452:
religious traditionalists was unusual in antiquity, and was the immediate provocation for the revolt. According to Joseph P. Schultz, modern scholarship "considers the
Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp", but John J. Collins writes that while the civil war between Jewish leaders led to the king's new policies, it is wrong to see the revolt as simply a conflict between Hellenism and Judaism, since "he revolt was not provoked by the introduction of Greek customs (typified by the building of a gymnasium) but by the persecution of people who observed the Torah by having their children circumcised and refusing to eat pork."
456:
when the
Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews against the traditionalists. As the conflict escalated, Antiochus prohibited the practices of the traditionalists, thereby, in a departure from usual Seleucid practice, banning the religion of an entire people. The motives of Antiochus remain unclear: he may have been incensed at the overthrow of his appointee, Menelaus, or – encouraged by a group of radical Hellenizers among the Jews, he may have been responding to an orthodox Jewish revolt that drew on the Temple and the Torah for its strength. Other scholars argue that, while the rising began as a religious rebellion, it was gradually transformed into a war of national liberation.
757:
45:
790:
413:; the resulting riots led to the death of Lysimachus. Menelaus was arrested for Onias' murder and was arraigned before Antiochus, but he bribed his way out of trouble. Jason subsequently drove out Menelaus and became high priest again. In 168 Antiochus pillaged the Temple, attacked Jerusalem and "led captive the women and children." From this point onwards, Antiochus pursued a zealous Hellenizing policy in the Seleucid satrapies of
505:
429:), or with its pillage, or with the great slaughter he had made there; but being overcome with his violent passions, and remembering what he had suffered during the siege, he compelled the Jews to dissolve the laws of their country, and to keep their infants uncircumcised, and to sacrifice swine's flesh upon the altar; against which they all opposed themselves, and the most approved among them were put to death. —
513:
2465:
521:
548:. Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew who stepped forward to offer a sacrifice to an idol in Mattathias' place. He and his five sons fled to the wilderness of Judah. After Mattathias' death about one year later in 166 BCE, his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucids in
572:
celebrates the re-dedication of the Temple following Judah
Maccabee's victory over the Seleucids. According to rabbinic tradition, the victorious Maccabees could only find a small jug of oil that had remained uncontaminated by virtue of a seal, and although it only contained enough oil to sustain the
455:
In the conflict over the office of high priest, traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like Onias contested with
Hellenizers with Greek names like Jason and Menelaus. Some scholars point to social and economic factors in the conflict. What began as a civil war took on the character of an invasion
451:
presents the conflict as a struggle between "Judaism" and "Hellenism", concepts which he coined. Most modern scholars argue that King
Antiochus reacted to a civil war between traditionalist Jews in the Judean countryside and Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem, though the king's response of persecuting the
559:
The revolt involved many battles, in which the
Maccabean forces gained notoriety among the Seleucid army for their use of guerrilla tactics. After the victory, the Maccabees entered Jerusalem in triumph and ritually cleansed the Temple, reestablishing traditional Jewish worship there and installing
607:
On his death in battle in 160 BCE, Judah was succeeded as army commander by his younger brother, Jonathan, who was already high priest. Jonathan made treaties with various foreign states, causing further dissent between those who merely desired religious freedom and those who sought greater
591:
Following the re-dedication of the Temple, the supporters of the
Maccabees were divided over the question of whether to continue fighting. When the revolt began under the leadership of Mattathias, it was seen as a war for religious freedom to end the oppression of the Seleucids. However, as the
884:
The second and fourth books of the
Maccabees recount the martyrdom of seven Jewish brothers, their mother and their teacher. Although these are not said to be of the Maccabee family, they are referred to in Christianity as the "Holy Maccabean Martyrs" or the "Holy Maccabees." According to one
656:. Antiochus conquered the entire district of Judea but refrained from attacking the Temple or interfering with Jewish observances. Judea was freed from Seleucid rule on the death of Antiochus in 129 BCE. Independent Hasmonean rule lasted until 63 BCE, when the Roman general
900:, also refer to the Maccabee martyrs. The first of these books states that their father was a Benjamite named Maccabeus and that three of the brothers, who are called Abya, Seela, and Fentos, were captured and martyred for leading a guerrilla war against Antiochus Epiphanes.
967:. Braginskaya puts forward that the mosaic reflects the ancient Jewish veneration of the nine Maccabee martyrs from the books of the Maccabees, which is later perpetuated just in Christianity, while Jewish tradition preserves only the rite of lighting a nine-branched
490:) that weren't logical but rather kept solely because it is God's command. But when he saw that even the logical/rational and cultural commandments of the Torah were being practiced by the Jews in a way higher than logic, he then opposed Judaism in its entirety.
644:
renewed its alliance with the
Hasmonean kingdom and commanded its allies in the eastern Mediterranean to do so also. Although the Maccabees won autonomy, the region remained a province of the Seleucid Empire, and Simon was required to provide troops to
564:
as high priest. A large
Seleucid army was sent to quash the revolt but returned to Syria on the death of Antiochus IV. Its commander Lysias, preoccupied with internal Seleucid affairs, agreed to a political compromise that restored religious freedom.
979:
undergoing a one-and-a-half-millennium long secondary symbolic interpretation in Judaism, while the Christian tradition kept the original meaning, that of a martyrdom-for-the-faith tradition. This interpretation would help to explain the unique
731:(Bikkurim 1:6, Rosh HaShanah 1:3, Taanit 2:10, Megillah 3:4 and 3:6, Moed Katan 3:9, and Bava Kama 6:6), though specific laws are not described. The miracle of the one-day supply of oil lasting eight days is first described in the
1824:
went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices , and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his
639:
in Jerusalem. In 140 BCE, he was recognised by an assembly of the priests, leaders and elders as high priest, military commander and ruler of Israel. Their decree became the basis of the Hasmonean kingdom. Shortly after, the
552:, which at first was directed against Hellenizing Jews, of whom there were many. The Maccabees destroyed pagan altars in the villages, circumcised boys and forced Jews into outlawry. As a result, one explanation of the name
394:
in Jerusalem. To Antiochus, the high priest was merely a local governor within his realm, a man whom he could appoint or dismiss at will, while orthodox Jews saw the holder of the high priesthood as divinely appointed.
592:
Maccabees realized how successful they had been, many wanted to continue the revolt and conquer other lands with Jewish populations or to convert their peoples. This policy exacerbated the divide between the
399:, the brother of Onias, bribed Antiochus to make him high priest instead of Onias. Jason abolished the traditional theocracy and "received from Antiochus permission to convert Jerusalem into a Greek
193:
and his four brothers. The name Maccabee was a personal epithet of Judah, and the later generations were not his direct descendants. One explanation of the name's origins is that it derives from the
1537:
Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp
471:
was outlawed, and mothers who circumcised their babies were killed along with their families; and traditional Jewish ritual sacrifice was forbidden. It was said that an idol of Olympian
447:
regards the Maccabean revolt as a rising of pious Jews against the Seleucid king (who had tried to eradicate their religion) and against the Jews who supported him. The author of the
992:. Only due to the discovery of the Huqoq mosaic could the connection between the Jewish and Christian traditions be noticed and proposed for discussion, so Braginskaya.
1851:
E. AN ALEXANDRIAN CANON? Some assert that the Greek translation of the Old Testament (called the Septuagint or LXX) offers evidence that the canon of diaspora Judaism
2273:
2308:
291:, with a mundane notion of natural forces, heavenly might, war and governmental powers. The scholar and poet Aaron Kaminka argues that the name is a corruption of
409:
then bribed Antiochus and was appointed high priest in place of Jason. Menelaus had Onias assassinated. Menelaus' brother Lysimachus stole holy vessels from the
1252:
Tanakh = Tanach : Torah, Neviʼim, Ketuvim : the Torah, Prophets, Writings : the twenty-four books of the Bible, newly translated and annotated
482:
Chassidic thought. It says that Antiochus didn't mind that the Jews kept the culture of Judaism, rather all he wanted was to eradicate the laws of the
2280:
2266:
885:
tradition, their individual names are Habim, Antonin, Guriah, Eleazar, Eusebon, Hadim (Halim), Marcellus, their mother Solomonia, and their teacher
2659:
700:, which describe in detail the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the lighting of the menorah. These books are not part of the Tanakh (
1774:
Jews in the Mediterranean diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE – 117 CE) John M Barclay University of California press pg 247
963:
and dating to the 4th–5th centuries, Russian researcher Nina V. Braginskaya comes to a different conclusion from that of the dig director,
2103:
1983:
An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus.
2679:
2664:
1385:
674:
became king of Israel, designated "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate, effectively transforming the Hasmonean kingdom into the
1794:
475:
was placed on the altar of the Temple and that Israelites set up altars to Greek gods and sacrificed "unclean" animals on them.
975:. In her opinion, there is a direct relationship between the Jewish symbolic object and the Christian symbolic story, with the
1169:
649:, the brother of Demetrius II. When Simon refused to give up the territory he had conquered, Antiochus took them by force.
2674:
2380:
2133:
1880:
1142:
1109:
897:
1844:
1684:
1614:
1589:
1558:
1530:
1505:
1477:
1448:
1423:
2072:
2669:
200:, "the hammer", in recognition of Judah's ferocity in battle. The traditional Jewish explanation is that Maccabee (
1820:
war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and
984:
of this particular mosaic carpet, which is the only one found so far in synagogues of its period depicting scenes
652:
Simon was murdered in 134 BCE by his son-in-law Ptolemy and was succeeded as high priest and king by his son
2038:
765:
165:, which ruled from 167 to 37 BCE, being a fully independent kingdom from 104 to 63 BCE. They reasserted the
2003:
Stewart, Tyler A. (18 April 2017). "Jewish Paideia: Greek Education in the Letter of Aristeas and 2 Maccabees".
1259:
924:
704:) which came from the Jewish canon; however, they were part of the Alexandrian canon which is also called the
2599:
2445:
463:
religious practices: he made possession of the Torah a capital offense and burned the copies he could find;
2614:
2159:
2594:
2532:
1437:
Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History
1287:
1063:
339:. Judea had initially come under Ptolemaic rule but fell to the Seleucids around 197 BCE, after the
2409:
1942:
1941:[Nina Braginskaya about the mysterious mosaic from the biblical village] (in Russian). Moscow:
854:
660:
360:
31:
1720:
923:
suppressed this particular feast of Saint Peter. Nine years later, 1 August became the feast of Saint
532:, after Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice, a rural Jewish priest from
2080:
2062:
1201:
916:
850:
556:
is based on the Aramaic word for "hammer", because they "strike hammer blows against their enemies".
533:
38:
1816:" …then resolved to get him made king of the Jews… told them that it was for their advantage in the
1741:
2619:
2360:
1898:
17:
351:
family, wished to dispense with Jewish law and to adopt a Greek lifestyle. According to historian
2287:
2052:
936:
908:
735:, committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees. The
577:
for one day, it miraculously lasted for eight days, by which time further oil could be procured.
468:
1581:
1575:
1254:(1st student size ed., Stone ed.). Brooklyn, N.Y.: Mesorah Publications. pp. 171–172.
347:
initiated by Alexander the Great. Some Jews, mainly those of the urban upper class, notably the
2578:
2371:
2126:
1134:
928:
713:
687:
435:
406:
379:
136:
1440:
1159:
2327:
2086:
1997:
Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees In Its Cultural Context.
1864:
1469:
1232:
886:
846:
773:
646:
391:
1126:
935:
it no longer admitted commemorations. The feast day of these saints is 1 August in both the
1070:
620:
896:(quite distinct works from the other four books of Maccabees), which are canonical in the
8:
2527:
2495:
2097:
1809:
904:
740:
410:
396:
356:
336:
174:
1226:
2654:
2609:
2521:
2387:
2353:
2346:
2321:
2020:
1001:
932:
873:
601:
352:
2505:
2301:
2119:
1840:
1791:
1653:"The Samaritans during the Hasmonean Period: The Affirmation of a Discrete Identity?"
1610:
1585:
1554:
1526:
1501:
1473:
1444:
1419:
1411:
1255:
1165:
1138:
1127:
1105:
794:
756:
586:
561:
549:
541:
316:
186:
162:
1969:
The God of the Maccabees: Studies on the Meaning and Origin of the Maccabean Revolt.
712:
used by the Catholic and Orthodox churches, since those churches consider the books
2604:
2473:
2314:
2174:
2012:
1664:
1046:
985:
976:
866:
675:
612:
499:
430:
340:
59:
1176:
The Hasmonean dynasty ruled Judea from the Maccabean revolt in 167 BC until 37 BC.
2629:
2624:
2573:
2563:
2490:
2215:
2079:
1817:
1798:
1036:
1031:
944:
920:
671:
653:
636:
616:
383:
324:
224:
201:
190:
158:
96:
2057:
44:
2568:
2440:
2425:
2250:
2189:
1274:
1011:
960:
955:
While studying a floor mosaic discovered during the 2012-2016 campaigns at the
940:
746:
664:
574:
280:
122:
2016:
751:
2648:
2435:
2337:
2259:
2225:
2184:
1026:
1006:
736:
717:
709:
372:
355:, the main motive for the Tobiads' Hellenism was economic and political. The
344:
170:
169:, expanded the boundaries of Judea by conquest, and reduced the influence of
2464:
631:, where the Gentile population were 'forcibly removed', and the fortress of
544:, sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the
425:
Now Antiochus was not satisfied either with his unexpected taking the city (
2558:
1051:
989:
964:
861:
701:
641:
604:. Those who sought the continuation of the war were led by Judah Maccabee.
343:, during the Fifth Syrian War. Judea at that time had been affected by the
1938:
1161:
The Grand Finale: The Apocalypse in the Tanakh, the Gospel, and the Qur'an
2450:
2294:
1813:
1329:
1075:
1016:
981:
968:
697:
693:
623:, the Seleucid king, and in return Demetrius exempted the Maccabees from
448:
444:
414:
328:
320:
2024:
1669:
1652:
2553:
2548:
2235:
1041:
1021:
912:
789:
705:
545:
537:
460:
459:
According to 1 Maccabees, Antiochus banned many traditional Jewish and
253:
2240:
919:. This commemoration remained within the weekday liturgy when in 1960
512:
246:, "Who is like You among the heavenly powers, oh God!", as well as an
2205:
721:
597:
593:
426:
418:
387:
364:
292:
144:
1632:, By Louis H. Feldman, Meyer Reinhold, Fortress Press, 1996, p. 147
1573:
1225:
2404:
2142:
2111:
1821:
972:
893:
569:
520:
504:
368:
332:
296:
2210:
2179:
1630:
Jewish Life and Thought Among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings
1151:
1080:
728:
668:
624:
487:
464:
348:
247:
214:
194:
166:
2096:
1129:
Theatre, Sacrifice, Ritual: Exploring Forms of Political Theatre
2430:
1918:"Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vatican, 1969), p. 132
1523:
Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion
927:, and the mention of the Maccabee martyrs was omitted from the
823:
732:
657:
479:
619:, the last remaining son of Mattathias. Simon gave support to
80:
2230:
2220:
1574:
Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000).
956:
836:
819:
667:
of Rome. The Hasmonean dynasty ended in 37 BCE when the
632:
628:
483:
401:
312:
300:
276:
259:
218:
154:
1939:"Нина Брагинская о загадочной мозаике из библейской деревни"
760:
What are believed to be the Maccabees' relics – kept in the
747:
Christian veneration and possible Jewish preceding tradition
185:
The name Maccabee is often used as a synonym for the entire
1783:
1380:
1378:
716:. They are not included in the Old Testament books in most
615:, a pretender to the Seleucid throne, and was succeeded by
472:
238:
150:
74:
1491:
1489:
1685:"1 Maccabees 1:60–61 (New Revised Standard w/ Apocrypha)"
68:
2309:
Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah
1375:
478:
The main objective of Antiochus is explained throughout
1990:
The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution.
1486:
285:
The song of Moses and the Children of Israel by the Sea
275:" (Matthias the priest, son of John). The correlating
1158:
Wessels, Anton; Jansen, Henry; Hofland, Lucy (2020).
1066:, possibly the site of the mausoleum of the Maccabees
692:
The Maccabean story is preserved in the books of the
83:
71:
1936:
1157:
950:
208:
116:
104:
77:
1765:(Second Edition. Westminster John Knox Press, 2006)
65:
62:
1945:(HSE), Institute of Classical Orient and Antiquity
2107:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 197–198.
939:(for which 1 August is also the first day of the
752:The nine "Holy Maccabean Martyrs" in Christianity
720:Bibles since most Protestants consider the books
2646:
727:Multiple references to Hanukkah are made in the
221:verse that was the battle-cry of the Maccabees,
1525:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155.
37:"Maccabee" redirects here. For other uses, see
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1124:
611:In 142 BCE, Jonathan was assassinated by
2127:
27:Group of Jewish rebels in the Seleucid Empire
1416:The Illustrated History of the Jewish People
1353:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1288:"What does "Maccabee" mean? – Ask the Rabbi"
110:
2094:
2077:
1828:
1301:
130:
2134:
2120:
1865:"The Old Testament in the Orthodox Church"
1839:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 307.
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1223:
1164:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 150.
367:, competed in international Greek games, "
1999:Berkeley: University of California Press.
1937:Braginskaya, Nina V. (19 December 2017).
1668:
1500:. Harvard University Press. p. 186.
1463:
1434:
1335:
741:Jesus visiting the temple during Hanukkah
1878:
1495:
1249:
1245:
1243:
755:
663:in the Hasmonean civil war, making it a
519:
511:
503:
43:
2660:Christian saints from the Old Testament
2002:
1710:Toras Menachem Melukat volume 2 pg. 162
1650:
1520:
1498:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
1396:
600:under later Hasmonean monarchs such as
14:
2647:
1992:Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier.
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1834:
1580:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.
1548:
2115:
1901:. Holytrinityorthodox.com. 2007-05-20
1879:Dolanksy, Shawna (23 December 2011).
1318:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews
1240:
189:, but the Maccabees proper comprised
2141:
1604:
1236:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1099:
681:
635:. He expelled the garrison from the
580:
157:, which at the time was part of the
2073:Jewish Encyclopedia: Maccabees, The
1921:
1466:The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays
995:
369:removed their marks of circumcision
205:
153:rebel warriors who took control of
111:
100:
24:
2381:The One with the Holiday Armadillo
2081:"Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)"
1976:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah.
1961:
1899:"The Seven Holy Maccabean Martyrs"
1837:Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
898:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
25:
2691:
2032:
1763:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
1224:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
951:Theory: Jewish ancient veneration
708:. Both books are included in the
2463:
2005:Journal for the Study of Judaism
1577:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1468:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1350:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1939.
788:
58:
2680:People from the Seleucid Empire
2665:Groups of Roman Catholic saints
1971:Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
1912:
1891:
1872:
1856:
1803:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1734:
1713:
1704:
1691:
1677:
1644:
1635:
1623:
1598:
1567:
1542:
1514:
1457:
1428:
1366:
1323:
1102:The Mathematics of the Calendar
2078:Meistermann, Barnabas (1910).
1280:
1268:
1250:Scherman, Nosson, ed. (1998).
1217:
1208:
1181:
1125:Fischer-Lichte, Erika (2005).
1118:
1093:
627:. Simon conquered the port of
13:
1:
2095:Fairweather, William (1911).
1881:"The Truth(s) About Hanukkah"
1551:A Survey of the New Testament
1496:Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004).
1418:, London, Aurum Press, 1997,
1086:
892:The three Ethiopian books of
306:
48:The descendants of Mattathias
2063:Resources in other libraries
1988:Harrington, Daniel J. 1988.
1607:A Survey of Israel's History
915:liturgy within the feast of
903:From before the time of the
766:St. Andrew's Church, Cologne
373:repudiated the holy covenant
180:
145:
7:
2533:Miracle of the cruse of oil
1869:, accessed 10 December 2020
1521:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981).
1057:
925:Alphonsus Maria de' Liguori
907:, the Holy Maccabees had a
678:—a client kingdom of Rome.
333:monarchies which had formed
209:
117:
105:
10:
2696:
1995:Johnson, Sara Raup. 2004.
1978:Philadelphia: Westminster.
1967:Bickerman, Elias J. 1979.
1943:Higher School of Economics
1744:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1742:"Talmud, Tractate Shabbat"
1651:Bourgel, Jonathan (2019).
1609:. Zondervan. p. 357.
1549:Gundry, Robert H. (2003).
1464:Greenberg, Irving (1993).
1435:Telushkin, Joseph (1991).
1320:, New York: Atheneum, 1975
855:Oriental Orthodox Churches
771:
685:
584:
508:Judea under Judah Maccabee
497:
405:called Antioch". In turn,
140:
36:
32:Maccabees (disambiguation)
29:
2675:Jewish military personnel
2587:
2541:
2514:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2418:
2397:
2370:
2336:
2249:
2198:
2167:
2158:
2058:Resources in your library
2017:10.1163/15700631-12340146
1974:Cohen, Shaye J. D. 1987.
1605:Wood, Leon James (1986).
1363:, Oxford: Andromeda, 1992
1361:Atlas of the Jewish World
1202:Oxford English Dictionary
1081:Jewish national movements
872:
860:
851:Eastern Orthodox Churches
842:
830:
813:
787:
780:
493:
39:Maccabee (disambiguation)
1985:London: T & T Clark.
1981:Grabbe, Lester L. 2010.
1723:. Jewish Virtual Library
1721:"Jewish Virtual Library"
1553:. Zondervan. p. 9.
1104:. Lulu.com. p. 60.
467:and feasts were banned;
449:Second Book of Maccabees
311:In the 2nd century BCE,
2670:Jewish military history
2288:I Have a Little Dreidel
2283:(Eat Fattened Animals)"
2274:Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta
2104:Encyclopædia Britannica
937:Eastern Orthodox Church
568:The Jewish festival of
445:First Book of Maccabees
335:following the death of
287:, makes a reference to
2579:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2410:Latke–Hamantash Debate
1835:Carson, D. A. (2005).
1810:Josephus' Jewish War 1
1687:. biblestudytools.com.
1133:. Routledge. pp.
929:General Roman Calendar
769:
688:Books of the Maccabees
525:
517:
509:
441:
380:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
131:
126:
49:
2328:The Hanukkah Sessions
2087:Catholic Encyclopedia
1862:Stergiou, R. (1997),
1439:. W. Morrow. p.
1390:Oxford Bibliographies
1372:I Maccabees, i, 30–32
1233:Catholic Encyclopedia
1227:"The Machabees"
917:Saint Peter in Chains
847:Roman Catholic Church
774:Woman with seven sons
759:
647:Antiochus VII Sidetes
523:
515:
507:
423:
47:
1359:De Lange, Nicholas,
1316:Tcherikover, Victor
1191:; Greek: Μακκαβαῖος
1071:My Glorious Brothers
621:Demetrius II Nicator
528:In the narrative of
516:Jonathan's conquests
382:became ruler of the
299:in the army of King
30:For other uses, see
2615:Campaigns of 163 BC
2528:The War of the Jews
2515:Historical accounts
2496:Temple in Jerusalem
2276:(I will Thank You)"
1761:Cohen, Shaye J.D.,
1670:10.3390/rel10110628
1348:A History of Israel
1346:Oesterley, W.O.E.,
1214:See 1 Maccabees 2:4
1100:Cohn, Marc (2007).
959:synagogue near the
905:Tridentine calendar
764:– are venerated in
436:The War of the Jews
390:held the office of
337:Alexander the Great
175:Hellenistic Judaism
161:. They founded the
149:), were a group of
2522:Books of Maccabees
2388:A Rugrats Chanukah
2354:Full-Court Miracle
2347:Eight Crazy Nights
2322:Puppy for Hanukkah
1797:2017-08-19 at the
1641:I Macccabees. 1:57
1386:"Maccabean Revolt"
1002:Alexander Jannaeus
782:The Holy Maccabees
770:
602:Alexander Jannaeus
526:
518:
510:
443:The author of the
353:Victor Tcherikover
50:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2506:Hasmonean Kingdom
2459:
2458:
2446:Mensch on a Bench
2361:The Hebrew Hammer
2302:The Chanukah Song
2180:Dreidel (Sevivon)
2098:"Maccabees"
2039:Library resources
1412:Nicholas de Lange
1171:978-1-7252-7601-7
882:
881:
843:Venerated in
808:
795:Wojciech Stattler
743:(John 10:22-23).
682:Biblical accounts
587:Hasmonean dynasty
581:Hasmonean dynasty
562:Jonathan Maccabee
550:guerrilla warfare
524:Simon's conquests
386:in 175 BCE,
317:Ptolemaic Kingdom
187:Hasmonean dynasty
163:Hasmonean dynasty
16:(Redirected from
2687:
2481:
2480:
2467:
2315:Light One Candle
2175:Hanukkah menorah
2165:
2164:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2028:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1832:
1826:
1807:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1432:
1426:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1047:Salome Alexandra
996:Hasmonean rulers
977:Hanukkah menorah
867:Pre-Congregation
834:167–160 BCE
806:
792:
778:
777:
762:Maccabees Shrine
714:deuterocanonical
698:Second Maccabees
676:Herodian kingdom
613:Diodotus Tryphon
500:Maccabean Revolt
431:Flavius Josephus
357:Hellenizing Jews
341:Battle of Panium
315:lay between the
212:
207:
148:
142:
134:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
91:), also spelled
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
21:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2583:
2537:
2510:
2491:Seleucid Empire
2475:
2468:
2455:
2414:
2393:
2366:
2332:
2281:Ichlu Mashmanim
2269:(These lights)"
2267:Haneirot Halalu
2262:(Rock of Ages)"
2245:
2216:Fritas de prasa
2194:
2154:
2152:
2140:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
1964:
1962:Further reading
1959:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1885:Huffington Post
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1808:
1804:
1799:Wayback Machine
1788:Ab Urbe Condita
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1433:
1429:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1248:
1241:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1060:
1037:Judas Maccabeus
1032:Jonathan Apphus
998:
953:
945:Catholic Church
931:, since in its
921:Pope John XXIII
853:
849:
835:
818:
817:2nd century BCE
809:
783:
776:
754:
749:
690:
684:
672:Herod the Great
654:John Hyrcanus I
589:
583:
502:
496:
384:Seleucid Empire
325:Seleucid Empire
309:
191:Judas Maccabeus
183:
167:Jewish religion
159:Seleucid Empire
61:
57:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Beth Zechariah
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Ma'aleh Levona
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Hanukkah Harry
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Thanksgivukkah
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2190:Public menorah
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2092:
2090:. Vol. 8.
2075:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:External links
2031:
2030:
2029:
2011:(2): 182–202.
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1920:
1911:
1890:
1871:
1855:
1845:
1827:
1802:
1776:
1767:
1754:
1733:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1676:
1643:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1597:
1590:
1566:
1559:
1541:
1531:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1478:
1456:
1449:
1427:
1395:
1374:
1365:
1352:
1334:
1322:
1300:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1239:
1216:
1207:
1195:; from Hebrew
1180:
1170:
1150:
1144:978-0415276757
1143:
1117:
1111:978-1430324966
1110:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Aristobulus II
1009:
1004:
997:
994:
961:Sea of Galilee
952:
949:
941:Dormition Fast
880:
879:
876:
870:
869:
864:
858:
857:
844:
840:
839:
832:
828:
827:
815:
811:
810:
793:
785:
784:
781:
772:Main article:
753:
750:
748:
745:
686:Main article:
683:
680:
665:client kingdom
617:Simon Maccabee
585:Main article:
582:
579:
575:Temple menorah
498:Main article:
495:
492:
308:
305:
182:
179:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2692:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Hanukkah bush
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:In television
2369:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Noodle latkes
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1846:9781597521185
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1616:0-310-34770-X
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1591:0-8028-2400-5
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1560:0-310-23825-0
1556:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1532:0-8386-1707-7
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1507:0-674-01517-7
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1479:0-671-87303-2
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1450:0-688-08506-7
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:1-85410-530-2
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:. Oztorah.com
1289:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:John Hyrcanus
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Aristobulus I
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:1969 revision
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:commemoration
906:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
877:
875:
871:
868:
865:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
804:
803:The Maccabees
800:
796:
791:
786:
779:
775:
767:
763:
758:
744:
742:
738:
737:New Testament
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Old Testament
707:
703:
699:
695:
689:
679:
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
659:
655:
650:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
588:
578:
576:
571:
566:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
522:
514:
506:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
450:
446:
440:
439:
438:, Book 1.1 §2
437:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Hellenization
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
265:
263:
258:
256:
249:
245:
243:
241:
236:
233:
231:
227:
220:
216:
211:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
138:
137:Ancient Greek
133:
128:
124:
119:
107:
98:
94:
88:
55:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2500:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2102:
2085:
2053:Online books
2043:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1947:. Retrieved
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1874:
1858:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1805:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1679:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1576:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1497:
1465:
1459:
1436:
1430:
1415:
1389:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1325:
1317:
1292:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:
1251:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1199:, "hammer" (
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1160:
1153:
1128:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1069:
1052:Simon Thassi
990:Hebrew Bible
965:Jodi Magness
954:
902:
891:
883:
822:(modern-day
802:
798:
761:
726:
702:Hebrew Bible
691:
651:
642:Roman Senate
610:
606:
590:
567:
558:
553:
529:
527:
477:
469:circumcision
458:
454:
442:
434:
424:
400:
377:
310:
295:, a leading
288:
284:
270:
266:
261:
254:
251:
239:
234:
229:
225:
222:
197:
184:
92:
53:
51:
2451:Chrismukkah
2295:Oh Chanukah
1814:Mark Antony
1663:(11): 628.
1330:I Maccabees
1076:Howard Fast
1074:, novel by
1017:Hyrcanus II
982:iconography
969:candelabrum
799:Machabeusze
530:I Maccabees
415:Coele Syria
392:high priest
2649:Categories
2600:Beth Horon
2549:Mattathias
2474:Maccabean
2398:Activities
2260:Ma'oz Tzur
2236:Sufganiyah
2160:Traditions
1949:2 February
1905:2013-07-29
1748:2013-07-29
1727:2013-07-29
1701:, 1, 41–50
1294:2013-07-29
1261:1578191092
1193:Makkabaios
1189:Maccabaeus
1087:References
1042:Mattathias
1022:John Gaddi
943:) and the
913:Roman Rite
768:, Germany.
722:apocryphal
718:Protestant
706:Septuagint
661:intervened
546:Greek gods
538:Mattathias
327:(based in
323:) and the
319:(based in
307:Background
146:Makkabaioi
141:Μακκαβαῖοι
101:מַכַּבִּים
2655:Maccabees
2524:(1 and 2)
2501:Maccabees
2206:Biscochos
2044:Maccabees
1699:Maccabees
1657:Religions
1197:maqqeb et
986:not found
862:Canonized
739:mentions
598:Sadducees
594:Pharisees
554:Maccabees
542:Hasmonean
461:Samaritan
427:Jerusalem
419:Phoenicia
388:Onias III
365:Jerusalem
361:gymnasium
293:Machbanai
181:Etymology
171:Hellenism
132:Maccabaei
127:Machabaei
112:מַקַבִּים
106:Makkabbīm
93:Machabees
54:Maccabees
2610:Beth Zur
2574:Jonathan
2405:Festigal
2241:Buñuelos
2149:חֲנֻכָּה
2146:Hanukkah
2025:26551205
1818:Parthian
1795:Archived
1064:al-Midya
1058:See also
973:Hanukkah
894:Meqabyan
878:August 1
658:Pompeius
570:Hanukkah
465:sabbaths
407:Menelaus
359:built a
297:commando
257:atityahu
217:for the
213:) is an
118:Maqabbīm
18:Maccabee
2588:Battles
2569:Eleazar
2211:Syrniki
2168:Symbols
1825:reign;"
1812:.14.4:
1792:xlv.12.
1414:(ed.),
1332:, i, 15
1187:Latin:
988:in the
971:during
911:in the
887:Eleazar
729:Mishnah
669:Idumean
625:tribute
608:power.
534:Modi'in
488:mitzvos
283:15:11,
273:ochanan
248:acronym
215:acronym
210:Machabi
198:maqqəḇa
195:Aramaic
2605:Emmaus
2542:People
2484:Events
2476:Revolt
2431:Hallel
2041:about
2023:
1843:
1822:Caesar
1613:
1588:
1557:
1529:
1504:
1476:
1447:
1422:
1275:Exodus
1258:
1168:
1141:
1108:
824:Israel
733:Talmud
494:Revolt
480:Chabad
411:Temple
349:Tobiad
281:Exodus
279:verse
232:amocha
202:Hebrew
151:Jewish
97:Hebrew
2630:Elasa
2625:Adasa
2564:Judas
2559:Simon
2419:Other
2338:Films
2251:Music
2231:Sfenj
2221:Latke
2199:Foods
2021:JSTOR
1277:15:11
957:Huqoq
874:Feast
837:Judea
820:Judea
694:First
633:Gezer
629:Joppa
484:Torah
402:polis
397:Jason
378:When
329:Syria
321:Egypt
313:Judea
301:David
277:Torah
237:elim
219:Torah
206:מכבים
155:Judea
123:Latin
2554:John
2185:Gelt
1951:2024
1841:ISBN
1784:Livy
1611:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1106:ISBN
831:Died
814:Born
807:1844
805:"),
801:" ("
797:'s "
696:and
637:Acra
596:and
540:the
473:Zeus
417:and
371:and
289:elim
264:ohen
250:for
173:and
52:The
2013:doi
1665:doi
1582:837
1441:114
1135:195
375:".
363:in
331:),
269:en
242:HWH
235:ba'
129:or
109:or
2651::
2101:.
2084:.
2019:.
2009:48
2007:.
1923:^
1883:.
1849:.
1790:,
1786:,
1697:I
1661:10
1659:.
1655:.
1584:.
1535:.
1488:^
1472:.
1470:29
1443:.
1398:^
1388:.
1377:^
1337:^
1303:^
1242:^
1230:.
1205:).
1174:.
1137:.
947:.
889:.
724:.
536:,
433:,
421:.
303:.
260:ha
230:ch
228:i
204::
177:.
143:,
139::
135:;
125::
121:;
115:,
103:,
99::
81:iː
2390:"
2386:"
2383:"
2379:"
2324:"
2320:"
2317:"
2313:"
2307:"
2304:"
2300:"
2297:"
2293:"
2290:"
2286:"
2279:"
2272:"
2265:"
2258:"
2135:e
2128:t
2121:v
2027:.
2015::
1953:.
1908:.
1887:.
1867:.
1751:.
1730:.
1673:.
1667::
1619:.
1594:.
1563:.
1510:.
1482:.
1453:.
1392:.
1297:.
1264:.
1147:.
1114:.
826:)
486:(
271:Y
267:b
262:K
255:M
252:"
244:"
240:Y
226:M
223:"
95:(
87:/
84:z
78:b
75:ə
72:k
69:æ
66:m
63:ˈ
60:/
56:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
