Ancient Macedonians

4402:, not as a tribe of some other people" but argued that "the 'highlanders' or 'Makedones' of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock." Worthington concludes that "there is still more than enough evidence and reasoned theory to suggest that the Macedonians were racially Greek." Anson argues that some Hellenic authors expressed complex if not ever-changing and ambiguous ideas about the exact ethnic identity of the Macedonians, who were considered by some as barbarians, and by others as semi-Greek or fully Greek. Panagiotis Filos notes that the term "barbarian" was often used by ancient Greek authors in a very broad sense, referring not only to non-Greek populations, but also to Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world with dialectal differences, such as the Macedonians. The term was also known for being used in a pejorative and politically motivated manner, especially by the Athenians, to deride other Greek tribes and states such as Epirotes, Eleans, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers. Roger D. Woodard asserts that in addition to persisting uncertainty in modern times about the proper classification of the Macedonian language and its relation to Greek, ancient authors also presented conflicting ideas, such as Demosthenes when labeling Philip II of Macedon inaccurately as a "barbarian", whereas Polybius called the Achaeans and Macedonians as 1625: 1739: 1255: 2363: 5994:, 7.1.7–10: "But Caranus, accompanied by a great multitude of Greeks, having been directed by an oracle to seek a settlement in Macedonia, and having come into Emathia, and followed a flock of goats that were fleeing from a tempest, possessed himself of the city of Edessa, before the inhabitants, on account of the thickness of the rain and mist, were aware of his approach; and being reminded of the oracle, by which he had been ordered 'to seek a kingdom with goats for his guides,' he made this city the seat of his government, and afterwards religiously took care, whithersoever he led his troops, to keep the same goats before his standards, that he might have those animals as leaders in his enterprises which he had had as guides to the site of his kingdom. He changed the name of the city, in commemoration of his good fortune, from Edessa to Aegeae, and called the inhabitants Aegeatae." 3453: 2354: 1583:. Typically Balkan burial, ornamental, and ceramic forms were used for most of the Iron Age. These features suggest broad cultural affinities and organizational structures analogous with Thracian, Epirote, and Illyrian regions. This did not necessarily symbolize a shared cultural identity, or any political allegiance between these regions. In the late sixth century BC, Macedonia became open to south Greek influences, although a small but detectable amount of interaction with the south had been present since late Mycenaean times. By the 5th century BC, Macedonia was a part of the "Greek cultural milieu" according to Edward M. Anson, possessing many cultural traits typical of the southern Greek city-states. Classical Greek objects and customs were appropriated selectively and used in peculiarly Macedonian ways. In addition, influences from 4241: 855: 4386: 4378:

political factors played a part, they highlight the degree of antipathy between Macedonians and Greeks, which was of a different quality to that seen among other Greek states—even those with a long-term history of mutual animosity (e.g. Sparta and Athens). According to these scholars, the Macedonians came to be regarded as "northern Greeks" only with the ongoing Hellenization of Macedonia and the emergence of Rome as a common enemy in the west. This coincides with the period during which ancient authors such as Polybius and Strabo called the ancient Macedonians "Greeks". By this point, to have been a Greek could have defined a quality of culture and intelligence rather than a racial or ethnic affinity. In the context of ethnic origins of the companions of the

1553: 9391:: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India." 2092:, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaus established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests. Worship of Zeus's son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards. This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella. Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis. Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much as 3721: 5646:: "For these were the most eminent races in ancient time, the second being a Pelasgian and the first a Hellenic race: and the one never migrated from its place in any direction, while the other was very exceedingly given to wanderings; for in the reign of Deucalion this race dwelt in Pthiotis, and in the time of Doros the son of Hellen in the land lying below Ossa and Olympos, which is called Histiaiotis; and when it was driven from Histiaiotis by the sons of Cadmos, it dwelt in Pindos and was called Makedonian; and thence it moved afterwards to Dryopis, and from Dryopis it came finally to Peloponnesus, and began to be called Dorian"., 8.43.1; 4024:, Thucydides considers Macedonians separate from the barbarians; he says, "In all there were about three thousand Hellenic heavy infantry, accompanied by all the Macedonian cavalry with the Chalcidians, near one thousand strong, besides an immense crowd of barbarians", and "night coming on, the Macedonians and the barbarian crowd took fright in a moment in one of those mysterious panics to which great armies are liable". More explicit is his recounting of Brasidas' speech where he tells his Peloponnesian troops to dispel fear of fighting against "barbarians: because they had already fought against Macedonians". Euripides, in his work 4350: 4051: 10259:, p. 58. "The question "Were the Macedonians Greeks?" perhaps needs to be chopped up further. The Macedonian kings emerge as Greeks by criterion one, namely shared blood, and personal names indicate that Macedonians generally moved north from Greece. The kings, the elite, and the generality of the Macedonians were Greeks by criteria two and three, that is, religion and language. Macedonian customs (criterion four) were in certain respects unlike those of a normal apart, perhaps, from the institutions which I have characterized as feudal. The crude one-word answer to the question has to be "yes." 1089: 1527:. The Temenidae became overall leaders of a new Macedonian state because of the diplomatic proficiency of Alexander I and the logistic centrality of Vergina itself. It has been suggested that a breakdown in traditional Balkan tribal traditions associated with adaptation of Aegean socio-political institutions created a climate of institutional flexibility in a vast, resource-rich land. Non-Argead centres increasingly became dependent allies, allowing the Argeads to gradually assert and secure their control over the lower and eastern territories of Macedonia. This control was fully consolidated by 4250: 1925: 8921:, 5.127: "Therefore, since the others are so lacking in spirit, I think it is opportune for you to head the war against the King; and, while it is only natural for the other descendants of Heracles, and for men who are under the bonds of their polities and laws, to cleave fondly to that state in which they happen to dwell, it is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammelled freedom, to consider all Hellas your fatherland, as did the founder of your race, and to be as ready to brave perils for her sake as for the things about which you are personally most concerned." 1941: 3642: 4202:, who wrote of Aristotle advising Alexander "to have regard for the Greeks as for friends and kindred"; more specifically, to be "a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants". M. B. Hatzopoulos points out that passages in Arrian's text also reveal that the terms "Greeks" and "Macedonians" were at times synonymous. For instance, when Alexander the Great held a feast accompanied by Macedonians and Persians, with religious rituals performed by Persian 2159:. Macedonian burials contain items similar to those at Mycenae, such as burial with weapons, gold death masks etc. From the sixth century, Macedonian burials became particularly lavish, displaying a rich variety of Greek imports reflecting the incorporation of Macedonia into a wider economic and political network centred on the Aegean city-states. Burials contained jewellery and ornaments of unprecedented wealth and artistic style. This zenith of Macedonian "warrior burial" style closely parallels those of sites in south-central Illyria and western Thrace, creating a 1704: 3151: 4320:

Macedonians were "truly Greeks" who had retained a more archaic lifestyle than those living in southern Greece. This cultural discrepancy was used during the political struggles in Athens and Macedonia in the 4th century. This has been the predominant viewpoint since the 20th century. Worthington wrote, "... not much need to be said about the Greekness of ancient Macedonia: it is undeniable". Hatzopoulos argues that there was no real ethnic difference between Macedonians and Greeks, only a political distinction contrived after the creation of the

5069: 3043: 2520: 2128: 3836: 3479:) or Mycenean times and there are also a few non-Greek names (Illyrian or Thracian; e.g. "Bithys"). This material supports the observation that Macedonian personal names have a predominantly Greek character. Macedonian toponyms and hydronyms are mostly of Greek origin (e.g. Aegae, Dion, Pieria, Haliacmon), as are the names of the months of the Macedonian calendar and the names of most of the deities the Macedonians worshiped. Hammond states that these are not late borrowings. 4398:

Macedonians 'really were' Greek or not in antiquity is ultimately a redundant question given the shifting semantics of Greekness between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. What cannot be denied, however, is that the cultural commodification of Hellenic identity that emerged in the 4th century might have remained a provincial artifact, confined to the Balkan peninsula, had it not been for the Macedonians." Eugene Borza emphasized the Macedonians "made their mark in antiquity as

5779:: "In this period, sixty-five years before the founding of Rome, Carthage was established by the Tyrian Elissa, by some authors called Dido. About this time also Caranus, a man of royal race, eleventh in descent from Hercules, set out from Argos and seized the kingship of Macedonia. From him Alexander the Great was descended in the seventeenth generation, and could boast that, on his mother's side, he was descended from Achilles, and, on his father's side, from Hercules". 2166:

Macedonians. One of the most lavish tombs dating from the 4th century BC, believed to be that of Phillip II, is at Vergina. It contains extravagant grave goods, highly sophisticated artwork depicting hunting scenes and Greek cultic figures, and a vast array of weaponry. This demonstrates a continuing tradition of the warrior society rather than a focus on religious piety and technology of the intellect, which had become paramount facets of central Greek society in the

1404: 1307:

Bottiaea ... they acquired as well a narrow strip of Paeonia extending along the Axios river from the interior to Pella and the sea. Beyond the Axios they possess the territory as far as the Strymon called Mygdonia, having driven out the Edoni. Moreover, they expelled from the district now called Eordaea the Eordi ... The Macedonians also made themselves rulers of certain places ... namely Anthemus, Grestonia, and a large part of Macedonia proper.

15880: 71: 15890: 2762: 1312: 1457: 593: 2084:. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists. From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon. Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage. The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at 15900: 3847: 8866:: "And yet, though he has thus become the possessor of privileges to which he has no claim, and has found a fatherland which is reputed to be of all states the most firmly based upon its laws, he seems utterly unable to submit to those laws or abide by them. His true, native barbarism and hatred of religion drive him on by force and betray the fact that he treats his present rights as if they were not his own—as indeed they are not." 3621:) in which any notion of an ethnic disparity between Macedonians and other Greeks was incomprehensible. Most of the literary evidence comes from later sources focusing on the campaigns of Alexander the Great rather than on Macedonia itself. Most contemporaneous evidence on Philip is Athenian and hostile. Moreover, most ancient sources focus on the deeds of Macedonian kings in connection with political and military events such as the 3963: 1507:—sharing a similar burial rite and grave accompaniments, interpreted to represent the rise of a new regional ruling class sharing a common ideology, customs and religious beliefs. A common geography, mode of existence, and defensive interests might have necessitated the creation of a political confederacy among otherwise ethno-linguistically diverse communities, which led to the consolidation of a new Macedonian ethnic identity. 4410:). Carol J. King elaborates that finding the reason why "ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between Greeks and Macedonians" is limited by the fact that "if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have to let go of the hope for a definitive answer" especially considering that ancient Macedonia was composed of Greeks, people akin to Greeks and non-Greeks. 3565: 1302:. If a group of ethnically definable Macedonian tribes were living in the Pierian highlands prior to their expansion, the first conquest was of the Pierian piedmont and coastal plain, including Vergina. The tribes may have launched their expansion from a base near Mount Bermion, according to Herodotus. Thucydides describes the Macedonian expansion specifically as a process of conquest led by the Argeads: 3507:

distinct groups. According to this theory, Macedonian did not fully participate in this process, making its ultimate position—other than being a contiguous, related 'minor' language—difficult to define. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on Macedonian speech, argues that all available evidence points to the conclusion that Macedonian is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.

2583:, the latter of which employs illusionist qualities and realistic shading similar to Macedonian paintings. Common themes of Macedonian paintings and mosaics include warfare, hunting and aggressive masculine sexuality (i.e. abduction of women for rape or marriage). In some instances these themes are combined within the same work, indicating a metaphorical connection that seems to be affirmed by 4066:) left the Greek world alone completely, but he desired to hold the kingship in Macedonia; for he understood that Greeks are not accustomed to submit themselves to monarchy whereas others are incapable of living their lives without domination of this sort ... for he alone of the Greeks deemed it fit to rule over an ethnically unrelated population". On the other hand, 3625:. Evidence about the ethnic identity of Macedonians of lower social status from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period is highly fragmentary and unsatisfactory. For information about Macedonia before Philip, historians must rely on archaeological inscriptions and material remains, a few fragments from historians whose work is now lost, occasional passing mentions in 1660:

Macedonia and Thessaly. Despite the remoteness of the upper Macedonian highlands, excavations at Aiani since 1983 have discovered finds attesting to the presence of social organization since the 2nd millennium BC. The finds include the oldest pieces of black-and-white pottery, which is characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far. Found with

3301: 3705:. That there were protests from other competitors suggests that the supposed Argive genealogy of the Argeads "was far from mainstream knowledge". Although some have formulated that the appellation "Philhellene" was "surely not an appellation that could be given to an actual Greek", ancient Greek authors had confirmed that the term "philhellene" ( 1061:'s account is similar to that of Herodotus, making it probable that the story was disseminated by the Macedonian court, i.e. it accounts for the belief the Macedonians had about the origin of their kingdom, if not an actual memory of this beginning. Later historians modified the dynastic traditions by introducing variously 10245:

to let go of the hope for a definitive answer. The ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between "Greeks" and "Macedonians," and if the difference was not one of written language, then it ought to be constructive to consider what factors did differentiate the Macedonians—in the opinion of ancient Greeks.

2299:. After the priest there convinced him that Philip II was merely his mortal father and Zeus his actual father, Alexander began styling himself as the 'Son of Zeus', which brought him into contention with some of his Greek subjects who adamantly believed that living men could not be immortals. Although the 5605:

On pages 433–434 of "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", A. Panayotou describes the geographical delimitations of ancient Macedon as encompassing the region from Mount Pindus to the Nestos River, and from Thessaly to Paeonia (the area occupied by the kingdom of Philip II, which preceded the much

4310:

and its various attributes possibly referred to regions to the north and west of Asia Minor. Overall, Persian inscriptions indicate that the Persians considered the Macedonians to be Greeks. In Hellenistic times, most Egyptians and Syrians included the Macedonians among the larger category of Greeks,

3514:

and the question of mutual intelligibility. The available literary evidence has no details about the exact nature of Macedonian; however it suggests that Macedonian and Greek were sufficiently different that there were communication difficulties between Greek and Macedonian contingents, necessitating

3282:

and propensity for violence set Macedonian symposia apart from classical Greek symposia. Like symposia, hunting was another focus of elite activity, and it remained popular throughout Macedonia's history. Young men participating in symposia were only allowed to recline after having killed their first

1227:

and took charge of Macedonian leadership, possibly usurping rule from a native "Argead" dynasty with Illyrian help. However, other scholars doubt the veracity of their Peloponnesian origins. For example, Miltiades Hatzopoulos takes Appian's testimony to mean that the royal lineage imposed itself onto

10244:

Allowing that there were living in ancient Macedonia throughout the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods people who were Greek, people who were akin to Greeks, and people who were not Greek, if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have

4319:

Modern scholarly discourse has produced several hypotheses about the Macedonians' place within the Greek world. Considering material remains of Greek-style monuments, buildings, inscriptions dating from the 5th century and the predominance of Greek personal names, one school of thought says that the

3780:

regarded Macedonia's monarchy to be incongruous with an Athenian-led Pan-Hellenic alliance. He castigated Philip II for being "not only no Greek, nor related to the Greeks, but not even a barbarian from any place that can be named with honor, but a pestilent knave from Macedonia, whence it was never

3700:

seem to confirm his participation, by praising "his pentathlon victory". Nevertheless, the historicity of Alexander I's participation in the Olympics has been doubted by some scholars, who see the story as a piece of propaganda engineered by the Argeads and spread by Herodotus. Alexander's name does

3351:

Attempts to classify Ancient Macedonian are hindered by the lack of surviving Ancient Macedonian texts; it was a mainly oral language and most archaeological inscriptions indicate that in Macedonia there was no dominant written language besides Attic and later Koine Greek. All surviving epigraphical

2123:

of the Paeonians. By the 4th century BC, there had been a significant fusion of Macedonian and common Greek religious identity, but Macedonia was nevertheless characterized by an unusually diverse religious life. This diversity extended to the belief in magic, as evidenced by curse tablets. It was a

1847:

Macedonian settlements have a strong continuity dating from the Bronze Age, maintaining traditional construction techniques for residential architecture. While settlement numbers appeared to drop in central and southern Greece after 1000 BC, there was a dramatic increase of settlements in Macedonia.

1675:

and Pelagonia, which had a comparative abundance of natural resources such as timber and minerals, favored the development of a native aristocracy, with a wealth that at times surpassed the classical Greek poleis. Exploitation of minerals helped expedite the introduction of coinage in Macedonia from

1444:

Conflict was a historical reality in the early Macedonian kingdom and pastoralist traditions allowed the potential for population mobility. Greek archaeologists have found that some of the passes linking the Macedonian highlands with the valley regions have been used for thousands of years. However,

1418:

formation, promulgated by an alliance of regional elites, which redates the creation of the Macedonian kingdom to the 6th century BC, was proposed in 2010. According to these scholars, direct literary, archaeological, and linguistic evidence to support Hammond's contention that a distinct Macedonian

4377:

Another perspective interprets the literary evidence and the archaeological-cultural differences between Macedonia and central-southern Greece before the 6th century and beyond as evidence that the Macedonians were originally non-Greek tribes who underwent a process of Hellenization. Accepting that

1827:

after circa 900 BC. While some of these influences persisted beyond the sixth century BC, a more ubiquitous presence of items of an Aegean-Mediterranean character is seen from the latter sixth century BC, as Greece recovered from its Dark Ages. Southern Greek impulses penetrated Macedonia via trade

1510:

The traditional view that Macedonia was populated by rural ethnic groups in constant conflict is slowly changing, bridging the cultural gap between southern Epirus and the north Aegean region. Hatzopoulos's studies on Macedonian institutions have lent support to the hypothesis that Macedonian state

1338:

Thucydides's account gives a geographical overview of Macedonian possessions at the time of Alexander I's rule. To reconstruct a chronology of the expansion by Alexander I's predecessors is more difficult, but generally, three stages have been proposed from Thucydides' reading. The initial and most

4165:

and efforts to liberate Greeks from tyranny. Yet even those who considered Macedonia an ally, such as Isocrates, were keen to stress the differences between their kingdom and the Greek city states, to assuage fears about the extension of the Macedonian-style monarchism into the governance of their

3907:

tribe; according to Hammond this places the Macedonians among the Greeks. Engels also wrote that Hesiod counted the Macedonians as Greeks, while Hall said that "according to strict genealogical logic, excludes the population that bears name from the ranks of the Hellenes". Two later writers deny

3281:

times, providing a venue for interaction amongst Macedonian elites. An ethos of egalitarianism surrounded symposia, allowing all male elites to express ideas and concerns, although built-up rivalries and excessive drinking often led to quarrels, fighting and even murder. The degree of extravagance

952:

reconstructed the earliest phases of Macedonian history based on his interpretation of later literary accounts and archaeological excavations in the region of Macedonia. According to Hammond, the Macedonians are missing from early Macedonian historical accounts because they had been living in the

4038:

says that while "Macedonia is of course part of Greece, yet now, since I am following the nature and shape of the places geographically, I have chosen to classify it apart from the rest of Greece". Strabo supports the Greek ethnicity of the Macedonian people and wrote of the "Macedonians and the

3805:

were labeled "barbarians". Demosthenes regarded only those who had reached the cultural standards of southern Greece as Greek and he did not take ethnological criteria into consideration, and his corpus is considered by Eugene N. Borza as an "oratory designed to sway public opinion at Athens and

3428:

to Lower Macedonia, in the 7th century BC. According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the 'Aeolic'-speaking populations

1726:

families whose main source of wealth and prestige was their herds of horses and cattle. In this respect, Macedonia was similar to Thessaly and Thrace. These aristocrats were second only to the king in terms of power and privilege, filling the ranks of his administration and serving as commanding

1659:

were other common pursuits. In these mountainous regions, upland sites were important focal points for local communities. In these difficult terrains, competition for resources often precipitated intertribal conflict and raiding forays into the comparatively richer lowland settlements of coastal

1306:

But the country along the sea which is now called Macedonia, was first acquired and made a kingdom by Alexander , father of Perdiccas and his forefathers, who were originally Temenidae from Argos. They defeated and expelled from Pieria the Pierians ... and also expelled the Bottiaeans from

4397:

Others have adopted both views. According to Sansone, "there is no question that, in the fifth and fourth centuries, there were noticeable difference between the Greeks and the Macedonians," yet the issue of Macedonian Hellenicity was ultimately a "political one". Hall adds, "to ask whether the

4183:

character Lyciscus tells the Spartans that they are "of the same tribe" as the Achaeans and the Macedonians, who should be honoured because "throughout nearly their whole lives are ceaselessly engaged in a struggle with the barbarians for the safety of the Greeks". Polybius also used the phrase

4140:

fight for pay, his own army fights for the Greek cause. The persisting antagonism between Macedonians and other Greeks however, continued into Antigonid times. Some Greek citizens continued to rebel against their Macedonian overlords throughout the Hellenistic era. They rejoiced on the death of

3716:

The emphasis on the Heraclean ancestry of the Argeads served to heroicize the royal family and to provide a sacred genealogy which established a "divine right to rule" over their subjects. The Macedonian royal family, like those of Epirus, emphasized "blood and kinship in order to construct for

3506:

macro-dialectical group, which, according to Georgiev, split before circa 14th–13th century BC before the appearance of the main Greek dialects. The same data has been analyzed in an alternative manner, which regards the formation of the main Greek dialects as a later convergence of related but

1440:

in classical Macedonian rhetoric. Tales of migration served to create complex genealogical connections between trans-regional ruling elites, while at the same time were used by the ruling dynasty to legitimize their rule, heroicize mythical ancestors and distance themselves from their subjects.

1430:

Similarly, the historicity of migration, conquest and population expulsion have also been questioned. Thucydides's account of the forced expulsion of the Pierians and Bottiaeans could have been formed on the basis of his perceived similarity of names of the Pierians and Bottiaeans living in the

8256:

Recent scholarship has established the position of (ancient) Macedonian within the dialect map of North-West Greek (see, among others, Méndez Dosuna 2012, 2014, 2015; Crespo 2012, 2015). Here belongs the study by M. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on the Macedonian

3775:

which was destined to become a stock expression. Hatzopoulos states that given the fragment's conventional character, it can hardly be taken literally as ethnological or linguistic evidence. The issue of Macedonian Hellenicity and that of their royal house was particularly pertinent in the 4th

10121:

In general, the term 'barbarian' has often been used by Greek authors in a very broad sense referring not only to clearly non-Greek populations, but also to Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world and/or with a particular linguistic character that may have partly arisen due to some

3531:

called together representatives of the defeated Macedonian communities, his Latin pronouncements were translated for the benefit of the assembled Macedonians into Greek. According to Hatzopoulos, the sole direct attestation of Macedonian speech preserved in an ancient author, is a verse in a

3482:

Macedonian has a close structural and lexical affinity with other Greek dialects, especially Northwest Greek and Thessalian. Most of the words are Greek, although some of these could represent loans or cognate forms. Alternatively, a number of phonological, lexical and onomastic features set

2154:

A notable feature of Macedonian culture was the ostentatious burials reserved for its rulers. The Macedonian elite built lavish tombs at the time of death rather than constructing temples during life. Such traditions had been practiced throughout Greece and the central-west Balkans since the

2165:

of elite burials. Lavish warrior burials had been discontinued in southern and central Greece from the seventh century onwards, where offerings at sanctuaries and the erection of temples became the norm. From the sixth century BC, cremation replaced the traditional inhumation rite for elite

4015:

In parts of his work, Thucydides placed the Macedonians on his cultural continuum closer to barbarians than Hellenes, or an intermediate category between Greeks and non–Greeks. In other parts, he distinguishes between three groups fighting in the Peloponnesian War: The Greeks (including

1223:) is the first truly historic figure. Based on this line of succession and an estimated average rule of 25 to 30 years, the beginnings of the Macedonian dynasty have thus been traditionally dated to 750 BC. Hammond supports the traditional view that the Temenidae did arrive from the 3958:

These early writers and their formulation of genealogical relationships demonstrate that before the 5th century, Greekness was defined on an ethnic basis and was legitimized by tracing descent from eponymous Hellen. Subsequently, cultural considerations assumed greater importance.

3762:

Pre-Hellenistic Greek writers expressed an ambiguity about the Greekness of Macedonians —specifically their monarchic institutions and their background of Persian alliance—often portraying them as a potential barbarian threat to Greece. For example, the late 5th century sophist

4033:

Ancient geographers differed in their views on the size of Macedonia and on the ethnicity of the Macedonians. Most ancient geographers did not include the core territories of the Macedonian kingdom in their definition of Greece, the reasons for which are unknown. For example,

1781:, whereby the king held absolute power and was at the head of both government and society, wielding arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy. He was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his 3332:. Attic Greek was standardized as the language of the court, formal discourse and diplomacy from as early as the time of Archelaus at the end of the 5th century BC. Attic was further spread by Macedonia's conquests. Although Macedonian continued to be spoken well into 2119:) and Xandos (god of light). A notable influence on Macedonian religious life and worship was neighbouring Thessaly; the two regions shared many similar cultural institutions. They were tolerant of, and open to, incorporating foreign religious influences such as the 1844:, fine tablewares, olive oil and wine amphorae, fine ceramic perfume flasks, glass, marble and precious metal ornaments—all of which would serve as status symbols. By the 5th century BC, these items became widespread in Macedonia and in much of the central Balkans. 1668:(Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that Hellenism in Upper Macedonia was at a high economic, artistic, and cultural level by the sixth century BC—overturning the notion that Upper Macedonia was culturally and socially isolated from the rest of ancient Greece. 5766:: "This was the end of the war between the Romans and Perseus, after four years of steady campaigning, and also the end of a kingdom famed over a large part of Europe and all of Asia. They reckoned Perseus as the twentieth after Caranus, who founded the kingdom." 1150:). The most common connection to the royal family, as written by Herodotus, is with Peloponnesian Argos. Appian connects it with Orestian Argos. According to another tradition mentioned by Justin, the name was adopted after Caranus moved Macedonia's capital from 1738: 9252:: "Inexperience now makes you afraid of barbarians; and yet the trial of strength which you had with the Macedonians among them, and my own judgment, confirmed by what I hear from others, should be enough to satisfy you that they will not prove formidable."; 3515:

the use of interpreters as late as the time of Alexander the Great. Based on this evidence, Papazoglou has written that Macedonian could not have been a Greek dialect, however, evidence for non-intelligibility exists for other ancient Greek dialects such as

3920:(6.22) makes him born directly from the earth; Apollodorus (3.8.1), however, is technically identifying Makedon with the Greek royalty of Arcadia, thus placing Macedonia within the orbit of the most archaic of Greek myths. At the end of the 5th century BC 4012:, in its wandering, was called "Macedonian" when it settled around Pindus and "Dorian" when it came to the Peloponnese, and in the eighth book he groups several Greek tribes under "Macedonians" and "Dorians", implying that the Macedonians were Greeks. 1472:

and Thessaly, whereby regional elites could mobilize disparate communities for the purpose of organizing land and resources. Local notables were often based in urban-like settlements, although contemporaneous historians often did not recognize them as

2817:

received a far greater number of Greek scholars, artists, and celebrities at his court than his predecessors, leading M. B. Hatzopoulos to describe Macedonia under his reign as an "active centre of Hellenic culture." His honored guests included the

3387:

was a Northwest Greek dialect and mainly a Doric Greek dialect. Hatzopoulos's analysis revealed some tendencies toward the Aeolic Greek dialect. Hatzopoulos also states that the native language of the ancient Macedonians also betrays a slight

4338:, despite speaking a Greek dialect, worshiping in Greek cults, engaging in panhellenic games, and upholding traditional Greek institutions, nevertheless occasionally had their territories excluded from contemporary geographic definitions of " 3095:

authorities of his Greek descent and ability to compete, although this did not necessarily apply to common Macedonians outside of his royal dynasty. By the end of the 5th century BC, the Macedonian king Archelaus I was crowned with the

8960:: "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us". 4126:, although Philip's armies were only ever led by Macedonians. The process of Greek and Macedonian syncretism culminated during the reign of Alexander the Great, and he allowed other Greeks to command his armies. In his speech at the 1700:. The conversion of these raw materials into finished products and their sale encouraged the growth of urban centers and a gradual shift away from the traditional rustic Macedonian lifestyle during the course of the 5th century BC. 9904:, saying that the "Greekness" of the Epirotes, despite them not being considered as refined as southern Greeks, never came into question. Engels suggests this perhaps because the Epirotes did not try to dominate the Greek world as 2883:, moved to Macedonia, and is said to have tutored the young Alexander the Great, in addition to serving as an esteemed diplomat for Alexander's father Philip II. Among Alexander's retinue of artists, writers, and philosophers was 5659:

This was but one of several traditions regarding the "Dorian homeland" variously placing it in Phthiotis, Dryopis, Erineos, etc. For the formation of Dorian ethnicity, and its traditions, see chapters 3 and 4 of Johnathan Hall's

4544:

writes that the "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical

4074:'s translation, Isocrates describes Perdiccas' people as being rather of "kindred race" with the Greeks. Nevertheless, Philip named the federation of Greek states he created with Macedon at its head—nowadays referred to as the 1435:

with the names of regions in Macedonia; whereas his account of Eordean extermination was formulated because such toponymic correspondences are absent. Likewise, the Argead conquest of Macedonia may be viewed as a commonly used

4342:" and were even considered non-Greek barbarians by some. Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou, 7191: 3784:

This was obvious political slander and is regarded as "an insulting speech", but "the orator clearly could not do this, if his audience was likely to regard his claim as nonsense: it could not be said of a Theban, or even a

3379:, which was found in 1986 at Pella and dates to the mid-4th century BC or slightly earlier, is believed to be the only substantial attested text in Macedonian. The language of the tablet is a distinctly recognizable form of 3936:

of the Greeks. Hellanicus modified Hesiod's genealogy by making Makedon the son of Aeolus, firmly placing the Macedonians in the Aeolic Greek-speaking family. In addition to belonging to tribal groups such as the Aeolians,

1818:

pottery traditions originating in central and southern Greece. The Macedonians continued to use an individualized form of material culture—albeit showing analogies in ceramic, ornamental and burial forms with the so-called

2228:, a city that was incorporated into the Macedonian realm after its capture by Philip II in 357 BC. The identity of the tomb's occupant is unknown, but archaeologists have speculated that it may be Alexander's close friend 1119:

said that the term Argeadae referred to a leading Macedonian tribe rather than the name of the ruling dynasty. The connection of the Argead name to the royal family is uncertain. The words "Argead" and "Argive" derive via

4004:), which translates to either a "Greek viceroy of Macedonia", or "a Greek who ruled over Macedonians". In 7.130.3, he says that the Thessalians were the "first of the Greeks" to submit to Xerxes. In the first book of the 5799:: "As for the lineage of Alexander, on his father's side he was a descendant of Heracles through Caranus, and on his mother's side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus; this is accepted without any question." 4145:. However, Pan-Hellenic sloganeering was used by Greeks against Antigonid dominance and also by Macedonians to corral popular support throughout Greece. Those who considered Macedonia as a political enemy, such as 4092:

joined other Greeks in the Panhellenic congress of the Lacedaemonian allies, known as the "Congress of Sparta", in a vote to help Athens recover possession of Amphipolis. Amyntas' son and Phillip's older brother,

6509: 4263: 3352:

evidence from grave markers and public inscriptions is in Greek. Classification attempts are based on a vocabulary of 150–200 words and 200 personal names assembled mainly from the 5th century lexicon of

1587:

in culture and economy are evident from the 5th century BC onward, such as the inclusion of Persian grave goods at Macedonian burial sites as well as the adoption of royal customs such as a Persian-style

3688:("Judges of the Greeks") accepted Alexander's Greek genealogy, as did Herodotus and later Thucydides. Alexander had proved to the judges that he was an Argive Greek (descendant from the mythical king of 9312: 4855: 3490:

Several hypotheses have consequently been proposed as to the position of Macedonian, all of which broadly regard it as either a peripheral Greek dialect, a closely related but separate language (see

9424: 8697: 3348:, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, spoke Koine Greek as a first language, and by her reign (51–30 BC), or some time before it, the Macedonian language was no longer used. 9245: 9221: 4382:, James L. O'Neil distinguishes Macedonians and Greeks as separate ethnic groups, the latter becoming more prominent in Macedonian affairs and the royal court after Alexander the Great's reign. 1383:. However, the second stage might have occurred as late as 520 BC; and the third stage probably did not occur until after 479 BC, when the Macedonians capitalized on the weakened Paeonian state 9336: 9197: 9134: 1624: 1387:

from Macedon and the rest of their mainland European territories. Whatever the case, Thucydides' account of the Macedonian state describes its accumulated territorial extent by the rule of

2496:. Macedonian paintings have allowed historians to investigate the clothing fashions as well as military gear worn by ancient Macedonians, such as the brightly-colored tomb paintings of 13001:

Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy (Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford)

8559: 1664:, they can be dated with certainty to the 14th century BC. The finds also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like 8996: 8994: 8859: 8348: 7180: 2571:, although the rustic theme of hunting was tailored for Macedonian tastes. The similar Lion Hunt Mosaic of Pella illustrates either a scene of Alexander the Great with his companion 8682: 2421:, the Macedonian elite started importing significantly greater customs, artwork, and art traditions from other regions of Greece. However, they still retained more archaic, perhaps 1735:

for members of society seeking to join the aristocracy could be found, especially in Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast with classical Greek poleis, the Macedonians held only few slaves.

8953: 8812: 8397: 5792: 961:, possibly having originated from the same (proto-Greek) population pool that produced other Greek peoples. The Macedonian tribes subsequently moved down from Orestis in the upper 155:, they gradually expanded from their homeland along the Haliacmon valley on the northern edge of the Greek world, absorbing or driving out neighbouring non-Greek tribes, primarily 8991: 5924: 9629: 8879:, 8.42: "And when he was asked again, according to the account given by Hegesander, which were the greatest barbarians, the Boeotians or the Thessalians, he said, 'the Eleans'.". 5759: 5961: 9384: 9360: 8421: 9690: 9605: 5885: 3124:

and athletics across his empire. The Macedonians created their own athletic games and, after the late 4th century BC, non-royal Macedonians competed and became victors in the

3074:

of the ancient Olympic Games, the event organizers at first denied his request, explaining that only Greeks were allowed to compete. However, Alexander I produced proof of an

9085: 8658: 4816:

Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.).

2662:(in modern-day Lebanon), Alexander had his generals act as judges not only for athletic contests but also stage performances of Greek tragedies. The contemporaneous famous 12161:

Piening, H. (2013). "Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul". In Büyüköztürk, Oral; Ali Taşdemir, Mehmet (eds.).

7097: 5861: 9653: 9459: 8712: 8457: 8033: 5213: 3120:

or chariot race) on the same day his son Alexander the Great was born, on either 19 or 20 July 356 BC. In addition to literary contests, Alexander the Great also staged

1479:

because they were not self-ruled but under the rule of a "king". From the mid-6th century, there appears a series of exceptionally rich burials throughout the region—in

7209: 3822:

as being "entirely Greek". Moreover, Philip, in his letter to the council and people of Athens, mentioned by Demosthenes, places himself "with the rest of the Greeks".

3277:

as well as for sport. Symposia had several functions, amongst which was providing relief from the hardship of battle and marching. Symposia were Greek traditions since

1391:, Alexander I's son. Hammond has said that the early stages of Macedonian expansion were militaristic, subduing or expunging populations from a large and varied area. 9729: 6505: 3552:(‘it's what ye in Attica dub cestra’). Georgios Giannakis writes that recent scholarship has established the position of ancient Macedonian within the dialect map of 1395:

and highland living could not support a very concentrated settlement density, forcing pastoralist tribes to search for more arable lowlands suitable for agriculture.

396:. This has led to some debate among modern academics about the precise ethnic identity of the Macedonians, who nevertheless embraced many aspects of contemporaneous 2575:, or simply a conventional illustration of the generic royal diversion of hunting. Mosaics with mythological themes include scenes of Dionysus riding a panther and 5184:, 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)." 1688:

activities supported by the Macedonian state. However, the bedrock of the Macedonian economy and state finances was the twofold exploitation of the forests with

1414:

Present-day scholars have highlighted several inconsistencies in the traditionalist perspective first set in place by Hammond. An alternative model of state and

3356:

and a few surviving fragmentary inscriptions, coins and occasional passages in ancient sources. Most of the vocabulary is regular Greek, with tendencies toward

3259:) in the Macedonian and wider Greek realm was a banquet for the nobility and privileged class, an occasion for feasting, drinking, entertainment, and sometimes 5950: 5235:

Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).

4883:

Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).

9309: 5935: 8232:

Giannakis, Georgios (2017). "From Central Greece to the Black Sea: Introductory Remarks". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).

4842: 1254: 977:. This might account for traditions which placed the eponymous founder, Makedon, near Pieria and Olympus. Some traditions placed the Dorian homeland in the 9421: 8694: 1795:", position argues that there was an evolution from a society of many minor "kings" – each of equal authority – to a sovereign military state whereby an 10520:

The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.

4088:

were expelled. Badian sees it as a personal honour awarded to Phillip and not to the Macedonian people as a whole. Aeschines said that Phillip's father

3709:) was also used as a title for Greek patriots. Whatever the case, according to Hall, "what mattered was that Alexander had played the genealogical game 555:), meaning "long" or "tall" in Ancient Greek. The name is believed to have originally meant either "highlanders", "the tall ones", or "high grown men". 9333: 9242: 9218: 9194: 2198:. Some grave goods and decorations were common in other Macedonian tombs, yet some items found at Vergina were distinctly tied to royalty, including a 9131: 8556: 2362: 2206:

of their remains in 1977–1978, yet recent research and forensic examination have concluded with certainty that at least one of the persons buried was

4122:

With Philip's conquest of Greece, Greeks and Macedonians enjoyed privileges at the royal court, and there was no social distinction among his court

3475:, most personal names are recognizably Greek (e.g. Alexandros, Philippos, Dionysios, Apollonios, Demetrios), with some dating back to Homeric (e.g. 1449:

and Hellenistic period in Macedonia. The general continuity of material culture, settlement sites, and pre-Greek onomasticon contradict the alleged

5152:) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". 4788: 3609:, most of these sources are either ill-informed, hostile or both, making the Macedonians one of the "silent" peoples of the ancient Mediterranean. 5901: 5639: 13027: 7155: 1511:

formation occurred via an integration of regional elites, which were based in city-like centres, including the Argeadae at Vergina, the Paeonian/

1639:

The way of life of the inhabitants of Upper Macedonia differed little from that of their neighbours in Epirus and Illyria, engaging in seasonal

4047:

and that Caranus of Macedon—the mythical founder of the Argead dynasty—set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus.

3519:

and Aeolic Greek. Hornblower suggests that Greeks were intelligible to Macedonians without an interpreter, as supported by the Athenian orator

3186:. The earliest known use of flat bread as a plate for meat was made in Macedonia during the 3rd century BC, which perhaps influenced the later 6818:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 223–224. 6279:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 222–224. 5148:

Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e.

4330:

Philip II, despite him not being a member of the league itself). Hatzopoulos stresses the fact that Macedonians and other peoples such as the

3408:. However, according to Hatzopoulos, Bruno Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)' 222:

after the 6th century BC. Aside from the monarchy, the core of Macedonian society was its nobility. Similar to the aristocracy of neighboring

1427:

is lacking. Hammond's interpretation has been criticized as a "conjectural reconstruction" from what appears during later, historical times.

9165:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 171–172. 8908:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 159–160. 8856: 8271:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 161–163. 8159:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 163–165. 8345: 5000: 3396:

or expelled by the invading Macedonians. He also asserts that little is known about the languages of these original inhabitants aside from

3336:

times, it became the prevalent oral dialect in Macedonia and throughout the Macedonian-ruled Hellenistic world. However, Macedonian became

2239:

of Macedonian monarchs perhaps began with the death of Philip II, yet it was his son Alexander the Great who unambiguously claimed to be a

9456: 8950: 8809: 8679: 8394: 7095:

Remains of Alexander the Great's Father Confirmed Found: King Philip II's bones are buried in a tomb along with a mysterious woman-warrior

5789: 4194:, Livy states that the Macedonians, Aetolians and Acarnanians were "all men of the same language". Similar opinions are shared by Arrian, 3613:

notes that nearly all surviving references to antagonisms and differences between Greeks and Macedonians exist in the written speeches of

10023:, Chapter 11: "The Transformation of the Greek World in the Fourth Century" (Section: "Philip II of Macedon and the Conquest of Greece"). 6782:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 217. 6561:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 212. 6396:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 213. 6303:, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 215. 5921: 9626: 8743:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169; 8709: 5756: 14627: 11596: 10035:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 172. 9256:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160. 9104:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 171. 9051:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 170. 9003:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169. 8988:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169. 8783:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160. 7847:, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 161. 5958: 5882: 2195: 215: 8122:, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Area in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", pp. 846–847. 3903:. Magnes, brother of the eponymous Makedon, was also said to be a son of Zeus and Thyia. The Magnetes, descendants of Magnes, were an 3452: 3273:, were expected to attend such feasts with their king. They were also expected to accompany him on royal hunts for the acquisition of 2944:

and Thucydides, the works compiled by Jacoby are only fragmentary, whereas other works are completely lost, such as the history of an

1676:

the 5th century BC, developing under southern Greek, Thracian and Persian influences. Some Macedonians engaged in farming, often with

1049:. Here, the brothers served as shepherds for a local ruler. After a vision, the brothers fled to another region in Macedonia near the 10202:, 9.37.7: "τότε μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δόξης ἐφιλοτιμεῖσθε πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας ὁμοφύλους καὶ τὸν τούτων ἡγεμόνα Φίλιππον." 9687: 9381: 9357: 8418: 8324: 4429: 2568: 2187: 1814:

During the Late Bronze Age (circa 15th-century BC), the ancient Macedonians developed distinct, matt-painted wares that evolved from

1605: 358: 12986: 9602: 9082: 8655: 3986:

Herodotus regarded the Macedonians as either northern Greeks, or an intermediate group between "pure" Greeks and barbarians. In the

2353: 12182:

Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley (2013). "Introduction". In Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley (eds.).

11751: 9650: 3437:, whose phonetics had been influenced by a non-Greek (possibly Phrygian or Pelasgian) adstratum, with the Northwest Greek-speaking 8093:, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Areya in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", p. 846. 3810:

believed that only Macedonia was capable of leading a war against Persia; he felt compelled to say that Phillip was a "bona fide"

3540:

in his comedy 'The Macedonians' places a character, presumably Macedonian, to give as an answer to the question of an Athenian: –

2107:

Other deities worshipped by the ancient Macedonians were part of a local pantheon which included Thaulos (god of war equated with

13000: 9763: 5858: 4212:", the latter of whom were Macedonians. Any preconceived ethnic differences between Greeks and Macedonians faded soon after the 7094: 4851: 4435: 4240: 2977: 1193: 998: 843: 564: 246: 9504: 8439: 8015: 5195: 4169:

After the 3rd century BC, and especially in Roman times, the Macedonians were consistently regarded as Greeks. To begin with,

4062:

Isocrates defended Philip's Greek origins but perhaps did not think the same of his people. In Hall's version, he wrote, "He (

3170:

Ancient Macedonia produced very few fine foods or beverages that were highly appreciated elsewhere in the Greek world, namely

1446: 12963: 12845: 12826: 12772: 12751: 12730: 12709: 12688: 12667: 12646: 12625: 12598: 12556: 12451: 12430: 12365: 12321: 12298: 12243: 12220: 12197: 12172: 12068: 11995: 11974: 11902: 11881: 11839: 11818: 11797: 11776: 11585: 11551: 11530: 11509: 11488: 11465: 11222: 11199: 11176: 11102: 10994: 10971: 10868: 10847: 10826: 10801: 10702: 10625: 10583: 10486: 10399: 10357: 10334: 10311: 10286: 10168: 10143: 10114: 8451: 8249: 8027: 7382: 7206: 5244: 5207: 5133: 4926: 4892: 4825: 4765: 4717: 2936: 2313: 10839:

Aristotle: New Light on His Life and on Some of His Lost Works, Volume 1: Some Novel Interpretations of the Man and His Life

5042: 4932: 4723: 15944: 14015: 8257:

dialect, arguing that all available evidence points to the conclusion that this is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.

4803:

Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95

4385: 3238:. This particular dish was derided and connected with licentiousness and drunkenness in a play by the Athenian comic poet 1165:

Taking Herodotus's lineage account as the most trustworthy, Appian said that after Perdiccas, six successive heirs ruled:

13020: 10499:

Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24-26 September 1984

9726: 4039:

other Greeks", as does Pausanias, the latter of which did not include Macedonia in Hellas as indicated in Book 10 of his

1552: 6381:, Chapter 13: J. K. Davies, "A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy", p. 251. 3767:

wrote, "we Greeks are enslaved to the barbarian Archelaus" (Fragment 2). This fragment is an adaptation of a verse from

2096:(Hunter) did for young men who had completed it. By contrast, some deities popular elsewhere in the Greek world—notably 1143:", and is first attested in Homer, where it was also used as a collective designation for the Greeks ("Ἀργείων Δαναῶν", 854: 14637: 14327: 14020: 13954: 12151: 10659:

Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics

1968: 1111:

The earliest sources, Herodotus and Thucydides, called the royal family "Temenidae". In later sources (Strabo, Appian,

769: 643: 12164:

Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1

4306:

hat. According to another interpretation, the Persians used such terms in a geographical rather than an ethnic sense.

985:, whilst Herodotus pushed this further north to the Macedonian Pindus and claimed that the Greeks were referred to as 14025: 14000: 12929: 12908: 12887: 12866: 12577: 12535: 12514: 12493: 12472: 12418: 12386: 12353: 12342: 12309: 12231: 12132: 12089: 12056: 12016: 11944: 11923: 11860: 11764: 11713: 11692: 11671: 11650: 11619: 11420: 11399: 11378: 11357: 11336: 11317: 11285: 11264: 11243: 11210: 11164: 11153: 11081: 11060: 11039: 11018: 10959: 10931: 10910: 10889: 10789: 10778: 10755: 10730: 10667: 10646: 10604: 10562: 10528: 10507: 10462: 10441: 10387: 10345: 10274: 10237: 8374: 7980: 5947: 5099: 4994: 4414:

supports the Greek identity of the Macedonians, taking into consideration their origin, language, cults and customs.

4173:

considers the Macedonians as Greeks and sets them apart from their neighboring non-Greek tribes. For example, in his

474: 15834: 14583: 14010: 14005: 5932: 4423: 4298:("Ionians", their term for "Greeks"), though they distinguished the "Yauna by the sea and across the sea" from the 568: 3166:, with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment. 2669:

and Athenodorus performed at the event, despite Athenodorus risking a fine for being absent from the simultaneous

14477: 14337: 14332: 13609: 9900:, pp. 52, 71–72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion about the comparison between Macedonians and 5776: 5289:, Ian Worthington, "5. Alexander the Great, Nation Building, and the Creation and Maintenance of Empire", p. 119. 3702: 2819: 654: 273:. Traditionally ruled by independent families, the Macedonians seem to have accepted Argead rule by the time of 15939: 15861: 14502: 13916: 13013: 10770: 10376: 10303: 4390: 4054:

Macedonian terracotta figurine, 3rd century BC; the Persians referred to the Macedonians as "Yaunã Takabara" ("

3856: 3684:

via Herodotus during his apparent appearance at the Olympic Games. Despite protests from some competitors, the

3159: 2931: 2545: 2497: 2383: 1754: 1615: 381: 15856: 15413: 14906: 14422: 14342: 14040: 13750: 9811: 4136:, Alexander is seen to place himself among the Greeks, further acknowledging that, while the Greek allies of 3900: 2791:

was able to host well-known Classical Greek intellectual visitors at his royal court, such as the lyric poet

2704: 2624:. Alexander the Great was allegedly a great admirer of both theatre and music. He was especially fond of the 11724: 3424:

mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from

2202:, luxurious goods, and arms and armor. Scholars have debated about the identity of the tomb occupants since 15924: 15829: 14358: 13812: 8518: 7826: 4141:

Phillip II and they revolted against Alexander's Antigonid successors. The Greeks called this conflict the

3503: 2748: 2740: 1833: 658: 204: 941:

contact with or penetration into the Macedonian interior possibly started from the early 14th century BC.

14884: 14492: 14368: 14030: 13984: 13939: 13715: 13404: 7971: 5090: 4752: 4494:(2003), Johannes Engels (2010), J. Méndez Dosuna (2012), Joachim Matzinger (2016), Emilio Crespo (2017), 4078:—as simply "The Hellenes" (i.e. Greeks). The Macedonians were granted two seats in the exclusively Greek 3384: 3295: 2756: 2744: 2647: 2392: 2061:) when he intervened in the affairs of the municipal government at the behest of the cult's main priest. 1971:. In Macedonia, politics and religion often intertwined. For instance, the head of state for the city of 1619: 622:

has been described as a three-stage process. As a frontier kingdom on the border of the Greek world with

600: 417: 319: 238: 164: 89: 43: 31: 15423: 11543:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD

11522:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD

4785: 3949:, Anson also stresses the fact that some Greeks even distinguished their ethnic identities based on the 3484: 3328:

among the ethno-linguistically diverse communities of Macedonia and the north Aegean region, creating a

1367:. According to Hammond, the third stage occurred after 550 BC, when the Macedonians gained control over 993:) and then as Dorians. A different, southern homeland theory also exists in traditional historiography. 15545: 15418: 14551: 14546: 14522: 14432: 13949: 13047: 12189: 10818: 7373:(2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander," in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), 4229: 4195: 3029: 2826: 2688: 839: 370: 9987:, Peter Green, "The Metamorphosis of the Barbarian: Athenian Panhellenism in a Changing World", p. 24. 7143: 5636: 1840:

provenance. Thus, by the latter sixth century, local elites could acquire exotic Aegean items such as

1468:

The process of state formation in Macedonia was similar to that of its neighbours in Epirus, Illyria,

15903: 15846: 14802: 14605: 14590: 14512: 14447: 13767: 13662: 13136: 13070: 4132: 4080: 3819: 3764: 3234:

to Athenian cuisine, a dish usually made of chicken or other spiced, salted, and sauced meats served

3001: 2596: 2454: 2339: 2012: 1988: 1796: 1611: 1601: 470: 17: 14414: 14394: 13592: 13250: 11725:"Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt-Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece" 6490:, Chapter 15: N. G. L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 621–624. 3720: 2867:

held the Macedonian king in glowing admiration for his accomplishments, including his engagement in

2433:

that held the ashes of deceased Macedonian nobility in their tombs. Among these is the large bronze

1848:

These settlements seemed to have developed along raised promontories near river flood plains called

14600: 14563: 14497: 14163: 14050: 11597:"The Phenomenon of Mattpainted Pottery in the Northern Aegean: Introduction, Overview and Theories" 11004: 4983:

Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present

4349: 4343: 4213: 4175: 4094: 3345: 2949: 2892: 2027: 805: 490: 482: 8622: 8620: 6770:, Chapter 15: N.G.L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 644–650. 5115: 4491: 4050: 3025: 2559:

serve as another significant form of surviving Macedonian artwork, especially those discovered at

1158:, thus appropriating the name of the city for its citizens. A figure, Argeas, is mentioned in the 405: 384:, and statesmen of the ancient world often expressed ambiguous if not conflicting ideas about the 148: 15934: 15929: 15883: 15007: 14807: 14792: 14595: 14578: 14558: 14527: 14427: 14363: 13979: 13964: 13934: 13895: 13772: 13624: 13126: 12396:

Theodossiev, Nikola (May 2000). "The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections".

11446: 10538:

Borza, Eugene N. (1982). "Athenians, Macedonians and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House".

5596:, Eugene N. Borza, "Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House", p. 7. 4757: 3967: 3577: 3353: 3116:

contests. Philip II allegedly heard of the Olympic victory of his horse (in either an individual

3037: 2788: 2600: 2477: 2375: 2343: 2335: 2004: 1788: 1762: 1388: 714: 650: 466: 454: 296: 12026:

O'Neil, James L. (2003). "The Ethnic Origins of the Friends of the Antigonid Kings of Macedon".

4974: 4750:

Masson, Olivier (2003). " Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.).

2567:

of Pella, with its three dimensional qualities and illusionist style, show clear influence from

1769:

However, unlike Thessaly, Macedonia was ruled by a monarchy from its earliest history until the

1088: 1065:

or Archelaus, the son of Temenus, as the founding Temenid kings—although there is no doubt that

15841: 14844: 14615: 14573: 14507: 14472: 13924: 13908: 13604: 13545: 13394: 13389: 12879:

Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean: Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory

8617: 4331: 4104: 3681: 3533: 3243: 3145: 2829: 2814: 2810: 2752: 2728: 2418: 2089: 2051: 1883: 1291: 1275: 1213: 1128: 1112: 1082: 1022: 710: 401: 274: 250: 111: 10369:

The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 B.C

4249: 15893: 15122: 15112: 15102: 15087: 14777: 14517: 14487: 14442: 14437: 14068: 14035: 13837: 13742: 13728: 13384: 13255: 13219: 12264: 12208: 11476: 10982: 10322: 6033: 5342: 5338: 4259: 4190: 3988: 3909: 3589: 3572:

has been proposed as a symbol of ancient Macedonia or of the Argead dynasty by archeologists.

3420:

and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the

3393: 3141: 3125: 3059: 3033: 2493: 2462: 2161: 2000: 1903: 1770: 1249: 831: 699: 409: 374: 299:, which enlarged their territory and increased their control over other areas extending into 12743:

By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire

12617: 12609: 11985: 11755: 11600: 9153:, pp. 429–430. Hammond states that Pelagonia might have been initially called Argestia. 2115:), Gozoria (goddess of hunting equated with Artemis), Zeirene (goddess of love equated with 1967:

By the 5th century BC the Macedonians and the rest of the Greeks worshiped more or less the

1940: 1761:. The Macedonian Kings often sought the best education possible for their heirs. Artwork by 15365: 15359: 15345: 14829: 14787: 14759: 14644: 14457: 13687: 13483: 12877: 12334:

The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC

11113: 10747: 10638:

Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece

9905: 8321: 4986: 4440: 3921: 3600: 3581: 3313: 3187: 2997: 2973: 2923: 2919: 2900: 2837: 2703:

dedicated to Greek gods and goddesses, one of the main markers of a true Greek city in the

2700: 2621: 2609: 2280: 2207: 2139: 1957: 1895: 1891: 1728: 1708: 1633: 1565: 1528: 1424: 1201: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1017:

The Macedonian expansion is said to have been led by the ruling Temenid dynasty, known as "

973:. In their new Pierian home north of Olympus, the Macedonian tribes mingled with the proto- 797: 662: 604: 494: 362: 346: 285: 39: 12980: 1703: 8: 15496: 15466: 14854: 14749: 14744: 14181: 13496: 13409: 13379: 13333: 13096: 11540:

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2011b). "Macedonians and Other Greeks". In Lane Fox, Robin J. (ed.).

10860:

Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions

10472: 7969:

Masson, Olivier (2003) . " Macedonian language". In Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (eds.).

7186: 6594: 5088:

Masson, Olivier (2003) . " Macedonian language". In Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (eds.).

4185: 4067: 4044: 3880: 3731: 3476: 3009: 2961: 2696: 2523: 1961: 1750: 1629: 1170: 874: 702: 639: 308: 266: 10433:

Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian

10214:, pp. 9–10; Johannes Engels also discusses this ambiguity in ancient sources. See: 5161:"e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", 3487:, occur in what are considered to be particularly conservative systems of the language. 15713: 15610: 15516: 15160: 15077: 14965: 14467: 14291: 13807: 13787: 13644: 13515: 13399: 13194: 13121: 12043: 11562: 11188: 10418: 8440:"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives" 8016:"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives" 5334: 5196:"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives" 5149: 4389:

Funerary marble stela from Pella with Attic influence, 4th-century BC, now kept in the

4162: 3875: 3717:

themselves a heroic genealogy that sometimes also functioned as a Hellenic genealogy".

3689: 3641: 3491: 3376: 3305: 3235: 3005: 2833: 2629: 2613: 2549: 2203: 2093: 2023: 1945: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1850: 1841: 1643:

supplemented by agriculture. Young Macedonian men were typically expected to engage in

1384: 1105: 1062: 1006: 897: 883: 809: 721: 687: 623: 583: 425: 413: 342: 334: 262: 258: 35: 11852:

The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC

11563:"The Speech of the Ancient Macedonians, in the Light of Recent Epigraphic Discoveries" 11519:

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2011a). "Macedonia and Macedonians". In Lane Fox, Robin J. (ed.).

3150: 2457:

from the 6th century BC onward, with drinking vessels, jewellery, containers, crowns,

1445:

the archaeological evidence does not point to any significant disruptions between the

15889: 15788: 15375: 14924: 14772: 14724: 14568: 14537: 14482: 14399: 14276: 14148: 13969: 13802: 13755: 13695: 13569: 13551: 13527: 13509: 13464: 13419: 13414: 13065: 12959: 12925: 12904: 12883: 12862: 12841: 12822: 12768: 12747: 12726: 12705: 12684: 12663: 12642: 12621: 12594: 12573: 12552: 12531: 12510: 12489: 12468: 12447: 12426: 12382: 12361: 12338: 12317: 12294: 12255: 12239: 12216: 12193: 12168: 12147: 12128: 12085: 12064: 12012: 11991: 11970: 11940: 11919: 11898: 11877: 11856: 11835: 11814: 11793: 11772: 11709: 11688: 11667: 11646: 11615: 11581: 11547: 11526: 11505: 11484: 11461: 11416: 11395: 11374: 11353: 11332: 11313: 11281: 11260: 11239: 11218: 11195: 11172: 11149: 11098: 11077: 11056: 11035: 11014: 10990: 10967: 10927: 10906: 10885: 10864: 10843: 10822: 10797: 10774: 10751: 10726: 10698: 10663: 10642: 10621: 10615: 10600: 10579: 10558: 10524: 10503: 10482: 10458: 10437: 10395: 10372: 10353: 10330: 10307: 10282: 10233: 10164: 10139: 10110: 9721: 8447: 8370: 8245: 8023: 7976: 7378: 5240: 5203: 5129: 5119: 5095: 5021:

Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages",

4990: 4922: 4888: 4821: 4761: 4713: 4379: 4370: 4335: 4321: 4302:

or "Greeks with hats that look like shields", ostensibly referring to the Macedonian

4112: 4075: 3888: 3747: 3622: 3465: 3434: 3397: 3369: 3365: 3333: 3260: 3223: 3211: 3121: 2985: 2896: 2666: 2404: 2325: 2316:

as part of state ideology, a similar cult did not exist in the Kingdom of Macedonia.

2260: 2256: 2147: 1915: 1792: 1661: 1547: 1283: 1209: 1197: 994: 916: 757: 753: 737: 706: 647: 627: 587: 434: 397: 323: 227: 10878:

Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank E.; Charlesworth, Martin Percival, eds. (1928).

15718: 15250: 15215: 15032: 14889: 14767: 14654: 14649: 13974: 13929: 13760: 13667: 13283: 13116: 13101: 13091: 12405: 12035: 11736: 11430: 11128: 10722: 10102: 8237: 7628: 6586: 4521: 4411: 4158: 4026: 3942: 3786: 3755: 3553: 3499: 3495: 3425: 3417: 3337: 2957: 2876: 2822: 2777: 2765: 2720: 2708: 2680: 2620:

amid games and spectacles held inside that celebrated the marriage of his daughter

2617: 2564: 2446: 2408: 2396: 2224:, the largest ancient tomb found in Greece (as of 2017), was discovered outside of 2167: 2065: 1907: 1824: 1774: 1681: 1450: 1146: 1078: 1054: 954: 949: 938: 863: 777: 679: 223: 188: 75: 6914: 6912: 3605:

Most ancient sources on the Macedonians come from outside Macedonia. According to

1854:(Greek: τύμβοι). Their ruins are most commonly found in western Macedonia between 15733: 15491: 15279: 15092: 14834: 14700: 14632: 13959: 13557: 13539: 13533: 13447: 13424: 13298: 13209: 13169: 13106: 12990: 12953: 12919: 12898: 12856: 12816: 12805: 12762: 12741: 12720: 12699: 12678: 12657: 12636: 12588: 12567: 12546: 12525: 12504: 12483: 12462: 12441: 12376: 12332: 12290: 12284: 12273: 12183: 12162: 12122: 12112:

Papazoglou, Fanoula (1977). "Sur le Structure Ethnique de l'Ancienne Macedonie".

12079: 12006: 11964: 11963:

Müller, Sabine (2010). "Philip II". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).

11934: 11913: 11892: 11871: 11850: 11829: 11808: 11787: 11703: 11682: 11661: 11640: 11609: 11575: 11541: 11520: 11499: 11455: 11442: 11410: 11389: 11368: 11347: 11307: 11296: 11275: 11254: 11233: 11143: 11092: 11071: 11050: 11029: 11008: 10942: 10921: 10900: 10879: 10858: 10837: 10812: 10741: 10716: 10712: 10692: 10657: 10636: 10594: 10573: 10552: 10518: 10497: 10476: 10452: 10431: 10297: 9733: 9694: 9657: 9633: 9609: 9463: 9428: 9388: 9364: 9340: 9316: 9249: 9225: 9201: 9138: 9089: 8957: 8863: 8816: 8716: 8701: 8686: 8662: 8563: 8425: 8401: 8352: 8328: 8135:, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 438–439. 8069:, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 431–433. 7213: 7101: 5965: 5954: 5939: 5928: 5889: 5865: 5796: 5763: 5643: 5346: 5123: 5036: 4912: 4792: 4703: 4541: 4279: 4127: 3606: 3528: 3446: 3409: 3380: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3101: 2969: 2965: 2904: 2880: 2584: 2501: 2331: 2309: 2272: 2217: 2031: 2008: 1953: 1899: 1887: 1863: 1859: 1820: 1815: 1732: 1672: 1584: 1372: 1352: 1245: 1233: 1042: 958: 870: 859: 785: 765: 745: 683: 675: 671: 626:, the Macedonians first subjugated their immediate northern neighbours — various 619: 596: 462: 438: 385: 350: 330: 304: 270: 200: 172: 168: 15758: 15471: 12167:. Heidelberg, New York, & London: RILEM & Springer. pp. 1179–1186. 11735:(4). Athens, Greece: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress: 1796–1807. 11629:

Hornblower, Simon. "2: Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods". In

3392:

influence from the languages of the original inhabitants of the region who were

3042: 15615: 15555: 15550: 15506: 15287: 15235: 15225: 15205: 15195: 14939: 14934: 14929: 13782: 13581: 13575: 13563: 13363: 13338: 13111: 13036: 10688: 8131:

Personal names, names of gods and months, and phonological features. Refer to:

7218: 7151: 6909: 5162: 4487: 4275: 4225: 4221: 3917: 3735: 3511: 3442: 3438: 3113: 3075: 2908: 2884: 2625: 2606: 2434: 1804: 1652: 1580: 1492: 1437: 1432: 1267: 1229: 1093: 1018: 835: 781: 741: 733: 579: 481:

came to live in Macedonia. The kingdom also attracted the presence of renowned

366: 354: 242: 212: 208: 176: 152: 136: 124: 12995: 12940: 11723:

Iordanidis, A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (May 2007).

10881:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic Monarchies and the Rise of Rome

10678: 10106: 7181:"Marble female figurines unearthed in vast Alexander the Great-era Greek tomb" 4911:(2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). 4070:

reports that Isocrates clearly states that the Macedonians were Greeks, as in

2519: 1647:

and martial combat as a byproduct of their transhumance lifestyles of herding

70: 15918: 15851: 15768: 15743: 15433: 15355: 15037: 14980: 14879: 14869: 14839: 14821: 14695: 13847: 13629: 13521: 13477: 13439: 13278: 13199: 11434: 10136:

Chirping like the swallows: Aristophanes' portrayals of the barbarian "other"

4908: 4495: 4071: 3997: 3430: 3413: 3325: 3239: 3129: 3109: 2659: 2576: 2292: 2240: 2190:, drinking vessels and personal items were housed with the dead, whose bones 2127: 1808: 1520: 1263: 1140: 1097: 1050: 965:

to the Pierian highlands in the lower Haliacmon because of pressure from the

908: 887:. The first historical attestation of the Macedonians occurs in the works of 729: 528: 184: 12409: 11722: 8183:, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 439. 7823:, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 433. 6531: 5676:, Chapter 3: "What was the Ancestral Language of the Makedones?", pp. 66–77. 5544:, R. F. Hoddinott, "Thracians, Mycenaeans and 'The Trojan Question'", p. 64. 5165:, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996. 3835: 3818:

also sought to defend Philip and publicly described him at a meeting of the

1480: 15668: 15620: 15486: 15340: 15210: 14849: 14685: 14191: 14153: 13852: 12996:

Demetrius C. Evangelides – "The Yaunã Takabara and the Ancient Macedonians"

11133: 7370: 4978: 4702:

Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians".

4486:

Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808), and subsequently supported by

4217: 3802: 3697: 3685: 3618: 3610: 3483:

Macedonian apart. These latter features, possibly representing traces of a

3361: 3097: 3091: 2993: 2927: 2792: 2773: 2533: 2438: 2085: 2039: 2019: 1996: 1929: 1787:, the core of the Macedonian aristocracy. Any other position of authority, 1685: 1640: 1415: 1348: 1205: 820: 801: 502: 420:

is regarded by most scholars as another Greek dialect, possibly related to

180: 12955:

Communities in European History: Representations, Jurisdictions, Conflicts

12039: 11148:. Sofia, Bulgaria: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 10811:

Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (2007).

10299:

Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery

8241: 2429:

and drinking rites that were typified with items such as decorative metal

15688: 15580: 15560: 15388: 14896: 14874: 14864: 14859: 14782: 14739: 14286: 14196: 14186: 14073: 14063: 13827: 13204: 13179: 9304: 8496:, p. 51, n. 72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion. See: 8171:, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 115. 8081:, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 111. 6291:, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 112. 4517: 4150: 4099: 4089: 4063: 4016:

Peloponnesians), the Macedonians and the barbarian Illyrians. Recounting

3777: 3680:). The earliest version of the Temenid foundation myth was circulated by 3585: 3569: 3357: 3341: 3321: 3270: 3215: 2989: 2868: 2859:, and the first known Macedonian king to be insulted with the label of a 2796: 2650:

for his new eastern subjects alongside studies in the Greek language and

2296: 2236: 2229: 2183: 2174:, professional painters decorated the walls with a mythological scene of 2120: 1980: 1727:

officers in the military. It was in the more bureaucratic regimes of the

1723: 1403: 1392: 1224: 1101: 933: 924: 442: 421: 196: 192: 99: 95: 15393: 12924:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 12764:

Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity

12144:

City and Sanctuary in Ancient Greece: The Theorodokia in the Peloponnese

11897:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 11741: 10422: 7975:(revised 3rd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6166: 6164: 5739: 5737: 5094:(revised 3rd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. 3340:

in either the Hellenistic or the Roman period, and entirely replaced by

1236:

argues that the Argeads were a family of notables hailing from Vergina.

1045:

which certain scholars have tried to connect with the villages Albus or

433:

The ancient Macedonians participated in the production and fostering of

15625: 15595: 15590: 15575: 15461: 15428: 15097: 15067: 14734: 14462: 14296: 14138: 14133: 14123: 14108: 14093: 14083: 14058: 13434: 13189: 13144: 12945:

Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia

12360:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 127–144. 12316:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 392–408. 12238:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 145–165. 12063:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 342–370. 12047: 12011:. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 11969:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 166–185. 11771:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 373–391. 11659: 11483:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 505–521. 11217:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 279–305. 11171:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 306–325. 10966:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 225–250. 10796:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–445. 10352:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 326–341. 10281:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 208–224. 10098: 8579: 8444: