949:. Microfluidic reaction chambers are difficult to scale up, since the entire point of microfluidics is to exploit the microscale behaviors of liquids. The only way around this obstacle is to run an extensive number of microfluidic reaction chambers in parallel, a novel task requiring custom-built equipment. For COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, this was the main manufacturing bottleneck. Pfizer used such a parallel approach to solve the scaling problem. After verifying that impingement jet mixers could not be directly scaled up, Pfizer made about 100 of the little mixers (each about the size of a
18311:
706:
596:
1280:
895:
1025:
211:
22:
914:. Encapsulating the mRNA molecule in lipid nanoparticles was a critical breakthrough for producing viable mRNA vaccines, solving a number of key technical barriers in delivering the mRNA molecule into the host cell. Research into using lipids to deliver siRNA to cells became a foundation for similar research into using lipids to deliver mRNA. However, new lipids had to be invented to encapsulate mRNA strands, which are much longer than siRNA strands.
2373:
be approved, the story of mRNA vaccines starts more than 30 years ago, with many bumps in the road along the way. In 1990, the late physician-scientist Jon Wolff and his
University of Wisconsin colleagues injected mRNA into mice, which caused cells in the mice to produce the encoded proteins. In many ways, that work served as the first step toward making a vaccine from mRNA, but there was a long way to go—and there still is, for many applications.
96:
2460:"; (Quote: "The present invention relates to introduction of naked DNA and RNA sequences into a vertebrate to achieve controlled expression of a polypeptide. It is useful in gene therapy, vaccination, and any therapeutic situation in which a polypeptide should be administered to cells in vivo"; Example 8: mRNA vaccination of mice to produce the gpl20 protein of HIV virus); Priority date: 21 March 1989; Publication date: 4 October 1990.
1036:. Because mRNA vaccines are not constructed from an active pathogen (or even an inactivated pathogen), they are non-infectious. In contrast, traditional vaccines require the production of pathogens, which, if done at high volumes, could increase the risks of localized outbreaks of the virus at the production facility. Another biological advantage of mRNA vaccines is that since the antigens are produced inside the cell, they stimulate
474:
6105:
18299:
18287:
100:
1055:
The Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine originally required 110 days to mass-produce (before Pfizer began to optimize the manufacturing process to only 60 days), which was substantially faster than traditional flu and polio vaccines. Within that larger timeframe, the actual production time is only about 22 days:
2372:
When the broad range of vaccines against COVID-19 were being tested in clinical trials, only a few experts expected the unproven technology of mRNA to be the star. Within 10 months, mRNA vaccines were both the first to be approved and the most effective. Although these are the first mRNA vaccines to
1165:
Before 2020, no mRNA technology platform (drug or vaccine) had been authorized for use in humans, so there was a risk of unknown effects. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic required faster production capability of mRNA vaccines, made them attractive to national health organisations, and led to debate about
98:
1205:
The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from
Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech have efficacy rates of 90 to 95 percent. Prior mRNA, drug trials on pathogens other than COVID-19 were not effective and had to be abandoned in the early phases of trials. The reason for the efficacy of the new mRNA vaccines is not clear.
103:
102:
97:
1218:
reduced inflammation but hasn't eliminated it completely", and that "this may also explain the intense reactions such as aches and fevers reported in some recipients of the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines". These reactions though severe were transient and another view is that they were believed to be a
956:
Another issue, with the large-scale use of this delivery method, is the availability of the novel lipids used to create lipid nanoparticles, especially ionizable cationic lipids. Before 2020, such lipids were manufactured in small quantities measured in grams or kilograms, and they were used for
855:
of naked mRNA for vaccination. A variety of methods have been used to deliver naked mRNA, such as subcutaneous, intravenous, and intratumoral injections. Although naked mRNA delivery causes an immune response, the effect is relatively weak, and after injection the mRNA is often rapidly degraded.
1213:
stated that the efficacy of the new COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could be due to the "sheer volume of resources" that went into development, or that the vaccines might be "triggering a nonspecific inflammatory response to the mRNA that could be heightening its specific immune response, given that the
957:
medical research and a handful of drugs for rare conditions. As the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines became clear in 2020, the few companies able to manufacture the requisite lipids were confronted with the challenge of scaling up production to respond to orders for several tons of lipids.
1156:
reported, "While it's possible that differences in LNP formulations or mRNA secondary structures could account for the thermostability differences , many experts suspect both vaccine products will ultimately prove to have similar storage requirements and shelf lives under various temperature
104:
5968:
547:
the mRNA fragments within a few days of introduction. Although non-immune cells can potentially also absorb vaccine mRNA, produce antigens, and display the antigens on their surfaces, dendritic cells absorb the mRNA globules much more readily. The mRNA fragments are translated in the
101:
3004:
1270:
mRNA vaccines use either non-amplifying (conventional) mRNA or self-amplifying mRNA. Pfizer–BioNTech and
Moderna vaccines use non-amplifying mRNA. Both mRNA types continue to be investigated as vaccine methods against other potential pathogens and cancer.
1291:
that codes for the antigen of interest. The total amount of mRNA available to the cell is equal to the amount delivered by the vaccine. Dosage strength is limited by the amount of mRNA that can be delivered by the vaccine. Non-amplifying vaccines replace
1196:
Strong but transient reactogenic effects were reported in trials of novel COVID-19 mRNA vaccines; most people will not experience severe side effects which include fever and fatigue. Severe side effects are defined as those that prevent daily activity.
1316:(and its helper proteins) which replicates the mRNA construct in the cell. This allows smaller vaccine doses. The mechanisms and consequently the evaluation of self-amplifying mRNA may be different, as self-amplifying mRNA is a much bigger molecule.
3145:
Alberer M, Gnad-Vogt U, Hong HS, Mehr KT, Backert L, Finak G, et al. (September 2017). "Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial".
5960:
1853:
314:
and began to invest in the field. DARPA grants were seen as a vote of confidence that in turn encouraged other government agencies and private investors to invest in mRNA technology. DARPA awarded at the time a $ 25 million grant to
Moderna.
16975:
13556:
1257:
to make DNA from the RNA in the cell nucleus. A retrovirus has mechanisms to be imported into the nucleus, but other mRNA (such as the vaccine) lack these mechanisms. Once inside the nucleus, creation of DNA from RNA cannot occur without a
4689:
3064:
1990:
4404:
Weide B, Pascolo S, Scheel B, Derhovanessian E, Pflugfelder A, Eigentler TK, et al. (June 2009). "Direct injection of protamine-protected mRNA: results of a phase 1/2 vaccination trial in metastatic melanoma patients".
3538:
1887:
2996:
1149:
vaccine can be stored between −25 and −15 °C (−13 and 5 °F), which is comparable to a home freezer, and that it remains stable between 2 and 8 °C (36 and 46 °F) for up to 30 days. In
November 2020,
18171:
1051:
vaccine for COVID-19 in 2 days. They can also be manufactured faster, more cheaply, and in a more standardized fashion (with fewer error rates in production), which can improve responsiveness to serious outbreaks.
5395:
5153:
17002:
2970:
12634:
9732:
9722:
9712:
12804:
9727:
9717:
9707:
4319:
Probst J, Weide B, Scheel B, Pichler BJ, Hoerr I, Rammensee HG, Pascolo S (August 2007). "Spontaneous cellular uptake of exogenous messenger RNA in vivo is nucleic acid-specific, saturable and ion dependent".
1339:
virus, and viral proteins that may be less prone to genetic variation, to provide greater protection against SARS‑CoV‑2 variants. saRNA vaccines must use uridine, which is required for reproduction to occur.
921:
provides a layer of protection against degradation, allowing more robust translational output. In addition, the customization of the lipid's outer layer allows the targeting of desired cell types through
5449:
17488:
1849:
3477:
18149:
18144:
17763:
15869:
4793:
99:
12799:
3507:
17680:
232:
transcribed mRNA with a chosen gene was able to deliver the genetic information to produce a desired protein within living cell tissue and led to the concept proposal of messenger RNA vaccines.
18166:
18032:
17880:
17585:
17336:
17263:
12294:
11794:
5929:"First 'variant-proof' Covid vaccine starts trials in Manchester - Retired couple Andrew Clarke, 63, and his wife Helen, 64, from Bolton, became the first to receive the mRNA vaccine on Monday"
4681:
119:
may have an adverse reaction to messenger RNA vaccines. The advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines are ease of design, speed and lower cost of production, the induction of both
17158:
13057:
11789:
11126:
8654:
8573:
3060:
3038:
2886:
Weide B, Carralot JP, Reese A, Scheel B, Eigentler TK, Hoerr I, et al. (February–March 2008). "Results of the first phase I/II clinical vaccination trial with direct injection of mRNA".
9407:
322:) began in 2013. Over the next few years, clinical trials of mRNA vaccines for a number of other viruses were started. mRNA vaccines for human use were studied for infectious agents such as
9820:
8354:
18228:
18213:
17285:
17225:
12353:
12237:
10058:
9815:
8494:
7441:
665:
in the 5'-untranslated region and the 3'-untranslated region can be altered, and the length of the poly(A) tail optimized, to stabilize the mRNA and increase protein production. The mRNA
1978:
1827:
18233:
17993:
17966:
12724:
12486:
10334:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10053:
8836:
8489:
658:. By modifying these different components of the synthetic mRNA, the stability and translational ability of the mRNA can be enhanced, and in turn, the efficacy of the vaccine improved.
13407:
769:
to initiate an immune response. Dendritic cells can be collected from patients and programmed with the desired mRNA, then administered back into patients to create an immune response.
18201:
17790:
17675:
17331:
12299:
12227:
11179:
10740:
9786:
5820:
18218:
18161:
17875:
17805:
12311:
12170:
10339:
8831:
8427:
5938:
4723:
3530:
2937:
1875:
354:
at the beginning of 2020, led to the rapid development of the first approved mRNA vaccines. BioNTech and
Moderna in December of the same year obtained approval for their mRNA-based
2518:
Martinon F, Krishnan S, Lenzen G, Magné R, Gomard E, Guillet JG, et al. (July 1993). "Induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo by liposome-entrapped mRNA".
736:
Various methods have been developed to overcome these delivery hurdles. The method of vaccine delivery can be broadly classified by whether mRNA transfer into cells occurs within (
18180:
18064:
17597:
17112:
17027:
17017:
16893:
13345:
12578:
9766:
8349:
5122:
18223:
18112:
17961:
17612:
17553:
17346:
17253:
17168:
17117:
17034:
16940:
13901:
12232:
10631:
9400:
9280:
4824:
18252:
18044:
17956:
17936:
17692:
17646:
17563:
17463:
17446:
17368:
17319:
17280:
17270:
17146:
17129:
17012:
16980:
16965:
12794:
12751:
9781:
9737:
2449:; Inventors: Philip L. Felgner, Jon Asher Wolff, Gary H. Rhodes, Robert Wallace Malone, Dennis A. Carson; Assignees: Vical Inc., Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Title: "
1141:
Because mRNA is fragile, some vaccines must be kept at very low temperatures to avoid degrading and thus giving little effective immunity to the recipient. Pfizer–BioNTech's
18156:
17929:
17624:
17602:
17505:
17393:
17351:
17237:
17200:
17173:
16970:
12756:
11151:
11139:
11134:
8930:
18136:
18076:
18059:
18005:
17773:
17656:
17541:
17483:
17326:
17314:
17210:
17183:
17136:
17074:
17044:
16923:
16918:
16903:
16888:
15833:
14731:
13926:
12823:
12542:
11962:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9776:
5387:
5145:
18131:
18017:
17946:
17868:
17858:
17846:
17824:
17817:
17800:
17780:
17756:
17746:
17739:
17729:
17699:
17500:
17473:
17378:
17275:
17258:
17232:
17220:
17163:
17054:
17007:
16995:
16985:
16908:
16898:
16873:
13963:
12772:
12629:
11189:
11146:
9376:
9371:
9366:
2960:
2453:
4601:
226:
into a cell was published in 1989. "Naked" (or unprotected) lab-made mRNA was injected a year later into the muscle of mice. These studies were the first evidence that
18124:
18100:
18049:
18027:
17988:
17976:
17951:
17919:
17909:
17853:
17834:
17785:
17721:
17668:
17634:
17580:
17558:
17456:
17441:
17422:
17363:
17304:
17297:
17205:
17193:
17064:
17059:
17022:
16955:
16878:
13327:
12246:
12202:
11718:
8867:
717:
to stimulate production of the specific antigens. Entry of mRNA molecules, however, faces a number of difficulties. Not only are mRNA molecules too large to cross the
4979:"Influenza virus (A/HK/156/97) hemagglutinin expressed by an alphavirus replicon system protects chickens against lethal infection with Hong Kong-origin H5N1 viruses"
4518:
18107:
18088:
17941:
17892:
17711:
17629:
17607:
17570:
17548:
17517:
17434:
17383:
17373:
17356:
17178:
17039:
16950:
16945:
16933:
16913:
16883:
15629:
13480:
13340:
11174:
9452:
8282:
8078:
6129:
2442:
1241:
is very rapidly degraded before it would have time to gain entry into the cell nucleus. In fact, mRNA vaccines must be stored at very low temperature and free from
18208:
18037:
17902:
17687:
17590:
17529:
17412:
17405:
17215:
17153:
17141:
17049:
16960:
14046:
12784:
11906:
10883:
5905:
418:
13178:
18196:
17924:
17897:
17704:
17388:
17092:
13062:
12741:
12374:
12207:
11901:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11653:
11184:
9969:
9383:
9273:
9240:
5490:
2645:
Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Wright M, Sumerel L, Pike MJ, Johanning F, et al. (April 1995). "Characterization of a messenger RNA polynucleotide vaccine vector".
926:
interactions. However, many studies have also highlighted the difficulty of studying this type of delivery, demonstrating that there is an inconsistency between
385:
Other mRNA vaccines continue to be developed, since the approval of the first mRNA vaccines. Moderna announced the development of mRNA vaccines for 15 diseases:
13200:
13122:
5177:"Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA"
18071:
18054:
18000:
17768:
17651:
17536:
17478:
17341:
17309:
17069:
13568:
12688:
12657:
12639:
12624:
12217:
10735:
10725:
9699:
8632:
1791:
5457:
3998:
18012:
17863:
17841:
17812:
17795:
17751:
17734:
17495:
17097:
16990:
13215:
13067:
12619:
12509:
12289:
12212:
11923:
11808:
11801:
11781:
11561:
11037:
11016:
10895:
10873:
10275:
10070:
9959:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9137:
8805:
8639:
8514:
8420:
8376:
8368:
8000:
3469:
3307:
4930:"Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model"
4785:
18119:
18095:
18022:
17983:
17971:
17914:
17829:
17663:
17575:
17451:
17417:
17292:
17188:
17107:
17102:
14099:
13681:
12789:
12736:
12588:
12534:
12416:
12358:
10474:
10065:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9749:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9268:
8895:
7908:
7753:
7598:
5602:
4855:
4757:
1193:, and the person feeling as if they are as a result. To minimize this, mRNA sequences in mRNA vaccines are designed to mimic those produced by host cells.
15623:
3499:
1189:
may have an adverse reaction to mRNA vaccines. The mRNA strands in the vaccine may elicit an unintended immune reaction – this entails the
953:), connected them together with pumps and filters with a "maze of piping," and set up a computer system to regulate flow and pressure through the mixers.
934:
applications of nanoparticles in terms of cellular intake. The nanoparticles can be administered to the body and transported via multiple routes, such as
18083:
17887:
17512:
17429:
17124:
16928:
15571:
13077:
12833:
12514:
12304:
12268:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10292:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9832:
9827:
8850:
8815:
7903:
7824:
7789:
7777:
7748:
7669:
7634:
7622:
7593:
7514:
359:
163:
17524:
17468:
17400:
15071:
13943:
13756:
13465:
13335:
12777:
12746:
12714:
11454:
11368:
11194:
10831:
10619:
10614:
10393:
9263:
8504:
7932:
7927:
7920:
7819:
7812:
7784:
7772:
7765:
7664:
7657:
7629:
7617:
7610:
7509:
7502:
6221:
4297:
627:
and the plasmid DNA, the mRNA can be transcribed in the lab. Efficacy of the vaccine is dependent on the stability and structure of the designed mRNA.
8297:
15761:
15666:
13475:
13249:
12719:
11703:
11473:
10923:
10781:
10767:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9744:
9388:
9290:
8843:
8800:
8771:
8361:
8272:
7915:
7896:
7807:
7760:
7741:
7652:
7605:
7586:
7497:
7276:
2561:
Zhou X, Berglund P, Rhodes G, Parker SE, Jondal M, Liljeström P (December 1994). "Self-replicating
Semliki Forest virus RNA as recombinant vaccine".
1911:"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020"
1262:, which both accompany a retrovirus, but which would not be present for other exogenous mRNA (such as a vaccine) even if it could enter the nucleus.
3030:
1259:
17617:
14892:
13039:
12894:
12396:
11957:
11818:
11166:
10159:
9201:
8509:
7891:
7848:
7836:
7736:
7693:
7681:
7581:
7538:
7526:
16707:
15198:
5961:"Gritstone Announces Dosing of First Volunteer in Trial Evaluating Self-Amplifying mRNA as a COVID-19 Vaccine Booster and Immunogenicity Enhancer"
567:
then attach to the antigen and transport it to the cellular membrane, "activating" the dendritic cell. Once activated, dendritic cells migrate to
15917:
14963:
14033:
13470:
12816:
12598:
12466:
12431:
12411:
12190:
11269:
11264:
10908:
10344:
9502:
9320:
9223:
8744:
7884:
7872:
7843:
7831:
7729:
7717:
7688:
7676:
7574:
7562:
7533:
7521:
1250:
1228:
351:
5715:
Deering RP, Kommareddy S, Ulmer JB, Brito LA, Geall AJ (June 2014). "Nucleic acid vaccines: prospects for non-viral delivery of mRNA vaccines".
15958:
15640:
14918:
14056:
14028:
11156:
10680:
10675:
10593:
9844:
9635:
9191:
8940:
8860:
8287:
7879:
7867:
7860:
7724:
7712:
7705:
7569:
7557:
7550:
6419:
1817:
15617:
14023:
12936:
12426:
12421:
12384:
12222:
12008:
11356:
10147:
9659:
9213:
9149:
7855:
7700:
7545:
7471:
6308:
5523:
2014:"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020"
559:
Once the viral antigens are produced by the host cell, the normal adaptive immune system processes are followed. Antigens are broken down by
5812:
2359:
15845:
15784:
13911:
12974:
12811:
12406:
12256:
11991:
10653:
10457:
10415:
10309:
10187:
9532:
9235:
8820:
6459:
6454:
945:
One issue with lipid nanoparticles is that several of the breakthroughs leading to the practical use of that technology involve the use of
5928:
4715:
2929:
2064:
808:
methods, particularly by avoiding the cost of harvesting and adapting dendritic cells from patients and by imitating a regular infection.
17639:
15809:
15778:
13029:
12649:
12481:
12379:
12121:
12045:
11833:
11422:
11378:
11087:
10843:
10609:
10287:
10122:
10082:
9937:
9652:
9620:
8987:
7383:
434:
1953:
1128:
mechanism can be added to amplify antigen translation and therefore immune response, decreasing the amount of starting material needed.
115:, the tendency of a vaccine to produce adverse reactions, is similar to that of conventional non-RNA vaccines. People susceptible to an
15444:
15018:
13654:
13573:
13551:
12989:
12884:
12879:
12859:
12843:
12593:
12401:
12273:
11549:
10863:
10437:
10361:
9964:
9849:
8563:
7976:
6175:
5361:
5112:
2726:"Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors"
661:
The mRNA can be improved by using synthetic 5'-cap analogues which enhance the stability and increase protein translation. Similarly,
16770:
15839:
15066:
14746:
14441:
13671:
13588:
13049:
13017:
12838:
12325:
12185:
12020:
11928:
11725:
11683:
11296:
10752:
9588:
9144:
7953:
7948:
7481:
4816:
11979:
5265:
Berglund P, Smerdou C, Fleeton MN, Tubulekas I, Liljeström P (June 1998). "Enhancing immune responses using suicidal DNA vaccines".
4625:"A Direct Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Nucleic Acid Delivery Mediated by Hundreds of Nanoparticles Reveals a Weak Correlation"
284:
as a method to transport mRNA inside cells without setting off the body's defense system was reported. Clinical trial results of an
16795:
16785:
16780:
16735:
16717:
15635:
13735:
13615:
13256:
12874:
12676:
12614:
12583:
12389:
11735:
10878:
10811:
9497:
1120:
of mRNA can be optimized for different purposes (a process called sequence engineering of mRNA), for example through enriching the
16844:
11011:
5657:
16790:
16775:
16730:
15893:
15857:
14852:
14285:
14013:
13998:
13916:
13724:
13305:
13171:
12996:
12941:
12662:
11581:
10913:
10447:
10206:
9687:
9412:
8239:
8028:
6856:
2793:"Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA"
1657:
6640:
16851:
16825:
16765:
15530:
14807:
13968:
13310:
12964:
12729:
12471:
12458:
12114:
11858:
11760:
11247:
11114:
10216:
9561:
9482:
9467:
9393:
8967:
8905:
8644:
8328:
7995:
6469:
2598:"A development that may evolve into a revolution in medicine: mRNA as the basis for novel, nucleotide-based vaccines and drugs"
5995:
3690:"Vaccine formulations in clinical development for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection"
2450:
16805:
16800:
16745:
16740:
15881:
15605:
15146:
13034:
12093:
11813:
11713:
11663:
11643:
11586:
11500:
11444:
10660:
9856:
9457:
9422:
8962:
7327:
7255:
5241:
4593:
4101:
1699:
182:
995:, each of which can differ in structure and function. Clinical studies have utilized such viruses on a range of diseases in
16820:
16815:
16760:
16755:
15164:
14776:
14696:
14544:
14177:
13953:
13541:
13266:
12557:
12524:
12180:
11911:
11843:
11823:
10388:
10199:
10137:
9942:
9549:
9492:
9462:
9447:
9355:
6861:
4508:
4365:"Protein expression from exogenous mRNA: uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis and trafficking via the lysosomal pathway"
1787:
1112:
stimulation to avoid immediate degradation and produce a more persistent effect through enhanced translation capacity. The
367:
132:
4682:"Opinion: A straightforward explanation why more COVID-19 vaccines can't be produced with help from 'dozens' of companies"
1979:"FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine"
16810:
16750:
15661:
15656:
15646:
15099:
15008:
14867:
14726:
12946:
12698:
12100:
11828:
11638:
11529:
11483:
11463:
11237:
10981:
9427:
9102:
9004:
8900:
8676:
8619:
8073:
6893:
6645:
6571:
6424:
6139:
4250:"Intranodal vaccination with naked antigen-encoding RNA elicits potent prophylactic and therapeutic antitumoral immunity"
2439:
1541:
390:
277:
12547:
6251:
16712:
15929:
15923:
15790:
15181:
14837:
14797:
14711:
14003:
13166:
12869:
12864:
12562:
12025:
11996:
11942:
11693:
11648:
11598:
11554:
11449:
11429:
11363:
11199:
10670:
10566:
10504:
10250:
9571:
9442:
9074:
9044:
8390:
7303:
6610:
6243:
5427:
5480:
3446:
15115:
15089:
14872:
14862:
14817:
14119:
13374:
13112:
12984:
12088:
11534:
11524:
11512:
11507:
11468:
10955:
10776:
10552:
10038:
9630:
9487:
9472:
9330:
9196:
8925:
8661:
8528:
8437:
8318:
8234:
7429:
6715:
5678:
1354:
1215:
5310:"Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses"
1783:
16856:
16555:
16049:
15863:
15851:
15773:
15550:
15125:
14983:
14923:
14882:
14842:
14781:
14751:
14736:
14716:
14706:
14691:
14686:
14342:
13278:
13139:
12969:
12109:
11868:
11519:
11397:
11281:
11067:
11032:
10868:
10816:
10685:
10521:
9285:
9218:
9084:
9079:
9009:
8999:
8734:
8587:
8582:
8395:
8173:
8101:
7344:
7282:
6252:
3990:
1064:. The majority of the days needed for each production run are allocated to rigorous quality control at each stage.
950:
564:
531:
fragment of the RNA sequence of a virus into the individual being vaccinated. These mRNA fragments are taken up by
6171:
4205:
Benteyn D, Heirman C, Bonehill A, Thielemans K, Breckpot K (February 2015). "mRNA-based dendritic cell vaccines".
3299:
1876:"FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine"
15887:
15875:
15767:
15651:
15203:
15051:
15039:
15013:
14988:
14973:
14958:
14953:
14943:
14933:
14928:
14913:
14897:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14701:
14676:
14657:
14498:
14241:
14144:
14139:
14008:
13161:
12149:
12083:
11838:
11439:
11434:
11259:
11204:
11062:
11006:
11001:
10918:
10745:
10547:
10378:
10260:
10245:
10132:
10099:
10023:
9527:
9432:
9417:
9124:
9059:
9039:
8920:
8739:
8722:
8691:
8533:
8523:
8476:
8471:
8333:
8323:
8224:
8168:
8151:
8126:
8048:
7376:
6903:
6871:
6866:
6695:
5629:
3616:
170:
10950:
10255:
8141:
5592:
4847:
4749:
18341:
16668:
16429:
16092:
15120:
15061:
15044:
15034:
15003:
14993:
14978:
14948:
14938:
14887:
14877:
14857:
14827:
14802:
14681:
14668:
13355:
13295:
13156:
13095:
12067:
11952:
11770:
11603:
11539:
11392:
11341:
11099:
11092:
11072:
10626:
10588:
10373:
9974:
9166:
9129:
9064:
9049:
9019:
8977:
8972:
8778:
8607:
8553:
8131:
6961:
6566:
5900:
173:
to approve an mRNA vaccine, authorizing the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine for widespread use. On 11 December, the US
12552:
16187:
15477:
15302:
15056:
14998:
14968:
14847:
14832:
14812:
14756:
14741:
13583:
13453:
12912:
12057:
12035:
12003:
11916:
11853:
11848:
11678:
11591:
11576:
11490:
11412:
11402:
11387:
11351:
11336:
11316:
11286:
11276:
11254:
11077:
10903:
10838:
10821:
10762:
10665:
10514:
10442:
10427:
10422:
10405:
10270:
10177:
10033:
9952:
9883:
9566:
9477:
9345:
9252:
9208:
9119:
9029:
8872:
8766:
8756:
8708:
8686:
8681:
8597:
8267:
8251:
8209:
8204:
8178:
8161:
8116:
8106:
6759:
6464:
6065:
3329:
Ball P (January 2021). "The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines — and what it means for other diseases".
13578:
10233:
4289:
1320:
1312:. The first frame, like conventional mRNA, codes for the antigen of interest. The second frame codes for an
1308:
Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccines replicate their mRNA after transfection. Self-amplifying mRNA has two
868:
16067:
15815:
15724:
15587:
15130:
15094:
14822:
14721:
14590:
14018:
13938:
13232:
13227:
12062:
12015:
11969:
11755:
11740:
11626:
11608:
11571:
11407:
11321:
11291:
11242:
11227:
10971:
10858:
10848:
10730:
10695:
10690:
10648:
10583:
10537:
10499:
10462:
10410:
10304:
10282:
10265:
10228:
10223:
10211:
10182:
10172:
10167:
10117:
10089:
10028:
9996:
9804:
9610:
9539:
9522:
9340:
9230:
9161:
9069:
9024:
9014:
8957:
8952:
8698:
8649:
8432:
8415:
8400:
8229:
8214:
8156:
8136:
8111:
8096:
8068:
8058:
8053:
8023:
1984:
1881:
1313:
583:. This triggers the production of antibodies specifically targeted to the antigen, ultimately resulting in
244:
174:
827:, result in varying levels of mRNA uptake, making the choice of administration route a critical aspect of
16543:
16077:
15736:
15472:
13666:
13244:
13144:
12030:
11974:
11750:
11673:
11495:
11417:
11373:
11331:
11306:
11232:
11104:
11082:
11057:
10757:
10720:
10542:
10509:
10469:
10400:
10368:
10356:
10299:
10240:
10194:
10142:
10127:
10094:
10077:
10045:
9947:
9839:
9678:
9647:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9544:
9437:
9114:
9054:
9034:
8994:
8982:
8751:
8602:
8481:
8385:
8246:
8219:
8199:
8183:
8146:
7988:
1167:
375:
178:
3061:"DARPA Awards Moderna Therapeutics A Grant For Up To $ 25 Million To Develop Messenger RNA Therapeutics"
18277:
16250:
16057:
15679:
15599:
15593:
15467:
15439:
15399:
14539:
14290:
13645:
13210:
12050:
11986:
11745:
11730:
11708:
11688:
11544:
11346:
11311:
10945:
10853:
10788:
10452:
10432:
10383:
10351:
9910:
9664:
9642:
9625:
9556:
9335:
9325:
8935:
8915:
8910:
8810:
8788:
8761:
8703:
8671:
8666:
8627:
8592:
8568:
8558:
8410:
8338:
8313:
8292:
8121:
8063:
8043:
8038:
8033:
7369:
6881:
6318:
6301:
6201:
4977:
Schultz-Cherry S, Dybing JK, Davis NL, Williamson C, Suarez DL, Johnston R, Perdue ML (December 2000).
1364:
363:
307:
181:
for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and a week later similarly authorized the
Moderna vaccine. In 2023 the
167:
5895:
1047:
mRNA vaccines have the production advantage that they can be designed swiftly. Moderna designed their
80:
that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells. The mRNA is
16369:
15611:
15525:
15429:
15176:
14447:
13906:
13107:
12040:
11698:
11668:
11658:
11566:
11478:
11326:
11301:
10976:
10826:
9615:
9583:
9578:
9156:
8456:
8442:
8405:
8277:
6931:
6134:
5450:"Moderna Announces Longer Shelf Life for its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate at Refrigerated Temperatures"
5224:
Pardi N, Weissman D (17 December 2016). "Nucleoside
Modified mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases".
2114:
903:
851:. This mode of mRNA uptake has been known since the 1990s. The first worldwide clinical studies used
643:
243:
in mice. The following year self-amplifying mRNA was developed by including both a viral antigen and
4131:
2961:"The story of mRNA: How a once-dismissed idea became a leading technology in the Covid vaccine race"
780:, a fairly inefficient pathway in the laboratory setting that can be significantly improved through
16832:
16435:
16268:
15899:
15555:
15424:
15414:
15394:
15389:
15379:
14580:
14420:
14280:
14231:
14172:
14154:
13659:
13640:
13625:
13519:
13290:
8947:
6886:
6851:
6846:
6841:
5597:
1145:
mRNA vaccine has to be kept between −80 and −60 °C (−112 and −76 °F). Moderna says their
379:
77:
6114:
5513:
5020:"Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines against Ebola and Marburg virus infections"
1909:
Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (December 2020).
1056:
two weeks for molecular cloning of DNA plasmids and purification of DNA, four days for DNA-to-RNA
16725:
16381:
15911:
15821:
15419:
15404:
15384:
15239:
14610:
14452:
14368:
14129:
13895:
13283:
13271:
13261:
13188:
13183:
13132:
13127:
12956:
12902:
7332:
7265:
7246:
7042:
7014:
6976:
6971:
6951:
6474:
6163:
5072:
Dolgin E (November 2020). "COVID-19 vaccines poised for launch, but impact on pandemic unclear".
2349:
2089:
2012:
Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (January 2021).
1652:
1057:
864:
609:
2140:
1287:
The initial mRNA vaccines use a non-amplifying mRNA construct. Non-amplifying mRNA has only one
1237:
There is misinformation implying that mRNA vaccines could alter DNA in the nucleus. mRNA in the
1157:
conditions." Several platforms are being studied that may allow storage at higher temperatures.
16632:
15409:
15361:
15332:
15279:
13300:
13117:
7313:
7242:
6236:
2013:
1297:
1060:
and purification of mRNA, and four days to encapsulate mRNA in lipid nanoparticles followed by
976:
486:
252:
6184:
2724:
Heiser A, Coleman D, Dannull J, Yancey D, Maurice MA, Lallas CD, et al. (February 2002).
214:
Timeline of some key discoveries and advances in the development of mRNA-based drug technology
18331:
16477:
16192:
15434:
15259:
14051:
13761:
13746:
13714:
13676:
13563:
13220:
13205:
13149:
7308:
7142:
7137:
6588:
6534:
6444:
4623:
Paunovska K, Sago CD, Monaco CM, Hudson WH, Castro MG, Rudoltz TG, et al. (March 2018).
2207:
Initiation of cationic lipid-mediated mrna transfection; Concept proposal of mRNA-based drugs
1910:
1254:
1085:
907:
852:
678:
422:
410:
285:
5357:
4363:
Lorenz C, Fotin-Mleczek M, Roth G, Becker C, Dam TC, Verdurmen WP, et al. (July 2011).
4248:
Kreiter S, Selmi A, Diken M, Koslowski M, Britten CM, Huber C, et al. (November 2010).
16561:
16483:
16297:
15582:
15545:
15540:
14267:
14221:
14040:
13958:
13933:
13846:
13524:
13417:
13392:
13085:
10928:
9756:
7191:
7132:
6923:
6561:
6439:
6390:
6357:
6291:
6012:
4928:
Huang TT, Parab S, Burnett R, Diago O, Ostertag D, Hofman FM, et al. (February 2015).
4636:
3858:
3799:
3338:
3245:
3095:
2314:
2243:
966:
812:
670:
572:
5670:
5308:
Vogel AB, Lambert L, Kinnear E, Busse D, Erbar S, Reuter KC, et al. (February 2018).
8:
16501:
16357:
16309:
15576:
15231:
14620:
14358:
14305:
14091:
13921:
13531:
13239:
13195:
11209:
7114:
7080:
6966:
6789:
6732:
6727:
6673:
6504:
6372:
6344:
6296:
5933:
1117:
1101:
935:
662:
617:
544:
513:
478:
281:
194:
89:
16525:
6784:
6524:
6110:
6016:
4640:
3862:
3803:
3640:
3612:"Evolution and Progress of mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of Melanoma: Future Prospects"
3611:
3342:
3249:
3099:
2350:"After COVID-19 successes, researchers push to develop mRNA vaccines for other diseases"
2318:
2247:
1124:
or choosing specific UTRs known to increase translation. An additional ORF coding for a
979:
to achieve similar immunological responses. Typical RNA viruses used as vectors include
16262:
14334:
13948:
13630:
13100:
12907:
9761:
7147:
6981:
6722:
6683:
6668:
6544:
6529:
6514:
6434:
6352:
6036:
5871:
5846:
5786:
5740:
5689:
5652:
5570:
5334:
5309:
5290:
5201:
5176:
5093:
5044:
5019:
4954:
4929:
4905:
4878:
4657:
4624:
4566:
4541:
4479:
4452:
4430:
4345:
4230:
4182:
4149:
4119:
4061:
3966:
3939:
3915:
3890:
3822:
3787:
3763:
3738:
3714:
3689:
3592:
3414:
3381:
3362:
3276:
3214:
3171:
3127:
2911:
2863:
2622:
2597:
2543:
2500:
2413:
2193:
2056:
2043:
1940:
1757:
1724:
1614:
1581:
1533:
1468:
1443:
1419:
1394:
1336:
1309:
1288:
1185:
is similar to that of conventional, non-RNA vaccines. However, those susceptible to an
1113:
689:
improves mRNA stability and half-life and, in turn, protein production. Replacing rare
651:
584:
15191:
6155:
5146:"From science to syringe: COVID-19 vaccines are miracles of science and supply chains"
3159:
2758:
2725:
2266:
1647:
16839:
16642:
16351:
16291:
16087:
16072:
15905:
15673:
15535:
13610:
13412:
13360:
12519:
12337:
7461:
7392:
7270:
7237:
7070:
6911:
6801:
6690:
6551:
6376:
6339:
6229:
6084:
6056:
6040:
6028:
5876:
5791:
5732:
5694:
5674:
5574:
5562:
5339:
5282:
5247:
5237:
5206:
5097:
5085:
5049:
5000:
4959:
4910:
4662:
4571:
4484:
4422:
4386:
4337:
4271:
4222:
4187:
4169:
4107:
4097:
4084:
Fiedler K, Lazzaro S, Lutz J, Rauch S, Heidenreich R (2016). "MRNA Cancer
Vaccines".
4066:
3971:
3920:
3827:
3768:
3719:
3645:
3596:
3584:
3419:
3401:
3366:
3354:
3281:
3263:
3218:
3206:
3163:
3131:
3119:
3111:
2903:
2868:
2814:
2763:
2745:
2706:
2698:
2654:
2627:
2578:
2574:
2535:
2492:
2418:
2330:
2302:
2271:
2223:
2198:
2060:
2048:
1945:
1762:
1744:
1705:
1695:
1619:
1601:
1537:
1473:
1424:
1232:
1190:
1037:
524:) into the body. These antigens and viruses are prepared and grown outside the body.
430:
347:
335:
310:. The agency recognized the potential of nucleic acid technology for defense against
162:
obtained authorization for their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. On 2 December, the UK
120:
16507:
16127:
12476:
7216:
6052:
5744:
5358:"Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Storage & Dry Ice Safety Handling"
5294:
5228:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1499. Springer New York. pp. 109–21.
4349:
4234:
3737:
Kyriakidis NC, López-Cortés A, González EV, Grimaldos AB, Prado EO (February 2021).
2784:
2547:
2504:
1852:(Decision). Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 8 December 2020.
186:
16549:
16411:
16321:
16303:
16029:
15742:
15220:
14195:
13983:
13871:
13806:
13771:
13620:
13536:
10479:
7196:
7181:
7037:
6898:
6811:
6074:
6020:
6003:
5866:
5858:
5781:
5771:
5724:
5684:
5666:
5554:
5329:
5321:
5274:
5229:
5196:
5188:
5117:
5077:
5039:
5031:
4990:
4949:
4941:
4900:
4890:
4652:
4644:
4561:
4553:
4474:
4464:
4434:
4414:
4376:
4329:
4261:
4214:
4177:
4161:
4089:
4056:
4046:
3961:
3951:
3910:
3902:
3866:
3817:
3807:
3758:
3750:
3709:
3701:
3635:
3625:
3574:
3409:
3393:
3346:
3271:
3253:
3198:
3175:
3155:
3103:
2915:
2895:
2858:
2848:
2804:
2753:
2737:
2688:
2617:
2609:
2570:
2527:
2484:
2408:
2398:
2354:
2322:
2298:
2261:
2251:
2219:
2188:
2178:
2038:
2028:
1935:
1925:
1752:
1736:
1723:
Crommelin DJ, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, Jiskoot W, Mastrobattista E (March 2021).
1687:
1609:
1593:
1523:
1515:
1463:
1455:
1414:
1406:
1359:
1152:
1041:
939:
694:
635:
509:
378:
for the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and a week later similar approval for the
355:
318:
The first human clinical trials using an mRNA vaccine against an infectious agent (
248:
151:
147:
124:
49:
16375:
6737:
5558:
4266:
4249:
3397:
1444:"Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery"
543:) to read the mRNA and produce the viral antigens that the mRNA encodes. The body
18315:
18291:
16573:
16345:
16333:
16327:
16315:
16062:
16019:
15208:
14226:
14187:
14114:
13801:
13719:
13635:
13432:
13315:
12493:
10643:
10638:
7476:
7201:
6999:
6806:
6764:
6650:
6630:
6600:
6583:
6509:
6499:
6429:
6368:
6364:
6313:
6048:
5728:
5518:
4750:"Manufacturing moonshot: How Pfizer makes its millions of Covid-19 vaccine doses"
4648:
4418:
4218:
3812:
3565:
2899:
2809:
2792:
2457:
2446:
1519:
1332:
1210:
1171:
1125:
1109:
1061:
848:
781:
725:, they are also negatively charged like the cell membrane, which causes a mutual
505:
331:
140:
18310:
15317:
5325:
5233:
4093:
2997:"How a secretive Pentagon agency seeded the ground for a rapid coronavirus cure"
1691:
1459:
18303:
16567:
16537:
16495:
16417:
16285:
16222:
16207:
16182:
16162:
15730:
15294:
15214:
13816:
13397:
12693:
8877:
7338:
7065:
6956:
6916:
6796:
6617:
6556:
6024:
5862:
5485:
5081:
4513:
4469:
3956:
3871:
3846:
3754:
3705:
3579:
3560:
3350:
3258:
3233:
3202:
3107:
2965:
2236:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1740:
1410:
1182:
996:
758:
726:
624:
532:
456:
449:
273:
112:
57:
16459:
16441:
6195:
4165:
3739:"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates"
2488:
1503:
298:
in 2010, were founded to develop mRNA biotechnologies. The US research agency
18325:
16647:
16617:
16585:
16471:
16363:
16339:
16256:
16227:
16202:
16177:
16167:
16147:
16122:
16112:
16102:
16039:
15964:
15952:
14436:
14295:
14251:
14236:
13861:
13856:
13786:
13691:
13387:
8855:
7221:
7206:
7176:
7171:
7026:
6779:
6774:
6678:
6323:
5813:"New crop of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could be easier to store, cheaper to use"
4848:"Why grandparents can't find vaccines: Scarcity of niche biotech ingredients"
4173:
3630:
3405:
3267:
3115:
2788:
2749:
2702:
2613:
2033:
1748:
1605:
1328:
1324:
1105:
1081:
992:
918:
844:
824:
718:
705:
468:
303:
256:
190:
81:
45:
6578:
5776:
5759:
5481:"Experts Tell F.D.A. It Should Gather More Safety Data on Covid-19 Vaccines"
5420:
5388:"Why Does Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine Need To Be Kept Colder Than Antarctica?"
5035:
3531:"Moderna plots vaccines against 15 pathogens with future pandemic potential"
2853:
2836:
2326:
2256:
2231:
1279:
595:
259:
was shown to elicit a similar immune response against cancer cells in mice.
18336:
16652:
16579:
16513:
16465:
16453:
16447:
16405:
16387:
16217:
16197:
16157:
16132:
16082:
15327:
15312:
15254:
15244:
14533:
14211:
13891:
13841:
13796:
13781:
13699:
7298:
6941:
6836:
6769:
6710:
6705:
6276:
6256:
6088:
6032:
5880:
5795:
5736:
5698:
5566:
5545:
Wadman M (November 2020). "Public needs to prep for vaccine side effects".
5343:
5251:
5210:
5089:
5053:
5004:
4995:
4978:
4963:
4914:
4666:
4575:
4488:
4426:
4390:
4341:
4275:
4226:
4191:
4148:
Jackson NA, Kester KE, Casimiro D, Gurunathan S, DeRosa F (February 2020).
4111:
4070:
3975:
3924:
3831:
3772:
3723:
3663:
3649:
3588:
3438:
3423:
3358:
3285:
3210:
3167:
3123:
2907:
2872:
2818:
2767:
2710:
2631:
2531:
2496:
2422:
2294:
2202:
2052:
1949:
1930:
1822:
1766:
1709:
1623:
1528:
1477:
1428:
1242:
1186:
1093:
946:
872:
762:
730:
682:
655:
553:
536:
517:
438:
394:
223:
219:
116:
15870:
Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases
5286:
5113:"Moderna's groundbreaking coronavirus vaccine was designed in just 2 days"
4895:
4594:"Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19"
4557:
4540:
Reichmuth AM, Oberli MA, Jaklenec A, Langer R, Blankschtein D (May 2016).
4381:
4364:
4333:
3847:"Tools for translation: non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery"
2658:
2582:
2539:
2334:
2275:
906:
as a drug delivery system was in 2018, when the agency approved the first
894:
197:
that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
16612:
16591:
16531:
16393:
16172:
16137:
16097:
16024:
15307:
15284:
15264:
15186:
14565:
14478:
14246:
14134:
14073:
13831:
13791:
13766:
13751:
13729:
13382:
12197:
7085:
7075:
6936:
6742:
6625:
6593:
6519:
6381:
6272:
6264:
5192:
4945:
4051:
4034:
3031:"DARPA's gambles might have created the best hopes for stopping COVID-19"
2403:
2386:
2227:
2183:
2166:
1597:
1349:
1253:
vaccines are single-stranded RNA) which enters the cell nucleus and uses
1073:
820:
816:
777:
713:
For a vaccine to be successful, sufficient mRNA must enter the host cell
560:
426:
414:
386:
136:
128:
73:
13350:
5278:
2115:"Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel for COVID-19 vaccine discoveries"
504:
Traditional vaccines stimulate an antibody response by injecting either
16718:
Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
16423:
16212:
16152:
16142:
16107:
15274:
14638:
14518:
14275:
13973:
13851:
13836:
13546:
13427:
13402:
7412:
7211:
7186:
6876:
6826:
4786:"Race to the Vaccine: A COVID-19 vaccine life cycle: from DNA to doses"
3736:
1246:
1121:
1108:, 2'-O-methylated nucleosides) can be incorporated to mRNA to suppress
1080:, mRNA vaccines also have additional advantages over DNA vaccines. The
1024:
988:
984:
980:
832:
686:
666:
634:
transcribed mRNA has the same structural components as natural mRNA in
568:
442:
92:
that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells.
5625:
3906:
1166:
the type of initial authorization mRNA vaccines should get (including
210:
21:
16627:
16519:
16489:
16399:
16034:
15462:
15269:
14605:
14585:
14488:
14431:
14389:
14124:
14104:
13821:
13811:
13741:
13704:
13458:
13437:
13422:
13002:
12828:
7466:
7260:
6831:
6699:
6268:
4035:"mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection"
2741:
2387:"mRNA Vaccine Era-Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection"
2167:"mRNA Vaccine Era-Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection"
1146:
1048:
972:
876:
722:
714:
674:
647:
639:
549:
521:
358:. On 2 December, seven days after its final eight-week trial, the UK
323:
7361:
6079:
6060:
5760:"Enlisting the mRNA Vaccine Platform to Combat Parasitic Infections"
4150:"The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective"
4088:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 209. pp. 61–85.
2693:
2676:
1028:
Advantages and disadvantages of different types of vaccine platforms
552:
and do not affect the body's genomic DNA, located separately in the
497:. The markers on the pathogen that the antibodies target are called
16637:
16622:
14643:
14600:
14595:
14508:
14503:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14206:
14200:
14149:
13866:
13826:
13709:
7404:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7060:
6816:
6752:
6747:
6185:"Halting Progress and Happy Accidents: How mRNA Vaccines Were Made"
4976:
3086:
Dolgin E (September 2021). "The tangled history of mRNA vaccines".
1142:
911:
804:
approaches have been investigated. They offer some advantages over
796:
697:
frequently used by the host cell also enhances protein production.
621:
620:
and sequence which corresponds to the mRNA construct. By combining
605:
603:
The central component of a mRNA vaccine is its mRNA construct. The
540:
528:
494:
490:
453:
311:
291:
228:
155:
65:
1850:"Conditions of Authorisation for Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine"
1335:. The vaccine is designed to target both the spike protein of the
800:
transcribed mRNA leads to the expression of antigens in the body,
16117:
15827:
14628:
14575:
14570:
14513:
14483:
14473:
14468:
14216:
14109:
14081:
6821:
6260:
3380:
Wherry EJ, Jaffee EM, Warren N, D'Souza G, Ribas A (April 2021).
1818:"UK approves Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine for rollout next week"
1722:
1293:
1238:
1089:
1077:
1033:
1008:
1004:
883:
744:
738:
613:
498:
473:
406:
366:
to approve an mRNA vaccine, granting emergency authorization for
295:
286:
mRNA vaccine directly injected into the body against cancer cells
269:
255:
response against a viral pathogen. The next year mRNA encoding a
236:
159:
150:, messenger RNA vaccines have attracted considerable interest as
61:
53:
41:
4403:
4204:
3889:
Schlake T, Thess A, Fotin-Mleczek M, Kallen KJ (November 2012).
2451:
Expression of Exogenous Polynucleotide Sequences in a Vertebrate
2305:(March 1990). "Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo".
831:
delivery. One study showed, in comparing different routes, that
306:
research program ADEPT to develop emerging technologies for the
16014:
14633:
14549:
14523:
14426:
14384:
14256:
13776:
7124:
7109:
6395:
5758:
Versteeg L, Almutairi MM, Hotez PJ, Pollet J (September 2019).
5264:
4147:
3888:
1686:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1499. pp. 1–11.
1502:
Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H (October 2019).
1501:
1097:
923:
880:
766:
580:
576:
319:
280:) was started in 2001. Four years later, the successful use of
240:
5626:"Vaccine rumours debunked: Microchips, 'altered DNA' and more"
4879:"RNA Viruses as Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development"
3688:
Batty CJ, Heise MT, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM (December 2020).
867:
can be mixed with mRNA to generate protective coatings called
709:
Major delivery methods and carrier molecules for mRNA vaccines
60:, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign
14493:
14363:
14313:
7119:
7004:
6605:
6539:
5175:
Karikó K, Muramatsu H, Ludwig J, Weissman D (November 2011).
5174:
4539:
4451:
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Luo J, Han X, Wei Y, Wei X (February 2021).
4362:
3379:
3189:
Dolgin E (November 2021). "mRNA flu shots move into trials".
1283:
Mechanism of non-amplifying and self-amplifying mRNA vaccines
1000:
690:
599:
mRNA components important for expressing the antigen sequence
398:
299:
69:
18298:
16271:(Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)
15834:
National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19
13557:
neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
5757:
4817:"mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines Are Fast to Make, but Hard to Scale"
247:
encoding gene. The method was used in mice to elicit both a
16713:
Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
15935:
14528:
7455:
7449:
6414:
6207:
6061:"mRNA-based therapeutics – developing a new class of drugs"
5714:
5421:"Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Administering Vaccine"
2930:"BioNTech's founders: scientist couple in global spotlight"
2677:"mRNA-based therapeutics — developing a new class of drugs"
2517:
1682:
Kramps T, Elders K (2017). "Introduction to RNA Vaccines".
327:
5844:
4247:
3687:
3467:
2723:
2644:
1174:) after the eight-week period of post-final human trials.
13090:
6211:
4622:
2783:
2475:
Pascolo S (August 2004). "Messenger RNA-based vaccines".
2011:
1908:
1441:
1032:
mRNA vaccines offer specific advantages over traditional
685:
impacts protein translation. Enriching the sequence with
402:
371:
85:
5307:
4318:
3382:"How Did We Get a COVID-19 Vaccine in Less Than 1 Year?"
3144:
2885:
2560:
2293:
1579:
1442:
Kowalski PS, Rudra A, Miao L, Anderson DG (April 2019).
108:
Video showing how vaccination with an mRNA vaccine works
5381:
5379:
4814:
4083:
3940:"Review the safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review"
3664:"British man tests first personalised melanoma vaccine"
3439:"Covid Pfizer vaccine approved for use next week in UK"
2837:"An Update on Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine Development"
1725:"Addressing the Cold Reality of mRNA Vaccine Stability"
1580:
Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D (April 2018).
886:
and has been used to encapsulate mRNA for vaccination.
419:
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
5847:"Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases"
5415:
5413:
4927:
4509:"How nanotechnology helps mRNA Covid-19 vaccines work"
794:
Since the discovery that the direct administration of
139:
before distribution, other mRNA vaccines, such as the
29:
transcription, innate and adaptive immunity activation
18275:
5653:"Retroviral DNA Transposition: Themes and Variations"
5514:"Pfizer boss warns on risk of fast-tracking vaccines"
3500:"Moderna Announces Its Global Public Health Strategy"
1072:
In addition to sharing the advantages of theoretical
15630:
Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital
5376:
5350:
1504:"Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development"
1393:
Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ (December 2020).
539:. The dendritic cells use their internal machinery (
6183:Kolata, Gina; Mueller, Benjamin (15 January 2022).
6130:"Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines"
5845:Bloom K, van den Berg F, Arbuthnot P (April 2021).
5410:
4815:Hopkins JS, Eastwood J, Moriarty D (3 March 2021).
4716:"Why manufacturing Covid vaccines at scale is hard"
3529:Steenhuysen, Julie; Erman, Michael (8 March 2022).
527:In contrast, mRNA vaccines introduce a short-lived
362:(MHRA) became the first global medicines regulator
360:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
164:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
13757:Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
2218:
776:dendritic cells take up mRNA molecules is through
48:(mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine
15762:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
15624:Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital
7277:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
6047:
5623:
5110:
4542:"mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles"
3231:
2674:
1392:
1096:, and the risk of being integrated into the host
654:(ORF), which encodes the relevant antigen, and a
131:. While some messenger RNA vaccines, such as the
18323:
14550:Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech
5111:Neilson S, Dunn A, Bendix A (26 November 2020).
5017:
4453:"mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy"
3785:
3528:
2141:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023"
2090:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023"
1784:"UK authorises Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine"
835:injection leads to the largest T-cell response.
516:(dead) virus, or a recombinant antigen-encoding
15918:Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups
6197:M.I.T. Lecture 10: Kizzmekia Corbett, Vaccines"
4450:
3884:
3882:
3683:
3681:
3468:Office of the Commissioner (18 December 2020).
3232:Hou X, Zaks T, Langer R, Dong Y (August 2021).
1868:
1815:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1229:Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic
1219:reaction to the lipid drug delivery molecules.
1092:, so there is no need for the RNA to enter the
276:transfected with mRNA encoding tumor antigens (
4783:
4033:Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L (September 2020).
2834:
2385:Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L (September 2020).
2165:Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L (September 2020).
1645:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
859:
15618:Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre
9150:Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
7377:
6237:
6182:
5644:
5258:
5223:
4032:
3844:
2384:
2232:"Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection"
2164:
1395:"Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems"
1260:reverse transcriptase and appropriate primers
222:of designed mRNA packaged within a liposomal
16840:World map by countries: confirmed per capita
15785:National Institute for Communicable Diseases
8428:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4077:
3879:
3678:
2675:Sahin U, Karikó K, Türeci Ö (October 2014).
1681:
1484:
889:
235:Liposome-encapsulated mRNA encoding a viral
16976:Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
15810:National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board
15779:Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
5710:
5708:
5624:Carmichael F, Goodman J (2 December 2020).
4039:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3937:
2835:Blakney AK, Ip S, Geall AJ (January 2021).
2391:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2171:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1377:
971:In addition to non-viral delivery methods,
902:The first time the FDA approved the use of
729:. Additionally, mRNA is easily degraded by
435:Severe fever with Thrombocytopenia syndrome
368:Pfizer–BioNTech's BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine
7384:
7370:
6244:
6230:
6176:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5385:
5067:
5065:
5063:
3786:Bull JJ, Nuismer SL, Antia R (July 2019).
3609:
3561:"Precision medicine meets cancer vaccines"
3304:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2595:
1582:"mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology"
1319:SaRNA vaccines being researched include a
871:. These protect the recombinant mRNA from
485:The goal of a vaccine is to stimulate the
16259:(Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
15840:COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force
6078:
5870:
5785:
5775:
5688:
5650:
5333:
5200:
5043:
5018:Geisbert TW, Feldmann H (November 2011).
4994:
4953:
4904:
4894:
4876:
4656:
4565:
4478:
4468:
4380:
4265:
4181:
4086:Current Strategies in Cancer Gene Therapy
4060:
4050:
3965:
3955:
3914:
3870:
3838:
3821:
3811:
3762:
3713:
3639:
3629:
3578:
3413:
3275:
3257:
3024:
3022:
2990:
2988:
2862:
2852:
2808:
2757:
2692:
2621:
2412:
2402:
2301:, Williams P, Chong W, Acsadi G, Jani A,
2289:
2287:
2285:
2265:
2255:
2192:
2182:
2042:
2032:
1939:
1929:
1842:
1816:Boseley S, Halliday J (2 December 2020).
1778:
1776:
1756:
1613:
1527:
1467:
1418:
1249:can be single-stranded RNA (just as many
15636:COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
12417:Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
8931:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
5705:
4784:Weise E, Weintraub K (7 February 2021).
4779:
4777:
4775:
4743:
4741:
4587:
4585:
4502:
4500:
4498:
3991:"How do the new COVID-19 vaccines work?"
3845:Hajj KA, Whitehead KA (September 2017).
2427:Concept proposal of mRNA vaccines (1990)
1811:
1809:
1331:of an saRNA COVID-19 vaccine, used as a
1278:
1023:
893:
704:
594:
520:(harmless carrier virus with an antigen
472:
370:for widespread use. On 11 December, the
350:, and sequencing of the causative virus
209:
94:
20:
15894:Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
15858:Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre
13725:COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
6214:explaining how the vaccine works using
5926:
5511:
5060:
4845:
4839:
4808:
4709:
4707:
3988:
3553:
3436:
3234:"Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery"
2474:
1435:
1019:
838:
76:. These protein molecules stimulate an
18324:
16265:(Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
15531:Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
12730:COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
6172:"Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines"
5996:"The tangled history of mRNA vaccines"
5993:
5971:from the original on 22 September 2021
5941:from the original on 20 September 2021
5840:
5838:
5807:
5805:
5586:
5584:
5544:
5478:
5143:
5137:
5071:
4506:
3891:"Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies"
3788:"Recombinant vector vaccine evolution"
3188:
3085:
3019:
2985:
2958:
2952:
2670:
2668:
2282:
1773:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
493:that precisely target that particular
44:that uses a copy of a molecule called
16689:
15994:
15882:Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board
15846:National Public Health Emergency Team
15606:Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang
15498:
15359:
13501:
12147:
7974:
7427:
7391:
7365:
6225:
5671:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0005-2014
5526:from the original on 18 November 2020
5472:
5156:from the original on 27 February 2021
4858:from the original on 26 February 2021
4796:from the original on 25 February 2021
4772:
4747:
4738:
4591:
4582:
4495:
4446:
4444:
4143:
4141:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3461:
3430:
3028:
2994:
2973:from the original on 10 November 2020
2940:from the original on 14 February 2021
2830:
2828:
2779:
2777:
2730:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2470:
2468:
2466:
1993:from the original on 19 December 2020
1959:from the original on 19 December 2020
1806:
1677:
1675:
875:and assist its penetration in cells.
612:mRNA is generated from an engineered
267:The first human clinical trial using
183:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
135:, have the disadvantage of requiring
64:that would normally be produced by a
16708:Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
16690:
8655:2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
8574:2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
5927:Knapton, Sarah (20 September 2021).
5893:
5617:
5605:from the original on 22 January 2021
5590:
5505:
5493:from the original on 26 January 2021
5430:from the original on 28 January 2021
5398:from the original on 1 February 2021
5364:from the original on 24 January 2021
5125:from the original on 11 January 2021
4713:
4704:
4692:from the original on 5 February 2021
4679:
4673:
4521:from the original on 1 December 2020
4300:from the original on 26 January 2021
4001:from the original on 30 January 2021
3480:from the original on 14 January 2021
3449:from the original on 2 December 2020
3328:
3292:
2477:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
2362:from the original on 13 October 2021
2070:from the original on 9 February 2021
1971:
1890:from the original on 31 January 2021
1856:from the original on 7 December 2020
1830:from the original on 2 December 2020
1794:from the original on 2 December 2020
1788:Department of Health and Social Care
1660:from the original on 6 December 2018
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:from the original on 11 January 2021
843:Naked mRNA injection means that the
15199:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
14100:Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
13250:protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
5835:
5802:
5581:
4282:
2665:
2347:
2212:
1989:(Press release). 18 December 2020.
1886:(Press release). 11 December 2020.
1684:RNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols
1630:
127:, and lack of interaction with the
13:
15930:White House COVID-19 Response Team
15924:White House Coronavirus Task Force
15791:Taiwan Centers for Disease Control
13902:Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
13569:Non-COVID-19–related health issues
11200:Eastern States Multi-state Council
11127:Trump administration communication
7304:Eradication of infectious diseases
7061:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
5987:
5632:from the original on 13 March 2021
5024:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4726:from the original on 24 March 2021
4441:
4138:
4013:
3541:from the original on 14 March 2022
3510:from the original on 16 March 2022
3470:"Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine"
3007:from the original on 2 August 2021
2825:
2774:
2596:Kallen KJ, Theß A (January 2014).
2463:
1729:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
1672:
1303:
1300:in an attempt to reduce toxicity.
898:Assembly of RNA lipid nanoparticle
448:Moderna is also developing a mRNA
14:
18353:
13502:
7450:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
6894:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
6096:
5823:from the original on 5 April 2022
4827:from the original on 4 April 2021
4760:from the original on 1 April 2021
4604:from the original on 5 March 2021
3310:from the original on 3 March 2021
3063:(Press release). 2 October 2013.
3041:from the original on 18 June 2021
1556:
1355:Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA
1274:
847:of the vaccine is only done in a
669:can be modified to both decrease
205:
193:for their discoveries concerning
143:, do not have such requirements.
18309:
18297:
18285:
15864:Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee
15852:Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting
15774:Department of Health (Hong Kong)
15499:
14732:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14029:Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
13216:French West Indies social unrest
10874:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9291:Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
8283:Democratic Republic of the Congo
8079:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
7456:Middle East respiratory syndrome
7283:Alternative vaccination schedule
6253:Artificial induction of immunity
6103:
5953:
5920:
5887:
5751:
3067:from the original on 2 June 2021
2602:Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines
1265:
1191:body believing itself to be sick
1131:
391:Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
133:Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
15888:COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium
15876:Central Epidemic Command Center
15768:Ghana Infectious Disease Centre
13655:investigations into the origins
13346:Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
12805:restaurant industry in the U.S.
11205:Midwest Governors Regional Pact
6156:"RNA vaccines: an introduction"
5908:from the original on 6 May 2021
5538:
5512:Kuchler H (30 September 2020).
5442:
5301:
5217:
5168:
5104:
5011:
4970:
4921:
4870:
4616:
4598:Chemical & Engineering News
4533:
4397:
4356:
4312:
4241:
4198:
3982:
3938:Anand P, Stahel VP (May 2021).
3931:
3779:
3730:
3656:
3603:
3522:
3492:
3373:
3322:
3225:
3182:
3138:
3079:
3053:
2922:
2879:
2717:
2638:
2589:
2554:
2511:
2432:
2378:
2341:
2158:
2133:
2107:
2082:
2005:
1902:
1648:"RNA vaccines: an introduction"
1177:
1067:
960:
765:, leading to interactions with
341:
278:therapeutic cancer mRNA vaccine
239:was shown in 1993 to stimulate
14047:Post-vaccination complications
13356:Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
11654:Federated States of Micronesia
11185:California government response
10741:Provincial government response
9970:British Indian Ocean Territory
7115:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
5901:Science Translational Medicine
5593:"The Promise of mRNA Vaccines"
4846:Rowland C (18 February 2021).
4722:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
3989:Goldman B (22 December 2020).
3694:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
3610:Bafaloukos, Dimitrios (2023).
2520:European Journal of Immunology
1716:
1399:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
262:
1:
16253:(Director-General of the WHO)
15959:SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
13682:Undercounting COVID-19 deaths
13167:Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
12181:References in popular culture
8861:SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
7975:
6646:Group B streptococcal disease
6465:Vaccines for Children Program
5896:"A Malaria Vaccine Candidate"
5559:10.1126/science.370.6520.1022
5144:Rabson M (27 February 2021).
4600:. American Chemical Society.
4267:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0699
3437:Roberts M (2 December 2020).
3398:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-0079
3191:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
3160:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31665-3
2959:Garade D (10 November 2020).
2681:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1586:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1370:
1245:to prevent mRNA degradation.
1216:modified nucleoside technique
1172:expanded access authorization
1076:over established traditional
1014:
15816:COVID-19 Immunity Task Force
15360:
14024:Misinformation and hesitancy
13939:Great Barrington Declaration
11809:Australian Capital Territory
11190:New York government response
10896:British Overseas Territories
7428:
5729:10.1517/17425247.2014.901308
5479:Thomas K (22 October 2020).
4649:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00432
4507:Cooney E (1 December 2020).
4419:10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181a00068
4294:Immunisation Advisory Centre
4219:10.1586/14760584.2014.957684
3813:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857
2900:10.1097/CJI.0b013e31815ce501
2810:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008
2575:10.1016/0264-410x(94)90074-4
1985:Food and Drug Administration
1882:Food and Drug Administration
1520:10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100766
1314:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
1222:
462:
175:Food and Drug Administration
7:
15737:Wuhan Institute of Virology
12635:Native American communities
11180:state and local governments
8896:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
5994:Dolgin E (September 2021).
5591:Kwon D (25 November 2020).
5326:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017
5234:10.1007/978-1-4939-6481-9_6
4094:10.1007/978-3-319-42934-2_5
1692:10.1007/978-1-4939-6481-9_1
1460:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012
1343:
1200:
1168:emergency use authorization
860:Polymer and peptide vectors
700:
376:emergency use authorization
179:emergency use authorization
84:by a co-formulation of the
10:
18358:
16722:WHO situation reports
16058:Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
15995:
15600:Pyongyang General Hospital
15594:Kemayoran Athletes Village
13646:AbC-19 rapid antibody test
13351:Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
13172:healthcare reform protests
12599:U.S. immigration detention
12148:
9845:local lockdown regulations
8868:state government responses
6218:characters and situations.
6025:10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w
5863:10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y
5082:10.1038/d41587-020-00022-y
4877:Lundstrom K (March 2019).
4680:Lowe D (3 February 2021).
4470:10.1186/s12943-021-01311-z
3957:10.1186/s13037-021-00291-9
3872:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.56
3792:PLOS Computational Biology
3755:10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w
3706:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.006
3580:10.1038/s41591-023-02432-2
3351:10.1038/d41586-020-03626-1
3300:"COVID-19 and Your Health"
3259:10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0
3203:10.1038/d41573-021-00176-7
3108:10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w
1741:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006
1411:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008
1365:Timeline of human vaccines
1226:
1136:
1118:untranslated regions (UTR)
964:
787:
761:display antigens on their
751:
481:of a messenger RNA vaccine
466:
302:launched at this time the
200:
18242:
18189:
17720:
17246:
17085:
16866:
16700:
16696:
16685:
16661:
16605:
16430:Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez
16370:Francesco Paolo Figliuolo
16278:
16243:
16236:
16048:
16005:
16001:
15990:
15945:
15800:
15752:
15720:
15713:
15702:
15695:
15641:NHS Nightingale Hospitals
15612:Mega Ligtas COVID Centers
15564:
15526:Central Hospital of Wuhan
15518:
15509:
15505:
15494:
15455:
15372:
15368:
15355:
15295:Small molecule antivirals
15293:
15230:
15182:Drug repurposing research
15172:
15163:
15139:
15108:
15082:
15027:
14906:
14790:
14667:
14656:
14619:
14558:
14461:
14448:Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
14398:
14377:
14351:
14333:
14326:
14304:
14266:
14186:
14163:
14090:
14072:
14065:
13991:
13982:
13969:Workplace hazard controls
13884:
13690:
13606:
13597:
13512:
13508:
13497:
13446:
13373:
13326:
13076:
13048:
13025:
13016:
12955:
12932:
12925:
12903:Global stock market crash
12893:
12852:
12824:Long-term care facilities
12800:meat industry in the U.S.
12765:
12707:
12684:
12675:
12648:
12607:
12571:
12533:
12502:
12457:
12448:
12367:
12346:
12333:
12324:
12282:
12264:
12255:
12169:
12160:
12156:
12143:
12076:
11941:
11867:
11769:
11634:
11625:
11220:
11195:Texas government response
11165:
11122:
11113:
11050:
11025:
10994:
10964:
10941:
10937:
10894:
10832:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
10804:
10797:
10676:Newfoundland and Labrador
10602:
10594:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
10576:
10565:
10530:
10492:
10158:
10110:
9989:
9797:
9695:
9686:
9677:
9515:
9354:
9251:
9110:
9101:
8888:
8851:union government response
8796:
8787:
8730:
8721:
8618:
8549:
8542:
8464:
8455:
8306:
8260:
8192:
8089:
8016:
7987:
7983:
7970:
7941:
7800:
7645:
7490:
7440:
7436:
7423:
7399:
7322:
7291:
7230:
7162:
7053:
7025:
6992:
6661:
6492:
6485:
6404:
6332:
6284:
4207:Expert Review of Vaccines
4166:10.1038/s41541-020-0159-8
3944:Patient Safety in Surgery
3573:(6): 1287. 16 June 2023.
3029:Usdin S (19 March 2020).
2489:10.1517/14712598.4.8.1285
2021:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1918:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1160:
890:Lipid nanoparticle vector
17118:vaccinations by province
16852:Hospital beds by country
16322:Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching
15900:Joint Biosecurity Centre
15667:Yorkshire and the Humber
15556:Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital
14581:DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
14343:COVI-VAC (United States)
13954:Public health mitigation
13641:UK Rapid Test Consortium
13589:Unproven medical methods
12305:exam grading controversy
11704:Northern Mariana Islands
11474:Northern Mariana Islands
10924:Turks and Caicos Islands
9192:circuit breaker response
8273:Central African Republic
6641:Clostridioides difficile
4748:Sealy A (2 April 2021).
4714:King A (23 March 2021).
4592:Cross R (6 March 2021).
4407:Journal of Immunotherapy
3851:Nature Reviews Materials
3631:10.3390/vaccines11030636
3386:Clinical Cancer Research
3238:Nature Reviews Materials
2995:Sonne P (30 July 2020).
2888:Journal of Immunotherapy
2614:10.1177/2051013613508729
2034:10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1
1122:guanine-cytosine content
1114:open reading frame (ORF)
687:guanine-cytosine content
673:and increase the mRNA's
671:innate immune activation
380:Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
78:adaptive immune response
16382:Henrique Gouveia e Melo
15912:COVID-19 Advisory Board
15822:COVID-19 Supply Council
15680:Dragon's Heart Hospital
15240:Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
14611:Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine
13328:International relations
13233:Idar-Oberstein shooting
12795:meat industry in Canada
12487:foster care in the U.S.
11819:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
8941:Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
8816:migrant workers' crisis
8772:Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
6904:Tick-borne encephalitis
6164:University of Cambridge
5894:Lowe D (1 March 2021).
5777:10.3390/vaccines7040122
4821:The Wall Street Journal
3504:investors.modernatx.com
2854:10.3390/vaccines9020097
2456:9 December 2021 at the
2445:14 October 2021 at the
2327:10.1126/science.1690918
2257:10.1073/pnas.86.16.6077
1653:University of Cambridge
1646:PHG Foundation (2019).
727:electrostatic repulsion
618:RNA polymerase promoter
590:
563:. Class I and class II
477:An illustration of the
288:were reported in 2008.
17764:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16633:Joseph Ashitey Hammond
15280:Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
15204:Open-source ventilator
14919:Bosnia and Herzegovina
13616:Death rates by country
13481:Science and technology
12515:Indian migrant workers
10909:British Virgin Islands
10288:North Rhine-Westphalia
10123:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9850:first tier regulations
9286:movement control order
9281:Aid and relief efforts
7314:List of vaccine topics
6309:Mathematical modelling
5717:Expert Opin Drug Deliv
5628:(Reality Check). BBC.
5181:Nucleic Acids Research
4996:10.1006/viro.2000.0635
2532:10.1002/eji.1830230749
1931:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2
1298:N1-Methylpseudouridine
1284:
1029:
899:
853:intradermal injections
772:The simplest way that
710:
677:in the host cell. The
644:5'-untranslated region
600:
487:adaptive immune system
482:
215:
109:
30:
18342:Nucleic acid vaccines
17003:São Tomé and Príncipe
15260:Casirivimab/imdevimab
15232:Monoclonal antibodies
13762:Exposure Notification
13747:COVID Tracker Ireland
13715:Coronavirus Australia
13206:Yellow vests protests
12640:Xenophobia and racism
10965:Caribbean Netherlands
10864:Saint Kitts and Nevis
10681:Northwest Territories
9965:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
9389:community quarantines
8298:São Tomé and Príncipe
8288:Republic of the Congo
7309:Vaccinate Your Family
6760:Japanese encephalitis
5967:. 20 September 2021.
5658:Microbiology Spectrum
5036:10.1093/infdis/jir349
5030:(Suppl 3): S1075–81.
4896:10.3390/genes10030189
4558:10.4155/tde-2016-0006
4382:10.4161/rna.8.4.15394
4334:10.1038/sj.gt.3302964
4296:. 22 September 2016.
3997:. Stanford Medicine.
2787:, Buckstein M, Ni H,
2348:May M (31 May 2021).
2313:(4949 Pt 1): 1465–8.
1282:
1255:reverse transcriptase
1227:Further information:
1027:
965:Further information:
951:U.S. half-dollar coin
897:
708:
679:nucleic acid sequence
598:
529:synthetically created
512:(weakened) virus, an
476:
467:Further information:
411:Marburg virus disease
218:The first successful
213:
107:
24:
17676:United Arab Emirates
17337:confirmed per capita
16484:Noor Hisham Abdullah
16298:Catherine Calderwood
15583:Hospital El Salvador
15551:Xinjia Express Hotel
15546:Leishenshan Hospital
15541:Huoshenshan Hospital
14893:United Arab Emirates
14621:Virus-like particles
14442:Sanofi–Translate Bio
14306:Virus-like particles
14041:Operation Warp Speed
13959:Safe Hands Challenge
13934:Flattening the curve
13847:Test, Trace, Protect
13393:Flattening the curve
12947:Knowledge's response
12630:Disability community
12579:Abortion in the U.S.
12375:Association football
11917:Traffic light system
11157:2021 hospital crisis
10753:Prince Edward Island
10066:government responses
9960:Overseas territories
9660:United Arab Emirates
8608:respirator diplomacy
7192:John Franklin Enders
5267:Nature Biotechnology
5074:Nature Biotechnology
4946:10.1089/hum.2014.100
4546:Therapeutic Delivery
4290:"Vaccine components"
4052:10.3390/ijms21186582
3306:. 11 February 2020.
2936:. 13 November 2020.
2404:10.3390/ijms21186582
2184:10.3390/ijms21186582
1598:10.1038/nrd.2017.243
1209:Physician-scientist
1102:Modified nucleosides
1020:Traditional vaccines
967:Viral vector vaccine
839:Naked mRNA injection
811:Different routes of
282:modified nucleosides
195:modified nucleosides
154:. In December 2020,
56:-encoding mRNA into
17618:vaccinations charts
17559:areas of quarantine
16358:Francisco Duque III
16310:Anutin Charnvirakul
15588:SevenHills Hospital
15577:Garran Surge Centre
14545:West China Hospital
13922:Anti-mask sentiment
13896:Corsi–Rosenthal Box
13542:Skin manifestations
12875:Global supply chain
12699:Travel restrictions
12689:Charitable activity
12625:African communities
11907:government response
11562:U.S. Virgin Islands
11210:Western States Pact
11038:U.S. Virgin Islands
10879:Trinidad and Tobago
10812:Antigua and Barbuda
10475:government response
10458:Community of Madrid
10394:government response
10293:government response
9750:government response
9498:Zamboanga Peninsula
9408:testing controversy
9384:government response
9241:government response
9145:social restrictions
8421:government response
8369:government response
6373:Virus-like particle
6297:Vaccine ingredients
6066:Nat Rev Drug Discov
6017:2021Natur.597..318D
5934:The Daily Telegraph
5460:on 16 November 2020
5279:10.1038/nbt0698-562
4852:The Washington Post
4641:2018NanoL..18.2148P
3863:2017NatRM...217056H
3804:2019PLSCB..15E6857B
3343:2021Natur.589...16B
3250:2021NatRM...6.1078H
3100:2021Natur.597..318D
3001:The Washington Post
2319:1990Sci...247.1465W
2248:1989PNAS...86.6077M
1790:. 2 December 2020.
1310:open reading frames
1187:autoimmune response
904:lipid nanoparticles
733:in skin and blood.
663:regulatory elements
573:present the antigen
479:mechanism of action
399:Ebola virus disease
171:medicines regulator
117:autoimmune response
90:lipid nanoparticles
18202:by state/territory
18162:vaccinations chart
18033:by federal subject
17903:vaccinations chart
17640:vaccination charts
17586:by federal subject
17564:vaccinations chart
17159:Dominican Republic
16438:(Northern Ireland)
16263:Maria Van Kerkhove
15536:Fangcang hospitals
15478:Variant of concern
14286:Oxford–AstraZeneca
13667:Rapid antigen test
13631:Operation Moonshot
13284:Wellington protest
13101:Convoy to Canberra
13030:National responses
12908:COVID-19 recession
12510:Healthcare workers
12124:Theodore Roosevelt
11834:Northern Territory
11175:federal government
10995:French West Indies
10844:Dominican Republic
10059:July–December 2020
9938:Crown Dependencies
9762:Operation Rescript
9733:July–December 2022
9723:July–December 2021
9713:July–December 2020
9503:Overseas Filipinos
7349:Never to phase III
7148:Hexavalent vaccine
6962:Epstein–Barr virus
6857:Oxford–AstraZeneca
6545:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
6189:The New York Times
6113:has a profile for
5651:Skalka AM (2014).
5426:. ModernaTX, Inc.
5386:Simmons-Duffin S.
5193:10.1093/nar/gkr695
4934:Human Gene Therapy
3154:(10101): 1511–20.
1327:started in 2021 a
1289:open reading frame
1285:
1030:
900:
711:
652:open reading frame
616:DNA, which has an
601:
483:
216:
166:(MHRA) became the
110:
31:
18273:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18265:
18264:
18249:Cruise ships
17898:statistics charts
17705:statistics charts
16681:
16680:
16677:
16676:
16643:Captain Tom Moore
16601:
16600:
16544:Þórólfur Guðnason
16492:(Northern Cyprus)
16478:Nguyễn Thanh Long
16352:Christian Drosten
16348:(the Netherlands)
16292:Ashley Bloomfield
16088:Christian Drosten
16073:Kizzmekia Corbett
15986:
15985:
15982:
15981:
15978:
15977:
15974:
15973:
15906:Vaccine Taskforce
15691:
15690:
15674:NHS Louisa Jordan
15490:
15489:
15486:
15485:
15473:Lineage B.1.640.2
15351:
15350:
15347:
15346:
15343:
15342:
15324:Co-packaged
15159:
15158:
15155:
15154:
14747:Equatorial Guinea
14652:
14651:
14322:
14321:
14057:Vaccine passports
14004:Clinical research
13964:Social distancing
13944:International aid
13880:
13879:
13493:
13492:
13489:
13488:
13413:Social distancing
13369:
13368:
13361:Vaccine diplomacy
13012:
13011:
12921:
12920:
12895:Financial markets
12785:Cannabis industry
12671:
12670:
12589:Domestic violence
12520:Great Resignation
12444:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12338:Bio-secure bubble
12320:
12319:
12238:programs affected
12173:cultural heritage
12139:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12116:Charles de Gaulle
11937:
11936:
11929:managed isolation
11859:Western Australia
11761:Wallis and Futuna
11621:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11046:
11045:
10990:
10989:
10639:military response
10561:
10560:
10054:January–June 2020
9985:
9984:
9728:January–June 2022
9718:January–June 2021
9708:January–June 2020
9673:
9672:
9511:
9510:
9483:Northern Mindanao
9097:
9096:
9093:
9092:
8968:Jammu and Kashmir
8906:Arunachal Pradesh
8717:
8716:
8451:
8450:
8329:Equatorial Guinea
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7462:Crimson Contagion
7393:COVID-19 pandemic
7359:
7358:
7271:Vaccines and SIDS
7158:
7157:
6932:Hepatitis A and B
6908:Varicella zoster
6365:Subunit/component
6178:. 4 January 2022.
6119:
5314:Molecular Therapy
5243:978-1-4939-6479-6
4103:978-3-319-42932-8
3907:10.4161/rna.22269
2027:(5152): 1653–56.
1786:(Press release).
1701:978-1-4939-6479-6
1233:vaccine hesitancy
1038:cellular immunity
917:Principally, the
865:Cationic polymers
695:synonymous codons
431:Rift Valley fever
387:Chikungunya virus
356:COVID-19 vaccines
348:COVID-19 pandemic
336:Chikungunya virus
152:COVID-19 vaccines
137:ultracold storage
105:
18349:
18314:
18313:
18302:
18301:
18290:
18289:
18288:
18281:
18254:Diamond Princess
18229:Papua New Guinea
18214:French Polynesia
16698:
16697:
16691:Data (templates)
16687:
16686:
16582:(United Kingdom)
16550:Sotiris Tsiodras
16526:Łukasz Szumowski
16412:Jeong Eun-kyeong
16390:(United Kingdom)
16304:Chang Shan-chwen
16241:
16240:
16003:
16002:
15992:
15991:
15908:(United Kingdom)
15902:(United Kingdom)
15896:(United Kingdom)
15890:(United Kingdom)
15830:(European Union)
15745:(United Kingdom)
15743:Independent SAGE
15725:National Cabinet
15718:
15717:
15700:
15699:
15643:(England)
15516:
15515:
15507:
15506:
15496:
15495:
15370:
15369:
15357:
15356:
15221:Solidarity trial
15177:Drug development
15170:
15169:
14665:
14664:
14331:
14330:
14203:(Bio E COVID-19)
14120:CoviVac (Russia)
14070:
14069:
13989:
13988:
13872:Zoe Health Study
13807:NZ Pass Verifier
13772:Healthy Together
13604:
13603:
13537:Endemic COVID-19
13510:
13509:
13499:
13498:
13050:Political impact
13023:
13022:
12981:By country
12930:
12929:
12853:Supply and trade
12834:Public transport
12682:
12681:
12477:COVID-19 parties
12455:
12454:
12331:
12330:
12269:Female education
12262:
12261:
12208:Fashion industry
12167:
12166:
12158:
12157:
12145:
12144:
12095:Diamond Princess
12021:Falkland Islands
11814:Christmas Island
11726:Pitcairn Islands
11714:Papua New Guinea
11684:Marshall Islands
11664:French Polynesia
11632:
11631:
11587:Washington, D.C.
11120:
11119:
11026:US insular areas
11012:Saint Barthélemy
10939:
10938:
10802:
10801:
10661:British Columbia
10574:
10573:
10480:Operation Gloria
10071:political impact
9915:timeline
9888:timeline
9861:timeline
9857:Northern Ireland
9809:timeline
9693:
9692:
9684:
9683:
9589:Kurdistan Region
9171:timeline
9134:timeline
9108:
9107:
8963:Himachal Pradesh
8825:timeline
8794:
8793:
8728:
8727:
8547:
8546:
8462:
8461:
8014:
8013:
7985:
7984:
7972:
7971:
7438:
7437:
7425:
7424:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7363:
7362:
7250:MMR autism fraud
7197:Maurice Hilleman
7182:Hilary Koprowski
6490:
6489:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6198:
6192:
6179:
6167:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6138:. Archived from
6117:
6107:
6106:
6092:
6082:
6059:(October 2014).
6044:
6000:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5857:(3–4): 117–129.
5842:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5456:. Archived from
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5118:Business Insider
5108:
5102:
5101:
5069:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4781:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4457:Molecular Cancer
4448:
4439:
4438:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4030:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3582:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3261:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3094:(7876): 318–24.
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2742:10.1172/JCI14364
2721:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2472:
2461:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2416:
2406:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2196:
2186:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:. 2 October 2023
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2046:
2036:
2018:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1933:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1643:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1577:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1531:
1499:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1360:RNA therapeutics
1042:humoral immunity
940:lymphatic system
748:) the organism.
636:eukaryotic cells
177:(FDA) issued an
148:RNA therapeutics
125:humoral immunity
106:
88:encapsulated in
18357:
18356:
18352:
18351:
18350:
18348:
18347:
18346:
18322:
18321:
18320:
18308:
18296:
18286:
18284:
18276:
18274:
18261:
18238:
18234:Solomon Islands
18185:
17967:North Macedonia
17716:
17242:
17081:
16862:
16692:
16673:
16657:
16597:
16594:(United States)
16574:Vlad Voiculescu
16562:Víðir Reynisson
16436:Michael McBride
16366:(United States)
16346:Jaap van Dissel
16334:Fabrizio Curcio
16328:Victor Costache
16316:Chen Shih-chung
16274:
16269:Michael J. Ryan
16232:
16078:Andrea Crisanti
16063:Roberto Burioni
16044:
16020:Corona Rintawan
16007:
15997:
15970:
15967:(United States)
15941:
15932:(United States)
15926:(United States)
15920:(United States)
15914:(United States)
15802:
15796:
15764:(African Union)
15754:
15748:
15709:
15687:
15560:
15512:medical clinics
15511:
15501:
15482:
15468:Lineage B.1.617
15451:
15364:
15339:
15289:
15226:
15209:PANORAMIC trial
15151:
15135:
15104:
15078:
15023:
14902:
14786:
14659:
14648:
14615:
14554:
14457:
14394:
14373:
14359:AG0302-COVID‑19
14347:
14318:
14300:
14262:
14182:
14178:Pfizer–BioNTech
14159:
14115:COVIran Barekat
14086:
14061:
13978:
13876:
13802:NZ COVID Tracer
13720:Corona-Warn-App
13686:
13660:lab leak theory
13636:Test to Release
13621:Disease testing
13599:
13593:
13504:
13485:
13442:
13365:
13322:
13316:Open the States
13072:
13044:
13008:
12951:
12917:
12889:
12848:
12761:
12703:
12667:
12658:Catholic Church
12644:
12603:
12567:
12529:
12498:
12494:Pandemic baking
12450:
12436:
12363:
12342:
12316:
12278:
12251:
12218:Performing arts
12172:
12162:
12152:
12131:
12072:
11944:
11933:
11902:economic impact
11863:
11844:South Australia
11824:New South Wales
11765:
11736:Solomon Islands
11613:
11216:
11161:
11152:economic impact
11131:timeline
11109:
11051:Central America
11042:
11021:
10986:
10960:
10933:
10890:
10793:
10700:timeline
10644:Atlantic Bubble
10615:economic impact
10598:
10568:
10557:
10526:
10488:
10335:economic impact
10314:timeline
10200:Northern Cyprus
10154:
10138:North Macedonia
10111:Western Balkans
10106:
10050:timeline
10001:timeline
9981:
9793:
9704:timeline
9669:
9550:Northern Cyprus
9507:
9493:Western Visayas
9463:Eastern Visayas
9448:Central Visayas
9363:timeline
9350:
9295:timeline
9247:
9089:
8884:
8801:economic impact
8783:
8713:
8614:
8538:
8486:timeline
8447:
8355:August–December
8343:timeline
8302:
8256:
8188:
8085:
8002:
7979:
7958:
7937:
7796:
7641:
7486:
7477:Exercise Cygnus
7432:
7419:
7395:
7390:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7339:Clinical trials
7318:
7287:
7226:
7202:Stanley Plotkin
7164:
7154:
7066:Cancer vaccines
7049:
7043:Schistosomiasis
7021:
7015:Trypanosomiasis
6988:
6952:Cytomegalovirus
6862:Pfizer–BioNTech
6657:
6481:
6430:Vaccine wastage
6400:
6328:
6280:
6250:
6196:
6170:
6154:
6145:
6143:
6142:on 4 April 2020
6128:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6080:10.1038/nrd4278
5998:
5990:
5988:Further reading
5985:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5892:
5888:
5843:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5817:www.science.org
5811:
5810:
5803:
5756:
5752:
5713:
5706:
5681:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5589:
5582:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5519:Financial Times
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5306:
5302:
5263:
5259:
5244:
5222:
5218:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5109:
5105:
5070:
5061:
5016:
5012:
4975:
4971:
4926:
4922:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4782:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4720:Chemistry World
4712:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4583:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4505:
4496:
4449:
4442:
4402:
4398:
4361:
4357:
4328:(15): 1175–80.
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4260:(22): 9031–40.
4254:Cancer Research
4246:
4242:
4203:
4199:
4146:
4139:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4104:
4082:
4078:
4031:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3983:
3936:
3932:
3901:(11): 1319–30.
3887:
3880:
3843:
3839:
3798:(7): e1006857.
3784:
3780:
3735:
3731:
3686:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3666:. 25 April 2024
3662:
3661:
3657:
3608:
3604:
3566:Nature Medicine
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3378:
3374:
3337:(7840): 16–18.
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3244:(12): 1078–94.
3230:
3226:
3187:
3183:
3143:
3139:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2884:
2880:
2833:
2826:
2791:(August 2005).
2782:
2775:
2722:
2718:
2694:10.1038/nrd4278
2673:
2666:
2653:(7): 1397–400.
2647:Cancer Research
2643:
2639:
2594:
2590:
2569:(16): 1510–14.
2559:
2555:
2516:
2512:
2473:
2464:
2458:Wayback Machine
2447:Wayback Machine
2437:
2433:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2292:
2283:
2242:(16): 6077–81.
2230:(August 1989).
2217:
2213:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2016:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1924:(50): 1922–24.
1913:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1735:(3): 997–1001.
1721:
1717:
1702:
1680:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1644:
1631:
1578:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1529:1854/LU-8628303
1500:
1485:
1440:
1436:
1391:
1378:
1373:
1346:
1333:booster vaccine
1321:malaria vaccine
1306:
1304:Self-amplifying
1277:
1268:
1235:
1225:
1203:
1180:
1163:
1139:
1134:
1110:immune response
1070:
1062:fill and finish
1022:
1017:
969:
963:
938:or through the
892:
862:
849:buffer solution
841:
792:
782:electroporation
759:Dendritic cells
756:
703:
656:3'-poly(A) tail
593:
533:dendritic cells
471:
465:
344:
332:cytomegalovirus
274:dendritic cells
265:
253:cellular immune
208:
203:
185:was awarded to
156:Pfizer–BioNTech
141:Moderna vaccine
95:
17:
16:Type of vaccine
12:
11:
5:
18355:
18345:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18319:
18318:
18306:
18294:
18271:
18270:
18267:
18266:
18263:
18262:
18260:
18259:
18258:
18257:
18246:
18244:
18240:
18239:
18237:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18205:
18204:
18193:
18191:
18187:
18186:
18184:
18183:
18178:
18177:
18176:
18175:
18174:
18169:
18159:
18154:
18153:
18152:
18147:
18141:Scotland
18137:United Kingdom
18134:
18129:
18128:
18127:
18117:
18116:
18115:
18105:
18104:
18103:
18093:
18092:
18091:
18081:
18080:
18079:
18069:
18068:
18067:
18062:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18041:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18009:
18008:
17998:
17997:
17996:
17994:by voivodeship
17991:
17981:
17980:
17979:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17933:
17932:
17922:
17917:
17912:
17907:
17906:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17885:
17884:
17883:
17873:
17872:
17871:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17850:
17849:
17839:
17838:
17837:
17827:
17822:
17821:
17820:
17810:
17809:
17808:
17803:
17793:
17791:Czech Republic
17788:
17783:
17778:
17777:
17776:
17766:
17761:
17760:
17759:
17749:
17744:
17743:
17742:
17732:
17726:
17724:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17714:
17709:
17708:
17707:
17697:
17696:
17695:
17685:
17684:
17683:
17673:
17672:
17671:
17661:
17660:
17659:
17649:
17644:
17643:
17642:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17615:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17594:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17573:
17568:
17567:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17546:
17545:
17544:
17534:
17533:
17532:
17522:
17521:
17520:
17510:
17509:
17508:
17503:
17493:
17492:
17491:
17486:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17460:
17459:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17438:
17437:
17427:
17426:
17425:
17415:
17410:
17409:
17408:
17398:
17397:
17396:
17386:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17360:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17324:
17323:
17322:
17317:
17307:
17302:
17301:
17300:
17290:
17289:
17288:
17278:
17273:
17268:
17267:
17266:
17256:
17250:
17248:
17244:
17243:
17241:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17229:
17228:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17197:
17196:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17150:
17149:
17139:
17134:
17133:
17132:
17122:
17121:
17120:
17115:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17089:
17087:
17083:
17082:
17080:
17079:
17078:
17077:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17031:
17030:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16999:
16998:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16937:
16936:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16870:
16868:
16864:
16863:
16861:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16848:
16847:
16837:
16836:
16835:
16830:
16829:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16771:September 2020
16768:
16763:
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16704:
16702:
16694:
16693:
16683:
16682:
16679:
16678:
16675:
16674:
16672:
16671:
16665:
16663:
16659:
16658:
16656:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16609:
16607:
16603:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16595:
16589:
16583:
16577:
16571:
16568:Carla Vizzotti
16565:
16559:
16553:
16547:
16541:
16538:Anders Tegnell
16535:
16529:
16523:
16517:
16511:
16508:Fernando Simón
16505:
16502:Jérôme Salomon
16499:
16496:Daniel Salinas
16493:
16487:
16481:
16475:
16469:
16463:
16457:
16451:
16450:(South Africa)
16445:
16439:
16433:
16427:
16421:
16418:Fahrettin Koca
16415:
16409:
16403:
16397:
16391:
16385:
16379:
16373:
16367:
16361:
16355:
16349:
16343:
16337:
16331:
16325:
16319:
16313:
16307:
16301:
16295:
16289:
16286:Frank Atherton
16282:
16280:
16276:
16275:
16273:
16272:
16266:
16260:
16254:
16251:Tedros Adhanom
16247:
16245:
16238:
16234:
16233:
16231:
16230:
16225:
16223:Zhang Yongzhen
16220:
16215:
16210:
16208:Yuen Kwok-yung
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16183:Mike Tildesley
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16163:Allison McGeer
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16128:Katalin Karikó
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16054:
16052:
16046:
16045:
16043:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16011:
16009:
15999:
15998:
15988:
15987:
15984:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15976:
15975:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15968:
15962:
15956:
15949:
15947:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15939:
15933:
15927:
15921:
15915:
15909:
15903:
15897:
15891:
15885:
15879:
15873:
15867:
15861:
15855:
15849:
15843:
15837:
15831:
15825:
15819:
15813:
15806:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15795:
15794:
15788:
15787:(South Africa)
15782:
15776:
15771:
15765:
15758:
15756:
15750:
15749:
15747:
15746:
15740:
15734:
15731:ScienceUpFirst
15728:
15721:
15715:
15711:
15710:
15708:
15706:
15704:
15697:
15693:
15692:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15685:
15684:
15683:
15677:
15671:
15670:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15633:
15627:
15621:
15615:
15609:
15603:
15597:
15591:
15585:
15580:
15574:
15572:Hospital ships
15568:
15566:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15522:
15520:
15519:Mainland China
15513:
15503:
15502:
15492:
15491:
15488:
15487:
15484:
15483:
15481:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15459:
15457:
15453:
15452:
15450:
15449:
15448:
15447:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15376:
15374:
15366:
15365:
15353:
15352:
15349:
15348:
15345:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15337:
15336:
15335:
15330:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15303:Broad-spectrum
15299:
15297:
15291:
15290:
15288:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15251:
15250:
15247:
15236:
15234:
15228:
15227:
15225:
15224:
15218:
15215:RECOVERY Trial
15212:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15195:
15194:
15189:
15179:
15173:
15167:
15161:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15150:
15149:
15143:
15141:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15112:
15110:
15106:
15105:
15103:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15086:
15084:
15080:
15079:
15077:
15076:
15075:
15074:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15048:
15047:
15042:
15031:
15029:
15025:
15024:
15022:
15021:
15019:United Kingdom
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14910:
14908:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14808:Mainland China
14805:
14800:
14794:
14792:
14788:
14787:
14785:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14673:
14671:
14662:
14654:
14653:
14650:
14649:
14647:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14625:
14623:
14617:
14616:
14614:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14562:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14465:
14463:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14402:
14400:
14396:
14395:
14393:
14392:
14387:
14381:
14379:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14355:
14353:
14349:
14348:
14346:
14345:
14339:
14337:
14328:
14324:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14316:
14310:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14272:
14270:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14260:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14242:Sinopharm CNBG
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14198:
14192:
14190:
14184:
14183:
14181:
14180:
14175:
14169:
14167:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14145:Sinopharm WIBP
14142:
14140:Sinopharm BIBP
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14096:
14094:
14088:
14087:
14085:
14084:
14078:
14076:
14067:
14063:
14062:
14060:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14038:
14037:
14036:
14031:
14021:
14019:EU Certificate
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13999:Authorizations
13995:
13993:
13986:
13980:
13979:
13977:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13930:
13929:
13924:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13888:
13886:
13882:
13881:
13878:
13877:
13875:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13817:PeduliLindungi
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13738:(South Africa)
13733:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13696:
13694:
13688:
13687:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13663:
13662:
13652:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13618:
13613:
13607:
13601:
13595:
13594:
13592:
13591:
13586:
13584:Rehabilitation
13581:
13579:Raise the line
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13528:
13527:
13516:
13514:
13513:Medical topics
13506:
13505:
13495:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13483:
13478:
13476:Pregnant women
13473:
13468:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13450:
13448:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13398:Green recovery
13395:
13390:
13385:
13379:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13332:
13330:
13324:
13323:
13321:
13320:
13319:
13318:
13308:
13306:United Kingdom
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13287:
13286:
13276:
13275:
13274:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13242:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13221:convoy protest
13218:
13213:
13211:labor protests
13208:
13198:
13193:
13192:
13191:
13186:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13159:
13154:
13153:
13152:
13150:convoy protest
13142:
13137:
13136:
13135:
13130:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13093:
13088:
13082:
13080:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13054:
13052:
13046:
13045:
13043:
13042:
13040:European Union
13037:
13032:
13026:
13020:
13014:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13006:
12999:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12987:
12979:
12978:
12977:
12972:
12961:
12959:
12957:Misinformation
12953:
12952:
12950:
12949:
12944:
12942:Media coverage
12939:
12933:
12927:
12923:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12899:
12897:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12856:
12854:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12809:
12808:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12787:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12722:
12717:
12711:
12709:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12701:
12696:
12694:COVID-19 scams
12691:
12685:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12660:
12654:
12652:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12620:LGBT community
12617:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12575:
12573:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12539:
12537:
12531:
12530:
12528:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12506:
12504:
12500:
12499:
12497:
12496:
12491:
12490:
12489:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12463:
12461:
12452:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12382:
12377:
12371:
12369:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12361:
12356:
12350:
12348:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12340:
12334:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12314:
12309:
12308:
12307:
12300:United Kingdom
12297:
12292:
12286:
12284:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12276:
12271:
12265:
12259:
12253:
12252:
12250:
12249:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12241:
12240:
12235:
12220:
12215:
12213:Music industry
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12194:
12193:
12191:films affected
12183:
12177:
12175:
12164:
12154:
12153:
12141:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12119:
12107:
12106:
12105:
12102:Grand Princess
12098:
12086:
12080:
12078:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12048:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12001:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11972:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11949:
11947:
11939:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11920:
11919:
11914:
11904:
11899:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11876:timeline
11873:
11871:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11829:Norfolk Island
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11805:
11804:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11784:
11778:timeline
11775:
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11639:American Samoa
11635:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11619:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11530:South Carolina
11527:
11522:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11493:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11464:North Carolina
11461:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11426:
11425:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11371:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11267:
11257:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11240:
11238:American Samoa
11235:
11230:
11224:
11222:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11177:
11171:
11169:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11129:
11123:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11054:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10982:Sint Eustatius
10979:
10974:
10968:
10966:
10962:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10942:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10914:Cayman Islands
10911:
10906:
10900:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10808:
10806:
10799:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10791:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10755:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10612:
10606:
10604:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10580:
10578:
10571:
10563:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10507:
10502:
10496:
10494:
10493:EFTA countries
10490:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10467:
10466:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10448:Canary Islands
10445:
10440:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10419:
10418:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10349:
10348:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10296:
10295:
10290:
10280:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10226:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10209:
10207:Czech Republic
10204:
10203:
10202:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10164:
10162:
10160:European Union
10156:
10155:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10087:
10086:
10085:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10062:
10061:
10056:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10026:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10007:
9993:
9991:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9801:
9799:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9688:United Kingdom
9681:
9675:
9674:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9645:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9581:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9559:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9525:
9519:
9517:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9428:Cagayan Valley
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9397:
9396:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9360:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9257:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9005:Madhya Pradesh
9002:
8997:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8901:Andhra Pradesh
8898:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8878:Vaccine Maitri
8870:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8684:
8679:
8677:Inner Mongolia
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8624:
8622:
8620:Mainland China
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8566:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8371:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8240:list of deaths
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8074:Western Sahara
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8029:Canary Islands
8026:
8020:
8018:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7998:
7981:
7980:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7942:2023 and after
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7446:
7444:
7434:
7433:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7409:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7366:
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7217:Katalin Karikó
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7031:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6972:Herpes simplex
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6872:Sinopharm BIBP
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6822:Bharat Biotech
6819:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6445:Vaccine injury
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6408:
6406:
6405:Administration
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6379:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6204:
6193:
6180:
6168:
6160:PHG Foundation
6152:
6109:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:External links
6095:
6094:
6093:
6073:(10): 759–80.
6045:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5965:PipelineReview
5952:
5919:
5886:
5834:
5801:
5750:
5704:
5679:
5665:(5): 1101–23.
5643:
5616:
5580:
5553:(6520): 1022.
5537:
5504:
5486:New York Times
5471:
5441:
5409:
5375:
5349:
5300:
5257:
5242:
5216:
5167:
5152:. Bell Media.
5136:
5103:
5059:
5010:
4969:
4920:
4869:
4838:
4807:
4771:
4737:
4703:
4672:
4635:(3): 2148–57.
4615:
4581:
4532:
4494:
4440:
4413:(5): 498–507.
4396:
4355:
4311:
4281:
4240:
4197:
4137:
4128:|journal=
4102:
4076:
4012:
3981:
3930:
3878:
3837:
3778:
3729:
3677:
3655:
3602:
3552:
3521:
3491:
3460:
3429:
3392:(8): 2136–38.
3372:
3321:
3291:
3224:
3181:
3137:
3078:
3052:
3018:
2984:
2951:
2921:
2878:
2824:
2773:
2716:
2687:(10): 759–80.
2664:
2637:
2588:
2553:
2526:(7): 1719–22.
2510:
2483:(8): 1285–94.
2462:
2431:
2377:
2340:
2281:
2211:
2157:
2145:NobelPrize.org
2132:
2106:
2094:NobelPrize.org
2081:
2004:
1970:
1901:
1867:
1841:
1805:
1772:
1715:
1700:
1671:
1629:
1592:(4): 261–279.
1555:
1483:
1434:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1305:
1302:
1276:
1275:Non-amplifying
1273:
1267:
1264:
1224:
1221:
1202:
1199:
1183:Reactogenicity
1179:
1176:
1162:
1159:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1106:pseudouridines
1104:(for example,
1069:
1066:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
962:
959:
891:
888:
861:
858:
840:
837:
791:
786:
755:
750:
742:) or outside (
702:
699:
625:RNA polymerase
592:
589:
464:
461:
457:mRNA-4157/V940
450:cancer vaccine
343:
340:
264:
261:
207:
206:Early research
204:
202:
199:
187:Katalin Karikó
113:Reactogenicity
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18354:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18329:
18327:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18305:
18300:
18295:
18293:
18283:
18282:
18279:
18256:
18255:
18251:
18250:
18248:
18247:
18245:
18241:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18219:New Caledonia
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18203:
18200:
18199:
18198:
18195:
18194:
18192:
18188:
18182:
18179:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18164:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18139:
18138:
18135:
18133:
18130:
18126:
18123:
18122:
18121:
18118:
18114:
18111:
18110:
18109:
18106:
18102:
18099:
18098:
18097:
18094:
18090:
18087:
18086:
18085:
18082:
18078:
18075:
18074:
18073:
18070:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18025:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18007:
18004:
18003:
18002:
17999:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17982:
17978:
17975:
17974:
17973:
17970:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17931:
17928:
17927:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17890:
17889:
17886:
17882:
17879:
17878:
17877:
17874:
17870:
17867:
17866:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17848:
17845:
17844:
17843:
17840:
17836:
17833:
17832:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17819:
17816:
17815:
17814:
17811:
17807:
17806:Faroe Islands
17804:
17802:
17799:
17798:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17775:
17772:
17771:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17758:
17755:
17754:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17741:
17738:
17737:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17727:
17725:
17723:
17719:
17713:
17710:
17706:
17703:
17702:
17701:
17698:
17694:
17691:
17690:
17689:
17686:
17682:
17679:
17678:
17677:
17674:
17670:
17667:
17666:
17665:
17662:
17658:
17655:
17654:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17641:
17638:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17610:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17578:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17551:
17550:
17547:
17543:
17540:
17539:
17538:
17535:
17531:
17528:
17527:
17526:
17523:
17519:
17516:
17515:
17514:
17511:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17494:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17481:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17458:
17455:
17454:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17436:
17433:
17432:
17431:
17428:
17424:
17421:
17420:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17407:
17404:
17403:
17402:
17399:
17395:
17392:
17391:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17325:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17299:
17296:
17295:
17294:
17291:
17287:
17284:
17283:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17265:
17262:
17261:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17251:
17249:
17245:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17227:
17224:
17223:
17222:
17221:United States
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17195:
17192:
17191:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17148:
17145:
17144:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17131:
17128:
17127:
17126:
17123:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17110:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17084:
17076:
17073:
17072:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17029:
17026:
17025:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16997:
16994:
16993:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16935:
16932:
16931:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16871:
16869:
16865:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16846:
16843:
16842:
16841:
16838:
16834:
16831:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16796:February 2021
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16786:December 2020
16784:
16782:
16781:November 2020
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16736:February 2020
16734:
16732:
16729:
16728:
16727:
16724:
16723:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16705:
16703:
16699:
16695:
16688:
16684:
16670:
16667:
16666:
16664:
16660:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16648:Qiu Menghuang
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16618:Brett Crozier
16616:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16608:
16604:
16593:
16590:
16587:
16586:Lawrence Wong
16584:
16581:
16578:
16575:
16572:
16569:
16566:
16563:
16560:
16557:
16556:Harsh Vardhan
16554:
16551:
16548:
16545:
16542:
16539:
16536:
16533:
16530:
16527:
16524:
16521:
16518:
16515:
16512:
16509:
16506:
16503:
16500:
16497:
16494:
16491:
16488:
16485:
16482:
16479:
16476:
16473:
16472:Ala Nemerenco
16470:
16467:
16464:
16461:
16458:
16455:
16452:
16449:
16446:
16443:
16440:
16437:
16434:
16431:
16428:
16425:
16422:
16419:
16416:
16414:(South Korea)
16413:
16410:
16407:
16404:
16401:
16398:
16395:
16392:
16389:
16386:
16383:
16380:
16377:
16376:Graça Freitas
16374:
16371:
16368:
16365:
16364:Anthony Fauci
16362:
16360:(Philippines)
16359:
16356:
16353:
16350:
16347:
16344:
16342:(Puerto Rico)
16341:
16340:Carmen Deseda
16338:
16335:
16332:
16329:
16326:
16323:
16320:
16317:
16314:
16311:
16308:
16305:
16302:
16299:
16296:
16294:(New Zealand)
16293:
16290:
16287:
16284:
16283:
16281:
16277:
16270:
16267:
16264:
16261:
16258:
16257:Bruce Aylward
16255:
16252:
16249:
16248:
16246:
16242:
16239:
16235:
16229:
16228:Zhong Nanshan
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16203:Drew Weissman
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16178:Moncef Slaoui
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16168:Camilla Rothe
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16148:W. Ian Lipkin
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16123:Kentaro Iwata
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16113:Sarah Gilbert
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16103:George F. Gao
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16093:Neil Ferguson
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16051:
16047:
16041:
16040:Zhang Wenhong
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16012:
16010:
16008:professionals
16004:
16000:
15993:
15989:
15966:
15965:Artist Relief
15963:
15960:
15957:
15954:
15953:PM CARES Fund
15951:
15950:
15948:
15944:
15937:
15934:
15931:
15928:
15925:
15922:
15919:
15916:
15913:
15910:
15907:
15904:
15901:
15898:
15895:
15892:
15889:
15886:
15883:
15880:
15877:
15874:
15872:(Philippines)
15871:
15868:
15866:(Philippines)
15865:
15862:
15859:
15856:
15853:
15850:
15847:
15844:
15841:
15838:
15835:
15832:
15829:
15826:
15823:
15820:
15817:
15814:
15811:
15808:
15807:
15805:
15799:
15792:
15789:
15786:
15783:
15781:(South Korea)
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15769:
15766:
15763:
15760:
15759:
15757:
15751:
15744:
15741:
15738:
15735:
15732:
15729:
15726:
15723:
15722:
15719:
15716:
15712:
15707:
15705:
15701:
15698:
15696:Organizations
15694:
15681:
15678:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15638:
15637:
15634:
15631:
15628:
15625:
15622:
15619:
15616:
15614:(Philippines)
15613:
15610:
15607:
15604:
15602:(North Korea)
15601:
15598:
15595:
15592:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15567:
15563:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15510:Hospitals and
15508:
15504:
15497:
15493:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15454:
15446:
15443:
15442:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15371:
15367:
15363:
15358:
15354:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15323:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15305:
15304:
15301:
15300:
15298:
15296:
15292:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15242:
15241:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15233:
15229:
15222:
15219:
15216:
15213:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15193:
15192:Dexamethasone
15190:
15188:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15162:
15148:
15145:
15144:
15142:
15138:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15113:
15111:
15109:South America
15107:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15081:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15068:
15067:United States
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15037:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15028:North America
15026:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14911:
14909:
14905:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14795:
14793:
14789:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14670:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14655:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14618:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14563:
14561:
14557:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14464:
14460:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14437:PTX-COVID19-B
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14403:
14401:
14397:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14376:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14356:
14354:
14350:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14336:
14332:
14329:
14325:
14315:
14312:
14311:
14309:
14307:
14303:
14297:
14296:Sputnik Light
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14273:
14271:
14269:
14265:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14252:Soberana Plus
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14237:Razi Cov Pars
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14193:
14191:
14189:
14185:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14166:
14162:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14097:
14095:
14093:
14089:
14083:
14080:
14079:
14077:
14075:
14071:
14068:
14064:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14042:
14039:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13981:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13927:United States
13925:
13923:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13907:COVID fatigue
13905:
13903:
13900:
13897:
13893:
13890:
13889:
13887:
13883:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13862:TraceTogether
13860:
13858:
13857:TousAntiCovid
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13787:LeaveHomeSafe
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13737:
13736:COVID AlertSA
13734:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13689:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13661:
13658:
13657:
13656:
13653:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13608:
13605:
13602:
13596:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13553:
13552:Mental health
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13526:
13523:
13522:
13521:
13518:
13517:
13515:
13511:
13507:
13503:Health issues
13500:
13496:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13445:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13418:Superspreader
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13388:Doomscrolling
13386:
13384:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13376:
13372:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13317:
13314:
13313:
13312:
13311:United States
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13285:
13282:
13281:
13280:
13277:
13273:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13190:
13189:2022 protests
13187:
13185:
13184:2021 protests
13182:
13181:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13151:
13148:
13147:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13134:
13133:2021 protests
13131:
13129:
13128:2020 protests
13126:
13125:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13102:
13099:
13098:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13051:
13047:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13027:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13015:
13005:
13004:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12976:
12975:United States
12973:
12971:
12968:
12967:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12960:
12958:
12954:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12934:
12931:
12928:
12924:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12885:Food security
12883:
12881:
12880:Oil price war
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12851:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12810:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12790:Food industry
12788:
12786:
12783:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12774:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12764:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12712:
12710:
12706:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12674:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12655:
12653:
12651:
12647:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12505:
12501:
12495:
12492:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12459:Social impact
12456:
12453:
12447:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12397:Combat sports
12395:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12366:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12345:
12339:
12336:
12335:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12313:
12312:United States
12310:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12281:
12275:
12274:Homeschooling
12272:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12254:
12248:
12245:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12163:entertainment
12159:
12155:
12151:
12146:
12142:
12126:
12125:
12120:
12118:
12117:
12113:
12112:
12111:
12108:
12104:
12103:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12075:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12043:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12026:French Guiana
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11997:Easter Island
11995:
11993:
11990:
11989:
11988:
11985:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11940:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11924:social impact
11922:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11870:
11866:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11803:
11800:
11796:
11795:July–December
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11772:
11768:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11694:New Caledonia
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11649:Easter Island
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11599:West Virginia
11597:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11485:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11450:New York City
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11430:New Hampshire
11428:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11364:Massachusetts
11362:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11271:
11270:S.F. Bay Area
11268:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11249:
11248:Navajo Nation
11246:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11147:social impact
11145:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11115:United States
11112:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11049:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10993:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10963:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10893:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10671:New Brunswick
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10655:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10625:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10564:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10520:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10505:Liechtenstein
10503:
10501:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10350:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10340:social impact
10338:
10336:
10333:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10284:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10251:French Guiana
10249:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10217:Faroe Islands
10215:
10214:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9936:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9885:
9882:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9855:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9822:
9821:July–December
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:2020
9811:
9810:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9773:impact
9772:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9676:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9573:
9572:South Ossetia
9570:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9514:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9468:Ilocos Region
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9443:Central Luzon
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9353:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:impact
9259:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9207:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9075:Uttar Pradesh
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8856:PM CARES Fund
8854:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8838:
8837:June–December
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8828:2020
8827:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8786:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8693:
8692:2022 outbreak
8690:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8501:impact
8500:
8496:
8495:July–December
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:Central/North
8463:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8391:Guinea-Bissau
8389:
8387:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:impact
8372:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7375:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7222:Drew Weissman
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:H. Fred Clark
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Louis Pasteur
7175:
7173:
7172:Edward Jenner
7170:
7169:
7167:
7161:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:DTwP-HepB-Hib
7141:
7139:
7138:DTaP-IPV-HepB
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7129:combination:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7027:Helminthiasis
7024:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6928:combination:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
6624:
6623:
6622:combination:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:Meningococcus
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Leptospirosis
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Vaccine court
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:GAVI Alliance
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6112:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6011:(9): 318–24.
6010:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5923:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:(6): 885–99.
5722:
5718:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5680:9781555819200
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5598:The Scientist
5594:
5587:
5585:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5380:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5320:(2): 446–55.
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5273:(6): 562–65.
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:(5): 319–34.
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4375:(4): 627–36.
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4213:(2): 161–76.
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:(10): 17056.
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:(11): 801–3.
3196:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2803:(2): 165–75.
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:(3): 409–17.
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:(4): 710–28.
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:phase 1 trial
1326:
1325:Gritstone bio
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1266:Amplification
1263:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1132:Disadvantages
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:transcription
1053:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1040:, as well as
1039:
1035:
1026:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:model animals
994:
993:rhabdoviruses
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
968:
958:
954:
952:
948:
947:microfluidics
943:
941:
937:
936:intravenously
933:
929:
925:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
896:
887:
885:
882:
879:is a natural
878:
874:
873:ribonucleases
870:
866:
857:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:into the skin
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
754:
749:
747:
746:
741:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:cell membrane
716:
707:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
607:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:, where they
570:
566:
565:MHC molecules
562:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
475:
470:
469:Immune system
460:
458:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
313:
309:
305:
304:biotechnology
301:
297:
294:in 2008, and
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:
260:
258:
257:tumor antigen
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:
225:
221:
212:
198:
196:
192:
191:Drew Weissman
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:molecules of
51:
47:
46:messenger RNA
43:
40:is a type of
39:
36:
28:
23:
19:
18332:RNA vaccines
18253:
18181:Vatican City
17598:Saudi Arabia
17023:South Africa
17018:Sierra Leone
16894:Burkina Faso
16791:January 2021
16776:October 2020
16731:January 2020
16653:Ren Zhiqiang
16580:Chris Whitty
16514:Gregor Smith
16466:Saeed Namaki
16454:Doni Monardo
16448:Zweli Mkhize
16406:Tony Holohan
16388:Matt Hancock
16218:Zhang Jixian
16198:Wang Guangfa
16158:Shabir Madhi
16133:Matt Keeling
16083:Peter Daszak
15946:Relief funds
15500:Institutions
15328:Nirmatrelvir
15313:Molnupiravir
15255:Bebtelovimab
15245:Bamlanivimab
14777:South Africa
14697:Burkina Faso
14559:Viral vector
14536:(terminated)
14444:(terminated)
14423:(terminated)
14268:Viral vector
14212:EpiVacCorona
14164:
14052:Vaccine card
13892:Air purifier
13842:TCN Protocol
13797:NHS COVID-19
13782:Koronavilkku
13700:Aarogya Setu
13677:Surveillance
13626:Breathalyzer
13600:epidemiology
13520:Transmission
13272:curfew riots
13001:
12829:Mink farming
12817:ICU capacity
12563:Turkmenistan
12535:Human rights
12467:Social media
12432:Rugby league
12412:Gaelic games
12123:
12115:
12101:
12094:
12089:Cruise ships
11963:human rights
11912:Alert levels
11790:January–June
11719:Bougainville
11644:Cook Islands
11535:South Dakota
11525:Rhode Island
11513:Philadelphia
11508:Pennsylvania
11469:North Dakota
11017:Saint Martin
10956:Sint Maarten
10777:Saskatchewan
10553:Vatican City
10276:Saint Martin
10039:Transnistria
9816:January–June
9631:Saudi Arabia
9488:Soccsksargen
9473:Metro Manila
9458:Davao Region
9423:Bicol Region
9331:Kuala Lumpur
8926:Chhattisgarh
8662:Heilongjiang
8529:Turkmenistan
8490:January–June
8438:Sierra Leone
8346:2020
8319:Burkina Faso
8235:South Africa
7442:Pre-pandemic
7411:
7403:
7299:Epidemiology
7275:
7247:
7133:DTaP-IPV/Hib
6924:Yellow fever
6837:EpiVacCorona
6589:Tuberculosis
6562:Pneumococcal
6530:Lyme disease
6385:
6358:Heterologous
6257:Immunization
6215:
6206:
6188:
6159:
6144:. Retrieved
6140:the original
6133:
6116:RNA vaccine
6115:
6070:
6064:
6008:
6002:
5975:21 September
5973:. Retrieved
5964:
5955:
5945:21 September
5943:. Retrieved
5932:
5922:
5910:. Retrieved
5899:
5889:
5854:
5851:Gene Therapy
5850:
5825:. Retrieved
5816:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5720:
5716:
5662:
5656:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5596:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5528:. Retrieved
5517:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5484:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5458:the original
5453:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5400:. Retrieved
5391:
5366:. Retrieved
5352:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5226:RNA Vaccines
5225:
5219:
5187:(21): e142.
5184:
5180:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5149:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5116:
5106:
5073:
5027:
5023:
5013:
4989:(1): 55–59.
4986:
4982:
4972:
4940:(2): 82–93.
4937:
4933:
4923:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4851:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4820:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4789:
4762:. Retrieved
4753:
4728:. Retrieved
4719:
4694:. Retrieved
4685:
4675:
4632:
4629:Nano Letters
4628:
4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4597:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4512:
4460:
4456:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4325:
4322:Gene Therapy
4321:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4293:
4284:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4157:
4154:npj Vaccines
4153:
4085:
4079:
4045:(18): 6582.
4042:
4038:
4003:. Retrieved
3994:
3984:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3898:
3894:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3746:
3743:npj Vaccines
3742:
3732:
3697:
3693:
3668:. Retrieved
3658:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3570:
3564:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3503:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3473:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3034:
3009:. Retrieved
3000:
2975:. Retrieved
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2894:(2): 180–8.
2891:
2887:
2881:
2844:
2840:
2800:
2796:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2684:
2680:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2608:(1): 10–31.
2605:
2601:
2591:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2480:
2476:
2440:WO1990011092
2434:
2426:
2397:(18): 6582.
2394:
2390:
2380:
2371:
2364:. Retrieved
2353:
2343:
2310:
2306:
2239:
2235:
2214:
2206:
2177:(18): 6582.
2174:
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2024:
2020:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1921:
1917:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1823:The Guardian
1821:
1796:. Retrieved
1732:
1728:
1718:
1683:
1662:. Retrieved
1651:
1589:
1585:
1546:. Retrieved
1511:
1507:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1402:
1398:
1318:
1307:
1286:
1269:
1236:
1211:Margaret Liu
1208:
1204:
1195:
1181:
1178:Side effects
1164:
1151:
1140:
1100:is averted.
1094:cell nucleus
1074:DNA vaccines
1071:
1068:DNA vaccines
1054:
1046:
1031:
989:alphaviruses
985:lentiviruses
981:retroviruses
970:
961:Viral vector
955:
944:
931:
927:
916:
901:
863:
842:
828:
810:
805:
801:
795:
793:
788:
773:
771:
757:
752:
743:
737:
735:
712:
660:
631:
629:
604:
602:
558:
554:cell nucleus
537:phagocytosis
526:
518:viral vector
503:
484:
447:
439:Tuberculosis
389:, COVID-19,
384:
345:
342:Acceleration
317:
290:
268:
266:
234:
227:
224:nanoparticle
220:transfection
217:
145:
111:
37:
34:
32:
26:
18:
18224:New Zealand
18125:cases chart
18113:cases chart
18108:Switzerland
18101:cases chart
18089:cases chart
18077:cases chart
18060:cases chart
18028:cases chart
18018:cases chart
18006:cases chart
17989:cases chart
17977:cases chart
17962:Netherlands
17930:cases chart
17920:cases chart
17893:cases chart
17881:cases chart
17869:cases chart
17847:cases chart
17835:cases chart
17818:cases chart
17801:cases chart
17774:cases chart
17757:cases chart
17740:cases chart
17693:cases chart
17681:cases chart
17669:cases chart
17657:cases chart
17613:cases chart
17608:South Korea
17581:cases chart
17554:cases chart
17549:Philippines
17542:cases chart
17530:cases chart
17518:cases chart
17501:cases chart
17484:cases chart
17457:cases chart
17435:cases chart
17423:cases chart
17406:cases chart
17394:cases chart
17347:by province
17332:cases chart
17315:cases chart
17298:cases chart
17286:by division
17254:Afghanistan
17194:cases chart
17169:El Salvador
17147:cases chart
17113:by province
17075:cases chart
17035:South Sudan
17028:cases chart
16996:cases chart
16941:Ivory Coast
16934:cases chart
16826:August 2021
16766:August 2020
16613:Chen Qiushi
16592:Jeff Zients
16588:(Singapore)
16570:(Argentina)
16532:Theresa Tam
16460:Alma Möller
16456:(Indonesia)
16442:Oriol Mitjà
16402:(Australia)
16394:Hamad Hasan
16279:By location
16173:Shi Zhengli
16138:Trudie Lang
16098:Dale Fisher
16050:Researchers
16025:Li Wenliang
15842:(Indonesia)
15812:(Australia)
15727:(Australia)
15714:By location
15620:(Sri Lanka)
15596:(Indonesia)
15579:(Australia)
15308:Ensitrelvir
15285:Tocilizumab
15265:Regdanvimab
15187:Baricitinib
15100:New Zealand
15009:Switzerland
14868:South Korea
14853:Philippines
14660:by location
14591:ImmunityBio
14566:AdCLD-CoV19
14479:EuCorVac-19
14378:Inactivated
14247:Soberana 02
14135:QazCovid-in
14092:Inactivated
14014:Development
13912:Evacuations
13832:StaySafe.ph
13792:MySejahtera
13767:Health Code
13752:Covid Watch
13730:COVID Alert
13598:Testing and
13466:Environment
13383:Anthropause
13279:New Zealand
13267:Netherlands
13035:Legislation
12990:Philippines
12965:Governments
12926:Information
12865:Chip supply
12766:By industry
12742:New Zealand
12558:North Korea
12359:Philippines
12247:Video games
12233:U.S. sports
12198:Corona-chan
12161:Culture and
12110:Naval ships
11869:New Zealand
11786:2021
11592:White House
11520:Puerto Rico
11398:Mississippi
11282:Connecticut
11221:By location
11093:vaccination
11068:El Salvador
11033:Puerto Rico
10869:Saint Lucia
10746:Vaccination
10736:York Region
10726:Peel Region
10686:Nova Scotia
10632:by province
10627:vaccination
10620:federal aid
10531:Microstates
10522:Switzerland
10389:Netherlands
10345:vaccination
9943:Isle of Man
9798:By location
9636:vaccination
9413:vaccination
9401:evacuations
9356:Philippines
9219:vaccination
9197:vaccination
9085:West Bengal
9080:Uttarakhand
9010:Maharashtra
9000:Lakshadweep
8889:By location
8873:vaccination
8832:January–May
8806:evacuations
8735:Afghanistan
8645:vaccination
8588:South Korea
8583:North Korea
8396:Ivory Coast
8174:South Sudan
7335:from market
7231:Controversy
7165:researchers
7081:Hepatitis B
6967:Hepatitis C
6912:Chicken pox
6738:Hepatitis E
6733:Hepatitis B
6728:Hepatitis A
6674:Chikungunya
6651:Shigellosis
6505:Brucellosis
6391:Therapeutic
6345:Inactivated
6285:Development
6273:Inoculation
6265:Vaccination
6146:17 November
6118:(Q85795487)
5636:10 December
5609:27 November
5530:21 November
5497:21 November
5464:18 November
5434:21 December
5402:18 November
5368:17 December
5160:28 February
5129:28 November
4800:24 February
4792:. Gannett.
4686:MarketWatch
4369:RNA Biology
4304:20 December
3895:RNA Biology
3484:21 December
3314:26 November
2977:16 November
1997:21 December
1860:10 December
1664:18 November
1350:DNA vaccine
1126:replication
973:RNA viruses
778:endocytosis
683:codon usage
667:nucleotides
638:. It has a
610:transcribed
569:lymph nodes
561:proteasomes
514:inactivated
427:henipaviral
415:Lassa fever
308:US military
263:Development
129:genomic DNA
74:cancer cell
68:(such as a
18326:Categories
18045:San Marino
18038:North Asia
17957:Montenegro
17937:Luxembourg
17688:Uzbekistan
17647:Tajikistan
17591:North Asia
17464:Kyrgyzstan
17447:Kazakhstan
17369:East Timor
17281:Bangladesh
17271:Azerbaijan
17142:Costa Rica
17130:by commune
17013:Seychelles
16981:Mozambique
16966:Mauritania
16806:April 2021
16801:March 2021
16746:April 2020
16741:March 2020
16516:(Scotland)
16486:(Malaysia)
16424:Li Keqiang
16384:(Portugal)
16378:(Portugal)
16312:(Thailand)
16300:(Scotland)
16213:Zeng Guang
16153:Ma Xiaowei
16143:Li Lanjuan
16108:Azra Ghani
15860:(Malaysia)
15803:institutes
15755:institutes
15676:(Scotland)
15662:North West
15657:North East
15647:Birmingham
15608:(Malaysia)
15318:Remdesivir
15275:Sotrovimab
15249:Etesevimab
15147:Antarctica
14838:Kazakhstan
14798:Bangladesh
14712:Cape Verde
14658:Deployment
14639:MigVax-101
14519:Skycovione
14499:Sanofi–GSK
14335:Attenuated
14276:Convidecia
14066:Authorized
14009:Deployment
13974:Zero-COVID
13917:Face masks
13885:Prevention
13852:Thai Chana
13837:SwissCovid
13547:Long COVID
13438:Zoom towns
13428:Zero-COVID
13408:Quarantini
13403:Long COVID
13108:Azerbaijan
12997:Ivermectin
12937:Journalism
12708:By country
12451:and rights
12427:Motorsport
12422:Ice hockey
12385:Basketball
12347:By country
12283:By country
12223:Television
12084:Antarctica
12046:statistics
11992:statistics
11958:statistics
11839:Queensland
11582:Washington
11440:New Mexico
11435:New Jersey
11260:California
11063:Costa Rica
11007:Martinique
11002:Guadeloupe
10919:Montserrat
10548:San Marino
10379:Luxembourg
10261:Martinique
10246:Guadeloupe
10148:statistics
10133:Montenegro
10100:Sevastopol
10024:Kazakhstan
9528:Azerbaijan
9453:Cordillera
9433:Calabarzon
9418:Bangsamoro
9321:statistics
9224:statistics
9202:statistics
9125:East Timor
9060:Tamil Nadu
9040:Puducherry
8921:Chandigarh
8821:statistics
8740:Bangladesh
8640:statistics
8534:Uzbekistan
8524:Tajikistan
8477:Kyrgyzstan
8472:Kazakhstan
8350:March–July
8324:Cape Verde
8225:Mozambique
8169:Somaliland
8152:Seychelles
8127:Madagascar
8049:Mauritania
7413:SARS-CoV-2
7266:Thiomersal
7212:Paul Offit
7187:Jonas Salk
7163:Inventors/
7034:research:
7011:research:
6948:research:
6877:Skycovione
6867:Sanofi–GSK
6812:SARS-CoV-2
6723:Hantavirus
6684:rVSV-ZEBOV
6669:Adenovirus
6637:research:
6515:Diphtheria
6353:Attenuated
5770:(4): 122.
5360:. Pfizer.
4889:(3): 189.
4696:5 February
4525:3 December
4005:28 January
3700:: 168–89.
3624:(3): 636.
3453:2 December
3148:The Lancet
3035:BioCentury
2789:Weissman D
2303:Felgner PL
2224:Felgner PL
2074:7 February
1963:7 February
1894:6 February
1834:2 December
1798:2 December
1548:8 December
1514:: 100766.
1508:Nano Today
1405:: 137–51.
1371:References
1337:SARS‑CoV‑2
1251:SARS-CoV-2
1247:Retrovirus
1086:translated
1015:Advantages
977:engineered
975:have been
869:polyplexes
833:lymph node
815:, such as
721:by simple
646:(UTR) and
510:attenuated
491:antibodies
489:to create
429:diseases,
364:in history
352:SARS-CoV-2
328:Zika virus
72:) or by a
18197:Australia
18172:by nation
18157:Gibraltar
18065:by region
17925:Lithuania
17625:Sri Lanka
17603:Singapore
17389:Indonesia
17352:Hong Kong
17342:lockdowns
17238:Venezuela
17201:Nicaragua
17174:Guatemala
17093:Argentina
16971:Mauritius
16857:Lockdowns
16821:July 2021
16816:June 2021
16761:July 2020
16756:June 2020
16628:Fang Fang
16576:(Romania)
16564:(Iceland)
16546:(Iceland)
16520:Su Ih-jen
16498:(Uruguay)
16490:Ali Pilli
16480:(Vietnam)
16474:(Moldova)
16462:(Iceland)
16444:(Andorra)
16408:(Ireland)
16400:Greg Hunt
16396:(Lebanon)
16354:(Germany)
16330:(Romania)
16237:Officials
16193:Wang Chen
16188:John Todd
16035:Xie Linka
15938:(Uruguay)
15848:(Ireland)
15463:Cluster 5
15333:ritonavir
15270:Sarilumab
15165:Treatment
15116:Argentina
15090:Australia
14873:Sri Lanka
14863:Singapore
14818:Indonesia
14606:NDV-HXP-S
14586:GRAd-COV2
14540:Vabiotech
14489:Nanocovax
14432:mRNA-1283
14390:NDV-HXP-S
14327:In trials
14291:Sputnik V
14259:(Zifivax)
14125:FAKHRAVAC
14105:CoronaVac
13949:Lockdowns
13822:SafeEntry
13812:PathCheck
13742:COVIDSafe
13705:BlueTrace
13574:Shortages
13564:Pregnancy
13459:Cluster 5
13423:Twindemic
13096:Australia
13091:Argentina
13003:Plandemic
12913:Inflation
12860:Shortages
12812:Hospitals
12548:Hong Kong
12543:Argentina
12407:Disc golf
12257:Education
12068:Venezuela
11980:São Paulo
11953:Argentina
11771:Australia
11604:Wisconsin
11540:Tennessee
11393:Minnesota
11342:Louisiana
11167:responses
11100:Nicaragua
11073:Guatemala
10805:Countries
10798:Caribbean
10589:Greenland
10374:Lithuania
10357:lockdowns
9975:Gibraltar
9787:education
9767:contracts
9745:responses
9621:Palestine
9274:political
9167:Singapore
9130:Indonesia
9103:Southeast
9065:Telangana
9050:Rajasthan
9020:Meghalaya
8978:Karnataka
8973:Jharkhand
8779:Sri Lanka
8554:Hong Kong
8515:political
8377:education
8132:Mauritius
8003:responses
7977:Locations
7921:responses
7909:responses
7904:September
7897:responses
7885:responses
7873:responses
7861:responses
7849:responses
7837:responses
7825:responses
7813:responses
7790:responses
7778:responses
7766:responses
7754:responses
7749:September
7742:responses
7730:responses
7718:responses
7706:responses
7694:responses
7682:responses
7670:responses
7658:responses
7635:responses
7623:responses
7611:responses
7599:responses
7594:September
7587:responses
7575:responses
7563:responses
7551:responses
7539:responses
7527:responses
7515:responses
7503:responses
7472:Event 201
7467:Disease X
7408:(disease)
7345:Phase III
7333:Withdrawn
7261:Pox party
7071:ALVAC-CEA
6993:Protozoan
6882:Sputnik V
6832:CoronaVac
6802:Rotavirus
6700:Pandemrix
6552:Pertussis
6493:Bacterial
6377:Synthetic
6340:Conjugate
6292:Adjuvants
6269:Infection
6216:Star Wars
6041:237515383
5575:227180967
5098:227176634
4790:USA Today
4463:(1): 33.
4174:2059-0105
4160:(1): 11.
4130:ignored (
4120:cite book
3950:(1): 20.
3749:(1): 28.
3597:259184146
3406:1078-0432
3367:229324351
3268:2058-8437
3219:238637957
3132:237515383
3116:0028-0836
2934:France 24
2847:(2): 97.
2750:0021-9738
2703:1474-1784
2299:Malone RW
2220:Malone RW
2150:3 October
2125:3 October
2099:3 October
2061:229945697
1749:0022-3549
1606:1474-1784
1538:202221207
1223:Hesitancy
1147:mRNA-1273
1049:mRNA-1273
877:Protamine
813:injection
723:diffusion
715:cytoplasm
675:half-life
550:cytoplasm
541:ribosomes
522:transgene
463:Mechanism
324:influenza
312:pandemics
245:replicase
82:delivered
18316:COVID-19
18292:Medicine
18072:Slovenia
18055:Slovakia
18001:Portugal
17769:Bulgaria
17652:Thailand
17537:Pakistan
17479:Malaysia
17310:Cambodia
17226:by state
17211:Paraguay
17184:Honduras
17137:Colombia
17086:Americas
17070:Zimbabwe
17045:Tanzania
16924:Ethiopia
16919:Eswatini
16904:Cameroon
16889:Botswana
16811:May 2021
16751:May 2020
16638:Li Zehua
16623:Fang Bin
16552:(Greece)
16540:(Sweden)
16534:(Canada)
16528:(Poland)
16522:(Taiwan)
16504:(France)
16432:(Mexico)
16420:(Turkey)
16324:(Taiwan)
16318:(Taiwan)
16306:(Taiwan)
16068:Chen Wei
15884:(Turkey)
15878:(Taiwan)
15824:(Canada)
15818:(Canada)
15801:Pandemic
15793:(Taiwan)
15733:(Canada)
15632:(Turkey)
15626:(Turkey)
15445:timeline
15373:Specific
15362:Variants
15126:Colombia
15072:mandates
14984:Portugal
14924:Bulgaria
14883:Thailand
14843:Malaysia
14782:Zimbabwe
14752:Eswatini
14737:Djibouti
14717:Cameroon
14707:Cameroon
14692:Botswana
14644:VBI-2902
14601:INNA-051
14596:iNCOVACC
14509:SCB-2019
14504:S-268019
14416:Bangavax
14411:ARCT-154
14406:ARCT-021
14207:COVAX-19
14201:Corbevax
14150:Turkovac
13984:Vaccines
13867:Valtrace
13827:SafePass
13732:(Canada)
13710:careFIJI
13672:Software
13611:Datasets
13525:Symptoms
13471:Military
13375:Language
13291:Paraguay
13262:Mongolia
13179:Colombia
13140:Bulgaria
13086:Abkhazia
13078:Protests
13063:Malaysia
13018:Politics
12778:Airlines
12773:Aviation
12737:Malaysia
12677:Economic
12650:Religion
12608:Minority
12482:Children
12380:Baseball
12368:By sport
12171:Arts and
12058:Suriname
12036:Paraguay
12009:timeline
12004:Colombia
11854:Victoria
11849:Tasmania
11679:Kiribati
11577:Virginia
11550:timeline
11501:Portland
11491:Oklahoma
11484:Columbus
11455:timeline
11445:New York
11423:timeline
11413:Nebraska
11403:Missouri
11388:Michigan
11379:timeline
11369:timeline
11357:timeline
11352:Maryland
11337:Kentucky
11317:Illinois
11287:Delaware
11277:Colorado
11265:timeline
11255:Arkansas
11088:timeline
11078:Honduras
10929:response
10904:Anguilla
10884:timeline
10839:Dominica
10822:Barbados
10782:timeline
10768:boroughs
10763:Montreal
10666:Manitoba
10654:timeline
10610:timeline
10577:Atlantic
10515:Svalbard
10443:Asturias
10438:timeline
10428:Slovenia
10423:Slovakia
10416:timeline
10406:Portugal
10362:timeline
10271:Normandy
10188:timeline
10178:Bulgaria
10083:timeline
10034:Gagauzia
9953:Guernsey
9884:Scotland
9782:economic
9757:response
9653:timeline
9567:Abkhazia
9478:Mimaropa
9346:Selangor
9269:economic
9253:Malaysia
9236:timeline
9214:timeline
9209:Thailand
9120:Cambodia
9030:Nagaland
8988:timeline
8811:lockdown
8767:Pakistan
8757:Maldives
8745:timeline
8709:Xinjiang
8687:Shanghai
8682:Liaoning
8628:lockdown
8598:Mongolia
8564:timeline
8505:economic
8268:Cameroon
8252:Zimbabwe
8210:Eswatini
8205:Botswana
8193:Southern
8179:Tanzania
8162:Puntland
8117:Ethiopia
8107:Djibouti
8017:Northern
8001:national
7996:timeline
7933:December
7928:November
7820:February
7785:December
7773:November
7665:February
7630:December
7618:November
7510:February
7430:Timeline
7405:COVID-19
7103:Prostvac
7096:Gardasil
7091:Cervarix
7038:Hookworm
6917:Shingles
6899:Smallpox
6817:Corbevax
6753:Gardasil
6748:Cervarix
6486:Vaccines
6440:Schedule
6411:Global:
6319:Timeline
6261:Vaccines
6212:webcomic
6089:25233993
6057:Türeci Ö
6053:Karikó K
6033:34522017
5969:Archived
5939:Archived
5906:Archived
5881:33093657
5821:Archived
5796:31547081
5764:Vaccines
5745:33489182
5737:24665982
5699:25844274
5630:Archived
5603:Archived
5567:33243869
5524:Archived
5491:Archived
5428:Archived
5396:Archived
5362:Archived
5344:29275847
5295:38532700
5252:27987145
5211:21890902
5154:Archived
5150:CTV News
5123:Archived
5090:33239758
5054:21987744
5005:11112481
4983:Virology
4964:25419577
4915:30832256
4856:Archived
4825:Archived
4794:Archived
4758:Archived
4730:26 March
4724:Archived
4690:Archived
4667:29489381
4602:Archived
4576:27075952
4519:Archived
4489:33593376
4427:19609242
4391:21654214
4350:27518606
4342:17476302
4298:Archived
4276:21045153
4235:38292712
4227:25196947
4192:32047656
4112:28101688
4071:32916818
3999:Archived
3976:33933145
3925:23064118
3832:31323032
3773:33619260
3724:33316346
3670:26 April
3650:36992220
3641:10057252
3617:Vaccines
3589:37328586
3545:15 March
3539:Archived
3514:15 March
3508:Archived
3478:Archived
3447:Archived
3443:BBC News
3424:33542081
3359:33340018
3308:Archived
3286:34394960
3211:34635829
3168:28754494
3124:34522017
3065:Archived
3039:Archived
3005:Archived
2971:Archived
2938:Archived
2908:18481387
2873:33525396
2841:Vaccines
2819:16111635
2797:Immunity
2785:Karikó K
2768:11828001
2711:25233993
2632:24757523
2548:42640967
2505:19350848
2497:15268662
2454:Archived
2443:Archived
2438:Patent:
2423:32916818
2360:Archived
2295:Wolff JA
2228:Verma IM
2203:32916818
2065:Archived
2053:33382675
1991:Archived
1954:Archived
1950:33332292
1888:Archived
1854:Archived
1828:Archived
1792:Archived
1767:33321139
1710:27987140
1658:Archived
1624:29326426
1542:Archived
1478:30846391
1448:Mol Ther
1429:33340620
1344:See also
1201:Efficacy
1143:BNT162b2
1078:vaccines
1034:vaccines
1009:primates
999:such as
932:in vitro
912:Onpattro
881:cationic
845:delivery
797:in vitro
763:surfaces
701:Delivery
632:in vitro
622:T7 phage
606:in vitro
585:immunity
545:degrades
535:through
506:antigens
499:antigens
495:pathogen
454:melanoma
452:against
292:BioNTech
229:in vitro
121:cellular
66:pathogen
50:delivers
27:in vitro
18304:Viruses
18278:Portals
18190:Oceania
18132:Ukraine
18013:Romania
17947:Moldova
17876:Ireland
17864:Iceland
17859:Hungary
17842:Germany
17825:Finland
17813:Estonia
17796:Denmark
17781:Croatia
17752:Belgium
17747:Belarus
17735:Austria
17730:Albania
17700:Vietnam
17506:summary
17496:Myanmar
17474:Lebanon
17379:Georgia
17320:summary
17276:Bahrain
17264:Artsakh
17259:Armenia
17233:Uruguay
17164:Ecuador
17098:Bolivia
17055:Tunisia
17008:Senegal
16986:Namibia
16909:Comoros
16899:Burundi
16874:Algeria
16860:<
16558:(India)
16510:(Spain)
16426:(China)
16372:(Italy)
16336:(Italy)
16288:(Wales)
16118:Guan Yi
16030:Liu Wen
16006:Medical
15961:(India)
15955:(India)
15854:(Japan)
15836:(India)
15828:PREPARE
15770:(Ghana)
15739:(China)
15682:(Wales)
15590:(India)
15456:General
15440:Omicron
15400:Epsilon
15083:Oceania
15040:Ontario
15014:Ukraine
14989:Romania
14974:Moldova
14964:Ireland
14959:Iceland
14954:Hungary
14944:Germany
14934:Denmark
14929:Croatia
14914:Albania
14898:Vietnam
14772:Senegal
14767:Nigeria
14762:Morocco
14727:Comoros
14702:Burundi
14677:Algeria
14629:ABNCoV2
14576:COH04S1
14571:BriLife
14514:SCTV01C
14484:IVX-411
14474:AKS-452
14469:202-CoV
14462:Subunit
14421:CureVac
14281:Janssen
14232:Novavax
14217:IndoVac
14188:Subunit
14173:Moderna
14155:Valneva
14110:Covaxin
14082:ZyCoV-D
13454:Animals
13301:Tunisia
13228:Germany
13118:Belgium
13113:Belarus
13058:Ireland
12844:Tourism
12725:Ireland
12594:Prisons
12553:Myanmar
12525:Strikes
12449:Society
12402:Cricket
12354:Ireland
12295:Ireland
12063:Uruguay
12016:Ecuador
11970:Bolivia
11945:America
11756:Vanuatu
11741:Tokelau
11627:Oceania
11609:Wyoming
11572:Vermont
11408:Montana
11322:Indiana
11297:Georgia
11292:Florida
11243:Arizona
11228:Alabama
10972:Bonaire
10951:Curaçao
10859:Jamaica
10849:Grenada
10817:Bahamas
10731:Toronto
10696:Ontario
10691:Nunavut
10649:Alberta
10584:Bermuda
10569:America
10538:Andorra
10500:Iceland
10463:Melilla
10411:Romania
10310:Ireland
10305:Hungary
10283:Germany
10266:Mayotte
10256:Réunion
10229:Finland
10224:Estonia
10212:Denmark
10183:Croatia
10173:Belgium
10168:Austria
10118:Albania
10090:Ukraine
10029:Moldova
9997:Belarus
9990:Eastern
9805:England
9700:history
9611:Lebanon
9562:Georgia
9540:Bahrain
9533:Artsakh
9523:Armenia
9341:Sarawak
9231:Vietnam
9162:Myanmar
9070:Tripura
9025:Mizoram
9015:Manipur
8958:Haryana
8953:Gujarat
8699:Sichuan
8650:Beijing
8433:Senegal
8416:Nigeria
8401:Liberia
8307:Western
8261:Central
8230:Namibia
8215:Lesotho
8157:Somalia
8142:Réunion
8137:Mayotte
8112:Eritrea
8102:Comoros
8097:Burundi
8090:Eastern
8069:Tunisia
8059:Morocco
8054:Melilla
8024:Algeria
7916:October
7808:January
7761:October
7653:January
7606:October
7498:January
7416:(virus)
7292:Related
7238:General
7000:Malaria
6887:Valneva
6852:Novavax
6847:Moderna
6842:Janssen
6827:CanSino
6807:Rubella
6765:Measles
6631:Td/Tdap
6601:Typhoid
6584:Tetanus
6579:Q fever
6510:Cholera
6500:Anthrax
6369:Peptide
6333:Classes
6314:Storage
6202:YouTube
6135:Horizon
6111:Scholia
6049:Sahin U
6013:Bibcode
5872:7580817
5827:6 April
5787:6963228
5690:4383315
5547:Science
5454:NPR.org
5392:NPR.org
5335:5835025
5287:9624688
5202:3241667
5045:3218670
4955:4326030
4906:6471356
4862:7 March
4831:3 April
4764:3 April
4658:6054134
4637:Bibcode
4608:6 March
4567:5439223
4480:7884263
4435:3278811
4183:7000814
4062:7554980
3967:8087878
3916:3597572
3859:Bibcode
3823:6668849
3800:Bibcode
3764:7900244
3715:7733686
3535:Reuters
3415:8052930
3339:Bibcode
3277:8353930
3246:Bibcode
3176:7700297
3096:Bibcode
3045:19 June
3011:21 June
2944:31 July
2916:8233422
2864:7911542
2659:7882341
2623:3991152
2583:7879415
2563:Vaccine
2540:8325342
2414:7554980
2366:31 July
2335:1690918
2315:Bibcode
2307:Science
2276:2762315
2244:Bibcode
2194:7554980
2119:Reuters
2044:9191904
1941:7745957
1758:7834447
1615:5906799
1469:6453548
1420:7744276
1294:uridine
1239:cytosol
1137:Storage
1090:cytosol
1088:in the
1005:chicken
928:in vivo
884:peptide
829:in vivo
825:muscles
806:ex vivo
802:in vivo
789:In vivo
774:ex vivo
767:T cells
753:Ex vivo
745:ex vivo
739:in vivo
731:RNAases
614:plasmid
581:B cells
577:T cells
407:Malaria
296:Moderna
270:ex vivo
249:humoral
241:T cells
237:antigen
201:History
160:Moderna
62:protein
54:antigen
42:vaccine
38:vaccine
18243:Others
18120:Turkey
18096:Sweden
18050:Serbia
18023:Russia
17984:Poland
17972:Norway
17952:Monaco
17915:Latvia
17910:Kosovo
17854:Greece
17830:France
17786:Cyprus
17722:Europe
17664:Turkey
17635:Taiwan
17576:Russia
17489:charts
17452:Kuwait
17442:Jordan
17418:Israel
17364:Cyprus
17305:Brunei
17293:Bhutan
17206:Panama
17189:Mexico
17108:Canada
17103:Brazil
17065:Zambia
17060:Uganda
16991:Nigera
16956:Malawi
16879:Angola
16867:Africa
16833:deaths
16701:Global
16662:Deaths
16606:Others
16468:(Iran)
16015:Ai Fen
15996:People
15753:Health
15703:Global
15652:London
15565:Others
15430:Lambda
15140:Others
15121:Brazil
15062:Mexico
15045:Quebec
15035:Canada
15004:Sweden
14994:Russia
14979:Norway
14949:Greece
14939:France
14907:Europe
14888:Turkey
14878:Taiwan
14858:Russia
14828:Israel
14803:Bhutan
14682:Angola
14669:Africa
14634:LYB001
14524:UB-612
14453:Walvax
14427:HGC019
14385:KD-414
14369:Inovio
14257:ZF2001
14196:Abdala
14130:Minhai
14043:(U.S.)
13992:Topics
13777:Immuni
13532:Cancer
13447:Others
13296:Serbia
13245:Israel
13240:Greece
13201:France
13145:Canada
13123:Brazil
13068:Russia
12985:Canada
12870:Energy
12839:Retail
12747:Russia
12715:Canada
12615:Gender
12472:Stigma
12326:Sports
12203:Disney
12186:Cinema
12150:Impact
12077:Others
12031:Guyana
11975:Brazil
11751:Tuvalu
11674:Hawaii
11555:Austin
11496:Oregon
11418:Nevada
11374:Boston
11332:Kansas
11307:Hawaii
11233:Alaska
11105:Panama
11083:Mexico
11058:Belize
10758:Quebec
10721:Ottawa
10603:Canada
10543:Monaco
10510:Norway
10470:Sweden
10401:Poland
10369:Latvia
10300:Greece
10241:France
10195:Cyprus
10143:Serbia
10128:Kosovo
10095:Crimea
10078:Turkey
10046:Russia
9948:Jersey
9840:London
9777:social
9679:Europe
9648:Turkey
9606:Kuwait
9601:Jordan
9596:Israel
9545:Cyprus
9438:Caraga
9264:social
9115:Brunei
9055:Sikkim
9045:Punjab
9035:Odisha
8995:Ladakh
8983:Kerala
8752:Bhutan
8633:detail
8603:Taiwan
8510:social
8482:Russia
8386:Guinea
8334:Gambia
8247:Zambia
8220:Malawi
8200:Angola
8184:Uganda
8147:Rwanda
7989:Africa
7892:August
7737:August
7582:August
7458:(MERS)
7452:(SARS)
7328:WHO-EM
7248:Lancet
7125:TA-NIC
7110:NicVAX
6957:Dengue
6797:Rabies
6618:Typhus
6557:Plague
6435:Policy
6396:Toxoid
6324:Trials
6087:
6039:
6031:
6004:Nature
5879:
5869:
5794:
5784:
5743:
5735:
5697:
5687:
5677:
5573:
5565:
5342:
5332:
5293:
5285:
5250:
5240:
5209:
5199:
5096:
5088:
5052:
5042:
5003:
4962:
4952:
4913:
4903:
4665:
4655:
4574:
4564:
4487:
4477:
4433:
4425:
4389:
4348:
4340:
4274:
4233:
4225:
4190:
4180:
4172:
4110:
4100:
4069:
4059:
3974:
3964:
3923:
3913:
3830:
3820:
3771:
3761:
3722:
3712:
3648:
3638:
3595:
3587:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3365:
3357:
3331:Nature
3284:
3274:
3266:
3217:
3209:
3174:
3166:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3088:Nature
3071:31 May
2914:
2906:
2871:
2861:
2817:
2766:
2759:150859
2756:
2748:
2709:
2701:
2657:
2630:
2620:
2581:
2546:
2538:
2503:
2495:
2421:
2411:
2355:Nature
2333:
2274:
2267:297778
2264:
2201:
2191:
2059:
2051:
2041:
1948:
1938:
1765:
1755:
1747:
1708:
1698:
1622:
1612:
1604:
1536:
1476:
1466:
1427:
1417:
1243:RNAses
1161:Recent
1153:Nature
1098:genome
924:ligand
910:drug,
691:codons
648:3'-UTR
640:5' cap
395:Dengue
334:, and
320:rabies
18167:daily
18084:Spain
17942:Malta
17888:Italy
17712:Yemen
17630:Syria
17571:Qatar
17513:Nepal
17430:Japan
17384:India
17374:Egypt
17357:Macau
17327:China
17179:Haiti
17125:Chile
17040:Sudan
16951:Libya
16946:Kenya
16929:Ghana
16914:Egypt
16884:Benin
16845:China
16726:cases
15425:Kappa
15415:Theta
15395:Delta
15390:Gamma
15380:Alpha
15223:(WHO)
15057:Haiti
14999:Spain
14969:Italy
14848:Nepal
14833:Japan
14813:India
14757:Ghana
14742:Egypt
14687:Benin
14494:ReCOV
14364:GX-19
14314:CoVLP
14227:Noora
13341:Italy
13257:Italy
13162:China
13157:Chile
12970:China
12720:India
12584:Crime
12572:Legal
12503:Labor
12290:Ghana
12051:Cusco
11987:Chile
11943:South
11746:Tonga
11731:Samoa
11709:Palau
11689:Nauru
11545:Texas
11347:Maine
11312:Idaho
10946:Aruba
10854:Haiti
10789:Yukon
10567:North
10453:Ceuta
10433:Spain
10384:Malta
10352:Italy
10234:Åland
9911:Wales
9665:Yemen
9643:Syria
9626:Qatar
9557:Egypt
9394:Luzon
9336:Sabah
9326:Johor
8936:Delhi
8916:Bihar
8911:Assam
8789:India
8762:Nepal
8723:South
8704:Tibet
8672:Hubei
8667:Henan
8593:Macau
8569:Tokyo
8559:Japan
8411:Niger
8339:Ghana
8314:Benin
8293:Gabon
8122:Kenya
8064:Sudan
8044:Libya
8039:Egypt
8034:Ceuta
7844:April
7832:March
7689:April
7677:March
7534:April
7522:March
7256:NCVIA
7120:TA-CD
7054:Other
7005:RTS,S
6785:Sabin
6780:Polio
6775:Mumps
6679:Ebola
6662:Viral
6611:ViCPS
6606:Ty21a
6540:MeNZB
6470:VAERS
6420:NITAG
6349:Live
6037:S2CID
5999:(PDF)
5912:7 May
5741:S2CID
5571:S2CID
5424:(PDF)
5291:S2CID
5094:S2CID
4883:Genes
4431:S2CID
4346:S2CID
4231:S2CID
3995:Scope
3593:S2CID
3363:S2CID
3215:S2CID
3172:S2CID
3128:S2CID
2912:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2501:S2CID
2068:(PDF)
2057:S2CID
2017:(PDF)
1987:(FDA)
1983:U.S.
1957:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1884:(FDA)
1880:U.S.
1534:S2CID
1296:with
919:lipid
908:siRNA
823:, or
821:blood
693:with
650:, an
508:, an
423:Nipah
374:gave
300:DARPA
168:first
70:virus
58:cells
25:mRNA
18209:Fiji
18150:2021
18145:2020
17525:Oman
17469:Laos
17413:Iraq
17401:Iran
17247:Asia
17216:Peru
17154:Cuba
17050:Togo
16961:Mali
16669:List
15936:GACH
15420:Iota
15405:Zeta
15385:Beta
15217:(UK)
15211:(UK)
15131:Peru
15095:Fiji
15052:Cuba
14823:Iran
14791:Asia
14722:Chad
14534:V451
14529:V-01
14165:mRNA
13692:Apps
13433:Zoom
13196:Cuba
12757:U.S.
12752:U.K.
12663:Hajj
12228:U.S.
12122:USS
12041:Peru
11895:2023
11890:2022
11885:2021
11880:2020
11802:2022
11782:2020
11699:Niue
11669:Guam
11659:Fiji
11567:Utah
11479:Ohio
11327:Iowa
11302:Guam
11140:2021
11135:2020
10977:Saba
10827:Cuba
10714:2022
10709:2021
10704:2020
10328:2022
10323:2021
10318:2020
10015:2022
10010:2021
10005:2020
9929:2022
9924:2021
9919:2020
9902:2022
9897:2021
9892:2020
9875:2022
9870:2021
9865:2020
9833:2022
9828:2021
9738:2023
9616:Oman
9584:Iraq
9579:Iran
9516:West
9377:2022
9372:2021
9367:2020
9314:2023
9309:2022
9304:2021
9299:2020
9185:2022
9180:2021
9175:2020
9157:Laos
9138:2021
8844:2021
8543:East
8457:Asia
8443:Togo
8406:Mali
8362:2021
8278:Chad
7954:2024
7949:2023
7880:July
7868:June
7801:2022
7725:July
7713:June
7646:2021
7570:July
7558:June
7491:2020
7482:2019
6982:Zika
6942:MMRV
6790:Salk
6770:Mpox
6716:LAIV
6711:H5N8
6706:H5N1
6696:H1N1
6572:PPSV
6455:ACIP
6451:US:
6425:SAGE
6386:mRNA
6302:list
6208:xkcd
6148:2020
6085:PMID
6029:PMID
5977:2021
5947:2021
5914:2021
5877:PMID
5829:2022
5792:PMID
5733:PMID
5695:PMID
5675:ISBN
5638:2020
5611:2020
5563:PMID
5532:2020
5499:2020
5466:2020
5436:2020
5404:2020
5370:2020
5340:PMID
5283:PMID
5248:PMID
5238:ISBN
5207:PMID
5162:2021
5131:2020
5086:PMID
5050:PMID
5001:PMID
4960:PMID
4911:PMID
4864:2021
4833:2021
4802:2021
4766:2021
4732:2021
4698:2021
4663:PMID
4610:2021
4572:PMID
4527:2020
4514:Stat
4485:PMID
4423:PMID
4387:PMID
4338:PMID
4306:2020
4272:PMID
4223:PMID
4188:PMID
4170:ISSN
4132:help
4108:PMID
4098:ISBN
4067:PMID
4007:2021
3972:PMID
3921:PMID
3828:PMID
3769:PMID
3720:PMID
3672:2024
3646:PMID
3585:PMID
3547:2022
3516:2022
3486:2020
3455:2020
3420:PMID
3402:ISSN
3355:PMID
3316:2020
3282:PMID
3264:ISSN
3207:PMID
3164:PMID
3120:PMID
3112:ISSN
3073:2021
3047:2021
3013:2021
2979:2020
2966:Stat
2946:2021
2904:PMID
2869:PMID
2815:PMID
2764:PMID
2746:ISSN
2707:PMID
2699:ISSN
2655:PMID
2628:PMID
2579:PMID
2536:PMID
2493:PMID
2419:PMID
2368:2021
2331:PMID
2272:PMID
2199:PMID
2152:2023
2127:2023
2101:2023
2076:2021
2049:PMID
1999:2020
1965:2021
1946:PMID
1896:2021
1862:2020
1836:2020
1800:2020
1763:PMID
1745:ISSN
1706:PMID
1696:ISBN
1666:2020
1620:PMID
1602:ISSN
1550:2020
1474:PMID
1425:PMID
1231:and
1116:and
1082:mRNA
1007:and
1001:mice
991:and
930:and
681:and
642:, a
630:The
591:mRNA
579:and
443:Zika
441:and
425:and
346:The
251:and
189:and
158:and
123:and
35:mRNA
18337:RNA
16244:WHO
15410:Eta
14399:RNA
14352:DNA
14222:MVC
14074:DNA
13336:Aid
12390:NBA
8948:Goa
7856:May
7701:May
7546:May
7243:MMR
7086:HPV
7076:BCG
6977:HIV
6937:MMR
6743:HPV
6691:Flu
6594:BCG
6567:PCV
6520:Hib
6475:VSD
6382:DNA
6277:J07
6200:on
6075:doi
6021:doi
6009:597
5867:PMC
5859:doi
5782:PMC
5772:doi
5725:doi
5685:PMC
5667:doi
5555:doi
5551:370
5330:PMC
5322:doi
5275:doi
5230:doi
5197:PMC
5189:doi
5078:doi
5040:PMC
5032:doi
5028:204
4991:doi
4987:278
4950:PMC
4942:doi
4901:PMC
4891:doi
4754:CNN
4653:PMC
4645:doi
4562:PMC
4554:doi
4475:PMC
4465:doi
4415:doi
4377:doi
4330:doi
4262:doi
4215:doi
4178:PMC
4162:doi
4090:doi
4057:PMC
4047:doi
3962:PMC
3952:doi
3911:PMC
3903:doi
3867:doi
3818:PMC
3808:doi
3759:PMC
3751:doi
3710:PMC
3702:doi
3698:169
3636:PMC
3626:doi
3575:doi
3474:FDA
3410:PMC
3394:doi
3347:doi
3335:589
3272:PMC
3254:doi
3199:doi
3156:doi
3152:390
3104:doi
3092:597
2896:doi
2859:PMC
2849:doi
2805:doi
2754:PMC
2738:doi
2734:109
2689:doi
2618:PMC
2610:doi
2571:doi
2528:doi
2485:doi
2409:PMC
2399:doi
2323:doi
2311:247
2262:PMC
2252:doi
2189:PMC
2179:doi
2039:PMC
2029:doi
1936:PMC
1926:doi
1753:PMC
1737:doi
1733:110
1688:doi
1610:PMC
1594:doi
1524:hdl
1516:doi
1464:PMC
1456:doi
1415:PMC
1407:doi
1403:169
1170:or
1084:is
575:to
403:HIV
382:.
372:FDA
146:In
86:RNA
33:An
18328::
15435:Mu
14034:US
7341::
6384:/
6375:/
6371:/
6367:/
6271:,
6267:,
6263:,
6259::
6255:/
6187:.
6174:.
6162:.
6158:.
6132:.
6083:.
6071:13
6069:.
6063:.
6055:,
6051:,
6035:.
6027:.
6019:.
6007:.
6001:.
5963:.
5937:.
5931:.
5904:.
5898:.
5875:.
5865:.
5855:28
5853:.
5849:.
5837:^
5819:.
5815:.
5804:^
5790:.
5780:.
5766:.
5762:.
5739:.
5731:.
5721:11
5719:.
5707:^
5693:.
5683:.
5673:.
5661:.
5655:.
5601:.
5595:.
5583:^
5569:.
5561:.
5549:.
5522:.
5516:.
5489:.
5483:.
5452:.
5412:^
5394:.
5390:.
5378:^
5338:.
5328:.
5318:26
5316:.
5312:.
5289:.
5281:.
5271:16
5269:.
5246:.
5236:.
5205:.
5195:.
5185:39
5183:.
5179:.
5148:.
5121:.
5115:.
5092:.
5084:.
5076:.
5062:^
5048:.
5038:.
5026:.
5022:.
4999:.
4985:.
4981:.
4958:.
4948:.
4938:26
4936:.
4932:.
4909:.
4899:.
4887:10
4885:.
4881:.
4854:.
4850:.
4823:.
4819:.
4788:.
4774:^
4756:.
4752:.
4740:^
4718:.
4706:^
4688:.
4684:.
4661:.
4651:.
4643:.
4633:18
4631:.
4627:.
4596:.
4584:^
4570:.
4560:.
4548:.
4544:.
4517:.
4511:.
4497:^
4483:.
4473:.
4461:20
4459:.
4455:.
4443:^
4429:.
4421:.
4411:32
4409:.
4385:.
4371:.
4367:.
4344:.
4336:.
4326:14
4324:.
4292:.
4270:.
4258:70
4256:.
4252:.
4229:.
4221:.
4211:14
4209:.
4186:.
4176:.
4168:.
4156:.
4152:.
4140:^
4124::
4122:}}
4118:{{
4106:.
4096:.
4065:.
4055:.
4043:21
4041:.
4037:.
4015:^
3993:.
3970:.
3960:.
3948:15
3946:.
3942:.
3919:.
3909:.
3897:.
3893:.
3881:^
3865:.
3853:.
3849:.
3826:.
3816:.
3806:.
3796:15
3794:.
3790:.
3767:.
3757:.
3745:.
3741:.
3718:.
3708:.
3696:.
3692:.
3680:^
3644:.
3634:.
3622:11
3620:.
3614:.
3591:.
3583:.
3571:29
3569:.
3563:.
3537:.
3533:.
3506:.
3502:.
3476:.
3472:.
3445:.
3441:.
3418:.
3408:.
3400:.
3390:27
3388:.
3384:.
3361:.
3353:.
3345:.
3333:.
3302:.
3280:.
3270:.
3262:.
3252:.
3240:.
3236:.
3213:.
3205:.
3195:20
3193:.
3170:.
3162:.
3150:.
3126:.
3118:.
3110:.
3102:.
3090:.
3037:.
3033:.
3021:^
3003:.
2999:.
2987:^
2969:.
2963:.
2932:.
2910:.
2902:.
2892:31
2890:.
2867:.
2857:.
2843:.
2839:.
2827:^
2813:.
2801:23
2799:.
2795:.
2776:^
2762:.
2752:.
2744:.
2732:.
2728:.
2705:.
2697:.
2685:13
2683:.
2679:.
2667:^
2651:55
2649:.
2626:.
2616:.
2604:.
2600:.
2577:.
2567:12
2565:.
2542:.
2534:.
2524:23
2522:.
2499:.
2491:.
2479:.
2465:^
2425:.
2417:.
2407:.
2395:21
2393:.
2389:.
2370:.
2358:.
2352:.
2329:.
2321:.
2309:.
2297:,
2284:^
2270:.
2260:.
2250:.
2240:86
2238:.
2234:.
2226:,
2222:,
2205:.
2197:.
2187:.
2175:21
2173:.
2169:.
2143:.
2117:.
2092:.
2063:.
2055:.
2047:.
2037:.
2025:69
2023:.
2019:.
1981:.
1952:.
1944:.
1934:.
1922:69
1920:.
1916:.
1878:.
1826:.
1820:.
1808:^
1775:^
1761:.
1751:.
1743:.
1731:.
1727:.
1704:.
1694:.
1674:^
1656:.
1650:.
1632:^
1618:.
1608:.
1600:.
1590:17
1588:.
1584:.
1558:^
1540:.
1532:.
1522:.
1512:28
1510:.
1506:.
1486:^
1472:.
1462:.
1452:27
1450:.
1446:.
1423:.
1413:.
1401:.
1397:.
1379:^
1323:.
1044:.
1011:.
1003:,
987:,
983:,
942:.
819:,
784:.
587:.
556:.
501:.
459:.
445:.
437:,
433:,
421:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
338:.
330:,
326:,
18280::
13898:)
13894:(
7385:e
7378:t
7371:v
7252:)
7245:(
6702:)
6698:(
6279:)
6275:(
6245:e
6238:t
6231:v
6191:.
6166:.
6150:.
6122:.
6091:.
6077::
6043:.
6023::
6015::
5979:.
5949:.
5916:.
5883:.
5861::
5831:.
5798:.
5774::
5768:7
5747:.
5727::
5701:.
5669::
5663:2
5640:.
5613:.
5577:.
5557::
5534:.
5501:.
5468:.
5438:.
5406:.
5372:.
5346:.
5324::
5297:.
5277::
5254:.
5232::
5213:.
5191::
5164:.
5133:.
5100:.
5080::
5056:.
5034::
5007:.
4993::
4966:.
4944::
4917:.
4893::
4866:.
4835:.
4804:.
4768:.
4734:.
4700:.
4669:.
4647::
4639::
4612:.
4578:.
4556::
4550:7
4529:.
4491:.
4467::
4437:.
4417::
4393:.
4379::
4373:8
4352:.
4332::
4308:.
4278:.
4264::
4237:.
4217::
4194:.
4164::
4158:5
4134:)
4114:.
4092::
4073:.
4049::
4009:.
3978:.
3954::
3927:.
3905::
3899:9
3875:.
3869::
3861::
3855:2
3834:.
3810::
3802::
3775:.
3753::
3747:6
3726:.
3704::
3674:.
3652:.
3628::
3599:.
3577::
3549:.
3518:.
3488:.
3457:.
3426:.
3396::
3369:.
3349::
3341::
3318:.
3288:.
3256::
3248::
3242:6
3221:.
3201::
3178:.
3158::
3134:.
3106::
3098::
3075:.
3049:.
3015:.
2981:.
2948:.
2918:.
2898::
2875:.
2851::
2845:9
2821:.
2807::
2770:.
2740::
2713:.
2691::
2661:.
2634:.
2612::
2606:2
2585:.
2573::
2550:.
2530::
2507:.
2487::
2481:4
2401::
2337:.
2325::
2317::
2278:.
2254::
2246::
2181::
2154:.
2129:.
2103:.
2078:.
2031::
2001:.
1967:.
1928::
1898:.
1864:.
1838:.
1802:.
1769:.
1739::
1712:.
1690::
1668:.
1626:.
1596::
1552:.
1526::
1518::
1480:.
1458::
1431:.
1409::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
