149:, maximum size 3 inches (7.6 cm), to a depth of about 8 inches (20 cm). The third layer was about 2 inches (5 cm) thick with a maximum aggregate size of 1 inch (2.5 cm). This top level surface permitted a smoother shape and protected the larger stones in the road structure from iron wheels and horse hooves. To keep the running surface level with the countryside, this road was put in a trench, which created drainage problems. These problems were addressed by changes that included digging deep side ditches, making the surface as solid as possible, and constructing the road with a difference in elevation (height) between the two edges, that difference being referred to interchangeably as the road's
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399:, who filled the gaps between the surface stones with a mixture of stone dust and water, providing a smoother surface for the increased traffic using the roads. This basic method of construction is sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamized."
32:
387:
His legacy lies in his advocacy of effective road maintenance and management. He advocated a central road authority with trained professional officials who could be paid a salary that would keep them from corruption. These professionals could give their entire time to these duties and be held responsible for their actions.
322: in) in diameter; these were checked by supervisors who carried scales. A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth. The importance of the 2 cm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the four-inch (10 cm) width of the iron
300:
underneath from water and wear. An under-layer of small angular broken stones would act as a solid mass. Keeping the surface stones smaller than the width of a wheel made for a good running surface. The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road, so long as it could be kept reasonably dry.
386:
McAdam's renown is his effective and economical construction, which was a great improvement over the methods used by his generation. He emphasised that roads could be constructed for any kind of traffic, and he helped to alleviate the resentment travellers felt toward increasing traffic on the roads.
208:
Broken stone was wedged into the spaces between the tapered perpendicular faces to provide the layer with good lateral control. Telford kept the natural formation level and used masons to camber the upper surface of the blocks. He placed a 6-inch (15 cm) layer of stone no bigger than 2.4 in
333:
McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road. Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road. The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles, merging into a
329:
McAdam believed that the "proper method" of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers, breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than six ounces (170 g) in weight. He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on
456:
pavement), sometimes referred to in the U.S. as blacktop, was introduced in the 1920s. Instead of laying the stone and sand aggregates on the road and then spraying the top surface with binding material, in the asphalt paving method the aggregates are thoroughly mixed with the binding material and
299:
McAdam's method was simpler yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil
200:
Telford used roughly 12 in Ă— 10 in Ă— 6 in (30 cm Ă— 25 cm Ă— 15 cm) partially shaped paving stones (pitchers), with a slight flat face on the bottom surface. He turned the other faces more vertically than
Tresaguet's method. The longest edge was
217:
Where the structure could not be raised, Telford drained the area surrounding the roadside. Previous road builders in
Britain ignored drainage problems and Telford's rediscovery of drainage principles was a major contribution to road construction. Notably, around the same time,
213:
and broken stone. This structure came to be known as "Telford pitching." Telford's road depended on a resistant structure to prevent water from collecting and corroding the strength of the pavement. Telford raised the pavement structure above ground level whenever possible.
311:
Size of stones was central to McAdam's road building theory. The lower 8 in (20 cm) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 3 inches (7.5 cm). The upper 2-inch-thick (5 cm) layer of stones was limited to stones 2 centimetres
421:, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material. This problem was approached by spraying
264:
and was responsible for 149 miles of road. He then put his ideas about road construction into practice, the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol. He also began to actively propagate his ideas in two booklets called
373:
This road was completed in 1823, using McAdam's road techniques, except that the finished road was compacted with a cast iron roller instead of relying on road traffic for compaction. The second
American road built using McAdam principles was the
303:
Unlike
Telford and other road builders of the time, McAdam laid his roads almost level. His 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) road required a rise of only 3 inches (7.6 cm) from the edges to the centre. Cambering and elevation of the road above the
222:
strongly advocated that drainage was in fact an important factor in road construction and astonished colleagues by building dry roads even through marshland. He accomplished this by incorporating a layer of brushwood and heather.
138:, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there.
196:
Road
Commission between 1815 and 1830. Telford extended Tresaguet's theories but emphasized high-quality stone. He recognized that some of the road problems of the French could be avoided by using cubical stone blocks.
110:
is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or
982:
A Manual of The
Principles and Practice of Road-Making: comprising the location, construction, and improvement of roads (common, macadam, paved, plank, etc.) and rail-roads
370:. Before it was macadamized, stagecoaches travelling the Hagerstown to Boonsboro road in the winter had taken 5 to 7 hours to cover the 10-mile (16 km) stretch.
53:
865:
91:
in 1823; in the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces (170 g) in weight or to pass a two-inch (5 cm) ring".
134:
building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of
951:
189:
616:
A. W. Skempton (2002). A Biographical
Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500–1830. p.416. Thomas Telford, 2002
40:
1093:
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1031:
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114:
binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point.
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Because of the historic use of macadam as a road surface, roads in some parts of the United States (such as parts of
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209:(6 cm) on top of the rock foundation. To finish the road surface he covered the stones with a mixture of
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188:, was a surveyor and engineer who applied Tresaguet's road building theories. In 1801 Telford worked for the
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1727:
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1004:
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1999:
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980:
1287:
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McAdam's road building technology was applied to roads by other engineers. One of these engineers was
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arranged crossways to the traffic direction, and the joints were broken in the method of conventional
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2217:
1073:
629:
Remarks on the
Present System of Road Making; With Observations, Deduced from Practice and Experience
485:
231:
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how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space, one shovelful at a time.
256:, England, in 1802 and became a Commissioner for Paving in 1806. On 15 January 1816, he was elected
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2104:
2099:
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855:," The Independent, New York, Volume 99, July, August, September 1919, 228. Retrieved on 2009-11-3.
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715:
567:
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170:
45:
20:
165:
75:
2311:
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1615:
1585:
1526:
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146:
472:. Similarly, the term "tarmac" is sometimes colloquially applied to asphalt roads or aircraft
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1994:
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1501:
1101:
426:
2316:
2014:
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1635:
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Trésaguet had recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned
84:
378:
which was 73 miles (117 km) long and was completed in 1830 after five years of work.
8:
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1861:
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1705:
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461:, some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the United States' National Road.
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with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken
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507:
Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the
Vehicles That Used Them
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the mixture is laid all together. While macadam roads have been resurfaced in most
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150:
248:, Scotland, in 1756. In 1787, he became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in the
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but with the smallest faces of the pitcher forming the upper and lower surfaces.
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793:
Highways: the
Location, Design, Construction and Maintenance of Road Pavements
632:(8th ed.), London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster Row
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A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads,
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1956:
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468:) are referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of asphalt or
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252:
and during the next seven years his hobby became an obsession. He moved to
79:
An illustration of the first macadamized road in the United States between
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342:
The first macadam road built in the United States was constructed between
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1946:
1936:
1911:
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is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to
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New macadam road construction at McRoberts, Kentucky: pouring tar. 1926
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2009:
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on the surface to create tar-bound macadam. In 1902 a Swiss doctor,
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
1009:
954:, p. 2 in Module 1: Welcome and Introduction, archived from
940:
Stephen T. Muench; Joe P. Mahoney; Linda M. Pierce; et al.,
253:
135:
796:(4th ed.), Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 228,
31:
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473:
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210:
866:"History of asphalt road construction – Tar road construction"
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level, solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic.
510:, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, p. 73,
267:
Remarks (or Observations) on the Present System of Roadmaking
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Road. This was the last section of unimproved road between
308:
enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side.
131:
99:
1871:
789:
422:
245:
1005:
McAdam's publications as available at Internet Archive
911:
269:, (which ran nine editions between 1816 and 1827) and
433:'s gasworks for binding the dust. Later a mixture of
710:
708:
625:
933:
919:"The History Of The United States' National Road"
687:
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705:
122:
985:(3rd ed.). New York: A. S. Barnes & Co
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952:Washington State Department of Transportation
783:
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102:construction pioneered by Scottish engineer
821:
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563:The Life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer
452:A more durable road surface (modern mixed
16:Road building method by John Loudon McAdam
978:
733:
619:
593:
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538:
350:, and was named at the time Boonsborough
816:
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408:
280:
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190:Commission of Highland Roads and Bridges
164:
74:
56:of all important aspects of the article.
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429:, came upon the idea of using tar from
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556:
390:
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
2128:Median / Central reservation
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612:
610:
608:
381:
744:"1823 – First American Macadam Road"
402:
226:
25:
326:wheels that travelled on the road.
276:
13:
2046:Risk compensation (road transport)
1039:
972:
605:
14:
2464:
998:
160:
2412:Glossary of road transport terms
566:. London: John Murray. pp.
337:
30:
842:
762:
244:John Loudon McAdam was born in
117:
44:may be too short to adequately
790:O'Flaherty, Coleman A (2002),
550:
239:
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
2394:Pavement performance modeling
2384:International roughness index
491:
290:
128:Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
123:Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
2389:Present serviceability index
2183:Sidewalk / Pavement
1728:Diamond grinding of pavement
626:McAdam, John Loudon (1824),
192:. He became director of the
7:
2361:Underpass / Tunnel
2356:Overpass / Flyover
2110:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2000:Driving under the influence
1074:Freeway / Motorway
479:
10:
2469:
1288:Highway systems by country
770:"The History of Boonsboro"
18:
2407:
2399:Granular base equivalency
2369:
2340:
2246:
2218:Traffic signal preemption
2063:
2023:
1985:
1827:
1816:
1668:
1626:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1555:
1532:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1472:
1463:
1391:
1296:
1210:
1092:
1059:
1050:
979:Gillespie, W. M. (1850).
486:History of road transport
260:of roads for the Bristol
169:Laying Telford paving in
2379:Pavement condition index
2105:High-occupancy toll lane
2100:Contraflow lane reversal
2075:Barrier transfer machine
693:McAdam (1824), pp. 39–40
1233:Express-collector setup
652:"The Colossus of Roads"
504:Lay, Maxwell G (1992),
171:Aspinwall, Pennsylvania
2417:Road types by features
2312:Raised pavement marker
2279:Constant-slope barrier
2203:Traffic directionality
2193:Street running railway
1616:Protected intersection
853:The Right Road—and Why
722:, ElectricScotland.com
414:
296:
236:
174:
106:around 1820, in which
92:
2443:Industrial Revolution
2274:Concrete step barrier
1611:Offset T-intersection
716:"John Loudon MacAdam"
675:Lay (1992), pp. 76–77
427:Ernest Guglielminetti
412:
284:
234:
168:
78:
2448:Pavement engineering
2317:Road surface marking
2015:Single-vehicle crash
1738:Full depth recycling
1636:Seagull intersection
947:WSDOT Pavement Guide
702:McAdam (1824), p. 41
684:McAdam (1824), p. 38
443:Edgar Purnell Hooley
287:Nicolaus, California
19:For other uses, see
2453:Scottish inventions
2143:Pedestrian crossing
1706:Reinforced concrete
1542:Three-level diamond
1253:Two-lane expressway
1238:Farm-to-market road
958:on 13 December 2012
872:on 13 November 2013
750:on 27 November 2020
459:developed countries
417:With the advent of
391:Water-bound macadam
348:Boonsboro, Maryland
273:published in 1819.
2173:Runaway truck ramp
1995:Driver's education
1783:Rubberized asphalt
1718:Crocodile cracking
1641:Split intersection
1409:Hierarchy of roads
1370:Single carriageway
828:John Loudon McAdam
449:, was introduced.
415:
382:McAdam's influence
297:
285:A macadam road in
237:
235:John Loudon McAdam
175:
104:John Loudon McAdam
93:
2425:
2424:
2233:Wide outside lane
2059:
2058:
2036:Automotive safety
1917:Road slipperiness
1664:
1663:
1512:Diverging diamond
1459:
1458:
1375:Single-track road
1317:Bicycle boulevard
921:. 4 February 2021
720:Significant Scots
403:Tar-bound macadam
397:Richard Edgeworth
250:Scottish Lowlands
227:Advent of macadam
71:
70:
2460:
2269:Cat's eye (road)
2090:Complete streets
1862:Dead Man's Curve
1825:
1824:
1763:Pavement milling
1678:Asphalt concrete
1621:Quadrant roadway
1562:
1484:
1470:
1469:
1436:Street hierarchy
1084:Elevated highway
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905:
891:Cavette, Chris,
888:
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877:
868:. Archived from
862:
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823:
814:
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787:
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746:. Archived from
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602:Lay (1992), p.75
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590:Lay (1992), p.74
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547:Lay (1992), p.73
545:
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321:
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316:
295:
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277:McAdam's methods
258:surveyor general
66:
63:
57:
34:
26:
2468:
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2459:
2458:
2457:
2428:
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2421:
2403:
2371:
2365:
2336:
2327:Traffic barrier
2287:F-Shape barrier
2242:
2198:Traffic calming
2158:Reversible lane
2148:Pedestrian zone
2133:Motorcycle lane
2095:Contraflow lane
2067:time allocation
2066:
2055:
2051:Underride guard
2019:
1981:
1867:Expansion joint
1829:
1819:
1812:
1798:Stamped asphalt
1660:
1591:Continuous flow
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1485:
1481:grade-separated
1478:
1477:
1455:
1414:Private highway
1387:
1292:
1206:
1088:
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1038:
1001:
988:
986:
975:
973:Further reading
970:
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959:
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922:
917:
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912:
903:
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893:"Asphalt Paver"
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376:Cumberland Road
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39:This article's
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2297:Jersey barrier
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2240:
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2228:Unused highway
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2208:Traffic island
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2005:Drowsy driving
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1889:
1887:Level crossing
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1586:Channelization
1583:
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1573:
1571:3-way junction
1567:
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1465:Road junctions
1461:
1460:
1457:
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1448:
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1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:business route
1426:
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1393:
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1380:
1377:
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1359:
1357:Primitive road
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1228:County highway
1225:
1223:Collector road
1220:
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1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:United Kingdom
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Czech Republic
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1061:Limited-access
1054:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:External links
997:
996:
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974:
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969:
968:
932:
910:
883:
857:
841:
831:, bruzzone.org
815:
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782:
761:
732:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
650:Craig, David,
642:
618:
604:
592:
580:
558:Smiles, Samuel
549:
537:
516:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
478:
441:, patented by
437:and ironworks
419:motor vehicles
404:
401:
392:
389:
383:
380:
360:Chesapeake Bay
339:
336:
278:
275:
262:turnpike trust
241:
238:
228:
225:
178:Thomas Telford
162:
161:Thomas Telford
159:
124:
121:
119:
116:
69:
68:
48:the key points
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2465:
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2308:
2307:Noise barrier
2305:
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2277:
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2265:
2264:Cable barrier
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
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2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Traffic lanes
2211:
2209:
2206:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
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2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Refuge island
2151:
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2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Living street
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Climbing lane
2083:
2081:
2078:
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2052:
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2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:Human factors
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Traffic light
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
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1938:
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1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Oversize load
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Manhole cover
1890:
1888:
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1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
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1726:
1724:
1723:Crushed stone
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
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1699:
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1609:
1607:
1606:Michigan left
1604:
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1599:
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1568:
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1563:
1558:Intersections
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Directional T
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
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1476:
1471:
1468:
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1462:
1452:
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1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:special route
1422:
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1407:
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1400:
1397:
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1368:
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1348:
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1343:
1342:Frontage road
1340:
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1234:
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1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Arterial road
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:United States
1200:
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1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Types of road
1049:
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1035:
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1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
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984:
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845:
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829:
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805:
803:0-7506-5090-7
799:
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771:
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749:
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658:, Strum.co.uk
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534:0-8135-2691-4
531:
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517:0-8135-1758-3
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349:
345:
338:North America
335:
331:
327:
325:
309:
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288:
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274:
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263:
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182:Dumfriesshire
179:
172:
167:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
115:
113:
109:
108:crushed stone
105:
101:
98:is a type of
97:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
65:
62:November 2023
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2332:Traffic cone
2322:Rumble strip
2223:Truck bypass
2178:Shared space
2138:Passing lane
2123:Managed lane
2080:Bicycle lane
1962:Washboarding
1957:Traffic sign
1882:Hairpin turn
1757:
1651:Texas U-turn
1581:Box junction
1475:Interchanges
1419:Route number
1327:Country lane
1069:Bike freeway
987:. Retrieved
981:
960:, retrieved
956:the original
946:
935:
923:. Retrieved
913:
902:, retrieved
896:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
860:
849:Claudy, C.H.
844:
833:, retrieved
827:
807:, retrieved
792:
785:
773:. Retrieved
764:
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
724:, retrieved
719:
698:
689:
680:
671:
660:, retrieved
655:
645:
636:26 September
634:, retrieved
628:
621:
573:27 September
571:. Retrieved
562:
552:
521:, retrieved
506:
499:
466:Pennsylvania
463:
451:
416:
406:
394:
385:
372:
341:
332:
328:
310:
302:
298:
294: 1850s
270:
266:
243:
220:John Metcalf
216:
207:
199:
176:
140:
126:
118:Predecessors
95:
94:
72:
59:
43:
41:lead section
2370:Performance
2302:Kassel kerb
2259:Botts' dots
2247:Demarcation
1947:Storm drain
1912:Road debris
1837:Aquaplaning
1830:environment
1818:Road safety
1696:Cobblestone
1646:Superstreet
1451:Winter road
1399:Concurrency
1392:Other terms
1383:Sunken lane
1352:Main street
1297:Local roads
775:13 February
754:13 February
726:13 February
306:water table
240:John McAdam
155:cross slope
2432:Categories
2372:indicators
2341:Structures
2292:Guard rail
2168:Road verge
2041:Seat belts
1977:Snowsquall
1942:Speed bump
1922:Road train
1743:Glassphalt
1683:Bioasphalt
1656:Turnaround
1631:Roundabout
1561:(at-grade)
1527:Roundabout
1492:Cloverleaf
1347:Green lane
1283:Trunk road
1211:Main roads
1094:By country
925:4 February
656:Palimpsest
528:Paperback
492:References
368:Ohio River
344:Hagerstown
180:, born in
112:bituminous
85:Hagerstown
2163:Road diet
2065:Space and
2010:Road rage
1897:Oil spill
1857:Crosswind
1847:Black ice
1842:Avalanche
1768:Permeable
1601:Jughandle
1596:Hook turn
1502:Free-flow
1446:Toll road
1365:Side road
1322:Boulevard
1278:Super two
1273:Ring road
1248:Link road
1147:Hong Kong
1102:Australia
1044:hierarchy
942:"History"
356:Baltimore
203:brickwork
147:aggregate
81:Boonsboro
46:summarize
2351:Causeway
2188:Shoulder
2024:Vehicles
1972:Whiteout
1932:Rockfall
1927:Roadkill
1852:Bleeding
1828:Road and
1788:Sealcoat
1713:Corduroy
1701:Concrete
1691:Chipseal
1670:Surfaces
1522:Raindrop
1337:Driveway
1332:Dead end
1312:Backroad
1263:2+2 road
1258:2+1 road
1182:Portugal
1172:Pakistan
560:(1867).
480:See also
470:concrete
435:coal tar
364:Wheeling
352:Turnpike
324:carriage
194:Holyhead
186:Scotland
143:subgrade
89:Maryland
2438:Asphalt
2254:Bollard
2238:Woonerf
1967:Washout
1907:Pothole
1820:factors
1808:Texture
1778:Plastic
1758:Macadam
1547:Trumpet
1497:Diamond
1268:Parkway
1243:Highway
1157:Ireland
1137:Germany
1127:Croatia
1107:Belgium
989:23 June
962:19 June
904:19 June
876:31 July
835:18 June
809:18 June
662:18 June
523:18 June
474:runways
454:asphalt
366:on the
358:on the
317:⁄
254:Bristol
173:in 1908
136:Limoges
96:Macadam
2347:Bridge
2031:Airbag
1803:Tarmac
1748:Gravel
1576:Bowtie
1517:Parclo
1441:Stroad
1404:Detour
1379:Street
1307:Avenue
1192:Taiwan
1177:Poland
1142:Greece
1117:Canada
1112:Brazil
898:eNotes
800:
532:
514:
447:tarmac
431:Monaco
211:gravel
151:camber
21:McAdam
1773:Plank
1687:Brick
1537:Stack
1303:Alley
1187:Spain
1167:Nepal
1162:Italy
1152:India
1122:China
2283:Curb
2114:Lane
1877:Ford
1793:Sett
1733:Dirt
1361:Road
1041:Road
991:2010
964:2010
927:2021
906:2010
878:2013
837:2010
811:2010
798:ISBN
777:2017
756:2017
728:2017
664:2010
638:2011
575:2011
530:ISBN
525:2010
512:ISBN
439:slag
346:and
132:road
100:road
83:and
1937:Rut
1872:Fog
1753:Ice
568:331
445:as
423:tar
362:to
246:Ayr
153:or
87:in
2434::
950:,
944:,
895:,
818:^
735:^
718:,
707:^
654:,
607:^
595:^
583:^
540:^
476:.
291:c.
289:,
184:,
157:.
1483:)
1479:(
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
993:.
929:.
880:.
851:"
779:.
758:.
577:.
319:4
315:3
312:(
64:)
60:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
