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vector it makes sense to arrange it in four rows of three columns with labels x y and z on the columns and labels spin and move on the rows, with those two labels repeated one more time to make a total of four rows so that the first row might be labeled spin work, the second row might be labeled move work, the third row might be labeled spin tool, and the fourth row might be labeled move tool although the position of the labels is arbitrary which is to say there is no agreement in the literature of mechanical engineering on what order these labels should be but there are 12 degrees of freedom in a machine tool. That said it is important to remember that this is in an instant moment and that instant moment may be a preparatory moment before a tool makes contact with a work piece, or maybe an engaged moment during which contact with work and tool requires an input of rather large amounts of power to get work done which is why machine tools are large and heavy and stiff. Since what these vectors describe our instant moments of degrees of freedom the vector structure is capable of expressing the changing mode of a machine tool as well as expressing its fundamental structure in the following way: imagine a lathe spending a cylinder on a horizontal axis with a tool ready to cut a face on that cylinder in some preparatory moment. What the operator of such a lathe would do is lock the x-axis on the carriage of the lathe establishing a new vector condition with a zero in the x slide position for the tool. Then the operator would unlock the y-axis on the cross slide of the lathe, assuming that our examples were equipped with that, and then the operator would apply some method of traversing the facing tool across the face of the cylinder being cut and a depth combined with the rotational speed selected which engages cutting ability within the power of range of the motor powering the lathe. So the answer to what a machine tool is, is a very simple answer but it is highly technical and is unrelated to the history of machine tools.
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slide assembly, or the roundness, lack of taper, and squareness of the two axes of a lathe machine to be transferred to a machined work piece with accuracy and precision better than a thousandth of an inch, not as fine as millionths of an inch. As the fit between sliding parts of a made product, machine, or machine tool approaches this critical thousandth of an inch measurement, lubrication and capillary action combine to prevent Van Der Waals force from welding like metals together, extending the lubricated life of sliding parts by a factor of thousands to millions; the disaster of oil depletion in the conventional automotive engine is an accessible demonstration of the need, and in aerospace design, like-to-unlike design is used along with solid lubricants to prevent Van Der Waals welding from destroying mating surfaces. Given the modulus of elasticity of metals, the range of fit tolerances near one thousandth of an inch correlates to the relevant range of constraint between at one extreme, permanent assembly of two mating parts and at the other, a free sliding fit of those same two parts.
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medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium).
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the work, or from some external source, including for examples a foot treadle by the same worker, or a motor, without limitation; and finally, the control can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some other source, including computer numerical control. With two choices for each of four parameters, the types are enumerated to sixteen types of
Manufacturing, where Matter-Additive might mean painting on canvas as readily as it might mean 3D printing under computer control, Matter-Preserving might mean forging at the coal fire as readily as stamping license plates, and Matter-Subtracting might mean casually whittling a pencil point as readily as it might mean precision grinding the final form of a laser deposited turbine blade.
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498:"machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction.
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that
Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates.
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surfaces comprising the features of machine parts by removing chips. These chips may be very rough or even as fine as dust. Every machine tools supports its removal process with a stiff, redundant and so vibration resisting structure because each chip is removed in a semi a synchronous way, creating multiple opportunities for vibration to interfere with precision.
734:. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography.
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The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was
Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there
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The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the
Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking
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Regarding the 1930s NBER definition quoted above, one could argue that its specificity to metal is obsolete, as it is quite common today for particular lathes, milling machines, and machining centers (definitely machine tools) to work exclusively on plastic cutting jobs throughout their whole working
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Matter-Additive, Matter-Preserving, and Matter-Subtractive "Manufacturing" can proceed in sixteen ways: Firstly, the work may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; secondly, the tool may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; thirdly, the energy can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or
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A history most specifically of
Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era
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Preceding, there is an answer for what machine tools are. We may consider what they do also. Machine tools produce finished surfaces. They may produce any finish from an arbitrary degree of very rough work to a specular optical grade finish the improvement of which is moot. Machine tools produce the
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between like materials is high; freehand manufacture of square plates, produces only square, flat, machine tool building reference components, accurate to millionths of an inch, but of nearly no variety. The process of feature replication allows the flatness and squareness of a milling machine cross
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for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer
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With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy. The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were
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with a hand-cranked belt pulley instead of an electric motor. Thus one can question whether power source is truly a key distinguishing concept; but for economics purposes, the NBER's definition made sense, because most of the commercial value of the existence of machine tools comes about via those
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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the
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The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $ 81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm
Gardner Research. The largest producer of machine tools was China with $ 23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $ 12.9
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was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.
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operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced element's matching the reproduced element's final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which directly matches the desired output shape, can actuate a complex toolpath by creating component
313:
A precise description of what a machine tool is and does in an instant moment is given by a 12 component vector relating the linear and rotational degrees of freedom of the single work piece and the single tool contacting that work piece in any machine arbitrarily and in order to visualize this
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helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured
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are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries.
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American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by
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The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Machine tool innovation continues in several public and private research centers worldwide.
494:(joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the
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of programmable mechanical control with machine tool toolpath control was delayed many decades, in part because the programmable control methods of musical boxes and looms lacked the rigidity for machine tool toolpaths. Later, electromechanical solutions (such as
872:); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until
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human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been
424:, which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool
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In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of
Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".
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The colloquial sense implying metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as
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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.
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goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others.
67:". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.
1798:(contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible
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processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact,
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use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with
51:, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the
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Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been
506:". And its specificity to "operating by other than hand power" is also problematic, as machine tools can be powered by people if appropriately set up, such as with a
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that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve.
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Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool
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consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct,
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billion and $ 12.88 billion respectively. South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $ 5.6 billion and $ 5 billion respectively.
917:. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.
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to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the
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in
England in the middle to late 1700s. Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in
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Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar
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are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483. This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".
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217:), which has many forms, such as dovetail ways, box ways, or cylindrical column ways. Machine slides constrain tool or workpiece movement
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1878:
Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a
Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In
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Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a
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1912:. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history.
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Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.
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may be defined differently by some users in some contexts, and some elements may be distinguished by contrasting with others)
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that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity (constraining the toolpath despite thousands of
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Tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath.
85:), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.
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A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133,
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are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by
2009:
From the
American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via
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and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the
613:, known to have existed in multiple regions of Europe since at least 1000 to 500 BC. But it was not until the later
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incorporated it for the workpiece, but the movement of the tool itself on these machines was entirely freehand.
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sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of
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When considering the difference between freehand toolpaths and machine-constrained toolpaths, the concepts of
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When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:
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was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until
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invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.
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lifespan. Thus the NBER definition above could be expanded to say "which employs a tool to work on metal
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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865
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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
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A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.
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Humans are generally quite talented in their freehand movements; the drawings, paintings, and
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of the line can also be accurately controlled. (Machine slides are essentially a subset of
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were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as
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Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in
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itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control
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Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via
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may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock
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The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the
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With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of
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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,
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that are powered by electricity, hydraulics, and so on. Such are the vagaries of
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was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.
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A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.
901:(NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on
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boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to
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thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.
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1771:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: US National Bureau of Economic Research.
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
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in one work envelope, and retrofits of existing machines are underway.
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130: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.
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1795:
1783:(1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, US: Moore Special Tool Co.,
1754:(Noble 1984) as a seminal history. Later republished under the title
1350:
1345:
925:
910:
861:
706:
642:
598:
495:
397:
385:
322:
214:
168:
52:
40:
19:
1838:
697:
Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the
544:
369:
screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is
194:
The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various root concepts:
105:
4472:
4452:
4096:
4061:
3797:
3673:
3600:
3542:
3507:
3502:
3399:
3318:
3229:
3194:
3189:
2967:
2872:
2518:
2385:
2345:
2320:
1730:
When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America
1340:
894:
686:
646:
626:
276:
176:
1977:
4649:
4644:
4537:
4507:
4467:
4411:
4265:
4244:
4136:
4091:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4023:
3993:
3988:
3862:
3766:
3703:
3648:
3537:
3492:
3447:
3369:
3359:
3344:
3239:
3219:
2977:
2897:
2892:
2789:
2749:
2671:
2603:
2533:
2450:
1300:
1061:
desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective
998:
857:
678:
638:
507:
405:
36:
2155:
2097:
2071:
2030:
1935:
1908:
1893:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England: MIT Press,
1829:
1806:
machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the
1788:
75:
16:
Machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials
4639:
4368:
4116:
3867:
3817:
3713:
3683:
3623:
3497:
3422:
3384:
3337:
3204:
3122:
2952:
2636:
2593:
2583:
2287:
2184:
2085:
James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best
2054:
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
993:
799:
515:
429:
425:
202:
concept itself, which constrains workpiece or tool movement to
3063:
726:
The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to
95:
4517:
4426:
4421:
4406:
3827:
3618:
3611:
3582:
3562:
3532:
3517:
3477:
3462:
3452:
3437:
3432:
3412:
3389:
3364:
3284:
2907:
2712:
2325:
1335:
921:
836:
ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by
812:
786:
Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe,
610:
511:
409:
393:
172:
1756:
From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company
1425:"Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing"
4416:
3945:
3882:
3807:
3688:
3643:
3638:
3374:
3118:
1585:
pp. 87, 112, 121, 146-50, 161, Random House, New York, NY.
1009:
1002:
392:. These processes are a type of deformation that produces
4542:
4033:
3802:
3628:
3522:
3354:
1841:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (
1456:
531:, both of which have their places in the business world.
432:
and similar economic topics use this broader definition.
2169:, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)
933:, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.
766:
work into the realm of building machine tools for sale.
1833:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1695:"2015 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey"
229:, although the language used to classify these various
1629:
1214:
705:
required more metal parts, which were usually made of
4604:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1864:, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press,
1617:
1450:
Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement
1939:. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications (
43:
metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,
2148:
Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools
924:machine might contain a magazine with a variety of
2830:
1962:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1857:
1637:
1437:
1416:
471:are already developing machines that include both
1824:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
868:) were used in the past, as was water power (via
4746:
1495:"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts"
281:numerical control and computer numerical control
1644:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press,
1130:
3079:
2816:
2238:
2200:
915:computerized numerical control (CNC) machines
345:) of force fighting against the constraint),
2135:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press,
1960:The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914
1635:
1380:
1072:
2252:
1377:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.
275:) and soon electronic solutions (including
96:Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated
3086:
3072:
2823:
2809:
2245:
2231:
2207:
2193:
2180:Milestones in the History of Machine Tools
1689:
1687:
1685:
1665:"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?"
1636:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991),
1404:
361:who wields the tool. As an example, it is
179:period, and modern woodworking lathes and
2003:
1877:
1802:in machine tools (second only to that of
1732:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press,
1531:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1392:
585:Learn how and when to remove this message
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
4594:Building and Wood Workers' International
2090:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1886:
1879:
1443:
1422:
1001:
768:
750:in England around 1800. Others, such as
18:
1890:Studies in the History of Machine Tools
1855:
1724:
1682:
1623:
1549:
1492:
1410:
909:to control their motion. In the 1960s,
4747:
2167:Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968
1922:
1762:
1468:
1398:
830:
815:of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
597:Forerunners of machine tools included
373:to make them only with machine tools.
3067:
2804:
2226:
2188:
2048:
1957:
1775:
1537:
1386:
486:use of the terms varies, with subtle
4729:
2145:
2125:
1930:, New York and London: McGraw-Hill,
1233:
1179:
1140:
1094:
882:
649:; textile machinery; steam engines (
567:adding citations to reliable sources
538:
302:the machine-constrained option adds
128:adding citations to reliable sources
99:
4719:
4579:American Association of Woodturners
2081:
1814:
1481:
1215:Machine tool manufacturing industry
504:or other materials of high hardness
70:The precise definition of the term
13:
1916:
1821:English and American Tool Builders
1781:Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy
298:become important in understanding
14:
4791:
4609:National Wood Carvers Association
2173:
2056:, New York, New York, US: Knopf,
1928:Sixty Years with Men and Machines
420:in his history of Burgmaster and
74:varies among users, as discussed
4728:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4584:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2214:
2132:A Short History of Machine Tools
1237:
1183:
1144:
1098:
543:
104:
27:is an example of a machine tool.
3093:
1718:
1657:
1606:pp. 5, 7-8, Cypress, CA, 2013.
1596:
1575:
1555:
1507:
941:Examples of machine tools are:
554:needs additional citations for
115:needs additional citations for
4589:British Woodworking Federation
2504:Electrical discharge machining
2293:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
2013:Johns Hopkins University Press
1486:
1444:Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21),
1423:Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08),
1401:, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75.
1368:
1276:Category:Machine tool builders
1175:
1039:Electrical discharge machining
437:electrical discharge machining
247:that add up to a net toolpath.
1:
4599:Caricature Carvers of America
1887:Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) ,
1362:
1301:Machine Tool Standards (ASME)
1057:Other techniques are used to
777:
2082:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937),
1958:Floud, Roderick C. (2006) ,
929:control. These are known as
889:History of numerical control
204:rotation around a fixed axis
7:
2351:List of drill and tap sizes
1765:"Mechanization in Industry"
1702:Gardner Business Media, Inc
1493:Harford, Tim (2019-10-09).
1268:
1131:Adverse effects mitigations
1049:Multiple edge cutting tools
1044:Grinding (abrasive cutting)
936:
10:
4796:
2667:Magnetic switchable device
2150:, London: B. T. Batsford,
2144:. Co-edition published as
1389:, p. 137, figure 213.
1218:
1134:
1076:
886:
534:
221:. If a stop is added, the
189:of the cutting tool's path
175:, those prior to the late
4704:
4678:
4627:
4614:Society of Wood Engravers
4571:
4485:
4435:
4392:
4264:
4257:
4145:
4032:
3974:
3793:
3784:
3727:
3398:
3317:
3308:
3132:
3101:
2986:
2843:
2745:
2690:
2617:
2509:Electrochemical machining
2484:
2374:
2306:
2261:
2222:
1519:www.nationalgalleries.org
1229:
1073:Adverse effects on humans
1053:Single edge cutting tools
798:, pattern tracing lathe,
514:) or a hand lever (for a
441:electrochemical machining
279:) were added, leading to
3027:Machine and metalworking
1331:Self-replicating machine
1296:Machine tool dynamometer
691:rolling-element bearings
160:historians of technology
3037:Measuring and alignment
2948:Rotary transfer machine
2589:Rotary transfer machine
2574:Photochemical machining
2514:Electron-beam machining
2476:Tool and cutter grinder
2146:Rolt, L. T. C. (1965),
2011:, Baltimore, Maryland:
1065:of material are called
625:of the Middle Ages and
605:, which had existed in
449:photochemical machining
445:electron beam machining
4691:Frameless construction
3772:Wood-plastic composite
2933:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1856:Thomson, Ross (2009),
1800:accuracy and precision
1763:Jerome, Harry (1934),
1281:Damped machining tools
1246:This section is empty.
1192:This section is empty.
1153:This section is empty.
1007:
850:
783:
609:prior to 2500 BC, and
477:additive manufacturing
465:additive manufacturing
371:economically practical
347:accuracy and precision
288:accuracy and precision
28:
2785:Tools and terminology
2163:Ryder, Thomas and Son
1005:
834:
808:interchangeable parts
772:
699:Industrial Revolution
529:controlled vocabulary
492:woodworking machinery
469:machine tool builders
90:interchangeable parts
59:(which is called the
22:
4760:Industrial machinery
4619:Timber Framers Guild
3473:Australian Blackwood
3002:Cutting and abrasive
2703:Machining vibrations
2609:Ultrasonic machining
1375:Define Metal Cutting
1356:Types of press tools
1311:Machinist calculator
1306:Machining vibrations
1221:Machine tool builder
823:as by machine guns.
665:) (the story of how
619:Age of Enlightenment
563:improve this article
453:ultrasonic machining
124:improve this article
4339:Hammer-headed tenon
3858:Janka hardness test
2723:Tool and die making
2411:Cylindrical grinder
2005:Hounshell, David A.
1816:Roe, Joseph Wickham
1430:Modern Machine Shop
989:Shear (sheet metal)
831:Drive power sources
788:screw-cutting lathe
412:, and others. Thus
363:physically possible
325:of artists such as
251:Van Der Waals Force
213:The machine slide (
3200:Japanese carpentry
2391:Abrasive machining
1808:tool and die maker
1291:Four slide machine
1110:. You can help by
1008:
784:
29:
4742:
4741:
4696:Green woodworking
4553:Wood preservation
4481:
4480:
4384:Tongue and groove
4364:Mortise and tenon
4253:
4252:
3951:Warrington hammer
3780:
3779:
3468:African Blackwood
3260:Segmented turning
3061:
3060:
2798:
2797:
2741:
2740:
2063:978-0-394-51262-4
2022:978-0-8018-2975-8
1969:978-0-521-02555-3
1945:978-0-917914-86-7
1900:978-0-262-73033-4
1871:978-0-8018-9141-0
1847:978-0-917914-73-7
1739:978-0-87584-208-0
1671:. 23 January 2020
1612:978-0-9897906-0-4
1591:978-1-4000-6964-4
1465:, pp. 18–35.
1326:Numerical control
1266:
1265:
1212:
1211:
1173:
1172:
1128:
1127:
1067:rapid prototyping
1026:Grinding machines
1006:5 axis bridge saw
946:Broaching machine
931:machining centers
899:numerical control
883:Automatic control
776:milling machine,
631:Leonardo da Vinci
595:
594:
587:
461:water jet cutting
331:Leonardo da Vinci
156:
155:
148:
4787:
4732:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4262:
4261:
3931:Thickness planer
3791:
3790:
3585:(lime, basswood)
3315:
3314:
3175:Chainsaw carving
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3064:
2888:Grinding machine
2858:Ball-peen hammer
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2708:Speeds and feeds
2461:Sharpening stone
2436:Grinding machine
2431:Grinding dresser
2298:Stewart platform
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2158:
2143:
2109:
2075:
2041:
1988:
1938:
1911:
1883:
1874:
1863:
1832:
1791:
1772:
1751:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1704:. Archived from
1699:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1602:Parker, Dana T.
1600:
1594:
1581:Herman, Arthur.
1579:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1261:
1258:
1248:You can help by
1241:
1234:
1207:
1204:
1194:You can help by
1187:
1180:
1168:
1165:
1155:You can help by
1148:
1141:
1123:
1120:
1102:
1095:
1020:Stewart platform
848:
813:length standards
782:
779:
760:Joseph Whitworth
732:Joseph Whitworth
641:(small arms and
590:
583:
579:
576:
570:
547:
539:
525:natural language
484:natural language
231:machine elements
151:
144:
140:
137:
131:
108:
100:
39:for handling or
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4700:
4686:Frame and panel
4674:
4623:
4567:
4477:
4436:Surface piecing
4431:
4388:
4309:Crown of thorns
4249:
4235:Smoothing plane
4141:
4028:
3970:
3873:Milling machine
3776:
3737:Cross-laminated
3723:
3394:
3304:
3275:Spindle turning
3265:Shingle weaving
3235:Pallet crafting
3128:
3097:
3092:
3062:
3057:
3056:
2982:
2963:Thread restorer
2853:Automatic lathe
2839:
2829:
2799:
2794:
2737:
2686:
2613:
2480:
2471:Surface grinder
2406:Coated abrasive
2377:
2370:
2341:Drill bit sizes
2336:Drill bit shank
2311:
2302:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2218:
2213:
2176:
2064:
2050:Noble, David F.
2023:
1970:
1947:). Foreword by
1924:Colvin, Fred H.
1919:
1917:Further reading
1901:
1880:Woodbury (1972)
1872:
1777:Moore, Wayne R.
1740:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1515:"James Nasmyth"
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1139:
1137:Dust extraction
1133:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1108:needs expansion
1093:
1075:
984:Milling machine
961:Hobbing machine
939:
891:
885:
874:electrification
849:
846:David Wilkinson
844:
833:
796:milling machine
780:
746:constructed by
730:and refined by
675:sewing machines
627:renaissance men
603:potter's wheels
591:
580:
574:
571:
560:
548:
537:
367:interchangeable
227:linear bearings
208:potter's wheels
181:potter's wheels
152:
141:
135:
132:
121:
109:
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4665:Quarter sawing
4662:
4657:
4655:Wood splitting
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4563:Wood finishing
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Paint stripper
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Shoulder plane
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Moulding plane
4202:
4197:
4195:Japanese plane
4192:
4187:
4185:Grooving plane
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Flooring clamp
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Winding sticks
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Timber-framing
3933:
3928:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Particle board
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Glue laminated
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
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3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
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3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Timber framing
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Relief carving
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Bush carpentry
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
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3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Types of tools
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Milling cutter
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
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2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Milling cutter
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Grinding wheel
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
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2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:Computer-aided
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2127:Rolt, L. T. C.
2116:
2115:
2079:
2062:
2046:
2021:
2001:
1968:
1955:
1949:Ralph Flanders
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1853:
1812:
1773:
1760:
1738:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1711:on 2015-09-21.
1681:
1656:
1650:
1628:
1616:
1595:
1574:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1506:
1485:
1467:
1463:Woodbury 1972a
1455:
1436:
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1379:
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1231:
1228:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:September 2024
1151:
1149:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1103:
1074:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Screw machines
976:
975:Honing Machine
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
938:
935:
884:
881:
842:
832:
829:
752:Henry Maudslay
748:Matthew Murray
728:Henry Maudslay
721:John Wilkinson
593:
592:
551:
549:
542:
536:
533:
457:plasma cutting
380:The narrowest
264:Jacquard looms
256:
255:
248:
237:
234:
211:
154:
153:
112:
110:
103:
97:
94:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4792:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Machine tools
4753:
4752:
4750:
4735:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Chainsaw mill
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:Organizations
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Steam bending
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:French polish
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
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4440:
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4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Rabbet/Rebate
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Mason's mitre
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
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4307:
4305:
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4300:
4297:
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4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
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4269:
4267:
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4260:
4256:
4246:
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4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Jointer plane
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Compass plane
4168:
4166:
4165:Chamfer plane
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Bedrock plane
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
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4110:
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3997:
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3992:
3990:
3987:
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3979:
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3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Veneer hammer
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
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3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Impact driver
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
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3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
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3695:
3692:
3690:
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3670:
3669:Red Quebracho
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3640:
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3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Bow and arrow
3143:
3141:
3140:Boat building
3138:
3137:
3135:
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3124:
3120:
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3115:
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3110:
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2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Plasma cutter
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:English wheel
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
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2864:
2861:
2859:
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2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Cutting fluid
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Machine taper
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Indexing head
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2619:Machine tools
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
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2550:
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2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Spark testing
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Flick grinder
2419:
2417:
2416:Diamond plate
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Bench grinder
2399:
2397:
2396:Angle grinder
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
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2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2256:and computing
2255:
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2229:
2228:
2225:
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2210:
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2178:
2177:
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2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1997:0-521-21203-0
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1987:
1983:
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1651:0-262-08198-9
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1641:
1632:
1626:, p. 24.
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1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:0-684-86729-X
1568:
1564:
1563:One Good Turn
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907:punched cards
904:
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875:
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867:
863:
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855:
847:
841:
839:
828:
824:
822:
821:machine shops
816:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:James Nasmyth
753:
749:
743:
739:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:mechanization
700:
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664:
660:
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648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:ancient Egypt
604:
600:
589:
586:
578:
575:February 2021
568:
564:
558:
557:
552:This section
550:
546:
541:
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246:
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238:
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228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
198:First is the
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
150:
147:
139:
136:February 2021
129:
125:
119:
118:
113:This section
111:
107:
102:
101:
93:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
4503:Heat bending
4448:Edge banding
4220:Router plane
4215:Rebate plane
4175:Finger plane
3906:
3610:
3604:
3584:
3578:Lignum vitae
3336:
3330:
3295:Wood carving
3270:Shipbuilding
3255:Root carving
3215:Log building
3180:Chip carving
2973:Turret lathe
2913:Machine tool
2912:
2836:metalworking
2831:
2677:Rotary table
2657:Lathe center
2544:Machine tool
2543:
2376:Grinding and
2216:Metalworking
2166:
2147:
2131:
2119:
2117:
2088:, New York:
2084:
2076:
2053:
2042:
2008:
1990:
1959:
1952:
1927:
1889:
1859:
1850:
1820:
1804:metrological
1793:
1780:
1768:
1757:
1752:
1729:
1726:Holland, Max
1719:Bibliography
1706:the original
1701:
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1639:
1631:
1624:Thomson 2009
1619:
1603:
1598:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1561:Rybczynsky,
1557:
1550:Thomson 2009
1545:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1488:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1428:
1418:
1411:Holland 1989
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1321:Multimachine
1316:Metalworking
1254:
1250:adding to it
1245:
1224:
1200:
1196:adding to it
1191:
1161:
1157:adding to it
1152:
1116:
1112:adding to it
1107:
1087:Construction
1079:Particulates
1062:
1058:
1056:
1033:
940:
919:
892:
878:
876:after 1900.
851:
835:
825:
817:
804:metal planer
792:turret lathe
785:
744:
740:
736:
725:
715:
711:wrought iron
696:
636:
596:
581:
572:
561:Please help
556:verification
553:
503:
500:
481:
434:
404:, shearing,
379:
375:
370:
362:
358:
355:productivity
327:Michelangelo
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
296:productivity
285:
257:
222:
193:
188:
157:
142:
133:
122:Please help
117:verification
114:
87:
80:
72:machine tool
71:
69:
60:
57:cutting tool
33:machine tool
32:
30:
4780:Woodworking
4724:WikiProject
4670:Rift sawing
4660:Flat sawing
4548:Wood drying
4225:Scrub plane
4210:Razee plane
4160:Block plane
4014:Mitre clamp
3961:Wood scribe
3912:Combination
3654:Purpleheart
3350:Douglas fir
3300:Woodturning
3133:Occupations
3095:Woodworking
3052:Woodworking
2958:Tap and die
2918:Metal lathe
2883:Gear shaper
2868:Drill press
2848:Arbor press
2755:Fabrication
2691:Terminology
2627:Angle plate
2554:Metal lathe
2446:Jig grinder
2356:Tap and die
2265:engineering
1552:, p. .
1399:Jerome 1934
1257:August 2024
1203:August 2024
1176:Regulations
1119:August 2024
1091:Metal swarf
956:Gear shaper
951:Drill press
870:water wheel
866:treadwheels
781: 1818
774:Eli Whitney
683:automobiles
623:Clockmakers
615:Middle Ages
520:micro lathe
488:connotative
473:subtractive
418:Max Holland
396:. However,
268:convergence
260:musical box
25:metal lathe
4749:Categories
4679:Techniques
4628:Conversion
4558:Wood stain
4486:Treatments
4274:Birdsmouth
4240:Spokeshave
4190:Jack plane
4180:Fore plane
4019:Pipe clamp
3984:Band clamp
3908:Carpenters
3729:Engineered
3679:Rubberwood
3528:Eucalyptus
3332:Calocedrus
3245:Pyrography
3210:Kohlrosing
2775:Metallurgy
2569:Pantograph
2361:Tap wrench
2112:HathiTrust
2110:link from
2039:1104810110
1978:2006275684
1675:2020-07-29
1538:Moore 1970
1524:2022-11-01
1500:2019-10-09
1387:Moore 1970
1363:References
1219:See also:
1135:See also:
1083:Renovation
1077:See also:
1069:machines.
926:drill bits
903:paper tape
887:See also:
862:treadmills
838:Mr. Slater
764:millwright
717:James Watt
651:stationary
599:bow drills
455:, or even
398:economists
382:colloquial
351:efficiency
323:sculptures
292:efficiency
169:hand tools
83:line shaft
4770:Machining
4468:Parquetry
4463:Oystering
4458:Marquetry
4299:Butterfly
3966:Workbench
3898:Sandpaper
3878:Mitre box
3823:Drawknife
3813:Burnisher
3798:Abrasives
3747:Hardboard
3408:Afromosia
3290:Whittling
3240:Parquetry
3225:Marquetry
3170:Certosina
3165:Carpentry
3155:Cabinetry
3102:Overviews
2903:Jig borer
2770:Machining
2765:Jewellery
2733:Workpiece
2728:Tramp oil
2718:Tolerance
2549:Machining
2539:Jig borer
2524:Engraving
2499:Broaching
2486:Machining
2366:Threading
2331:Drill bit
2313:threading
2254:Machining
1796:jig borer
1748:246343673
1351:Tool Ways
1346:Tool wear
911:computers
895:flywheels
707:cast iron
663:otherwise
643:artillery
496:mass noun
422:Houdaille
386:machining
277:computers
262:cams and
53:workpiece
41:machining
4765:Machines
4714:Category
4493:Adhesive
4473:Purfling
4453:Intarsia
4394:Profiles
4319:Dovetail
4258:Geometry
4097:Hand saw
4082:Crosscut
4067:Circular
4062:Chainsaw
4009:Holdfast
3674:Rosewood
3606:American
3601:Mahogany
3573:Jelutong
3543:Hornbeam
3508:Cocobolo
3503:Chestnut
3418:Andiroba
3230:Millwork
3195:Intarsia
3190:Fretwork
3185:Ébéniste
3114:Glossary
3007:Forestry
2997:Cleaning
2968:Tool bit
2873:End mill
2780:Smithing
2519:End mill
2426:Grinding
2386:Abrasive
2346:Drilling
2321:Die head
2308:Drilling
2156:65080822
2129:(1965),
2098:37016470
2072:83048867
2052:(1984),
2031:83016269
2007:(1984),
1986:70251252
1936:47003762
1926:(1947),
1909:72006354
1839:27-24075
1830:16011753
1818:(1916),
1789:73127307
1779:(1970),
1728:(1989),
1565:, 2000,
1482:Roe 1916
1341:Tool bit
1269:See also
1063:addition
937:Examples
858:treadles
843:—
687:aircraft
679:bicycles
639:firearms
629:such as
617:and the
410:riveting
390:grinding
365:to make
219:linearly
215:tool way
177:medieval
164:freehand
65:freehand
61:toolpath
49:grinding
4734:Commons
4650:Whipsaw
4645:Sawmill
4538:Varnish
4533:Thermal
4508:Lacquer
4443:Binding
4412:Chamfer
4279:Biscuit
4245:Surform
4137:Whipsaw
4107:Keyhole
4092:Fretsaw
4072:Compass
4057:Bucksaw
4047:Bandsaw
4042:Backsaw
4024:Sawbuck
3994:F-clamp
3989:C-clamp
3863:Jointer
3767:Plywood
3719:Zebrano
3659:Ovankol
3624:Meranti
3612:African
3583:Linden
3538:Hickory
3493:Cedrela
3488:Camphor
3483:Bubinga
3478:Boxwood
3458:Bilinga
3443:Avodire
3360:Juniper
3345:Cypress
3220:Luthier
3109:History
3032:Masonry
3022:Kitchen
2893:Hacksaw
2832:Machine
2790:Welding
2760:Forming
2750:Casting
2682:Wiggler
2672:Mandrel
2642:Fixture
2604:Turning
2599:Skiving
2559:Milling
2534:Hobbing
2456:Sanding
2451:Lapping
2378:lapping
2106:3456642
1669:Thibaut
999:Bandsaw
535:History
510:(for a
508:treadle
414:presses
406:swaging
339:newtons
245:vectors
200:spindle
185:spindle
37:machine
4640:Hewing
4379:Splice
4334:Halved
4329:Groove
4324:Finger
4304:Coping
4289:Bridle
4266:Joints
4147:Planes
4132:Veneer
4122:Scroll
4117:Ripsaw
4102:Jigsaw
4077:Coping
3976:Clamps
3903:Square
3893:Shaper
3888:Router
3868:Mallet
3843:Gimlet
3818:Chisel
3714:Willow
3704:Walnut
3694:Totara
3684:Sapele
3649:Poplar
3634:Padauk
3596:Merbau
3568:Jarrah
3553:Imbuia
3548:Idigbo
3513:Cumaru
3498:Cherry
3423:Anigre
3385:Spruce
3338:Cedrus
3205:Khatam
3160:Caning
3123:lumber
3042:Mining
3012:Garden
2978:Welder
2953:Shaper
2938:Planer
2863:Broach
2637:Collet
2594:Shaper
2584:Reamer
2579:Planer
2529:Facing
2494:Boring
2288:G-code
2154:
2141:250074
2139:
2104:
2096:
2070:
2060:
2037:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1984:
1976:
1966:
1943:
1934:
1907:
1897:
1868:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1787:
1746:
1736:
1648:
1610:
1589:
1569:
1230:Safety
1089:, and
1015:Planer
994:Shaper
854:cranks
802:, and
800:shaper
758:, and
685:; and
661:, and
655:marine
647:clocks
611:lathes
516:shaper
451:, and
430:import
426:export
359:person
353:, and
343:pounds
294:, and
273:servos
266:. The
223:length
173:lathes
45:boring
4775:Tools
4518:Paint
4427:Ovolo
4422:Ogive
4407:Bevel
4374:Scarf
4359:Miter
4127:Table
4112:Miter
4087:Frame
4004:Gripe
3920:Speed
3916:Miter
3848:Gauge
3838:Float
3833:Fence
3828:Drill
3786:Tools
3709:Wenge
3699:Utile
3664:Ramin
3619:Maple
3591:Lovoa
3563:Iroko
3533:Hazel
3518:Ebony
3463:Birch
3453:Beech
3448:Balsa
3438:Aspen
3433:Apple
3413:Alder
3370:Kauri
3365:Larch
3327:Cedar
3310:Woods
3285:Treen
3047:Power
2908:Lathe
2838:tools
2713:Swarf
2632:Chuck
2326:Drill
1709:(PDF)
1698:(PDF)
1336:Swarf
1022:mills
971:Lathe
922:drill
864:, or
512:lathe
394:swarf
335:value
304:value
158:Many
76:below
35:is a
4417:Ogee
4402:Bead
4344:Knee
4314:Dado
4294:Butt
4034:Saws
3946:Vise
3883:Rasp
3808:Adze
3689:Teak
3644:Plum
3639:Pear
3400:Hard
3380:Rimu
3375:Pine
3319:Soft
3119:Wood
3017:Hand
2928:Mill
2834:and
2273:2.5D
2152:LCCN
2137:OCLC
2102:OCLC
2094:LCCN
2068:LCCN
2058:ISBN
2035:OCLC
2027:LCCN
2017:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1982:OCLC
1974:LCCN
1964:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1932:LCCN
1905:LCCN
1895:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1849:)..
1843:ISBN
1835:LCCN
1826:LCCN
1785:LCCN
1769:NBER
1744:OCLC
1734:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1010:Saws
966:Hone
667:Watt
659:rail
601:and
527:and
482:The
475:and
459:and
428:and
402:dies
388:and
4543:Wax
4513:Oil
4349:Lap
4284:Box
4052:Bow
3924:Try
3803:Axe
3757:OSB
3752:MDF
3629:Oak
3558:IpĂŞ
3523:Elm
3428:Ash
3390:Yew
3355:Fir
2898:Hob
2652:Jig
2310:and
2283:CAM
2278:CAD
1252:.
1198:.
1159:.
1114:.
1059:add
905:or
709:or
673:);
671:Roe
645:);
565:by
329:or
300:why
240:cam
126:by
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2025:,
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1951:.
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1470:^
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