2099: 2083: 2074:Ku Klux Klan 2058: 2056: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2030:Paris, Texas 2024: 2020: 1998: 1966: 1949:Laura Nelson 1938:Paris, Texas 1924:Jim Crow era 1910:White League 1901:White League 1892:paramilitary 1889: 1880: 1877:Ida B. Wells 1874: 1866: 1846:Ku Klux Klan 1839: 1833: 1825: 1816:Ku Klux Klan 1803: 1789: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1647: 1640: 1626: 1606: 1603: 1586: 1576: 1564: 1560: 1541: 280: 272: 251: 215: 204: 196:Jim Crow era 162: 93: 31:The body of 24: 14597:(1999 film) 14481:(1936 film) 14360:James Rolph 14262:Legislation 14225:Flag Salute 13665:Hyrum Smith 13511:Lemuel Penn 13503:Louis Allen 13471:Emmett Till 13455:Lamar Smith 13431:Recy Taylor 13364:Claude Neal 13212:Will Sherod 13196:John Carter 13172:James Clark 13124:Henry Lowry 12996:Ell Persons 12884:Rob Edwards 12860:Will Porter 12716:David Wyatt 12684:George Ward 12561:Henry Smith 12457:Amos Miller 12441:Eliza Woods 12377:David Jones 12321:Bill Sketoe 12305:Joshua Boyd 12265:Before 1900 12176:Smithsonian 11852:October 31, 11721:October 31, 11705:October 31, 11661:October 31, 11634:October 31, 11614:October 31, 11507:October 31, 11473:October 31, 11366:Dover Books 11206:Seidule, Ty 10840:November 8, 10827:Hansen, Ron 9972:, p. . 9970:Jensen 2008 9934:, p. . 9724:, p. . 9664:November 8, 9523:January 11, 8791:November 8, 8510:October 21, 8464:: 218–221. 8315:October 21, 8272:November 7, 7901:November 7, 7871:Willis 2000 7847:"Musarium: 7547:January 22, 7513:MSN Encarta 7484:Dover Books 7480:On Lynching 7142:November 7, 7115:November 8, 7063:Willis 2000 6896:October 29, 6864:November 7, 6845:Lemann 2006 6493:January 30, 6442:November 7, 6101:December 1, 5644:Vigilantism 5395:James Brown 5370:'s musical 5358:New Orleans 5209:James Rolph 5125:Supper Time 5091:Black Souls 4998:crime drama 4969:Owen Wister 4891:in 1930 in 4858:Jerry Brown 4823:Steny Hoyer 4796:Cory Booker 4663:mercenaries 4610:Guadalajara 4606:Rocksprings 4552:Brooke Hart 4417:A. W. Piper 4300:Emmett Till 4292:Karl Oliver 4273:Lennon Lacy 4234:U.S. Senate 4227:prison gang 4070:Emmett Till 3864:(1934), by 3780:Solid South 3742:Solid South 3627:Solid South 3391:Black women 3353:Opportunity 3204: 1900 3169:anti-Israel 3165:assimilated 2995:segregation 2984:James Allen 2968:New Orleans 2966:in 1891 in 2936:Mississippi 2932:Cotton Belt 2600:1920 Duluth 2580:Ell Persons 2520:David Wyatt 2515:George Ward 2450:Amos Miller 2445:Eliza Woods 2328:Segregation 2090:Walter Long 2026:Henry Smith 2006:. However, 1986:segregation 1982:Poor Whites 1934:Henry Smith 1870:Black Codes 1864:violence". 1786:Thomas Nast 1663:Mississippi 1617:Monroe Work 283:due process 226:Emmett Till 154:New Orleans 76:Waco, Texas 14642:Categories 14611:Categories 14538:Red Summer 14231:N.A.A.C.P. 14156:Red Shirts 13988:Red Summer 13527:James Reeb 13399:Felix Hall 13391:After 1940 13140:Joe Pullen 13108:Roy Belton 13060:Will Brown 12964:Jeff Brown 12924:John Evans 12908:? Anderson 12812:"Pie" Hill 12780:Jim Miller 12756:Slab Pitts 12748:Ed Johnson 12585:Amos Hicks 12505:Dick Lundy 12497:Jim Taylor 12201:January 8, 12135:An Outrage 11348:(2014) . " 10009:August 31, 9874:August 31, 9549:August 25, 7508:"Lynching" 7203:October 6, 6821:reason.com 6432:"Lynching" 5681:References 5601:Red Summer 5242:'s novel, 5240:Harper Lee 5189:Fritz Lang 5001:short film 4957:Mark Twain 4851:State laws 4766:Under the 4732:Ed Johnson 4587:Saint Paul 4500:California 4490:New Mexico 4486:California 4425:Washington 4406:California 4362:Mike Pence 4347:communists 4281:hate crime 4250:Trent Lott 4220:hate crime 4082:cotton gin 3999:, covered 3839:filibuster 3783:filibuster 3777:Democratic 3719:filibuster 3703:Republican 3656:filibuster 3642:President 3625:See also: 3607:Red Summer 3478:The Crisis 3348:The Crisis 3294:Resistance 3041:Jim Miller 2980:body parts 2708:Red Summer 2610:Joe Pullen 2560:John Evans 2535:Ed Johnson 2465:Jim Taylor 2412:Red Shirts 2129:and other 2119:corruption 2012:per capita 1905:Red Shirts 1840:After the 1784:This 1867 1600:Statistics 1546:after the 248:Background 19:See also: 14528:(musical) 13244:Joe Smith 13188:Tom Payne 13156:L. Q. Ivy 13084:Jay Lynch 12932:Leo Frank 12660:1900–1940 11972:April 29, 11807:140461204 11360:(1900)". 11029:(1988) . 10929:The Verge 10587:April 25, 10561:April 25, 10532:April 18, 10495:April 18, 10464:April 18, 10441:April 18, 10274:March 29, 10016:hangings. 9575:August 9, 9318:USA Today 8397:April 10, 8371:August 9, 8080:159670864 7832:143851795 7752:143851795 7242:March 11, 6760:162330208 6483:124313660 6417:143851795 5915:815043342 5882:724308353 5849:164388036 5841:2378-0231 5798:March 14, 5766:701719807 5390:Get on Up 5378:Leo Frank 5344:, a 1999 5252:starring 5176:Christian 5168:The film 5145:Leo Frank 5076:Lynd Ward 5058:'s play, 5026:'s film, 4993:, a 1904 4841:Joe Biden 4838:President 4815:Rand Paul 4788:Tim Scott 4761:St. Louis 4641:Governor 4572:Lexington 4568:Minnesota 4558:Minnesota 4530:Gold Rush 4463:mythology 4343:socialist 4339:Americans 4327:In 2019, 4021:" to the 4009:in 1946, 3990:Catholics 3862:Lynch Law 3689:Dyer Bill 3675:seniority 3570:Cardinal 3507:Greenwood 3453:In 1904, 3400:In 1898, 3259:Auschwitz 3253:Even the 3126:Leo Frank 3124:In 1915, 3057:Leo Frank 2998:settled. 2952:Louisiana 2924:Redeemers 2750:Reactions 2658:Pana riot 2424:Lynchings 2368:Lynchings 2352:Practices 2313:Redeemers 2094:blackface 1994:inflation 1711:Tennessee 1679:Louisiana 275:St. Louis 260:Civil War 14595:Vendetta 14131:Lynching 14102:) (1964) 13667:) (1844) 12641:Sam Hose 12157:Archived 11948:April 8, 11550:(1982). 11419:(1911). 11388:25105465 11352:(1892), 11208:(2020). 11070:(2006). 10935:June 20, 10907:June 20, 10881:June 20, 10787:(4): 8. 10739:June 20, 10713:June 14, 10683:June 14, 10657:June 29, 10627:June 14, 10355:June 14, 10329:June 14, 10303:June 14, 10297:CBC News 10268:Archived 10140:June 20, 10086:June 20, 10032:Archived 10004:60321341 9955:July 17, 9907:(2007). 9825:June 20, 9799:June 20, 9497:June 20, 9469:June 20, 9411:June 20, 9385:June 20, 9350:June 20, 9324:June 20, 9272:June 26, 9215:June 20, 9193:June 26, 9107:July 29, 9078:June 21, 9072:Archived 9040:June 20, 8955:June 26, 8923:July 26, 8734:July 26, 8696:July 20, 8654:July 26, 8567:July 27, 8556:Fox News 8528:(2001). 8478:30036966 8443:25105465 8194:(1983). 8173:April 2, 7690:Archived 7660:July 26, 7631:July 26, 7434:July 26, 7302:42627447 7035:March 7, 7029:Archived 6954:55862695 6823:. Reason 6222:June 20, 6191:July 26, 6160:July 26, 6025:10753622 6017:27092388 5733:Archived 5731:. 2017. 5704:June 20, 5478:genocide 5462:See also 5403:'s film 5341:Vendetta 5226:rustlers 5202:newsreel 5151:(1921). 4740:Jim Crow 4388:The West 4042:Cold War 4027:genocide 3868:for the 3648:Delaware 3613:and the 3154:Marietta 3108:Colorado 3100:New York 2991:Jim Crow 2962:and the 2956:Mexicans 2884:ideology 2865:Jim Crow 2510:Sam Hose 2256:a series 2254:Part of 2133:groups. 2115:violence 1862:colonial 1850:freedmen 1727:Kentucky 1719:Arkansas 207:hangings 156:against 119:enslaved 95:Lynching 14124:General 12513:Joe Coe 12385:Jo Reed 12006:: 1–9. 11540:1897915 11429:(ed.). 10991:2095805 10959:Sources 10733:loc.gov 10243:June 7, 10217:June 6, 10192:June 5, 9864:"About" 9152:July 3, 8973:, 1973) 8622:May 23, 8233:2096147 7956:Forward 6625:119–123 6599:3787285 5794:. NAACP 5571:of 1863 4979:Western 4923:editor 4659:Wyoming 4649:Wyoming 4628:Arizona 4583:Mankato 4494:Arizona 4465:of the 4421:Seattle 4193:Alabama 4171:years. 4166:⁄ 3966:Atlanta 3928:of the 3713:in the 3177:chupahs 2944:Alabama 2940:Georgia 2470:Joe Coe 2008:Florida 2000:Georgia 1814:by the 1758:Latinos 1703:Florida 1687:Alabama 1671:Georgia 142:Midwest 14526:Parade 14514:(1965) 14389:Memory 14108:(1964) 14084:(1961) 14078:(1952) 14068:(1946) 14062:(1945) 14056:(1943) 14050:(1937) 14044:(1933) 14038:(1932) 14032:(1930) 14026:(1927) 14020:(1923) 14014:(1922) 14008:(1921) 14002:(1920) 13996:(1920) 13990:(1919) 13974:(1919) 13968:(1919) 13962:(1919) 13956:(1918) 13950:(1917) 13944:(1916) 13938:(1912) 13932:(1911) 13926:(1910) 13915:(1908) 13909:(1906) 13898:(1905) 13892:(1899) 13886:(1898) 13880:(1898) 13874:(1898) 13868:(1897) 13862:(1892) 13856:(1892) 13850:(1891) 13844:(1880) 13838:(1879) 13832:(1879) 13826:(1878) 13820:(1878) 13814:(1876) 13808:(1876) 13802:(1876) 13796:(1874) 13784:(1873) 13778:(1871) 13767:(1868) 13761:(1868) 13755:(1868) 13749:(1868) 13743:(1868) 13737:(1868) 13731:(1868) 13720:(1866) 13714:(1866) 13708:(1864) 13702:(1864) 13696:(1863) 13685:(1863) 13679:(1862) 13673:(1858) 13625:(2020) 13617:(2011) 13609:(1998) 13601:(1989) 13593:(1981) 13585:(1979) 13577:(1978) 13569:(1975) 13561:(1970) 13553:(1968) 13545:(1967) 13537:(1966) 13529:(1965) 13521:(1964) 13513:(1964) 13505:(1964) 13497:(1959) 13489:(1957) 13481:(1957) 13473:(1955) 13465:(1955) 13457:(1955) 13449:(1947) 13441:(1946) 13433:(1944) 13425:(1944) 13417:(1943) 13409:(1943) 13401:(1941) 13382:(1940) 13374:(1940) 13366:(1934) 13358:(1933) 13350:(1933) 13342:(1932) 13334:(1931) 13326:(1931) 13318:(1930) 13310:(1930) 13302:(1928) 13294:(1927) 13286:(1927) 13278:(1927) 13270:(1927) 13262:(1927) 13254:(1927) 13246:(1927) 13238:(1927) 13230:(1927) 13222:(1927) 13214:(1927) 13206:(1927) 13198:(1927) 13190:(1927) 13182:(1926) 13174:(1926) 13166:(1926) 13158:(1925) 13150:(1924) 13142:(1923) 13134:(1922) 13126:(1921) 13118:(1921) 13110:(1920) 13102:(1920) 13094:(1919) 13086:(1919) 13078:(1919) 13070:(1919) 13062:(1919) 13054:(1919) 13046:(1918) 13038:(1918) 13030:(1918) 13022:(1918) 13014:(1918) 13006:(1918) 12998:(1917) 12990:(1917) 12982:(1917) 12974:(1916) 12966:(1916) 12958:(1916) 12950:(1916) 12942:(1915) 12934:(1915) 12926:(1914) 12918:(1914) 12910:(1913) 12902:(1913) 12894:(1912) 12886:(1912) 12878:(1912) 12870:(1911) 12862:(1911) 12854:(1911) 12846:(1911) 12838:(1911) 12830:(1910) 12822:(1909) 12814:(1909) 12806:(1909) 12798:(1909) 12790:(1909) 12782:(1909) 12774:(1907) 12766:(1907) 12758:(1906) 12750:(1906) 12742:(1906) 12734:(1904) 12726:(1904) 12718:(1903) 12710:(1903) 12702:(1903) 12694:(1903) 12686:(1901) 12678:(1901) 12670:(1901) 12651:(1899) 12643:(1899) 12635:(1898) 12627:(1898) 12619:(1898) 12611:(1897) 12603:(1897) 12595:(1896) 12587:(1894) 12579:(1894) 12571:(1894) 12563:(1893) 12555:(1893) 12547:(1893) 12539:(1893) 12531:(1892) 12523:(1892) 12515:(1891) 12507:(1891) 12499:(1891) 12491:(1890) 12483:(1889) 12475:(1889) 12467:(1889) 12459:(1888) 12451:(1886) 12443:(1886) 12435:(1884) 12427:(1882) 12419:(1881) 12411:(1879) 12403:(1878) 12395:(1877) 12387:(1875) 12379:(1872) 12371:(1871) 12363:(1870) 12355:(1870) 12347:(1870) 12339:(1868) 12331:(1864) 12323:(1864) 12315:(1864) 12307:(1863) 12299:(1858) 12291:(1851) 12283:(1837) 12275:(1836) 12088: 11890: 11805: 11781:(2009) 11771: 11753: 11678: 11558: 11538: 11386: 11372: 11324: 11292: 11274: 11235: 11216: 11194: 11177: 11167: 11148: 11121: 11101: 11078: 11056: 11037: 11012: 10989: 10523: 10413: 10383: 10212:C-SPAN 10166:May 4, 10056: 10002: 9992: 9915: 9850: 9769: 9707: 9697: 9610: 9345:WWL-TV 8971:Truman 8899: 8871: 8759: 8501: 8476: 8441: 8343: 8231: 8078: 7982: 7830: 7790: 7750: 7713: 7603: 7490: 7328: 7300: 7176: 7000: 6975: 6952: 6758: 6719:May 1, 6689: 6631: 6597: 6557: 6481: 6415: 6369: 6320: 6245: 6124: 6023: 6015: 5913: 5903: 5880: 5870: 5847: 5839: 5764: 5754: 5640:(1921) 5619:(1923) 5603:(1919) 5577:(1920) 5510:(1917) 5373:Parade 5016:Rachel 4995:silent 4794:, and 4770:, the 4742:laws. 4720: ( 4669:Oregon 4381:Julian 4316:, the 4296:Winona 4266:nooses 4199:, and 4155:prison 4117:, and 3903:Senate 3330:Rachel 3115:a riot 3106:, and 2950:, and 2258:on the 2232:". In 2165:, the 1655:State 308:Total 305:Blacks 302:Whites 200:Whites 180:murder 14072:Harry 12104:(PDF) 11803:S2CID 11536:JSTOR 11425:. In 11384:JSTOR 11175:JSTOR 10987:JSTOR 10756:Souls 10460:. NPR 10239:. CNN 10188:. CNN 10161:Axios 10107:Newsy 9705:JSTOR 8840:(PDF) 8833:(PDF) 8686:(PDF) 8645:(PDF) 8474:JSTOR 8439:JSTOR 8416:(PDF) 8391:(PDF) 8229:JSTOR 8076:S2CID 7828:S2CID 7748:S2CID 7298:JSTOR 6950:S2CID 6756:S2CID 6595:JSTOR 6479:S2CID 6413:S2CID 6292:(PDF) 6285:(PDF) 6021:S2CID 5845:S2CID 5656:Notes 5307:film 5052:list. 4713: 4702:NAACP 4593:Texas 4482:Texas 4351:NAACP 3847:Idaho 3845:from 3723:NAACP 3255:Nazis 3128:, an 2948:Texas 2776:NAACP 2127:NAACP 2092:, in 1969:South 1762:Texas 1738:11.0 1730:45.7 1722:42.6 1714:38.4 1706:79.8 1698:18.8 1690:32.4 1682:43.7 1674:41.8 1666:52.8 238:NAACP 115:1981. 14569:list 14479:Fury 14161:Jews 14074:and 13790:(AL) 12203:2018 12086:ISBN 11974:2018 11950:2024 11888:ISBN 11854:2018 11834:2015 11769:ISBN 11751:ISBN 11740:(1). 11723:2018 11707:2018 11676:ISBN 11663:2018 11636:2018 11616:2018 11556:ISBN 11509:2018 11475:2018 11370:ISBN 11322:ISBN 11290:ISBN 11272:ISBN 11233:ISBN 11214:ISBN 11192:ISBN 11165:ISBN 11146:ISBN 11119:ISBN 11099:ISBN 11076:ISBN 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