129:
510:
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that specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells. These are, however, investigational agents which have not yet been tried in humans. In a recent study, multifunctional SIPP micelles were synthesized and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against prostate-specific membrane antigen. The complex
759:
Clariscan (also known as PEG-fero, Feruglose, and NC100150). This iron based contrast agent was never commercially launched and its development was discontinued in early 2000s due to safety concerns. In 2017 GE Healthcare launched a macrocyclic extracellular gadolinium based contrast agent containing
645:
to revise its class warnings for all gadolinium-based contrast media. It is advised that the use of gadolinium-based media is based on careful consideration of the retention characteristics of the contrast. Extra care being taken in patients requiring multiple lifetime doses, pregnant, and paediatric
66:
Most clinically used MRI contrast agents work by shortening the T1 relaxation time of protons inside tissues via interactions with the nearby contrast agent. Thermally driven motion of the strongly paramagnetic metal ions in the contrast agent generate the oscillating magnetic fields that provide the
163:
Gd chelates are hydrophilic and do not readily cross the intact blood–brain barrier. Thus, they are useful in enhancing lesions and tumors where the blood–brain barrier is compromised and the Gd(III) leaks out. In the rest of the body, the Gd initially remains in the circulation but then distributes
649:
In
December 2017, the FDA announced in a drug safety communication it is requiring these new warnings to be included on all GBCAs. The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of
159:
of body mass. Higher concentrations are often used for finer vasculature. At much higher concentration, there is more T2 shortening effect of gadolinium, causing gadolinium brightness to be less than surrounding body tissues. However at such concentration, it will cause greater toxicity to bodily
58:
pulse is applied that tips the magnetization generated by the hydrogen nuclei in the direction of the receiver coil where the spin polarization can be detected. Random molecular rotational oscillations matching the resonance frequency of the nuclear spins provide the "relaxation" mechanisms that
599:
Gadolinium has been found to remain in the brain, heart muscle, kidney, liver, and other organs after one or more injections of a linear or macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents, even after a prolonged period of time. The amount differs with the presence of kidney injury at the moment of
63:. Water protons in different tissues have different T1 values, which is one of the main sources of contrast in MR images. A contrast agent usually shortens, but in some instances increases, the value of T1 of nearby water protons thereby altering the contrast in the image.
59:
bring the net magnetization back to its equilibrium position in alignment with the applied magnetic field. The magnitude of the spin polarization detected by the receiver is used to form the MR image but decays with a characteristic time constant known as the
703:, according to a retrospective study including 397 infants prenatally exposed to gadolinium contrast. In the second and third trimester, gadolinium contrast is associated with a slightly increased risk of stillbirth or neonatal death, by the same study.
3580:
Xue, Shenghui; Qiao, Jingjuan; Hubbard, Kendra; White, Natalie; Wei, Lixia; Li, Shunyi; et al. (2014). "Design of ProCAs (protein-based Gd3+ MRI contrast agents) with high dose efficiency and capability for molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers".
1047:
Tircsó, Gyulia; Molńar, Enricő; Csupász, Tibor; Garda, Zoltan; Botár, Richárd; Kálmán, Ferenc K.; Kovács, Zoltan; Brücher, Ernő; Tóth, Imre (2021). "Chapter 2. Gadolinium(III)-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: A re-appraisal".
633:
Continuing evidence of the retention of gadolinium in brain and other tissues following exposure to gadolinium containing contrast media, has led to a safety review by the
Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) which led the
1143:
Lentschig, M.G.; Reimer, P.; Rausch-Lentschig, U.L.; Allkemper, T.; Oelerich, M.; Laub, G. (1998). "Breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the major vessels at 1.0 T: Dose-response findings and angiographic correlation".
820:. Manganese(II) ions are often used as a contrast agent in animal studies, often called MEMRI (manganese-enhanced MRI). Because Mn ions can enter cells through calcium transport channels, it has been used for functional brain imaging.
1449:
McDonald, Robert J.; Levine, Deborah; Weinreb, Jeffrey; Kanal, Emanuel; Davenport, Matthew S.; Ellis, James H.; Jacobs, Paula M.; Lenkinski, Robert E.; Maravilla, Kenneth R.; Prince, Martin R.; Rowley, Howard A. (November 2018).
67:
relaxation mechanisms that enhance the rate of decay of the induced polarization. The systematic sampling of this polarization over the spatial region of the tissue being examined forms the basis for construction of the image.
954:(ie, via intercellular pathways). Although it is widely believed that the MRI GBCAs do not cross the BBB under homeostatic conditions, there is substantial evidence that they do, albeit with very small volume transfer rate
2525:
596:. NSF can be caused by linear and macrocyclic (macrocyclic ionic compounds have been found the least likely to release the Gd), gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents although much more frequently by linear.
880:, has been used as a gastrointestinal MRI contrast agent for pediatric imaging. This contrast agent works by reducing the number of hydrogen ions in a body cavity, thus causing it to appear dark in the images.
646:
patients, and patients with inflammatory conditions. Minimizing repeated GBCA imaging studies when possible, particularly closely spaced MRI studies. However, do not avoid or defer necessary GBCA MRI scans.
1317:
622:
is often reported as a possible clinical symptom. The FDA has asked doctors to limit the use of gadolinium contrast agents to examinations where necessary information is obtained only through its use.
1825:
Thomsen, H.S.; Morcos, S.K.; Dawson, P. (2006). "Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)?".
3118:
Harisinghani, Mukesh G.; Jhaveri, Kartik S.; Weissleder, Ralph; Schima, Wolfgang; Saini, Sanjay; Hahn, Peter F.; Mueller, Peter R. (2001). "MRI contrast agents for evaluating focal hepatic lesions".
1111:
1860:
Kanal, E.; Barkovich, A.J.; Bell, C.; Borgstede, J.P.; Bradley, W.G.; Froelich, J.W.; et al. (ACR Blue Ribbon Panel on MR Safety) (2007). "ACR Guidance
Document for Safe MR Practices: 2007".
2695:
Nakamura, Hiroshi; Ito, Naoki; Kotake, Fumio; Mizokami, Yuji; Matsuoka, Takeshi (2000). "Tumor-detecting capacity and clinical usefulness of SPIO-MRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma".
2851:
684:) are contraindicated in patients with severe kidney problems, in patients who are scheduled for or have recently received a liver transplant, and in newborn babies up to four weeks of age."
2573:
2644:
Mervak, Benjamin M.; Altun, Ersan; McGinty, Katrina A.; Hyslop, W. Brian; Semelka, Richard C.; Burke, Lauren M. (2019). "MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations".
348:
1079:
McLeod, Shauanna M.; Mead, Thomas J. (2021). "Chapter 12. Magnetic resonance theranostics: An overview of gadolinium(II)-based strategies and magnetic particle imaging".
3439:
Bisset, G.S.; Emery, K.H.; Meza, M.P.; Rollins, N.K.; Don, S.; Shorr, J.S. (1996). "Perflubron as a gastrointestinal MR imaging contrast agent in the pediatric population".
950:. MRI GBCAs do not readily cross cellular membranes, are avid extracellular space markers, and are thought to enter the brain from the blood by diffusive transport between
1515:
1272:
Bagnato F, Gauthier SA, Laule C, Moore G, Bove R, Cai Z, et al. (May 2020). "Imaging mechanisms of disease progression in multiple sclerosis: Beyond brain atrophy".
2214:"Gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents induce mitochondrial toxicity and cell death in human neurons, and toxicity increases with reduced kinetic stability of the agent"
816:, while DPDP is eliminated via kidney filtration. Mangafodipir has been used in human neuroimaging clinical trials, including for neurodegenerative diseases such as
789:
specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells in vitro, and these results suggest that SIPPs may have a role in the future as tumor-specific contrast agents.
607:
While NSF is a severe form of disease, gadolinium deposition disease (GDD) is a mild variant with pain (e.g. headache), fatigue, and / or gadolinium depositions.
70:
MRI contrast agents may be administered by injection into the blood stream or orally, depending on the subject of interest. Oral administration is well suited to
3413:
3029:"Multifunctional iron platinum stealth immunomicelles: Targeted detection of human prostate cancer cells using both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging"
2877:
1794:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2007). "Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy associated with exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents".
2988:
3298:
Lin, Yi-Jen; Koretsky, Alan P. (1997). "Manganese ion enhances T1-weighted MRI during brain activation: An approach to direct imaging of brain function".
3940:
455:
1540:
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Bussi, Simona; Coppo, Alessandra; Celeste, Roberto; Fanizzi, Antonello; Fringuello Mingo, Alberto; Ferraris, Andrea; et al. (4 February 2020).
2463:"Gadolinium-based Contrast Media, Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Glymphatic System: Possible Mechanisms for the Deposition of Gadolinium in the Brain"
2855:
2406:"Fatal gadolinium-induced encephalopathy following accidental intrathecal administration: A case report and a comprehensive evidence-based review"
664:
issued a restriction on use of several gadolinium contrast agents in
November 2009 stating that "High-risk gadolinium-containing contrast agents (
2269:"Gadolinium retention in the brain: An MRI relaxometry study of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis"
691:, gadolinium contrast agents in the first trimester is associated with a slightly increased risk of a childhood diagnosis of several forms of
2052:
Stanescu, A. Luana; Shaw, Dennis W.; Murata, Nozomu; Murata, Kiyoko; Rutledge, Joe C.; Maloney, Ezekiel; Maravilla, Kenneth R. (March 2020).
1181:"The T2-shortening effect of gadolinium and the optimal conditions for maximizing the CNR for evaluating the biliary system: a phantom study"
769:
465:
1393:
4128:
4123:
470:
1921:
Lim, Yu Jeong; Bang, Jisun; Ko, Youngsun; Seo, Hyun Min; Jung, Woon Yong; Yi, Joo Hark; Han, Sang Woong; Yu, Mi Yeon (7 September 2020).
1415:
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signals of absorbing tissues. SPIO and USPIO contrast agents have been used successfully in some instances for liver lesion evaluation.
1803:
54:
causing primarily the hydrogen nuclei ("spins") of water in tissues to be polarized in the direction of the magnetic field. An intense
3087:
Lacerda, Sara; Ndiaye, Daouda; Tóth, Éva (2021). "Chapter 3. Manganese
Complexes as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging".
2917:
2054:"Brain tissue gadolinium retention in pediatric patients after contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance exams: Pathological confirmation"
3484:"Design of a novel class of protein-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for the molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers"
2325:
FDA evaluating the risk of brain deposits with repeated use of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
143:(III) containing MRI contrast agents (often termed simply "gado" or "gad") are the most commonly used for enhancement of vessels in
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recommends to use the lowest possible dose of a GBCA and only when essential diagnostic information cannot be obtained without it.
834:
Unlike the other well-studied iron oxide-based nanoparticles, research on Mn-based nanoparticles is at a relatively early stage.
688:
1507:
756:
Lumirem (also known as
Gastromark). Gastromark was approved by the FDA in 1996 and was discontinued by its manufacturer in 2012.
2795:
1895:
1755:"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging"
4218:
3403:
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The spectrum of adverse drug reactions is greater with gadolinium-based contrast agents than with iodinated contrast agents (
2212:
Bower, Danielle V.; Richter, Johannes K.; von Tengg-Kobligk, Hendrik; Heverhagen, Johannes T.; Runge, Val M. (August 2019).
1714:"Gadolinium – a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?"
750:
Resovist (also known as
Cliavist). This was approved for the European market in 2001, but production was abandoned in 2009.
4034:
2881:
889:
2521:
Webinar on the role of the glymphatic system, and the growing awareness with gadolinium (Gd) deposits found in the brain
2903:
2740:"Steady-state ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI: Early observations in benign abdominal organ masses and clinical implications"
3423:
3027:
Taylor, Robert M.; Huber, Dale L.; Monson, Todd C.; Ali, Abdul-Mehdi S.; Bisoffi, Marco; Sillerud, Laurel O. (2011).
2738:
Shahrouki, Puja; Felker, Ely R.; Raman, Steven S.; Jeong, Woo Kyoung; Lu, David S.; Finn, J. Paul (24 October 2021).
2166:
Boehm IB (2022). "Gadolinium deposition disease (GDD): Does the missing link exist? – A suggested pathologic model".
151:(BBB). Over 450 million doses have been administered worldwide from 1988 to 2017. For large vessels such as the
753:
Sinerem (also known as
Combidex). Guerbet withdrew the marketing authorization application for this product in 2007.
747:
Feridex I.V. (also known as
Endorem and ferumoxides). This product was discontinued by AMAG Pharma in November 2008.
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2999:
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iron oxide (SPIO) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). These contrast agents consist of suspended
626:
of doses higher than 1 mmol are associated with severe neurological complications and can lead to death. The
2344:"Safety of intrathecal administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1597:
654:
2540:"FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings"
1923:"Late onset nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in a patient with stage 3 chronic kidney disease: A case report"
3392:
718:
577:
541:
2620:
1978:
Elmholdt, Tina Rask; Jørgensen, Bettina; Ramsing, Mette; Pedersen, Michael; Olesen, Anne Braae (June 2010).
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180:
71:
60:
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1452:"Gadolinium retention: A research roadmap from the 2018 NIH / ACR / RSNA workshop on gadolinium chelates"
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Newer research suggests the possibility of protein based contrast agents, based on the abilities of some
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495:) is used as a hepatobiliary agent as 50% is taken up and excreted by the liver and 50% by the kidneys.
39:
27:
3751:
3204:
Suto, D.J.; Nair, G.; Sudarshana, D.M.; Steel, S.U.; Dwyer, J.; Beck, E.S; et al. (August 2020).
3153:
Sudarshana, D.M.; Nair, G.; Dwyer, J.T.; Steele, S.U.; Suto, D.J.; Wu, T.; et al. (August 2019).
1348:"Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA): Safety overview after 3 decades of clinical experience"
2627:
1548:
1325:
661:
635:
297:
176:
1619:
Penfield, Jeffrey G.; Reilly, Robert F. (2007). "What nephrologists need to know about gadolinium".
2267:
Forslin, Y.; Martola, J.; Bergendal, Ă….; Fredrikson, S.; Wiberg, M.K.; Granberg, T. (August 2019).
2109:"Macrocyclic MR contrast agents: Evaluation of multiple-organ gadolinium retention in healthy rats"
1562:
Bousquet, JC; et al. (March 1988). "Gd-DOTA: characterization of a new paramagnetic complex".
1112:
Bayer presentation to the September 8, 2017 meeting of the Medical Imaging Drugs Advisory Committee
2998:. Summary of product characteristics. Oslo, NO: GE Healthcare AS. 22 February 2017. Archived from
1980:"Two cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to the macrocyclic compound gadobutrol"
1753:
Marckmann, P.; Skov, L.; Rossen, K.; Dupont, A.; Damholt, M.B.; Heaf, J.G.; Thomsen, H.S. (2006).
132:
Effect of contrast agent on images: Defect of the blood–brain barrier after stroke shown in MRI. T
4223:
4100:
3695:
3531:
Li, Shunyi; Jiang, Jie; Zou, Jin; Qiao, Jingjuan; Xue, Shenghui; Wei, Lixia; et al. (2012).
2574:"FDA warns gadolinium based contrast agents gbcas are retained body; requires new class warnings"
1274:
706:
148:
3343:"Development of Manganese-Based Nanoparticles as Contrast Probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
2941:"Superparamagnetic iron oxide based MRI contrast agents: Current status of clinical application"
2539:
593:
3533:"PEGylation of protein-based MRI contrast agents improves relaxivities and biocompatibilities"
985:(14th ed.). TRTF – The Round Table Foundation / EMRF – European Magnetic Resonance Forum.
3624:
Qiao, Jingjuan; Xue, Shenghui; Pu, Fan; White, Natalie; Liu, Zhi-Ren; Yang, Jenny J. (2014).
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to suspend linear gadolinium-based media, in which Gd has a lower binding affinity, in 2017.
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128:
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Patel, Mihilkumar; Atyani, Almohannad; Salameh, Jean-Paul; McInnes, Matthew (October 2020).
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Organ specific agents (gastrointestinal contrast agents and hepatobiliary contrast agents)
8:
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of MRI (indicative of gadolinium deposition) to be correlated with lower verbal fluency.
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523:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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are more at risk for NSF, with dialysis patients being more at risk than patients with
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Profil toxicologique des chélates de gadolinium pour l'IRM : où en est-on ?
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1600:[Toxicological profile of gadolinium chelates for MRI: where do we stand?]
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scans, while intravascular administration proves more useful for most other scans.
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3626:"Molecular imaging of EGFR/HER2 cancer biomarkers by protein MRI contrast agents"
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1541:"EMAs final opinion confirms restrictions on the use of linear gadolinium agents"
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The use of Gd chelates in persons with acute or chronic kidney disease can cause
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compound are generally regarded as safe enough to be administered. Free Gd has a
384:
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Xue, Shenghui; Qiao, Jingjuan; Pu, Fan; Cameron, Mathew; Yang, Jenny J. (2013).
1793:
1664:"Classification of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) – adverse reactions"
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gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) is most typically used to characterize
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Provenzano, David Anthony; Pellis, Zachary; DeRiggi, Leonard (25 April 2019).
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588:. It may occur months after contrast injection. Patients with deteriorated
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tract. They include gadolinium and manganese chelates, or iron salts for T
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1396:(Report). Post-market Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers
1142:
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Balzer, T. (2017). "Presence of gadolinium (Gd) in the brain and body".
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could be the main access of GBCA to the brain in intravenous injection.
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As a free solubilized aqueous ion, gadolinium(III) is highly toxic, but
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gadoteric acid as gadoterate meglumine under the trade name Clariscan.
147:
or for brain tumor enhancement associated with the degradation of the
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2878:"Newly approved drug therapies (105) GastroMARK (Advanced Magnetics)"
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tight junctions is thought to be an early or initiating event in new
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34:-based contrast agents (GBCAs). Such MRI contrast agents shorten the
30:(MRI). The most commonly used compounds for contrast enhancement are
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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
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Xiao YD, Paudel R, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang ZS, Zhou SK (November 2016).
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signal. Natural products with high manganese concentration such as
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In vitro studies have found gadolinium-based contrast agents to be
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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A wide variety of oral contrast agents can enhance images of the
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1977:
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is increased by a factor of 31 times when Gd is chelated.
165:
1230:"MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)"
981:
Rinck, Peter A. (2024). "Magnetic resonance contrast agents".
50:
In MRI scanners, sections of the body are exposed to a strong
26:
used to improve the visibility of internal body structures in
152:
109:
Active targeting/cell labeling agents (tumor-specific agents)
3206:"Manganese-enhanced MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis"
2904:"AMAG form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013"
1318:
EMA recommendations on gadolinium-containing contrast agents
16:
Types of contrast agents used for magnetic resonance imaging
3155:"Manganese-enhanced MRI of the brain in healthy volunteers"
2041:. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (www.magnetic-resonance.org)
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1179:
Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Yoon CS, Song SY, Park K, Kim WS (2011).
772:(SIPPs) have been reported and had significantly better T
2854:. AMAG Pharmaceuticals. 13 December 2007. Archived from
2643:
2106:
2051:
1046:
93:
Extracellular fluid agents (intravenous contrast agents)
3257:"Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI)"
3203:
2826:"Magnetic resonance TIP – MRI database : Resovist"
2403:
983:
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. A critical introduction
3438:
2597:[Gadolinium peak RI re-eval report appendix].
1896:"Gadolinium and NSF: What is fact and what is theory?"
812:
into manganese and DPDP; the manganese is excreted in
2621:
Pharmaceuticals: Restrictions in use and availability
580:(NSF), a rare but severe systemic disease resembling
3026:
1394:
Information on gadolinium-containing contrast agents
883:
171:
Available gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) (
164:
into the interstitial space or is eliminated by the
3579:
2461:Taoka, Toshiaki; Naganawa, Shinji (10 April 2018).
1824:
764:
3391:
2639:
2637:
1608:(Report) (in French). Academie de pharmacie. 2014.
1500:
3398:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 87.
3086:
1535:
1533:
1006:Geraldes, Carlos F.G.C.; Laurent, Sophie (2009).
780:nanoparticles. SIPPs were also encapsulated with
4254:
3481:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
712:
77:MRI contrast agents can be classified by their:
38:of nuclei within body tissues following oral or
2634:
2207:
2205:
1227:
1005:
641:In the United States, the research has led the
478:
3623:
3530:
1618:
1530:
1267:
1265:
1178:
3703:
3394:Computed Body Tomography with MRI Correlation
3254:
2583:. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 16 May 2018.
2460:
1759:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1425:
784:to create multifunctional SIPP stealth immuno
739:and when injected during imaging reduce the T
190:
3255:Koretsky, Alan P.; Silva, Afonso C. (2004).
2945:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
2202:
2159:
1920:
1796:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
1707:
1705:
1655:
614:, and a study found signal intensity in the
155:and its branches, the dose can be as low as
3297:
1262:
1234:International Journal of Molecular Medicine
1221:
1172:
776:relaxivities compared with the more common
3710:
3696:
1804:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1109:
1078:
604:of the ligand, and the dose administered.
3649:
3630:Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry
3556:
3507:
3366:
3274:
3231:
3221:
3180:
3170:
3060:
2964:
2771:
2494:
2421:
2327:(Report). FDA Drug Safety Communication.
2300:
2142:
2124:
2011:
1954:
1770:
1729:
1702:
1483:
1416:"Gadolinium Based Contrast Dosing Charts"
1245:
1204:
1023:
770:Superparamagnetic iron–platinum particles
112:Responsive (smart or bioactivated) agents
3717:
3022:
3020:
1561:
956:constants." — Bagnato, Gauthier, Laule,
854:, air and clay have been used to lower T
709:are rare, occurring in about 0.03–0.1%.
127:
3340:
3082:
3080:
2630:. 2010. p. 14 – via who.int.
2595:Gadolinium pic RI reeval rapport annexe
1711:
689:magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy
4255:
2518:Dr. Aashim Bhatia (presenter) (2019).
2467:Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences
1012:Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
837:
45:
3691:
3418:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3017:
2646:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2528:from the original on 26 January 2023.
2410:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
2168:European Journal of Internal Medicine
2165:
1661:
1345:
1119:Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
980:
431:Albumin-binding gadolinium complexes
219:
3412:Lee, Joseph K. T. (23 August 2023).
3089:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
3077:
2938:
1518:from the original on 16 October 2022
1081:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
1050:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
989:"Magnetic resonance contrast agents"
974:
503:
423:
3411:
3389:
2957:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2011.08.03
1718:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
1621:Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology
890:Enzyme-activated MR contrast agents
13:
3210:American Journal of Neuroradiology
3159:American Journal of Neuroradiology
2852:"Update on Sinerem (TM) in Europe"
2273:American Journal of Neuroradiology
1508:"Elucirem- gadopiclenol injection"
121:
90:Biodistribution and applications:
14:
4274:
3669:
3537:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
1927:Journal of Korean Medical Science
1862:American Journal of Roentgenology
884:Protein-based MRI contrast agents
870:increasing contrast enhancement.
3033:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
2554:
1346:Kanal, Emanuel (December 2016).
808:signal. The chelate dissociates
765:Iron platinum: superparamagnetic
508:
3617:
3573:
3549:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.11.004
3524:
3475:
3432:
3383:
3334:
3291:
3248:
3197:
3146:
3111:
2981:
2932:
2910:
2896:
2870:
2866:– via Thefreelibrary.com.
2844:
2818:
2788:
2731:
2688:
2613:
2587:
2566:
2532:
2511:
2454:
2397:
2335:
2317:
2260:
2100:
2045:
2028:
1971:
1914:
1888:
1853:
1818:
1787:
1746:
1612:
1590:
1576:10.1148/radiology.166.3.3340763
1555:
1408:
1386:
1339:
1310:
1158:10.1148/radiology.208.2.9680558
920:
800:(II) chelates such as Mn-DPDP (
462:Polymeric gadolinium complexes
122:
3341:Zhen, Zipeng; Xie, J. (2012).
3300:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
1136:
1103:
1083:. Springer. pp. 347–370.
1072:
1040:
999:
1:
3408:– via Internet Archive.
2880:. CenterWatch. Archived from
1117:(Report). Silver Spring, MD:
968:
823:Manganese(III) chelates with
719:Superparamagnetic relaxometry
713:Iron oxide: superparamagnetic
578:nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
542:Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
349:gadopentetic acid dimeglumine
101:intravascular contrast agents
3091:. Springer. pp. 71–99.
2549:Food and Drug Administration
2230:10.1097/RLI.0000000000000567
1052:. Springer. pp. 39–70.
913:
792:
479:Hepatobiliary (liver) agents
175:, approved for human use by
7:
2918:"NDA 020410 for GastroMark"
2697:Journal of Gastroenterology
1185:Korean Journal of Radiology
901:
10:
4279:
3583:Medicinal Research Reviews
2939:Wang, Yi-Xiang J. (2011).
2756:10.1007/s00261-021-03271-w
2479:10.2463/mrms.rev.2017-0116
2180:10.1016/j.ejim.2022.07.008
2070:10.1007/s00247-019-04535-w
1902:. 2008. volume vi, issue 2
1839:10.1016/j.crad.2006.09.003
1668:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1352:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
887:
850:signal enhancement. SPIO,
716:
539:
191:Extracellular fluid agents
40:intravenous administration
28:magnetic resonance imaging
4213:
4166:
4146:
4114:
4024:
4015:
3995:
3953:
3888:
3813:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3642:10.1007/s00775-013-1076-3
3428:– via Google Books.
3390:Lee, Joseph K.T. (2006).
3097:10.1515/9783110685701-009
3053:10.1007/s11051-011-0439-3
2628:World Health Organization
2360:10.1148/radiol.2020191373
2126:10.1186/s13244-019-0824-5
1939:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e293
1680:10.1016/j.mri.2021.10.006
1549:European Medicines Agency
1468:10.1148/radiol.2018181151
1364:10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.017
1326:European Medicines Agency
1197:10.3348/kjr.2011.12.3.358
1089:10.1515/9783110685701-018
1058:10.1515/9783110685701-008
898:to bind with gadolinium.
662:World Health Organization
517:This section needs to be
499:
2423:10.1136/rapm-2019-100422
938:in combination with low
831:have also been studied.
4101:Ferric ammonium citrate
2993:solution for injection"
2218:Investigative Radiology
2036:"Questions and Answers"
1275:Journal of Neuroimaging
934:lesion formation. T1-w
727:contrast agents exist:
707:Anaphylactoid reactions
655:French health authority
3681:magnetic-resonance.org
3312:10.1002/mrm.1910380305
3132:10.1053/crad.2001.0764
1996:10.1093/ndtplus/sfq028
1772:10.1681/ASN.2006060601
1247:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
866:can also be used for T
697:inflammatory disorders
624:Intrathecal injections
594:chronic kidney disease
137:
72:gastrointestinal tract
3677:"MRI contrast agents"
2709:10.1007/s005350070022
2113:Insights into Imaging
338:): FDA, EMA (liver) (
131:
2601:(Report) (in French)
1712:Grobner, T. (2005).
1551:. 17 September 2018.
1404:– via fda.gov.
571:radiocontrast agents
84:Administration route
81:Chemical composition
4263:MRI contrast agents
4205:Sulfur hexafluoride
3441:Pediatric Radiology
3045:2011JNR....13.4717T
2884:on 29 December 2011
2744:Abdominal Radiology
2552:. 19 December 2017.
2058:Pediatric Radiology
1874:10.2214/AJR.06.1616
1633:10.1038/ncpneph0660
1514:. 12 October 2022.
926:"Disruption of the
838:Oral administration
682:Gado-MRT ratiopharm
584:and to some extent
319:Gado-MRT ratiopharm
300:(suspended by EMA)
149:blood–brain barrier
115:pH-sensitive agents
87:Magnetic properties
46:Theory of operation
20:MRI contrast agents
4240:Never to phase III
3453:10.1007/BF01387316
3262:NMR in Biomedicine
3223:10.3174/ajnr.A6665
3172:10.3174/ajnr.A6152
3120:Clinical Radiology
2658:10.1002/jmri.26317
2285:10.3174/ajnr.A6112
1827:Clinical Radiology
1731:10.1093/ndt/gfk062
818:multiple sclerosis
699:, or infiltrative
602:molecular geometry
552:median lethal dose
138:
61:T1 relaxation time
4250:
4249:
4162:
4161:
4116:Superparamagnetic
4065:Gadopentetic acid
4011:
4010:
3949:
3948:
3595:10.1002/med.21313
3500:10.1002/wnan.1205
3405:978-0-7817-4526-0
3359:10.7150/thno.3448
3039:(10): 4717–4729.
1662:Boehm IB (2022).
1547:(Press release).
1358:(10): 1341–1345.
1288:10.1111/jon.12700
952:endothelial cells
908:Lanthanide probes
729:superparamagnetic
628:glymphatic system
538:
537:
425:Blood pool agents
97:Blood pool agents
4270:
4198:Microspheres of
4035:Gadolinium-based
4022:
4021:
3941:Calcium iopodate
3780:Ioxitalamic acid
3746:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3589:(5): 1070–1099.
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3409:
3397:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3216:(9): 1569–1576.
3201:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3165:(8): 1309–1316.
3150:
3144:
3143:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:on 23 March 2019
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2802:. Archived from
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2425:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2279:(8): 1265–1273.
2264:
2258:
2257:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1868:(6): 1447–1474.
1857:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1806:(CDC): 137–141.
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1765:(9): 2359–2362.
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1724:(4): 1104–1108.
1709:
1700:
1699:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1446:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1240:(5): 1319–1326.
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1025:10.1002/cmmi.265
1003:
997:
996:
986:
978:
962:
961:
940:molecular weight
924:
844:gastrointestinal
561:
557:
533:
530:
524:
512:
511:
504:
456:gadocoletic acid
451:
414:
397:
375:
344:
327:
289:
268:
251:
225:
223:
158:
124:
36:relaxation times
4278:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4230:Clinical trials
4209:
4158:
4142:
4110:
4085:Gadoversetamide
4007:
3991:
3956:Water insoluble
3955:
3945:
3936:Tyropanoic acid
3931:Sodium iopodate
3916:Iobenzamic acid
3906:Ioglycamic acid
3884:
3815:
3809:
3790:Acetrizoic acid
3760:Diatrizoic acid
3750:
3741:
3726:
3716:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3622:
3618:
3578:
3574:
3529:
3525:
3480:
3476:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3415:equivalent link
3406:
3388:
3384:
3339:
3335:
3296:
3292:
3276:10.1002/nbm.940
3253:
3249:
3202:
3198:
3151:
3147:
3116:
3112:
3085:
3078:
3025:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3005:on 1 March 2017
3002:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2806:on 15 June 2012
2794:
2793:
2789:
2736:
2732:
2703:(11): 849–855.
2693:
2689:
2642:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2459:
2455:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2340:
2336:
2331:. 18 June 2019.
2323:
2322:
2318:
2265:
2261:
2210:
2203:
2174:(11): 118–120.
2164:
2160:
2105:
2101:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1976:
1972:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1858:
1854:
1833:(11): 905–906.
1823:
1819:
1792:
1788:
1751:
1747:
1710:
1703:
1660:
1656:
1627:(12): 654–668.
1617:
1613:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1560:
1556:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1447:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1270:
1263:
1226:
1222:
1177:
1173:
1141:
1137:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1077:
1073:
1045:
1041:
1004:
1000:
987:
979:
975:
971:
966:
965:
955:
925:
921:
916:
904:
892:
886:
878:perfluorocarbon
869:
857:
849:
840:
829:phthalocyanines
807:
804:) enhance the T
795:
775:
767:
742:
721:
715:
701:skin conditions
616:dentate nucleus
600:injection, the
590:kidney function
559:
558:(IV, mouse) or
555:
544:
534:
528:
525:
522:
513:
509:
502:
481:
446:
428:
409:
392:
385:gadoversetamide
374:: 0.025 mmol/kg
370:
339:
322:
284:
263:
246:
218:
193:
156:
135:
126:
123:Gadolinium(III)
48:
24:contrast agents
17:
12:
11:
5:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4191:
4185:Microparticles
4182:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4090:Gadoxetic acid
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Gadoteric acid
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Gadobenic acid
4030:
4028:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4003:Barium sulfate
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3963:Ethiodized oil
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Iocetamic acid
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Iodoxamic acid
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Iotalamic acid
3772:
3767:
3765:Metrizoic acid
3762:
3756:
3754:
3743:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3719:Contrast media
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3670:External links
3668:
3666:
3665:
3636:(2): 259–270.
3616:
3572:
3543:(1): 111–118.
3523:
3494:(2): 163–179.
3474:
3447:(6): 409–415.
3431:
3424:
3404:
3382:
3333:
3306:(3): 378–388.
3290:
3269:(8): 527–531.
3247:
3196:
3145:
3126:(9): 714–725.
3110:
3076:
3016:
2980:
2931:
2909:
2906:. SEC / Edgar.
2895:
2869:
2843:
2817:
2800:Amagpharma.com
2787:
2750:(1): 460–470.
2730:
2687:
2652:(3): 621–631.
2633:
2612:
2586:
2565:
2547:United States
2531:
2510:
2473:(2): 111–119.
2453:
2416:(7): 721–729.
2396:
2334:
2316:
2259:
2224:(8): 453–463.
2201:
2158:
2099:
2064:(3): 388–396.
2044:
2027:
1990:(3): 285–287.
1970:
1913:
1887:
1852:
1817:
1786:
1745:
1701:
1654:
1611:
1589:
1554:
1529:
1499:
1462:(2): 517–534.
1424:
1407:
1385:
1338:
1309:
1282:(3): 251–266.
1261:
1220:
1191:(3): 358–364.
1171:
1152:(2): 353–357.
1135:
1102:
1071:
1039:
998:
972:
970:
967:
964:
963:
946:compromise in
918:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
903:
900:
885:
882:
867:
855:
852:barium sulfate
847:
839:
836:
805:
794:
791:
773:
766:
763:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
740:
735:of iron oxide
717:Main article:
714:
711:
650:these agents.
582:scleromyxedema
560:100–200 mg/kg,
540:Main article:
536:
535:
516:
514:
507:
501:
498:
497:
496:
485:gadoxetic acid
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
460:
459:
458:
453:
427:
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
399:
379:
378:
377:
356:
346:
329:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
288:: 0.05 mmol/kg
270:
253:
229:
228:
227:
192:
189:
145:MR angiography
133:
125:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
94:
88:
85:
82:
56:radiofrequency
52:magnetic field
47:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4275:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:phospholipids
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:human albumin
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4138:nanoparticles
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:Non-iodinated
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Iopanoic acid
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Iotroxic acid
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Ioxaglic acid
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:Nephrotropic,
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Iocarmic acid
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:Ioglicic acid
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:Nephrotropic,
3747:
3744:
3742:Water soluble
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3425:9780781745260
3421:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3001:
2994:
2991:0.5 mmol / ml
2984:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2561:public domain
2551:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1879:
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1863:
1856:
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1836:
1832:
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1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1606:acadpharm.org
1599:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1545:ema.europa.eu
1542:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1417:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1322:ema.europa.eu
1319:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
995:(e-Textbook).
994:
990:
984:
977:
973:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
909:
906:
905:
899:
897:
891:
881:
879:
875:
871:
865:
861:
853:
845:
835:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
803:
799:
790:
787:
783:
782:phospholipids
779:
771:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
738:
737:nanoparticles
734:
730:
726:
723:Two types of
720:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
647:
644:
639:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
605:
603:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
553:
549:
543:
532:
520:
515:
506:
505:
494:
490:
486:
483:
482:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:: 0.1 mmol/kg
449:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
430:
429:
426:
413:: 0.1 mmol/kg
412:
407:
403:
400:
396:: 0.1 mmol/kg
395:
390:
386:
383:
382:
380:
373:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:: 0.1 mmol/kg
342:
337:
333:
330:
326:: 0.1 mmol/kg
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:gadopentetate
305:
304:
302:
301:
299:
296:
287:
283:): EMA, FDA (
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:: 0.1 mmol/kg
266:
262:): EMA, FDA (
261:
257:
254:
250:: 0.1 mmol/kg
249:
245:): EMA, FDA (
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:
230:
224:: 0.1 mmol/kg
222:
217:): EMA, FDA (
216:
212:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
188:
186:
185:standard dose
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
161:
154:
150:
146:
142:
130:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
91:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
73:
68:
64:
62:
57:
53:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4194:Perflenapent
4176:Microspheres
4106:Mangafodipir
4096:
4070:Gadopiclenol
4055:Gadofosveset
4033:
4026:Paramagnetic
4016:
3982:Propyliodone
3967:Ethyl esters
3889:Hepatotropic
3752:high osmolar
3732:X-ray and CT
3680:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3414:
3393:
3385:
3353:(1): 45–54.
3350:
3347:Theranostics
3346:
3336:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3088:
3036:
3032:
3007:. Retrieved
3000:the original
2983:
2951:(1): 35–40.
2948:
2944:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2912:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2799:
2790:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2649:
2645:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:has-sante.fr
2598:
2589:
2577:
2568:
2546:
2534:
2520:
2513:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2354:(1): 75–83.
2351:
2347:
2337:
2319:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2221:
2217:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2030:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1933:(35): e293.
1930:
1926:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1721:
1717:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1592:
1570:(3): 693–8.
1567:
1563:
1557:
1544:
1520:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1459:
1455:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1388:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1279:
1273:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1128:– via
1105:
1080:
1074:
1049:
1042:
1015:
1011:
1001:
992:
982:
976:
957:
922:
893:
876:, a type of
872:
841:
833:
822:
809:
802:mangafodipir
796:
768:
722:
705:
686:
659:
652:
648:
640:
632:
609:
606:
598:
575:
568:
556:0.34 mmol/kg
545:
526:
518:
492:
488:
447:
442:
438:
435:gadofosveset
410:
405:
393:
388:
371:
366:
362:
352:
340:
335:
323:
318:
314:
310:
285:
280:
276:
273:gadopiclenol
264:
259:
247:
242:
238:
220:
214:
210:
184:
172:
170:
162:
139:
76:
69:
65:
49:
19:
18:
4226:from market
4080:Gadoteridol
4050:Gadodiamide
3987:Iofendylate
3973:, lipiodol)
3971:fatty acids
3969:of iodised
3825:Metrizamide
3817:low osmolar
3009:28 February
2989:"Clariscan
2924:12 February
1018:(1): 1–23.
896:amino acids
586:scleroderma
529:August 2021
466:gadomelitol
441:, formerly
402:gadodiamide
256:gadoteridol
197:Macrocyclic
183:in 1988; (
179:and by the
173:brand names
157:0.1 mmol/kg
4168:Ultrasound
4154:Perflubron
4134:Iron oxide
4129:Ferristene
4124:Ferumoxsil
4060:Gadolinium
4045:Gadobutrol
3954:Iodinated,
3911:Adipiodone
3875:Iobitridol
3740:Iodinated,
2832:. Softways
2830:Mr-tip.com
2626:(Report).
1674:(1): 1–2.
1522:16 October
1324:(Report).
1122:Retrieved
969:References
888:See also:
874:Perflubron
825:porphyrins
778:iron oxide
725:iron oxide
693:rheumatism
612:neurotoxic
471:gadomer 17
381:non-ionic
359:gadoxetate
336:MultiHance
332:gadobenate
235:gadobutrol
231:non-ionic
207:gadoterate
141:Gadolinium
32:gadolinium
4236:Phase III
4224:Withdrawn
4189:galactose
3865:Iodixanol
3845:Iopromide
3840:Iopamidol
3800:Methiodal
3105:233682771
2796:"Feridex"
2764:2366-004X
2666:1053-1807
2605:19 August
2524:(video).
2487:1880-2206
2448:133608033
2432:1532-8651
2389:20 August
2384:220842011
2368:1527-1315
2348:Radiology
2293:0195-6108
2254:164486744
2238:1536-0210
2196:250648810
2135:1869-4101
2119:(1): 11.
2094:210913930
2078:1432-1998
2004:1753-0784
1947:1598-6357
1696:239027228
1564:Radiology
1476:0033-8419
1456:Radiology
1372:1873-5894
1304:218677556
1146:Radiology
1097:233710460
1066:233702931
914:Footnotes
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