Möngke Khan - Knowledge

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not follow his overlord Möngke's orders. Möngke ordered prince Yeku to command the army against Korea. However, a Korean in the court of Möngke convinced them to begin their campaign in July 1253. Yeku, along with Amuqan, demanded that the Goryeo court surrender. The court refused but did not resist the Mongols and gathered the peasantry into mountain fortresses and islands. Working together with the Goryeo commanders who had joined the Mongols, Jalairtai Qorchi ravaged Korea. When one of Yeku's envoys arrived, Gojong personally met him at his new palace. The king Gojong sent his stepson as hostage to Mongolia. The Mongols agreed to a truce in January 1254.

880: 960: 1639: 1153: 140: 1457: 2202: 537: 2210: 32: 359: 1624: 868: 1727:, taking the capital at Baghdad in 1258. Hulagu sent Möngke some of his war booty with the news of his conquest of Baghdad. Möngke dispatched a Chinese messenger to congratulate him for his victory. Outraged by the attack on the caliphate, Malik Kamil revolted, killing his Mongol overseer. Hulagu's son Yoshumut invested Mayyafariqin and executed Malik Kamil. From there they moved into 2065:; where it is also generally agreed he died. After his death, the Mongol armies were forced to withdraw from action. Chinese sources record Möngke as having been killed in battle during an assault on the fortress: a contemporary Song poem describes the "victory in Sichuan" where Möngke was killed by a crossbow arrow, which is corroborated in the writing of the 1765:). The Song court arrested the envoy and imprisoned him in a fortress with his suite of seventy persons. The envoy died, but his suite were detained until 1254. That year the Mongol army attacked to take Hejiu but failed. The Chinese freed the suite of the late envoy to show their desire for peace. Möngke concentrated all his attention on the conquest of the 1149:. Möngke ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Taoists and Buddhists in his territory. Kublai called a conference of Taoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Taoist claim was officially declared refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted their 237 temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the fraudulent texts. 1499:

in 1831). Uriyangkhadai executed its inhabitants for the murder of the envoys. After staying in Thăng Long for a while, the Mongols fell ill due to the unfamiliar climate. Realizing that it was time to drive the Mongols out, the Vietnamese launched a counter-attack and won the decisive battle of Dong

1841:

was dangerous because of its climate, and that the Great Khagan should go northward for safety. Baritchi of the Erlat tribe called this advice cowardly and advised Möngke to remain with his army. These words pleased Möngke who wished to take the city nearby. The Song commander slew his envoy who had

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The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin, al-Kamil Muhammad, arrived at Mo ̈ngke's court in 1253, made his submission, and found there Muslim princes from Mosul and Mardin. It is clear, then, that years before Hulegu's arrival in the area, the majority of Muslim princes in Iraq, Jazira, and Syria had made

1705:

The Hashashin Imam Rukn ad-Din requested permission to travel to Karakorum to meet with the Great Khan Möngke himself. Hulagu sent him on the long journey to Mongolia, but once the Imam arrived there, Möngke criticized his action and dismissed him. Rukn ad-Din was killed in uncertain circumstances.

1362:

Möngke realized that the hostage was not the blood prince of the Goryeo dynasty and blamed the Goryeo court for deceiving him. Möngke's commander Jalairtai devastated much of Goryeo and took 206,800 captives in 1254. Famine and despair forced peasants to surrender to the Mongols. They established a

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does not directly corroborate this, but it mentions a fatal disease outbreak in the Mongol camp during the campaign. In line with the lack of clarity in Mongol historiography concerning the deaths of khans, it has been speculated that possible that Mongols covered up the story by claiming that his

1704:

Möngke ordered the Jochid and Chagataid families to join Hulagu's expedition to Iran and strengthened the army with 1,000 siege engineers from China. Möngke's armies, led by his brother Hulagu, launched an attack on the Ismailis in Iran, crushing the last major resistance there by the end of 1256.

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to the mainland of Korea. But the Goryeo court refused to send the king because he was elderly and unable to travel so far. Möngke dispatched his envoys with specific tasks again. The envoys were well received by the Goryeo officials, but they criticized the Goryeo officials because their king did

1031:

forced the city to submit to the Mongol census and taxation. The new census counted not only households but also the number of men aged 15–60 and the number of fields, livestock, vineyards, and orchards. Within the civilian register craftsmen were listed separately, while in the military registers

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and non-Borjigid nobles. He also limited gifts to the princes, converting them into regular salaries, and made the merchants subject to taxes. Möngke limited notorious abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the business of the merchants who were sponsored by the Mongols. He prohibited

813:

scribe, Bala, and the Idiqut Salindi (the monarch of the Uyghurs) was discovered and they were publicly executed. After his accession to the throne in 1251, Möngke announced that he would follow his ancestors but would not imitate the ways of other countries. To increase his legitimacy, in 1252 he

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and regular households were distinguished. Clergy of the approved religions were separated and not counted. When the new register was completed, one copy was sent to Karakorum and one copy kept for the local administration. Möngke tried to create a fixed poll tax collected by imperial agents that

1045:

of silver in China. Protests from the landlord classes reduced this relatively low rate to 6–7 dinars and taels. Some officials raised the top rate on the wealthy of 500 dinars. While the reform did not lighten the tax burden, it made the payments more predictable. Even so, the census and the

1239:. He had an audience with Möngke on 13 September 1254, advised the Khagan on Christian matters in Western Asia, and obtained from Möngke documents guaranteeing the inviolability of his person and his kingdom. As per Armenian documents, Hethum asked the Khagan and his officials to convert to 2118:'s claims that Möngke was on a Mongol war ship that sank in the Chinese seas while the Mongols were besieging an island fortress. Hayton's work is noted for including errors and amalgamating distinct events, so the account of Möngke's death could be a confused reference to the later 1443:

basin. The second column under Uryankhadai took a difficult way into the mountains of western Sichuan. Kublai himself headed south over the grasslands, meeting up with the first column. With Uryankhadai galloping in along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of

1211:"We Mongols believe in one God, by Whom we live and die," he then continued "Just as God gave different fingers to the hand so has He given different ways to men. To you God has given the Scriptures and you Christians do not observe them". He explained God had given the Mongols 694:

decided to support his election and called a kurultai at Ala Qamaq. The leader of the families of Genghis Khan's brothers, and several important generals, came to the kurultai. Güyük's sons Naqu and Khoja attended briefly but then left. Despite vehement objections from Bala,

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In 1253, Möngke established the Department of Monetary affairs to control the issuance of paper money in order to eliminate the over-issue of the currency by Mongol and non-Mongol nobles since the reign of Great Khan Ögedei. His authority established united measure based on

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stated, "And from what book of history has it been read or heard...that a king paid the debt of another king?" The generals and princes (including his son) who allowed their troops to plunder civilians without authorization were repeatedly punished by Möngke Khan. He used

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with the Mongols against the Muslims. By that time Möngke's khatun Oghul-Khoimish was already dead. After making the French envoy wait for many months, Möngke officially received William Rubruck on 24 May 1254. Rubruck informed him that he had come to spread the word of

1784:. From the summer of 1253 to early 1254, the campaigns were successful in conquering and pacifying the tribes, with Uriyangkhadai's military experience proving invaluable in battle. After Kublai's return to northern China, Uriyangkhadai conquered neighboring tribes in 1569:'s brother, Jalal al-Din Masud, fled into Mongol territory in 1248. When Möngke was crowned as Khagan, Jalal al-Din Masud attended the ceremony and asked help from Möngke, who ordered Sali to assist him to recover his ancestral realm. Sali made successive attacks on 1448:

and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Mongols appointed King Duan Xingzhi as local ruler and stationed a pacification commissioner there. After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among the Black jang. By 1256, Uryankhadai, the son of

1215:. Möngke offered Louis IX his cooperation but warned all Christians that "If, when you hear and understand the decree of the eternal God, you are unwilling to pay attention and believe it...and in this confidence you bring an army against us-we know what we can do". 983:

or silver ingot, however, the Mongols allowed their foreign subjects to mint coins in the denominations and use weight they traditionally used. During the reigns of Ögedei, Güyük, and Möngke, Mongol coinage increased with gold and silver coinage in Central Asia and

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to audit Kublai's official. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials, and even had some executed; Kublai's office was abolished. Möngke's authority took over the collection of all taxes in Kublai's estates. As his

900:, tablets that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations. With Güyük dead, many local officials no longer wanted to pay off the paper drafts used by Güyük. Möngke recognized that if he did not meet the financial 821:

After the defeat of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families, Möngke eliminated their estates and assigned acquiescent family members new territories either in Turkestan or in northwest China. After the bloody purge, Möngke ordered a general

2722:"Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who "ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him"" in 566:

Möngke crossed the river and captured him. When he ordered Bachman to bend down on his knees, Bachman refused and was executed by Möngke's brother Bujek. Möngke also engaged in hand-to-hand combat during the

1207:. Then he stayed to help the Christians in Karakorum and attended debates among rival religions organized by the Mongols. Möngke Khan summoned William Rubruck to send him back home in 1255. He told Rubruck: 2272:

architectures. One example of the construction was a large silver tree, with pipes that discharge various drinks and a triumphant angel at its top, made by Guillaume Boucher. Foreign merchants’ quarters,

1685:(Assassins). Möngke's decision to launch a campaign against Nizari castles followed anti-Nizari urges by Sunnis in the Mongol court, new anti-Nizari complaints (including Shams-ud-Din, the chief judge of 793:

was sewn up into a sack and tossed into a river and drowned, the traditional Mongol punishment for using black magic. Estimates of the deaths of aristocrats, officials, and Mongol commanders include

1069:

in 1262. Möngke and Batu's official, Arghun, harshly punished the Georgian and Armenian nobles, plundering their cities and executing their prominent leaders. He divided the Georgians into six

1697:, a Flemish priest sent on a mission to Karakorum in Mongolia, was struck by the security precautions there, reportedly in response to the more than forty assassins who had been sent by Imam 1093:

had revolted, and Möngke appointed his generals, Sali and Takudar, to replace the court and a Buddhist master, Otochi, as darughachi to Kashmir. However, the Kashmiri king killed Otochi at

940:, who was a Christian. Nine of the 16 chief provincial officials of Möngke Khan were certainly Muslims. He reappointed Güyük's three officials: Mahmud Yalavach in China, Masud Beg in 1739:, and reached the shores of the Mediterranean. Fearing the Mongol advance, the Ayyubid Sultan Malik Nasir Yusuf refused to see Hulagu and fled. However, the Mongols captured him at 5483: 1830:

in 1258. While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam after nine days due to poor climate, his forces did not leave until 1259.

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The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine.

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of Güyük, it would make merchants reluctant to continue business with the Mongols. Möngke paid out all drafts drawn by high ranking Mongol elites to these merchants.

4215: 769:. Möngke's officials opposed it and then he began to punish his relatives. The trials took place in all parts of the empire from Mongolia and China in the east to 1187:

an autonomous tax-exempt ecclesiastical polity. Like his predecessors, he exempted clerics, monks, churches, mosques, monasteries, and doctors from taxation.

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368 (edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King Fairbank, 1994),

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368 (edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King Fairbank, 1994),

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falconer, Kheshig, discovered the preparations for the attack and told his lord. At the end of the investigation under his father's loyal servant Menggesar

4143: 1799:, in Karakorum with Alamdar as assistant, and fixed his camps near the Liu-pan mountains in May of the following year. He first attacked Song positions in 3738: 1439:

in 1253. The ruling family, Gao, resisted and murdered the Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the

1327:

As Khagan, Möngke seemed to take the legacy of world conquest he had inherited much more seriously than had Güyük. His conquests were all directed at

4210: 1837:, the Mongol New Year feast was given by Möngke near the mountain Zhonggui. At this feast his relative, Togan, a chief of the Jalairs, declared that 818:. Möngke shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan, ensuring the unity of the empire. Möngke's mother Sorghaghtani died in 1252. 1689:), and warnings from local Mongol commanders in Persia. In 1252, Möngke entrusted the mission of conquering the rest of Western Asia to his brother 5086: 4549: 1097:. Sali invaded again, killing the king, and put down the rebellion, after which the country remained subject to the Mongol Empire for many years. 5447: 3374: 1367:

office at Yonghung with local officials. Ordering defectors to build ships, the Mongols began attacking the coastal islands from 1255 on. In the

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entrusted the delicate task of trying the Odchigin ("keeper of the hearth" – a title given to both of Genghis' younger brothers) to Möngke and

1138: 5479: 1712:, envoys from Baghdad attended the coronation of Möngke in 1251 to come to terms with the Mongols. However, Möngke told Hulagu that if the 859:

first sent his wives to the court of Khagan and then appealed to Möngke in person. They embraced in tears and Möngke forgave his brother.

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organized a second kurultai on 1 July 1251, the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and a few of the

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founded a de facto independent ulus (district) and perhaps took for himself some of the tax receipts that should by rights be coming to

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A month after Möngke's death, his youngest wife Chubei died at the Liupanshan Mountains. Möngke's son Asutai conducted the corpse to

1566: 1483:, but the Tran Vietnamese imprisoned the Mongol envoys. In 1257, a Mongol column under Uriyangkhadai invaded Vietnam (then known as 1106: 5161: 3940: 1597:

in strength and dismantled the fortifications of Multan; his forces may also have invested the island fortress of Bakhkar on the

1382:

staged a counter-coup, assassinated the head of the Ch'oe family, and sued for peace. When the Goryeo court sent the future king

411:, and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign. Under Möngke, the Mongols conquered 1247:, but he could not force them to change their religion. Möngke also informed Hethum that he was preparing to mount an attack on 699:'s scribe, the kurultai approved Möngke. Given its limited attendance and location, this kurultai was of questionable validity. 5527: 4701: 3731: 1027:

in the far north-west was not counted until winter 1258–59. There was an uprising in Novgorod against Mongol rule in 1257, but

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To strengthen his control over Tibet, Möngke made Qoridai commander of the Mongol and Han troops in Tibet in 1251. In 1252–53

5463: 4757: 3136: 3105: 3071: 3040: 3015: 2815: 2440: 2084: 68: 887:

Möngke drafted his own decrees and kept close watch on their revision. Möngke forbade practices of extravagant costs of the

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came to "pay homage" to Möngke as the new ruler, but they brought the entire army of the Ögedei faction with them. Möngke's

5435: 5431: 5170: 2794:, whose realm was contiguous with it, ruled Antioch. Accordingly, Antioch was drawn into the Mongolian-Armenian alliance". 5423: 5235: 4784: 4733: 4709: 4508: 4474: 4158: 1752: 1610: 376: 1651: 75: 5522: 5517: 4492: 4445: 3323: 3229: 3191: 2529: 1065:, who had later attempted to end the Mongol dominance. David Ulu made peace with the Mongols, however, and returned to 463:, claimed to have seen in the stars a great future for the child and bestowed on him the name Möngke, "eternal" in the 155: 4526: 4741: 4669: 4653: 3724: 3591: 3578: 3350: 2767: 1500:

Bo Dau. To avoid further war, the Tran accepted Mongol overlordship, and Uriyangkhadai withdrew. The Vietnamese king

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in the empire. During the conquest of Tibet in 1252–53, all Buddhist clergy were exempted from taxation. The Tibetan

115: 5427: 5419: 4725: 4685: 502:. Their grandfather smeared fat from the killed animals onto their middle fingers following the Mongol tradition. 82: 5273: 4749: 4677: 4583: 4419: 3872: 1769:. Taking personal command late in the decade, he captured many of the fortified cities along the northern front. 5332: 3907: 49: 4800: 4645: 4557: 4482: 4153: 2176: 1122: 372: 53: 3600:"Fortresses that Shatter Empires: A Look at Möngke Khan's Failed Campaign against the Song Dynasty, 1258–1259" 3247:

First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center

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by Dr. Martin Sicker (p. 111): "Bohemond, however, resided exclusively in Tripoli and, as a practical matter,

5459: 5130: 4856: 4827: 4717: 4200: 4173: 4168: 2168: 2149: 2052: 479: 64: 650:, Genghis Khan's sole remaining brother, unsuccessfully tried to seize the throne without confirmation by a 4637: 4435: 4178: 4163: 3571:

Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259

2762:, Mediaeval Researches Vol 1, Trubner Oriental Series 1888 London, facsimile reprint 2005 Elibron Classics 931: 5327: 3902: 529:. Following the Mongol custom, Möngke inherited at least one of his father's wives, Oghul-Khoimish of the 5154: 4808: 4776: 4627: 4575: 4427: 3933: 3611: 2544:

Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".

1870: 1815: 1523:. The Central Tibetan monasteries submitted to the Mongols, and the Mongol princes divided them as their 1403: 1294: 1272: 514: 2265: 1693:, with the highest priority being the conquest of the Nizari state and the Abbasid Caliphate. In 1253, 639:. In the summer of 1241, before the premature end of the campaign. Möngke returned home after his uncle 5537: 2156:, that the Mongol world again acknowledged a single paramount sovereign, although the authority of the 1460: 568: 5283: 3882: 4661: 4619: 4602: 4536: 4516: 4500: 4262: 2791: 2119: 1618: 1593:. When he failed to take Delhi, Kushlu turned to Hulagu. In the winter of 1257–58 Sali Noyan entered 1589:. In 1254 the Delhi official Kushlu Khan offered his submission to Möngke Khan and accepted a Mongol 1549:

clan was sent to the Indian borderlands at the head of fresh troops and was given authority over the

1536: 1516: 1322: 1228: 806: 608: 2160:

rested on nothing like the same foundations as that of Genghis Khan and his first three successors.

249: 5411: 5263: 3862: 1562: 1407: 1399: 486:

performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunting in 1224 near the

1046:

regressive taxation it facilitated sparked popular riots and resistance in the western districts.

5403: 4567: 3635:

by William, Peter Jackson, David Morgan, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt Society, 1990.

1614: 1501: 1264: 927: 752: 475:(nomadic palace). Ögedei instructed Persian scholar Idi-dan Muhammed to teach writing to Möngke. 42: 20: 2432: 2057:

There is no consensus concerning Möngke Khan's death. His last recorded appearances were at the

879: 5532: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5407: 5147: 4205: 3926: 3056:

Waterson, James (30 October 2008). "1: A House Divided: The Origins of the Ismaili Assassins".

2095: 2066: 1807:) in 1258. Möngke forbade his army to plunder civilians. When his son accidentally destroyed a 1701:

there to assassinate Möngke; it is possible that the assassination attempt was merely rumored.

1698: 1260: 1199: 826:

for prisoners and captives. In another move to consolidate his power, Möngke gave his brothers

765:, he found his relatives guilty but at first wanted to give them mercy as written in the Great 562:

in the west in 1235. When the most formidable Kipchak chief, Bachman, fled to an island in the

3633:

The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253–1255

3122: 3091: 3005: 2874: 2805: 2697: 2630: 1259:

to follow his example and submit to Mongol overlordship, but he persuaded only his son-in-law

89: 5439: 5415: 5399: 5288: 4948: 4892: 4225: 3887: 2157: 1371:

Peninsula, the Mongols formed Korean defectors into a colony of eventually 5,000 households.

2167:

in China in 1271, Möngke Khan was placed on the official record of the dynasty as Xianzong (

1795:

In October 1257, Möngke set out for South China, leaving his administration to his brother,

1585:, accompanied the Mongols. Jalal al-Din was installed as client ruler of Lahore, Kujah, and 1308:

Shamans played an important role in the court and sometimes influenced the war preparation.

1141:

chief of the Taoists. However, the Taoists had exploited their wealth and status by seizing

5507: 5502: 4848: 4840: 4320: 3128: 2269: 2261: 2145: 2058: 2044: 1897: 1761:

had sent an envoy to make peace proposals and discuss with Zhao Yun (posthumously known as

1682: 1062: 1037:

could be forwarded to the needy units. Initially, the maximum rate was fixed at 10–11 gold

967: 620: 146: 2205:

Silver Tree fountain in front of Tumen Amugulang Palace, 18th-century European imagination

8: 5096: 4050: 3097: 3063: 2755: 2257: 1235:

began his journey to Mongolia. He brought many sumptuous presents and met with Möngke at

1050: 472: 1849:

from Thang Long as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in

1484: 3972: 3398: 3368: 3283: 2751: 2561: 2425: 2327: 2305: 2285:

were newly built. Markets were in the Muslim sector and outside the four gates. Ethnic

2222: 1694: 1195: 1191: 964: 956:. Möngke separated the position of the great judge at court from that of chief scribe. 809:

who were involved in the plot were given some form of exile. The anti-Möngke plot of a

748: 464: 436: 278: 4918: 4250: 4190: 3790: 2083:, relates that Möngke was fatally wounded instead by a stone projectile from either a 1758: 1674:, sent envoys to Möngke Khan, who imposed darughachis (overseers) and a census on the 724: 4285: 3587: 3574: 3356: 3346: 3319: 3225: 3187: 3132: 3101: 3067: 3036: 3011: 2811: 2763: 2565: 2525: 2436: 2282: 2242: 2226: 2115: 1671: 1634:

among his treasures to starve him to death ("Le livre des merveilles", 15th century).

1445: 1383: 1286: 1268: 1172: 1164: 1004: 905: 786: 716: 522: 456: 347: 533:

clan. Möngke deeply loved her and gave special favor to her elder daughter, Shirin.

5385: 5367: 5363: 5231: 4832: 4792: 4245: 3690: 3514: 3275: 2655: 2553: 2332: 2133: 2129:, Mongolia, where the late Khagan was buried near the graves of Genghis and Tolui. 2048: 1823: 1789: 1647: 1594: 1509: 1351: 1227:

came to the Mongol court to negotiate terms with Möngke Khan as well. In 1252 King

1224: 1028: 971: 798: 736: 728: 380: 366: 2823:

some type of submission to the Mongols and that at least some were paying tribute.

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to the Christians if they collaborated with him. Hethum strongly encouraged other

1089:

in 1256 and re-established Mongol authority over Eastern Turkey. By that time the

959: 5293: 5258: 5213: 4926: 3892: 3857: 3803: 3093:

The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror

3087: 3057: 2726: 2126: 2075: 1918: 1716: 1631: 1558: 1417: 1142: 667: 655: 294: 261: 186: 5322: 5298: 3897: 3220:

Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257-8 CE)".

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The mission of Friar William of Rubruck: his journey to the court of the Mongols

2152:. It was not until 1304, when all Mongol khans submitted to Kublai's successor, 5139: 4195: 3266:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260". 3263: 2696:

J. Gordon Melton, Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History (2014),

1762: 1512:

accepted terms of vassalage and sent tributes to the administration of Möngke.

1355: 1331:

and the Middle East. In his first plans for additional conquests, Möngke chose

1232: 1078: 636: 555: 540: 407:, ruling from 1 July 1251, to 11 August 1259. He was the first Khagan from the 5208: 4913: 3784: 3716: 3279: 2788:

The Islamic World in Ascendency: From the Arab conquest to the Siege of Vienna

1888:(贞节皇后弘吉剌氏; d.1256), personal name Qutuqhai (忽都台), daughter of Uladai Küregen 1642:

Mongols sacked Syrian cities in 1259–1260 and advanced to the Egyptian border.

1243:. In reply, Möngke explained that he wished his subjects to truly worship the 640: 588: 547: 506: 468: 5496: 5315: 5278: 5000: 4931: 4238: 4056: 3949: 3877: 3809: 3751: 3694: 3678: 3405:

Study of the existing Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty inscriptions in Mongolia

1777: 1495:. They routed the Vietnamese army and sacked the capital Thăng Long (renamed 1480: 1468: 1176: 1110: 872: 790: 778: 696: 404: 233: 191: 5253: 4995: 3852: 3268:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2153: 1675: 1638: 1289:, who went in person in 1253 and encountered there other Muslim rulers from 999:

In 1252–59, Möngke conducted a census of the Mongol Empire, including Iran,

834:

supervisory powers in North China and Iran. Rumours spread that his brother

5389: 5351: 5239: 5197: 5178: 4900: 4340: 4257: 4233: 4148: 4082: 4005: 3985: 3765: 2253: 2164: 2144:. Though Kublai Khan eventually won, the succession war and the subsequent 2080: 2070: 1781: 1766: 1663: 1646:

When Möngke called a kurultai to prepare the next conquest in 1252/53, the

1550: 1520: 1436: 1413: 1336: 1283: 1240: 1220: 1152: 1070: 1061:

in western Georgia as de facto separate ruler. In 1261, he gave shelter to

1016: 848: 683: 483: 448: 420: 139: 4345: 3831: 3708: 3360: 2141: 2016: 1796: 1504:

paid tribute to Uriyangkhadai who had quickly evacuated Vietnam to escape

1271:, who offered his own submission sometime in the 1250s. The armies of the 208: 5347: 5268: 5248: 5188: 5066: 5015: 4975: 4944: 4045: 3867: 3847: 3827: 3704: 3245:

Buell, P. D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another".

2286: 2137: 1945: 1838: 1834: 1773: 1690: 1627: 1554: 1134: 1074: 1033: 1020: 1000: 910: 893: 856: 835: 831: 827: 782: 770: 708: 604: 563: 491: 306: 214: 3287: 2201: 631:'s army joined Möngke's, they sacked the city. He also fought alongside 5111: 5020: 4370: 4355: 4092: 3340: 2369: 1590: 1542: 1428:, which allowed the Mongols to invade from the north, west, and south. 1364: 1082: 945: 914: 901: 170: 1456: 805:, and Shiremun and range from 77 to 300. However, most of the princes 536: 5234:

in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and

4980: 4970: 4335: 4315: 4310: 4269: 2238: 2230: 2214: 2209: 2099: 2088: 2062: 2009: 1938: 1885: 1804: 1740: 1492: 1425: 1412:

Möngke concerned himself more with the war in China, outflanking the

1328: 1279: 1256: 1252: 1236: 1160: 1130: 1125:, received Möngke's patronage. Möngke had been impressed by the aged 941: 843: 839: 794: 742:

Shortly thereafter, Oghul's son Khoja and Ögedei's favorite grandson

700: 691: 687: 671: 663: 659: 632: 628: 487: 3599: 2760:

The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back

2468:

Willem van Ruysbroeck, Peter Jackson, David Morgan, Hakluyt Society

2111:

death was due to illness, leading to the story in Persian accounts.

647: 31: 5106: 4325: 4185: 4067: 3648: 2709:"Kokuan Sun-Yu chi and Southern Taoism during the Yuan period", in 1971: 1959: 1854: 1732: 1709: 1524: 1379: 1368: 1350:, announcing his coronation in October 1251. He also demanded that 1302: 1212: 1156: 1146: 1094: 1024: 989: 937: 888: 852: 712: 651: 616: 592: 551: 526: 499: 327: 2289:

farmers grew vegetables and grains outside the wall of Karakorum.

627:

and offered the city surrender, but his envoys were killed. After

5076: 5071: 5061: 5046: 4350: 4305: 4300: 4087: 4077: 4015: 2103: 2005: 1996: 1850: 1846: 1800: 1720: 1659: 1623: 1578: 1505: 1476: 1472: 1450: 1440: 1387: 1248: 1244: 1180: 1163:, "receiving the homage of the Mongols". "Histoire des Tartars", 1118: 1114: 1090: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1053:, revolted, unsuccessfully, against the Mongols and then fled to 1008: 993: 918: 823: 810: 559: 322: 245: 3918: 3338: 802: 576: 5375: 5355: 5227: 5056: 5030: 5025: 4360: 4330: 4290: 4040: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3815: 3796: 3777: 3747: 3686: 3519:

Traces in the Desert: Journeys of Discovery Across Central Asia

2340: 2278: 2274: 2234: 2184: 1990: 1949: 1736: 1713: 1686: 1667: 1574: 1570: 1432: 1421: 1347: 1340: 1298: 1126: 1086: 1012: 985: 949: 867: 758: 682:

Following his mother Sorghaghtani's advice, Möngke went to the

600: 580: 572: 530: 495: 460: 424: 400: 3397:松田/孝一; オチル; 宇野/伸浩; 松川/節; 中村/淳; 村岡/倫; 松井/太; 村岡/倫; 谷口/綾 (2013). 1354:

submit before him in person and to move his headquarters from

1145:. Möngke demanded that the Taoists cease their denigration of 5202: 5101: 5081: 5010: 4990: 4985: 4965: 4905: 4072: 4062: 4010: 3771: 2225:

saw Hungarians, Russians, Germans, and a Parisian goldsmith,

1858: 1853:

under Möngke and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day

1827: 1785: 1728: 1655: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1546: 1496: 1467:

After subjugating the Dali, Kublai sent a column south under

1332: 1290: 1275:

and Bohemond VI would assist Möngke's army in the West soon.

1204: 1184: 1179:, Möngke favoured Muslim perceptions. He and Hulagu made the 1042: 1038: 970:

in the name of his overlord Möngke, by the power of Heaven" (

897: 774: 766: 762: 732: 720: 704: 643:

recalled him in the winter of 1240–41. However, Ögedei died.

596: 584: 518: 510: 452: 416: 408: 337: 4486:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 603:

and massacred its inhabitants. Many chiefs of the Alans and

543:(on 11 April 1241), in which Möngke might have participated. 5051: 5005: 4365: 4295: 2943:

The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare

2246: 1811:

in the field of the Chinese peasants, Möngke punished him.

1808: 1724: 1681:

Möngke followed the schemes of his predecessor against the

1278:

Muslim rulers also presented their submission to Möngke in

953: 624: 612: 412: 3573:

by Thomas T. Allsen, University of California Press, 1987

3491:

History of the Mongols: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks

2217:

in the National History Museum of Mongolia in Ulaan-Baatar

1719:

refused to meet him in person, then Hulagu was to destroy

913:, Muslim, and Uyghur officials. The Khagan's chief judge ( 505:

In 1230, Möngke went to war for the first time, following

5091: 3345:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 198–199. 1819: 1488: 1386:

as hostage to the Mongol court and promised to return to

785:

against Möngke. After she was arrested and questioned by

447:

Möngke was born on 11 January 1209, as the eldest son of

2989:

Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281

2316: 2114:

Other accounts include those of the Armenian historian

1970:

Married to Chochimtai Küregen (son of Taiju Küregen of

1958:

Married to Chochimtai Küregen (son of Taiju Küregen of

3471: 3420: 2404: 1941:(也速兒皇后弘吉剌氏d. after 1260), personal name Yesü'er (也速兒) 550:

dispatched him along with his relatives to attack the

490:. Möngke was fifteen years old, and with his brother, 4216:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

3222:

Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam

2976:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

2964:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

1530: 3208:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

3059:

The Ismaili Assassins: A History of Medieval Murder

2106:near the site of the siege on 11 August 1259 — the 1553:. Sali himself was subordinate to Möngke's brother 1023:. While the census of China was completed in 1252, 399:; 11 January 1209 – 11 August 1259) was the fourth 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3586:by René Grousset, Rutgers University Press, 1970. 3496: 3186:. University of California Press. pp. 24–27. 2999: 2997: 2836:Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir, boyi II 2424: 2260:. He decorated the capital city of Karakorum with 1864: 703:sent Möngke under the protection of his brothers, 623:. Möngke was apparently taken by the splendour of 4211:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 3396: 2196: 1772:In 1252, Möngke commissioned his younger brother 670:eventually died en route to the west in 1248 and 5494: 5169: 3010:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420. 1930:Married to Kurin Küregen (nephew of Uladai Küreg 936:, while the chief scribe was the Bulghai of the 773:and Iraq in the west. Möngke and Batu's brother 4631:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 3746: 3627:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 3466:Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world 2994: 2606:Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world 2593:Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world 2522:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 711:to assemble a formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in 5362:) already started to use the Chinese title of 3400:モンゴル国現存モンゴル帝国・元朝碑文の研究 : ビチェース・プロジェクト成果報告書 3318:. University of California Press. p. 45. 2917:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire 2862:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2807:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2644:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2618:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2580:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2427:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2241:and other foreigners such as a woman from the 1604: 814:retroactively awarded his father the title of 5186:Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by 5155: 3934: 3732: 3407:] (in Japanese). 枚方: 大阪国際大学ビジネス学部松田孝一研究室. 3213: 2911: 2909: 2539: 2537: 892:them from using the imperial relay stations, 19:"Mongke" redirects here. For other uses, see 4114: 3219: 3163: 3161: 2422: 2221:In 1252–53, Flemish missionary and explorer 2132:Möngke's death in 1259 led to the four-year 1944:Oghul Tutmish or Oghul Qaimish (daughter of 471:'s childless queen Angqui raised him at her 5358:(Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" ( 3373:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 875:during the reign of Möngke Khan (r.1251–59) 591:, were ordered to reduce the tribes in the 5162: 5148: 3941: 3927: 3739: 3725: 3307: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3007:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines 2906: 2534: 2094:Persian accounts largely originating from 1393: 1133:, who met his grandfather Genghis Khan in 439:, Möngke Khan was a man of medium height. 138: 3543:Lubin, Nancy. "Rule of Timur". In Curtis. 3339:Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, 1247?-1318. (1971). 3158: 3024: 2378:mongoltoli.mn, mongolian state dictionary 2252:In 1253, Möngke deported households from 1845:In 1259, Uriyangkhadai's forces attacked 1316: 301:Emperor Huansu (桓肅皇帝) (conferred in 1266) 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 3618: 3055: 2901:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongols 2543: 2509:Historical dictionary of medieval Russia 2410: 2208: 2200: 1842:been sent to ask the city's submission. 1637: 1622: 1491:and an army of 3,000 Mongols and 10,000 1455: 1151: 1105:Möngke confirmed Güyük's appointment of 958: 878: 866: 535: 3313: 3181: 3170: 3086: 3003: 2457:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens 1658:were subject to the Mongol Empire. The 1557:. Due to the internal conflicts of the 1475:. Uriyangkhadai sent envoys to ask the 862: 674:and Möngke emerged as main contenders. 377:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 5495: 4561:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 4520:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 3258: 3256: 3033:The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam 2148:essentially resulted in the permanent 1311: 144:Möngke and his court, depicted in the 16:Fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 5143: 4880: 4391: 4113: 3960: 3922: 3720: 3238: 3120: 3030: 2326: 1109:as chief of all the Buddhists in the 4392: 4144:Administrative divisions and vassals 3619:Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), 2803: 2685:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World 2256:to repair and maintain the imperial 677: 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 5226:Following Kublai's enthronement as 4411: 3597: 3502: 3477: 3426: 3262: 3253: 3121:Brown, Daniel W. (24 August 2011). 2729:, p. 58, quoting Hayton of Corycus. 2015:Asutai — supported the election of 1981:Chübei Khatun (d. 8 September 1259) 1753:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 1611:Mongol campaign against the Nizaris 1390:, the Mongols withdrew from Korea. 1100: 842:. In 1257 the Emperor sent two tax 521:died in 1232, and Ögedei appointed 13: 3563: 3537: 2423:Pratt Atwood, Christopher (2004). 2136:between his two younger brothers, 1814:Meanwhile, Uriyangkhadai's forces 1531:Conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate 14: 5549: 5242:in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China. 3948: 3604:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 3316:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 3244: 3184:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 2810:. Psychology Press. p. 541. 2163:When Kublai Khan established the 1666:, Malik Kamil, and his cousin in 313:Xianzong (憲宗) (conferred in 1266) 5513:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire 2213:The Model of the Khan Palace in 1788:before turning east towards the 1453:, had completely pacified Dali. 1159:(seated) in the Mongol court of 357: 30: 3961: 3546: 3524: 3508: 3483: 3458: 3445: 3440:Daily life in the Mongol empire 3432: 3411: 3390: 3381: 3332: 3294: 3200: 3145: 3114: 3080: 3049: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2893: 2880: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2828: 2797: 2781: 2772: 2745: 2732: 2716: 2703: 2690: 2677: 2664: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2572: 2514: 2501: 2079:, which was written during the 1865:Wives, concubines, and children 1282:, such as the Ayyubid ruler of 690:, who was afflicted with gout. 478:On his way back home after the 41:needs additional citations for 5380: 3342:The successors of Genghis Khan 2724:Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie 2488: 2475: 2462: 2449: 2416: 2392: 2362: 2345: 2299: 2197:Foreign influence in Karakorum 2189: 2180: 2172: 1746: 1123:Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama 619:. He also participated in the 609:the invasion of Eastern Europe 1: 5528:13th-century Chinese monarchs 5448:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 5350:announced the dynastic name " 5131:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 4828:Division of the Mongol Empire 2558:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799 2355: 2150:division of the Mongol Empire 2053:Division of the Mongol Empire 1803:and took Paoning (modern-day 1424:) in 1254 and an invasion of 1305:) offering their submission. 1171:Despite his conquests of the 1077:crushed the rebellion of the 739:, acknowledged the decision. 607:surrendered to Möngke. After 480:Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia 442: 430: 5171:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty 1818:with generals Trechecdu and 1416:through the conquest of the 1049:In 1259, the Georgian king, 707:and Tuqa-temur, and his son 165:1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259 7: 4078:Manghit / Mangudai 3612:Central European University 3124:A New Introduction to Islam 2954:C. P. Atwood, Ibid, p. 579. 2317: 1871:Family tree of Genghis Khan 1605:Conquest of the Middle East 1404:Mongol invasions of Vietnam 1273:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1113:in 1251. In 1253 Namo from 1041:in the Middle East and 6–7 807:descended from Genghis Khan 777:therefore arranged to have 595:. The Mongols captured the 156:Khagan of the Mongol Empire 10: 5554: 5388:since the enthronement of 4881: 4857:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 2098:claim that Möngke died of 2042: 1939:Hongjila clan of Khongirad 1886:Hongjila clan of Khongirad 1868: 1750: 1723:. Hulagu then advanced on 1608: 1534: 1479:for a route to attack the 1461:Mongol invasion of Vietnam 1397: 1320: 1117:was made chief of all the 419:as well as the kingdom of 18: 5523:13th-century Mongol khans 5518:Monarchs killed in action 5393: 5371: 5340: 5314: 5305: 5177: 5128: 5039: 4958: 4891: 4887: 4876: 4820: 4769: 4672:(1223 / 1236–40) 4618: 4595: 4578:(1257 / 1284–88) 4548: 4473: 4418: 4407: 4387: 4278: 4224: 4201:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 4136: 4132: 4109: 4024: 3971: 3967: 3956: 3840: 3758: 3701: 3684: 3675: 3670: 3642: 3584:The Empire of the Steppes 3417:Sister of Empress Zhenjie 3280:10.1017/S0041977X13000475 3127:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: 2915:Christopher Pratt Atwood 2431:. Facts on File. p. 2336: 2309: 2120:Mongol invasions of Japan 1619:Mongol invasions of Syria 1579:Sham al-Din Muhammad Kart 1537:Mongol invasions of India 1374:In 1258 the king and the 1323:Mongol invasions of Korea 1198:as a diplomat seeking an 1057:, whence he reigned over 459:. Teb Tengri Khokhcuu, a 343: 333: 321: 312: 305: 300: 293: 277: 272: 268: 255: 239: 227: 223: 201: 179: 169: 161: 154: 137: 132: 3532:The Mongols and the West 3314:Rossabi, Morris (2009). 3182:Rossabi, Morris (2009). 3004:Daftary, Farhad (1992). 2672:History of the Armenians 2292: 2038: 1776:and experienced general 1408:Mongol conquest of Tibet 1400:Mongol invasion of China 1251:and that he would remit 988:and silver coins in the 662:, the eldest brother of 513:into battle against the 379: instead of text in 243:11 August 1259 (aged 50) 4154:Invasions and conquests 4073:Paiza / Gerege 3031:Lewis, Bernard (2011). 2941:Matthew Bennett, Peter 2804:Meri, Josef W. (2006). 2711:China under Mongol rule 2399:Encyclopædia Britannica 1615:Siege of Baghdad (1258) 1431:Möngke Khan dispatched 1394:Dali, Vietnam and Tibet 1265:Principality of Antioch 1190:During Möngke's reign, 569:Mongol invasion of Rus' 260:Unknown, presumptively 21:Mongke (disambiguation) 5323:Huizong (Emperor Shun) 5299:Huizong (Emperor Shun) 4811:(1260 / 1301) 4539:(1274 / 1281) 4206:Franco-Mongol alliance 3841:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans 3302:The Mongols: A History 3153:The Mongols: A History 2670:Kirakos Ganjakets'i', 2218: 2206: 1643: 1635: 1581:, the client malik of 1464: 1346:Möngke sent envoys to 1317:Capitulation of Goryeo 1217: 1168: 975: 884: 876: 855:advisers pointed out, 544: 365:This article contains 5384:) practically in the 3598:Pow, Stephen (2017). 3129:John Wiley & Sons 2987:Reuven Amitai-Preiss 2212: 2204: 2073:. The account in the 2043:Further information: 1906:Ürüng-Tash (d. 1267) 1833:On 18 February 1259, 1641: 1630:imprisons the Caliph 1626: 1519:, reaching as far as 1517:Qoridai invaded Tibet 1487:) along with his son 1459: 1219:Ambassadors from the 1209: 1155: 962: 882: 870: 735:and the deposed khan 731:, such as his cousin 613:would bring them back 571:. While his cousins, 539: 4702:Serbia and Bulgaria 3489:Henry Hoyle Howorth 3098:Simon & Schuster 2683:André Wink-Al-Hind, 2546:Central Asian Survey 2275:Buddhist monasteries 2059:Siege of Diaoyucheng 2045:Siege of Diaoyucheng 863:Administrative ethos 621:Siege of Kiev (1240) 147:Tarikh-i Jahangushay 50:improve this article 4949:Khagans of the Yuan 4678:Poland and Bohemia 4454:Khwarazmian Empire 4179:Society and economy 3629:by Jack Weatherford 3552:Christopher Dawson 3480:, pp. 102–106. 3429:, pp. 104–106. 3387:son of Butu Küregen 3090:(17 October 2019). 3064:Pen and Sword Books 2756:Kirakos Gandzaketsi 2507:Lawrence N. Langer 2233:. He even heard of 2177:traditional Chinese 1909:Sarban (died young) 1699:Ala al-Din Muhammad 1670:and future Sultan, 1312:Period of conquests 525:head of the Toluid 4694:Holy Roman Empire 4149:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 3224:. Reaktion Books. 3167:Ebrey et al., 240. 2752:Emil Bretschneider 2659:Mongol Imperialism 2604:Jack Weatherford, 2591:Jack Weatherford, 2455:Jack Weatherford, 2223:William of Rubruck 2219: 2207: 2169:simplified Chinese 1917:(only attested in 1912:Öljei (died young) 1896:(only attested in 1695:William of Rubruck 1644: 1636: 1465: 1295:Badr al'Din Lu'lu' 1196:William of Rubruck 1192:Louis IX of France 1169: 976: 885: 877: 729:Chagatayid princes 545: 465:Mongolian language 437:William of Rubruck 5538:Tengrist monarchs 5490: 5489: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4849:Kaidu–Kublai war 4841:Berke–Hulagu war 4833:Toluid Civil War 4614: 4613: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4186:House of Borjigin 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 3916: 3915: 3819: 3800: 3781: 3715: 3714: 3702:Succeeded by 3649:House of Borjigin 3464:Jack Weatherford 3138:978-1-4443-5772-1 3107:978-1-4711-5664-9 3073:978-1-78346-150-9 3042:978-0-297-86333-5 3017:978-0-521-42974-0 2817:978-0-415-96690-0 2778:Runciman, p. 297. 2738:Jack Weatherford 2442:978-0-8160-4671-3 2243:Duchy of Lorraine 2227:Guillaume Boucher 2116:Hayton of Corycus 1967:Princess Bichige 1927:Princess Bayalun 1875:Principal wives: 1822:and captured the 1672:Malik Nasir Yusuf 1567:Nasiruddin Mahmud 1384:Wonjong of Goryeo 1287:Al-Kamil Muhammad 1269:County of Tripoli 1173:Abbasid Caliphate 1165:Hayton of Corycus 906:Ata-Malik Juvayni 781:accused of using 678:Toluid revolution 654:. The new Khagan 457:Sorghaghtani Beki 373:rendering support 353: 352: 348:Sorghaghtani Beki 317: 316: 126: 125: 118: 100: 5545: 5397: 5395: 5386:Chinese language 5382: 5373: 5333:Tianyuan Emperor 5309: 5279:Tianshun Emperor 5244: 5194: 5192:as Yuan emperors 5164: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5140: 4935: 4922: 4919:Töregene Khatun 4909: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4606: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4562: 4540: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4439: 4431: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4389: 4388: 4351:Shangdu (Xanadu) 4341:Sarai Batu/Berke 4246:Chagatai Khanate 4134: 4133: 4111: 4110: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3873:Yesün Temür Khan 3813: 3794: 3775: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3676:Preceded by 3666: 3659: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3615: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3515:Christoph Baumer 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3364: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3311: 3305: 3300:Jeremiah Curtin 3298: 3292: 3291: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3179: 3168: 3165: 3156: 3151:Jeremiah Curtin 3149: 3143: 3142: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3088:Fiennes, Ranulph 3084: 3078: 3077: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2930:Viet Nam Su Luoc 2928:Tran, Trong Kim 2926: 2920: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2801: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2656:Thomas T. Allsen 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2541: 2532: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2366: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2312: 2303: 2191: 2182: 2174: 2146:Kaidu–Kublai war 2134:Toluid Civil War 2061:near modern-day 2049:Toluid Civil War 1989:Bayavchin (from 1955:Princess Shirin 1937:Empress, of the 1898:Jami al-Tawarikh 1891:Baltu (d. 1258) 1652:Lu'lu'id dynasty 1648:Sultanate of Rum 1225:Empire of Nicaea 1143:Buddhist temples 1101:Religious policy 1029:Alexander Nevsky 935: 756: 451:'s teenaged son 381:Mongolian script 367:Mongolian script 361: 360: 284: 270: 269: 142: 130: 129: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5398: 5390:Genghis Emperor 5342: 5336: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5274:Taiding Emperor 5224: 5184: 5173: 5168: 5138: 5133: 5116: 5035: 4954: 4933: 4920: 4907: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4654:Volga Bulgaria 4647: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4544: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4509:Southern China 4502: 4494: 4493:Northern China 4485: 4483: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4437: 4429: 4403: 4402: 4375: 4274: 4251:House of Ögedei 4220: 4191:House of Ögedei 4159:Destructiveness 4128: 4127: 4097: 4034: 4020: 3963: 3952: 3947: 3917: 3912: 3893:Rinchinbal Khan 3836: 3791:Töregene Khatun 3754: 3745: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3682: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3566: 3564:Further reading 3561: 3560: 3554:Mission to Asia 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3366: 3365: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3264:Haw, Stephen G. 3261: 3254: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3180: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131:. p. 229. 3119: 3115: 3108: 3100:. p. 135. 3085: 3081: 3074: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3002: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2733: 2727:Claude Mutafian 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2674:, $ 63 and $ 64 2669: 2665: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2542: 2535: 2520:J. Weatherford 2519: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2323: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2199: 2127:Burkhan Khaldun 2108:History of Yuan 2076:History of Yuan 2055: 2041: 1881:Empress Zhenjie 1873: 1867: 1816:invaded Vietnam 1780:to conquer the 1759:Töregene Khatun 1755: 1749: 1683:Nizari Ismailis 1621: 1607: 1559:Delhi Sultanate 1539: 1533: 1418:Kingdom of Dali 1410: 1398:Main articles: 1396: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1263:, ruler of the 1103: 963:"Struck by the 925: 865: 746: 680: 509:and his father 445: 433: 386: 385: 384: 371:Without proper 362: 358: 295:Posthumous name 286: 282: 264: 262:Burkhan Khaldun 244: 232: 231:11 January 1209 219: 197: 150: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5488: 5487: 5360:Ikh Mongol Uls 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5183: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4937: 4932:Oghul Qaimish 4929: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4196:Mongol Armenia 4193: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3888:Khutughtu Khan 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3820: 3806: 3801: 3787: 3782: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3700: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3671:Regnal titles 3668: 3667: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3595: 3581: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3545: 3536: 3530:Peter Jackson 3523: 3507: 3505:, p. 102. 3495: 3482: 3470: 3457: 3444: 3431: 3419: 3410: 3389: 3380: 3351: 3331: 3325:978-0520261327 3324: 3306: 3293: 3274:(3): 361–371. 3252: 3237: 3231:978-1780233888 3230: 3212: 3206:René Grousset 3199: 3193:978-0520261327 3192: 3169: 3157: 3144: 3137: 3113: 3106: 3079: 3072: 3048: 3041: 3023: 3016: 2993: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2947: 2934: 2921: 2905: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2816: 2796: 2780: 2771: 2744: 2731: 2715: 2702: 2689: 2676: 2663: 2648: 2635: 2622: 2610: 2597: 2584: 2571: 2552:(4): 531–547. 2533: 2530:978-0609809648 2513: 2500: 2494:Leo de Hartog 2487: 2474: 2461: 2448: 2441: 2415: 2413:, p. 172. 2403: 2391: 2380:(in Mongolian) 2360: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2328:[mɵŋx] 2297: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2198: 2195: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2004:Quitani (from 2002: 2001: 2000: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1866: 1863: 1763:Emperor Lizong 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1731:in 1259, took 1606: 1603: 1535:Main article: 1532: 1529: 1502:Trần Thái Tông 1395: 1392: 1378:clan retainer 1356:Ganghwa Island 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1233:Lesser Armenia 1177:Isma'ili state 1137:. Möngke made 1119:Buddhist monks 1102: 1099: 883:Mengeser Noyan 864: 861: 679: 676: 637:Battle of Mohi 541:Battle of Mohi 444: 441: 432: 429: 375:, you may see 363: 356: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 325: 319: 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 303: 302: 298: 297: 291: 290: 275: 274: 266: 265: 259: 257: 253: 252: 241: 237: 236: 229: 225: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 205: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 189: 183: 181: 177: 176: 173: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 152: 151: 143: 135: 134: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Kerait people 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5316:Northern Yuan 5313: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5240:Southern Song 5237: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5132: 5127: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Chagatai Khan 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710:Latin Empire 4708: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4239:Northern Yuan 4237: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4164:Imperial Seal 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057:Pax Mongolica 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:Mongol Empire 3944: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898:Ukhaantu Khan 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3878:Ragibagh Khan 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3810:Oghul Qaimish 3807: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759:Early Khagans 3757: 3753: 3752:Mongol Empire 3749: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3695:Mongol Empire 3692: 3688: 3680: 3679:Oghul Qaimish 3674: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3592:0-8135-1304-9 3589: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579:0-520-05527-6 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3352:0-231-03351-6 3348: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2899:C. P. Atwood 2896: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2860:C. P. Atwood 2857: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2768:1-4021-9303-3 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2713:, pp. 212–253 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2642:C. P. Atwood 2639: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2578:C. P. Atwood 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2419: 2412: 2411:Rockhill 1967 2407: 2400: 2395: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2211: 2203: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:Rashid al-Din 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1915:Möngke Temür 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:Uriyangkhadai 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Southern Song 1478: 1474: 1471:, the son of 1470: 1469:Uriyangkhadai 1462: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1213:their shamans 1208: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1183:community at 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Mongol Empire 1108: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073:. Meanwhile, 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 982: 974:, dated 1253) 973: 969: 966: 965:Georgian King 961: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:North Chinese 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 881: 874: 873:Mongol Empire 869: 860: 858: 854: 850: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 819: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:Oghul Qaimish 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 750: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Oghul Qaimish 693: 689: 685: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 583:, Möngke and 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 542: 538: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 440: 438: 435:According to 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:Mongol Empire 402: 398: 394: 393:Möngke Khagan 390: 382: 378: 374: 370: 368: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 324: 320: 311: 308: 304: 299: 296: 292: 289: 280: 276: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 251: 250:Southern Song 247: 242: 238: 235: 234:Mongol Empire 230: 226: 222: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 204: 200: 193: 192:Oghul Qaimish 190: 188: 185: 184: 182: 178: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 148: 141: 136: 131: 128: 120: 117: 109: 106:November 2019 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 65:"Möngke Khan" 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 5436:N. Dynasties 5432:S. Dynasties 5379: 5359: 5343: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5191: 5185: 4939: 4901:Genghis Khan 4670:Kievan Rus' 4648:(1237–1300s) 4640:(1237–1300s) 4484:Western Xia 4446:Qara Khitai 4279:Major cities 4258:Golden Horde 4234:Yuan dynasty 4121:Organization 4055: 4006:Khong Tayiji 3903:Biligtü Khan 3883:Jayaatu Khan 3863:Buyantu Khan 3853:Öljeytü Khan 3822: 3808: 3789: 3770: 3766:Genghis Khan 3685: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3644:Möngke Khan 3632: 3626: 3620: 3607: 3603: 3583: 3570: 3553: 3548: 3539: 3531: 3526: 3518: 3517:, John Hare 3510: 3498: 3490: 3485: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3439: 3438:George Lane 3434: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3383: 3341: 3334: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3271: 3267: 3246: 3240: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3183: 3152: 3147: 3123: 3116: 3096:. New York: 3092: 3082: 3062:. Barnsley: 3058: 3051: 3032: 3026: 3006: 2988: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2821: 2806: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2759: 2747: 2740:Genghis Khan 2739: 2734: 2723: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2692: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608:, pp. 175–76 2605: 2600: 2592: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2549: 2545: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2496:Genghis Khan 2495: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2426: 2418: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2377: 2371: 2364: 2344: 2315: 2301: 2254:China proper 2251: 2220: 2188: 2165:Yuan dynasty 2162: 2158:late Khagans 2131: 2124: 2113: 2107: 2093: 2081:Ming dynasty 2074: 2071:Bar Hebraeus 2056: 1991:Bayaut tribe 1985:Concubines: 1984: 1916: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1844: 1832: 1824:Trần dynasty 1813: 1794: 1790:Trần dynasty 1782:Dali Kingdom 1771: 1767:Song dynasty 1756: 1717:Al-Musta'sim 1707: 1703: 1680: 1664:Mayyafariqin 1645: 1632:Al-Musta'sim 1540: 1514: 1510:Trần dynasty 1493:Yi tribesmen 1466: 1437:Dali Kingdom 1430: 1414:Song dynasty 1411: 1373: 1361: 1345: 1337:Dali Kingdom 1326: 1307: 1284:Mayyafariqin 1277: 1241:Christianity 1221:Latin Empire 1218: 1210: 1189: 1170: 1104: 1048: 1017:Central Asia 998: 992:, Iran, and 980: 977: 919:Jait-Jalayir 886: 820: 815: 787:Sorghaghtani 741: 717:Sorghaghtani 684:Golden Horde 681: 645: 546: 523:Sorghaghtani 504: 484:Genghis Khan 477: 467:. His uncle 449:Genghis Khan 446: 434: 423:(modern-day 396: 392: 388: 387: 364: 287: 145: 127: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 5508:1259 deaths 5503:1209 births 5428:16 Kingdoms 5354:" in 1271, 4976:Sartaq Khan 4945:Kublai Khan 4940:Möngke Khan 4914:Ögedei Khan 4893:Great Khans 4859:(1314–1318) 4851:(1268–1301) 4803:(1260–1323) 4787:(1253–1256) 4770:Middle East 4664:(1238–1239) 4605:(1221–1327) 4464:(1219–1256) 4456:(1219–1221) 4438:(1264–1308) 4430:(1207-1308) 4296:Azov (Azaq) 3962:Terminology 3908:Uskhal Khan 3868:Gegeen Khan 3848:Setsen Khan 3828:Kublai Khan 3823:Möngke Khan 3785:Ögedei Khan 3705:Kublai Khan 3651:(1206–1634) 3453:Kublai Khan 2888:Kublai Khan 2849:Kublai Khan 2483:Kublai Khan 2138:Kublai Khan 1946:Qutuqa Beki 1894:Töre Tömür 1839:South China 1835:Tsagaan Sar 1826:capital of 1747:South China 1541:In 1252–53 1420:(in modern 1352:King Gojong 1293:(envoys of 1261:Bohemond VI 1139:Li Zhichang 1135:Afghanistan 1021:North China 1001:Afghanistan 926: [ 902:obligations 894:yam (route) 799:Yesü Möngke 783:black magic 771:Afghanistan 747: [ 737:Qara Hülegü 605:Circassians 587:, a son of 564:Volga delta 556:Kievan Rus' 515:Jin dynasty 507:Ögedei Khan 494:, killed a 469:Ögedei Khan 409:Toluid line 389:Möngke Khan 307:Temple name 215:Kublai Khan 180:Predecessor 175:1 July 1251 133:Möngke Khan 5497:Categories 5420:3 Kingdoms 5396:) in 1206. 5352:Great Yuan 5112:Nogai Khan 4996:Özbeg Khan 4927:Güyük Khan 4821:Civil wars 4809:Palestine 4718:Lithuania 4638:Circassia 4371:Xacitarxan 4356:Soltaniyeh 4093:Darughachi 3858:Külüg Khan 3804:Güyük Khan 3772:Tolui Khan 3699:1251–1259 2524:, p. 169, 2356:References 2324:pronounced 2237:miners in 2154:Temür Khan 2030:Öljei Buqa 1999:(d. 1280s) 1869:See also: 1828:Thang Long 1676:Diyarbakır 1609:See also: 1591:darughachi 1543:Sali Noyan 1477:Vietnamese 1365:chiliarchy 1083:Kaykaus II 946:Arghun Aqa 917:) was the 915:darughachi 844:inspectors 816:Ikh Khagan 579:, went to 443:Early life 431:Appearance 211:(claimant) 187:Güyük Khan 171:Coronation 76:newspapers 5254:Chengzong 4981:Orda Khan 4971:Batu Khan 4835:(1260–64) 4779:(1241–43) 4777:Anatolia 4752:(1287–88) 4744:(1285–86) 4736:(1264–65) 4728:(1259–60) 4720:(1258–59) 4696:(1241–42) 4688:(1241–42) 4680:(1240–41) 4656:(1229–36) 4646:Chechnya 4586:(1300–02) 4550:Southeast 4529:(1253–56) 4511:(1235–79) 4503:(1231–60) 4495:(1211–34) 4448:(1216–18) 4436:Sakhalin 4396:Campaigns 4346:Saray-Jük 4336:Samarkand 4311:Karakorum 4270:Ilkhanate 4028:Political 3832:Ariq Böke 3709:Ariq Böke 3556:, p. 129. 3534:, p. 127. 3493:, p. 214. 3451:John Man 3369:cite book 3304:, p. 329. 3210:, p. 284. 3155:, p. 327. 3035:. Orion. 2978:, p. 112. 2966:, p. 111. 2945:, p. 332. 2919:, p. 579. 2903:, p. 613. 2886:John Man 2864:, p. 319. 2851:, p. 208. 2847:John Man 2838:, p. 254. 2742:, p. 175. 2566:203044817 2481:John Man- 2384:5 October 2372:Мөнх хаан 2306:Mongolian 2249:-making. 2245:mastered 2239:Dzungaria 2231:Karakorum 2215:Karakorum 2142:Ariq Böke 2100:dysentery 2089:trebuchet 2063:Chongqing 2017:Ariq Böke 2010:Khongirad 1884:, of the 1805:Langzhong 1797:Ariq Böke 1792:by 1257. 1757:In 1241, 1662:ruler of 1551:Qara'unas 1525:appanages 1426:Indochina 1388:Gaegyeong 1343:in 1252. 1329:East Asia 1280:Karakorum 1257:Crusaders 1253:Jerusalem 1237:Karakorum 1161:Karakorum 1131:Qiu Chuji 1091:Kashmiris 1063:David VII 1034:auxiliary 942:Turkestan 923:Menggeser 921:official 849:Confucian 840:Karakorum 795:Eljigidei 660:Orda Khan 646:In 1246, 611:, Möngke 488:Ili River 279:Mongolian 209:Ariq Böke 202:Successor 5328:Zhaozong 5294:Ningzong 5289:Mingzong 5269:Yingzong 5236:conquest 5219:Xianzong 5214:Dingzong 5205:(regent) 5107:Boroldai 5087:Khubilai 5067:Bo'orchu 5040:Military 4934:(regent) 4921:(regent) 4908:(regent) 4793:Baghdad 4742:Hungary 4686:Hungary 4629:Georgia 4576:Vietnam 4428:Siberia 4326:Maragheh 4226:Khanates 4174:Religion 4169:Military 4118:Politics 4068:Kurultai 4031:Military 3681:(regent) 3521:, p. 57. 3503:Pow 2017 3478:Pow 2017 3468:, p. 188 3455:, p. 98. 3427:Pow 2017 3288:24692275 2991:, p. 78. 2932:, p. 52. 2890:, p. 79. 2687:, p. 208 2661:, p. 142 2620:, p. 362 2595:, p. 176 2582:, p. 364 2511:, p. 131 2498:, p. 168 2472:, p. 168 2459:, p. 135 2401:"Möngke" 2283:churches 2266:European 2190:Xiànzōng 2008:clan of 1972:Olkhunut 1960:Olkhunut 1921:sources) 1855:Shandong 1733:Damascus 1710:Abbasids 1708:For the 1650:and the 1485:Đại Việt 1380:Kim Chun 1369:Liaodong 1335:and the 1303:Artuqids 1229:Hethum I 1223:and the 1200:alliance 1175:and the 1157:Hethum I 1147:Buddhism 1095:Srinagar 1051:David VI 1025:Novgorod 990:Caucasus 938:Keraites 889:Borjigin 853:Buddhist 744:Shiremun 713:Mongolia 686:to meet 652:kurultai 617:Mongolia 599:capital 593:Caucasus 552:Kipchaks 527:appanage 500:antelope 328:Borjigin 194:(regent) 5381:Huángdì 5368:Chinese 5364:Emperor 5356:Khagans 5346:Before 5284:Wenzong 5264:Renzong 5232:Emperor 5209:Taizong 5203:Ruizong 5077:Boroqul 5072:Guo Kan 5062:Negudar 5047:Subutai 4947: ( 4785:Alamut 4758:Serbia 4750:Poland 4734:Thrace 4726:Poland 4662:Alania 4527:Yunnan 4462:Persia 4420:Central 4399:Battles 4306:Bolghar 4301:Bukhara 4286:Almalik 4088:Kheshig 4016:Tarkhan 3750:of the 3693:of the 3691:Emperor 3442:, p. 9. 2754:tr. of 2646:, p. 78 2485:, p. 32 2333:Chinese 2279:mosques 2270:Persian 2262:Chinese 2104:cholera 2024:Hulachu 2006:Eljigin 1997:Shiregi 1919:Timurid 1851:Sichuan 1847:Guangxi 1801:Sichuan 1721:Baghdad 1660:Ayyubid 1565:Sultan 1545:of the 1521:Damxung 1506:malaria 1473:Subutai 1463:in 1257 1451:Subutai 1441:Sichuan 1435:to the 1249:Baghdad 1245:Messiah 1181:Twelver 1167:, 1307. 1115:Kashmir 1081:Sultan 1067:Tbilisi 1059:Imereti 1055:Kutaisi 1009:Armenia 1005:Georgia 994:Bolghar 972:Persian 948:of the 824:amnesty 759:Kankali 725:Ögedeid 715:. When 635:at the 560:Bulgars 498:and an 403:of the 246:Sichuan 90:scholar 5460:W. Xia 5378:: 5376:pinyin 5370:: 5348:Kublai 5259:Wuzong 5228:Khagan 5189:Kublai 5057:Muqali 5031:Ghazan 5026:Arghun 5016:Hulegu 4906:Tolui 4882:People 4843:(1262) 4801:Syria 4795:(1258) 4760:(1291) 4712:(1242) 4704:(1242) 4620:Europe 4603:India 4584:Burma 4570:(1293) 4559:Burma 4537:Japan 4518:Tibet 4501:Korea 4361:Tabriz 4331:Qarshi 4291:Avarga 4137:Topics 4041:Jarlig 4001:Jinong 3996:Khanum 3991:Khatun 3981:Khagan 3973:Titles 3816:Regent 3797:Regent 3778:Regent 3748:Khagan 3687:Khagan 3661: 3614:: 102. 3590: 3577: 3361:160563 3359: 3349: 3322: 3286: 3228: 3190: 3135: 3104: 3070: 3039: 3014: 2875:p. 436 2834:J.Bor 2814: 2792:Hetoum 2766: 2698:p. 844 2631:p. 401 2564: 2528: 2439: 2346:Ménggē 2343:: 2341:pinyin 2335:: 2314:Мөнх, 2281:, and 2268:, and 2187:: 2185:pinyin 2179:: 2171:: 2085:cannon 2067:Syriac 2051:, and 2027:Hantum 1950:Oirats 1774:Kublai 1737:Aleppo 1714:Caliph 1691:Hülegü 1687:Qazvin 1678:area. 1668:Aleppo 1628:Hulagu 1617:, and 1575:Lahore 1571:Multan 1563:Mamluk 1561:, the 1555:Hulagu 1508:. The 1433:Kublai 1422:Yunnan 1406:, and 1348:Goryeo 1341:Yunnan 1299:Mardin 1297:) and 1127:Taoist 1107:Haiyun 1087:Ankara 1079:Seljuk 1071:tumens 1039:dinars 1019:, and 1013:Russia 986:copper 944:, and 898:paizas 896:, and 857:Kublai 836:Kublai 832:Hulagu 828:Kublai 811:Uyghur 709:Sartaq 648:Temüge 641:Ögedei 601:Maghas 589:Ögedei 581:Crimea 573:Shiban 558:, and 548:Ögedei 496:rabbit 492:Kublai 461:shaman 425:Yunnan 401:khagan 397:Möngke 391:(also 344:Mother 334:Father 288:Möngke 256:Burial 92: 85: 78: 71: 63: 5404:Shang 5394:成吉思皇帝 5344:Note: 5249:Shizu 5198:Taizu 5102:Kadan 5097:Bayan 5082:Jelme 5021:Abaqa 5011:Kebek 4991:Toqta 4986:Berke 4966:Jochi 4959:Khans 4596:South 4568:Java 4321:Majar 4263:Wings 4083:Tümen 4063:Yassa 4046:Örtöö 4011:Noyan 3663:Died: 3656:Born: 3403:[ 3284:JSTOR 2562:S2CID 2318:Mönkh 2311:ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ 2293:Notes 2258:ordas 2235:Saxon 2229:, in 2069:monk 2039:Death 2021:Öljei 1859:Henan 1786:Tibet 1729:Syria 1656:Mosul 1599:Indus 1587:Sodra 1583:Herat 1547:Tatar 1497:Hanoi 1376:Ch'oe 1333:Korea 1291:Mosul 1205:Jesus 1194:sent 1185:Najaf 1129:monk 1085:near 1075:Baiju 1043:taels 981:sukhe 968:David 950:Oirat 934:] 779:Oghul 775:Berke 767:Yassa 763:noyan 755:] 733:Kadan 721:Berke 705:Berke 668:Güyük 656:Güyük 585:Kadan 531:Oirat 519:Tolui 511:Tolui 453:Tolui 417:Syria 338:Tolui 323:House 283:ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ 273:Names 162:Reign 97:JSTOR 83:books 5476:Qing 5472:Ming 5468:Yuan 5456:Song 5452:Liao 5444:Tang 5408:Zhou 5179:Yuan 5052:Jebe 5006:Duwa 4475:East 4412:Asia 4366:Ukek 4316:Dadu 4124:Life 4051:Orda 3986:Khan 3814:(as 3795:(as 3776:(as 3665:1259 3658:1209 3588:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3375:link 3357:OCLC 3347:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3226:ISBN 3188:ISBN 3133:ISBN 3102:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3037:ISBN 3012:ISBN 2812:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2526:ISBN 2437:ISBN 2386:2017 2247:yurt 2140:and 1857:and 1809:crop 1741:Gaza 1735:and 1725:Iraq 1595:Sind 1573:and 1446:Dali 1267:and 954:Iran 871:The 851:and 830:and 803:Büri 727:and 719:and 701:Batu 692:Batu 688:Batu 672:Batu 664:Batu 633:Batu 629:Batu 625:Kiev 597:Alan 577:Büri 575:and 473:orda 455:and 421:Dali 415:and 413:Iraq 285:Мөнх 240:Died 228:Born 69:news 5484:PRC 5480:ROC 5464:Jīn 5440:Sui 5424:Jìn 5416:Han 5412:Qin 5400:Xia 5238:of 5092:Aju 3276:doi 2554:doi 2433:362 2287:Han 2193:). 2102:or 2087:or 1948:of 1820:Aju 1654:of 1489:Aju 1339:in 1231:of 952:in 615:to 427:). 395:or 52:by 5499:: 5482:/ 5478:→ 5474:→ 5470:→ 5466:→ 5462:/ 5458:/ 5454:/ 5450:→ 5446:→ 5442:→ 5438:→ 5434:/ 5430:→ 5426:/ 5422:→ 5418:→ 5414:→ 5410:→ 5406:→ 5402:→ 5374:; 5372:皇帝 3830:/ 3610:. 3608:27 3606:. 3602:. 3371:}} 3367:{{ 3355:. 3282:. 3272:76 3270:. 3255:^ 3172:^ 3160:^ 3066:. 2996:^ 2908:^ 2820:. 2758:, 2560:. 2550:38 2548:. 2536:^ 2435:. 2376:. 2339:; 2337:蒙哥 2331:; 2322:, 2308:: 2277:, 2264:, 2183:; 2181:憲宗 2175:; 2173:宪宗 2122:. 2091:. 2047:, 2012:) 1993:) 1952:) 1861:. 1743:. 1613:, 1601:. 1577:. 1527:. 1402:, 1015:, 1011:, 1007:, 1003:, 996:. 932:ja 930:; 928:zh 801:, 797:, 789:, 753:ja 751:; 749:zh 666:. 554:, 517:. 482:, 248:, 5392:( 5366:( 5308:元 5230:- 5163:e 5156:t 5149:v 4951:) 3942:e 3935:t 3928:v 3818:) 3799:) 3780:) 3740:e 3733:t 3726:v 3689:- 3594:. 3377:) 3363:. 3328:. 3290:. 3278:: 3249:. 3234:. 3196:. 3141:. 3110:. 3076:. 3045:. 3020:. 2877:. 2700:. 2633:. 2568:. 2556:: 2445:. 2388:. 2374:" 2370:" 1974:) 1962:) 1900:) 1301:( 383:. 369:. 281:: 119:) 113:( 108:) 104:( 94:· 87:· 80:· 73:· 46:. 23:.

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