Adolf Hitler's rise to power

1060: 1200: 1735: 33: 1747: 1018: 1522: 916:(DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast. 646: 783:

it. Hitler attended the "committee" meeting held at the run-down Alte Rosenbad beerhouse. Later Hitler wrote that joining the fledgling party "...was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. ... I registered as a member of the German Workers' Party and received a provisional membership card with the number 7". Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. However, in this case, Hitler had Captain Mayr's permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks.

332: 1455:, the Nazis won 37.3% of the popular vote (13,745,000 votes), an upswing by 19 percent, becoming the largest party in the Reichstag, with 230 out of 608 seats. Dwarfed by Hitler's electoral gains, the KPD turned away from legal means and increasingly towards violence. One resulting battle in Silesia resulted in the army being dispatched, each shot sending Germany further into a potential civil war. By this time both sides marched into each other's strongholds hoping to spark a rivalry. The attacks continued and reached fever pitch when SA leader Axel Schaffeld was assassinated on 1 August. 3506: 756: 57: 1072:. He received friendly treatment from the guards; he had a room with a view of the river, wore a tie, had regular visitors to his chambers, was allowed mail from supporters and was permitted the use of a private secretary. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, after serving just nine months, against the state prosecutor's objections. Hitler used the time in Landsberg Prison to reconsider his political strategy and dictate the first volume of 1233: 1294:

campaigning across the country, even outside of election time. From 1931 to 1933, the Nazis combined terror tactics with conventional campaigning – Hitler criss-crossed the nation by air, while SA troops paraded in the streets, beat up opponents, and broke up their meetings. Systematic statistical analyses demonstrate that voters responded the way they do in most modern elections, which explains why certain identifiable groups turned to the Nazis and others turned away.

1133:, the Nazi Party achieved just 12 seats in the Reichstag. The highest provincial gain was again in Bavaria (5.1%), though in three areas the Nazis failed to gain even 1% of the vote. Overall, the party gained 2.6% of the vote (810,100 votes). Partially due to the poor results, Hitler decided that Germans needed to know more about his goals. Despite being discouraged by his publisher, he wrote a second book that was discovered and released posthumously as the 7330: 6043: 851: 1314: 590:. While some sections of German society were united by this, many industrial workers rallied to the SDP. Historians have expressed that as the German state was still very new at the time, it was therefore impressionable; Bismarck's strategy of confrontation rather than consensus set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement. 1649:("piece of scenery/decoration") of the new government. German newspapers wrote that, without doubt, the Hitler-led government would try to fight its political enemies (the left-wing parties), but that it would be impossible to establish a dictatorship in Germany because there was "a barrier, over which violence cannot proceed" and because of the German nation being proud of "the freedom of speech and thought". Benno Reifenberg of the 503:, albeit short of an absolute majority. 1933 was a pivotal year for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Traditionally, the leader of the party who held the most seats in the Reichstag was appointed Chancellor. However, President von Hindenburg was hesitant to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Following several backroom negotiations – which included industrialists, Hindenburg's son, the former chancellor 937:, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Hitler and Esser were arrested and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, "It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak". 1589:, a letter signed by 22 important representatives of industry, finance and agriculture, asking Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after the parliamentary elections of July and November 1932 had not resulted in the formation of a majority government – despite the fact that Hitler had been Hindenburg's opponent in the 637:, in which he argued that effeminate Jewish–Christian ethics were enfeebling Europe, and that Germany was in need of an uncompromising strongman to restore itself and build an empire. Learning from the failed coup, he decided on the tactic of pursuing power through legal means rather than seizing control of the government by force against the state and instead proclaimed a strictly legal course. 1434:, a vehement anti-Semite, in charge of the Berlin SA. The deaths mounted, with many more on the Rotfront side, and by the end of 1931 the SA had suffered 47 deaths and the Rotfront recorded losses of approximately 80 killed. Street fights and beer hall battles resulting in deaths occurred throughout February and April 1932, all against the backdrop of Adolf Hitler's competition in the 1310:

clashes with Nazis on the streets, but Moscow had directed the Communist Party to prioritise destruction of the Social Democrats, seeing more danger in them as a rival for the loyalty of the working class. Nevertheless, wrote Bullock, the heaviest responsibility lay with the German right wing, who "forsook a true conservatism" and made Hitler their partner in a coalition government.

580:'s process of "negative integration" as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism. Bismarck sought to prevent the religious and political divisions in early Germany by rallying the populace against a common enemy. Initially Bismarck ran a campaign against the Catholic church from 1873 to the late 1870s, referred to as 522:. Once enacted this law gave the German government the power to override individual rights prescribed by the constitution, and vested the Chancellor (Hitler) with emergency powers to pass and enforce laws without parliamentary oversight. The law came into force in March and by April, Hitler held de facto dictatorial powers and used them to order the construction of the first 586:, questioning whether they were loyal to Berlin or other Catholic states. Instead of uniting German people, it instead resulted in a bolstering of support to the Catholic church, alienating an important religious minority. In 1878, Bismarck then introduced a number of anti-socialist laws that would be in effect from 1878 to 1890 in an attempt to alienate the 2034:"I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... n ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades back to their people and fatherland." 1190:. Goebbels seized upon the attack (and the weeks Wessel spent on his deathbed) to publicize the song, and the funeral was used as an anti-Communist propaganda opportunity for the Nazis. In May, Goebbels was convicted of "libeling" President Hindenburg and fined 800 marks. The conviction stemmed from a 1929 article by Goebbels in his newspaper 1703:, British Ambassador in Berlin, began to revise their opinions. On 22 February 1933, he wrote, "Hitler may be no statesman but he is an uncommonly clever and audacious demagogue and fully alive to every popular instinct", and he informed the Foreign Office that he had no doubt that the Nazis had "come to stay". On receiving the dispatch 946:. After Hitler had spoken for some time, the meeting erupted into a melée in which a small company of SA defeated the opposition. For his part in these events, Hitler was eventually sentenced in January 1922 to three months' imprisonment for "breach of the peace", but only spent a little over one month at Stadelheim Prison in Munich. 689:. In this political chaos Berlin sent in the military – called the "White Guards of Capitalism" by the communists. On 3 April 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and again on 15 April. During this time, he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and not to join either side. 1475:) were tried. Hitler appeared at the trial as a defence witness, but on 22 August the five were convicted and sentenced to death. On appeal, this sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in early September. They served just over four months before Hitler freed all imprisoned Nazis in a 1933 amnesty. 1785:

The Act did not infringe upon the powers of the President, and Hitler would not fully achieve full dictatorial power until after the death of Hindenburg in August 1934. Journalists and diplomats wondered whether Hitler could appoint himself President, who might succeed him as Chancellor, and what the

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failed to stop the Nazi rise. Germany's Weimar political system made it difficult for chancellors to govern with a stable parliamentary majority, and successive chancellors instead relied on the president's emergency powers to govern. In 1931 the Nazi Party altered its strategy to engage in perpetual

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An unprecedented amount of money was thrown behind the campaign and political success increased the party's momentum as it recorded over 100,000 new members in the next few months following the election. Well over one million pamphlets were produced and distributed; sixty trucks were commandeered for

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In June 1919, Hitler was moved to the demobilization office of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. Around this time the German military command released an edict that the army's main priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of

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At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain

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Both within Germany and abroad, there were initially few fears that Hitler could use his position to establish his later dictatorial single-party regime. Rather, the conservatives that helped to make him chancellor were convinced that they could control Hitler and "tame" the Nazi Party while setting

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On 13 April 1932, following the presidential elections, the German government banned the Nazi Party paramilitaries, the SA and the SS, on the basis of the Emergency Decree for the Preservation of State Authority. This action was prompted by details uncovered by the Prussian police that indicated the

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became commander of the 6th Battalion of the guards' regiment in Munich and from 30 May the head of the "Education and Propaganda Department" of the General Command von Oven and the Group Command No. 4 (Department Ib). In this capacity as head of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as

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Employing his characteristic mix of negotiation and intimidation, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. With Nazi paramilitary encircling the building, he said: "It

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Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party. Within a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a member and he should come to a "committee" meeting to discuss

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statute on "acts of political violence", increasing the penalty to "lifetime imprisonment, 20 years hard labour or death". Special courts were announced to try such offences. When in power less than half a year later, Hitler would use this legislation against his opponents with devastating effect.

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By early 1920, the DAP had grown to over 101 members, and Hitler received his membership card as member number 555 (the numbers started from 501). Hitler's considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of

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As the Nazi Party was now the largest party in the Reichstag, it was entitled to select the President of the Reichstag and were able to elect Göring for the post. Energised by the success, Hitler asked to be made chancellor. Hitler was offered the job of vice-chancellor by Chancellor Papen at the

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maintained its voting block, but was preoccupied with defending its own particular interests and wrote Bullock: "through 1932–3 ... was so far from recognizing the danger of a Nazi dictatorship that it continued to negotiate with the Nazis". The Communists meanwhile were engaging in violent

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was important as it gained the Nazi Party recognition and credibility it had never had before. In the late 1920s, seeing the party's lack of breakthrough into the mainstream, Goebbels proposed that instead of focusing all of their propaganda in major cities where there was competition from other

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In retrospect, Hitler's rise to power was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members willing to do the same. The party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer. Street battles and

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was officially crushed on 6 May, when Lieutenant General Burghard von Oven and his forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a fellow liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser". Other testimony he gave to the military board of

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Apparently someone in an army "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a right-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper"

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and the existence of non-Nazi political parties and organisations. Non-Nazi parties were formally outlawed on 14 July 1933, and the Reichstag abdicated its democratic responsibilities. Hindenburg remained commander-in-chief of the military and retained the power to negotiate foreign treaties.

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in a white circle on a red background. He was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the Nazi Party. Although the NSDAP claimed that Hitler received no income from them and lived on the fees he received from public speaking at non-party events, he was actually

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The membership numbers were artificially started at 501 because the DAP wanted to make itself look larger than it actually was. The membership numbers were also apparently issued alphabetically, and not chronologically, so one cannot infer that Hitler was in fact the party's 55th member.

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one year later. After the coup's failure, Hitler was arrested and put on trial. The trial proved to be a blessing in disguise for Hitler, as it garnered him national fame. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but would only serve nine months. During this time, Hitler wrote

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Toland suggests that Hitler's assignment to this department was partially a reward for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially because the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required.

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re-enacted its ban on Brownshirts. Days after the ban, SA-men shot dead two communists in a street fight, which led to a ban being placed on the public speaking of Goebbels, who sidestepped the prohibition by recording speeches and playing them to an audience in his absence.

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in Munich, Hitler and his deputies announced their plan: Bavarian government officials would be deposed, and Hitler installed at the head of government, with Munich then used as a base camp from which to march on Berlin. Nearly 2,000 Nazi Party members proceeded to the

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After Chancellor Papen left office, he secretly told Hitler that he still held considerable sway with President Hindenburg and that he would make Hitler chancellor as long as he, Papen, could be the vice chancellor. Another notable event was the publication of the

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home to Austria, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, and did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; therefore, he was unable to run for public office. Hitler gained German citizenship after being appointed a

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monarchy – on Sunday morning, 10 November, by a pastor attending to patients. Days after digesting this traumatic news, by his own account Hitler made his decision: "... my own fate became known to me ... I ... decided to go into politics."

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The aggrieved Papen opened negotiations with Hitler, proposing a Nazi-Nationalist Coalition. Having nearly outmaneuvered Hitler, only to be trounced by Schleicher, Papen turned his attentions on defeating Schleicher, and concluded an agreement with Hitler.

1364:. In the aftermath of the election, Papen proposed ruling by decree while drafting a new electoral system, with an upper house. Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Papen, and Schleicher himself became Chancellor, promising to form a workable coalition. 518:, which severely curtailed the liberties and rights of German citizens. Using the decree, Hitler began eliminating his political opponents. Following its passage, Hitler began arguing for more drastic means to curtail political opposition and proposed the 1438:

which pitted him against the monumentally popular Hindenburg. In the first round on 13 March, Hitler had polled over 11 million votes but was still behind Hindenburg. The second and final round took place on 10 April: Hitler (36.8% 13,418,547) lost to

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After some reflection, Hitler had determined that power was to be achieved not through revolution outside of the government, but rather through what he called "the path of legality" within the confines of the democratic system established by Weimar.

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and others, through amalgamation of other groups, on 5 January 1919 at a small gathering at the restaurant Fuerstenfelder Hof in Munich. While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist,

1184:. The attack occurred after an argument with his landlady, who was a member of the KPD and contacted one of her Rotfront friends, Albert Hochter, who shot Wessel. Wessel had penned a song months before which would become a Nazi anthem as the 1774:

is for you, gentlemen of the Reichstag to decide between war and peace". The Centre Party, having obtained promises of non-interference in religion, joined with conservatives in voting for the Act (only the Social Democrats voted against).

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SA was ready for a takeover of power by force after an election of Hitler. The lifting of the ban and staging of new elections were the price Hitler demanded in exchange for his support of a new cabinet. The law was repealed on 16 June by

1493:" and urged the Communists to devote their energies to the destruction of the moderate left. As a result, the KPD, following orders from Moscow, rejected overtures from the Social Democrats to form a political alliance against the NSDAP. 1360:, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag, yet without a majority. Hitler withdrew support for Papen and demanded the Chancellorship. He was refused by Hindenburg. Papen dissolved Parliament, and the Nazi vote declined at the 898:. Only Hitler was able to bring in the crowds for the party speeches and meetings. By this time, the police were already monitoring the speeches, and their own surviving records reveal that Hitler delivered lectures with titles such as 673:

as a guard. He remained there until the camp dissolved in January 1919, after which he returned to Munich and spent a couple weeks on guard duty at the city's main train station (Hauptbahnhof) through which soldiers had been traveling.

1674:) wrote that "as a matter of course" the Jewish community faces the new government "with the largest mistrust", but at the same they were convinced that "nobody would dare to touch constitutional rights". The Jewish German newspaper 1669:

Even within the Jewish German community, in spite of Hitler not hiding his ardent antisemitism, the worries appear to have been limited. In a declaration of 30 January, the steering committee of the central Jewish German organization

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The trial began in February 1924. Hitler endeavored to turn the tables and put democracy and the Weimar Republic on trial as traitors to the German people. Hitler was convicted and on 1 April sentenced to five years' imprisonment at

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The loss of my Austrian citizenship is not painful to me, as I never felt as an Austrian citizen but always as a German only. ... It was this mentality that made me draw the ultimate conclusion and do military service in the German

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was Chancellor from 1930 to 1932. Brüning and Hitler were unable to reach terms of co-operation, but Brüning himself increasingly governed with the support of the President and Army over that of the parliament. The 84-year-old

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represented the Nazi Party in the Presidential elections. He earned 280,000 votes (1.1%) and was the only candidate to poll fewer than a million votes. The battles on the streets grew increasingly violent. After the Rotfront

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was also a factor in Hitler's electoral success. Against this legal backdrop, the SA began its first major anti-Jewish action on 13 October 1930, when groups of Nazi brownshirts smashed the windows of Jewish-owned stores at

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interrupted a speech by Hitler, the SA marched into the streets of Nuremberg and killed two bystanders. Seeking revenge, the SA also stormed a Rotfront meeting on 25 August and days later the Berlin headquarters of the

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inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the military that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor." For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avoid discharge when his unit was disbanded in May 1919.

460:, while proselytizing their desire to turn Germany into a world power. At this time, most Germans were indifferent to Hitler's rhetoric as the German economy was beginning to recover in large part due to loans from the 507:, and Hitler – Hindenburg acquiesced and on 30 January 1933, he formally appointed Adolf Hitler as Germany's new chancellor. Although he was chancellor, Hitler was not yet an absolute dictator. 1798:

on the day of Hindenburg's death, swearing unconditional obedience to Hitler personally, not to the office or nation. A large majority approved of combining the two roles in the person of Hitler through the

386:(DAP; German Workers' Party). He rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of its most popular speakers, he was made the party leader after he threatened to otherwise leave. 1762:, again no single party secured a majority. Hitler required the vote of the Centre Party and Conservatives in the Reichstag to obtain the powers he desired. He called on Reichstag members to vote for the 1470:

The law was applied almost immediately but did not bring the perpetrators behind the recent massacres to trial as expected. Instead, five SA men who were alleged to have murdered a KPD member in Potempa

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brought the German economy to a halt and further polarized German politics. Hitler and the Nazis began to exploit the crisis and loudly criticized the ruling government. During this tumultuous time, the

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and other political opponents. Hitler's rise to power was completed in August 1934 when, following the death of President von Hindenburg, Hitler merged the chancellery with the presidency and became

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Feder had formed the German Fighting League for the Breaking of Interest Slavery. The notion of "Breaking Interest Slavery" was, by Hitler's account, a "powerful slogan for this coming struggle."

1260:. The Nazis and Communists between them secured almost 40% of Reichstag seats, which required the moderate parties to consider negotiations with anti-democrats. "The Communists", wrote historian 1462:

In his position of Reichstag president, Göring asked that decisive measures be taken by the government over the spate of murders of Nazi Party members. On 9 August, amendments were made to the

3025:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record". 1507: 560:

Once the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established, the Nazis themselves created a mythology surrounding their rise to power. German propaganda described this time period as either the

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According to Shirer, the seemingly preposterous "South German nation" idea actually had some popularity in Munich in the politically raucous atmosphere of Bavaria following the war.

1196:. In June, Goebbels was charged with high treason by the prosecutor in Leipzig based on statements Goebbels had made in 1927, but after a four-month investigation it came to naught. 5316: 912:

were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich, its organizational home. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival

669:. Arriving on 21 November, he was assigned to 7th Company of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a prisoner-of-war camp in 1777:

The Act allowed Hitler and his Cabinet to rule by emergency decree for four years, though Hindenburg remained President. Hitler immediately set about abolishing the powers of the

1345:, as Minister handling army and navy matters hoped to harness their support. With Schleicher's backing, and Hitler's stated approval, Hindenburg appointed the Catholic monarchist 1211:. The Nazis thereby became the second-largest party in Germany, and as historian Joseph Bendersky notes, they essentially became the "dominant political force on the right". 1742:, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. 6153: 880:("Storm Detachment") or SA, and by November 1921 the group was officially known by that name. Also in 1920, Hitler began to lecture in Munich beer halls, particularly the 1443:(53.0% 19,359,983) while the KPD candidate Thälmann gained a meagre percentage of the vote (10.2% 3,706,759). At this time, the Nazi Party had just over 800,000 members. 661:, although he was not yet a German citizen. For over four years (August 1914 – November 1918), Germany was a major participant in World War I. After fighting on the 819:

propaganda for the party in early 1920 and his actions began to transform the party. He organised their biggest meeting yet, of 2,000 people, on 24 February 1920 in the

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Hess participated in the putsch, but escaped police custody following its abortive end. He initially fled to Austria, but later turned himself in to the authorities.

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regiment, where he served on the front lines as a runner. He was wounded twice in action; at the time of the Armistice, he was recovering in a German hospital (in

1622:("take-over of power"), reflecting that the transfer of power took place within the existing constitutional framework and suggesting that the process was legal. 1482:, but remained the Reichstag's largest party, with 196 seats (33.1%). The Social Democrats (SPD) won 121 seats (20.4%) and the Communists (KPD) won 100 (16.9%). 7367: 1708: 1600:

On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor,

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It is a hopeless misjudgement to think that one could force a dictatorial regime upon the nation. The diversity of the German people calls for democracy.

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the relevant impulses in the government themselves; foreign ambassadors played down worries by emphasizing that Hitler was "mediocre" if not a bad copy of

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suffered severe losses to the Nazis at the polls. The Social Democrats were essentially a conservative trade union party, with ineffectual leadership. The

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helped the SA to illegally procure a barracks and its weaponry, but the order to march never came, possibly because Hitler had been warned by Army General

6388: 1113:, the National Socialist Freedom Movement lost 18 seats, only holding on to 14 seats, with 3% (907,242) of the electorate voting for Hitler's party. The 1052:

and four police officers were killed in the ensuing violence. Hitler briefly escaped the city but was arrested on 11 November 1923, and put on trial for

767:, the speaker, a crank economist with whom Hitler was acquainted due to a lecture Feder delivered in an army "education" course. The audience member (in 1770:"temporarily" by the passage of the Act. The law gave him the freedom to act without parliamentary consent and even without constitutional limitations. 779:

to form a new South German nation. The volatile Hitler arose and scolded the man, eventually causing him to leave the meeting before its adjournment.

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Papen was to serve as Vice-Chancellor in a majority conservative Cabinet – still falsely believing that he could "tame" Hitler. Initially, Papen did

1608:(and Minister of the Interior for Prussia). The SA and SS led torchlit parades throughout Berlin. It is this event that would become termed Hitler's 920: 172: 4763: 1889:

The Armistice, ceasing active hostilities, was signed and effective 11 November 1918. Hitler, in hospital at the time, was informed of the upcoming

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ended in November 1918, Hitler was discharged on 19 November from the Pasewalk hospital and returned to Munich, which at the time was in a state of

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behest of President Hindenburg, but he refused. Hitler saw this offer as placing him in a position of "playing second fiddle" in the government.

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Hitler, armed with his newfound celebrity, began furiously campaigning. During the 1920s, Hitler and the Nazis ran on a platform consisting of

168: 1614:("seizure of power"). The term was originally used by some Nazis to suggest a revolutionary process, though Hitler, and others, used the word 6148: 5812: 4180: 957:

In 1922 and early 1923, Hitler and the Nazi Party formed two organizations that would grow to have huge significance. The first began as the

356: 929:. This federalist organization objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution but accepted its social program. The League was led by 6143: 706:

an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Captain Mayr, "national thinking" courses were arranged at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld near

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also began campaigning and called for a revolution. Business leaders, fearful of a communist takeover, began supporting the Nazi Party.

7115: 1758:, the Nazis began to suspend civil liberties and eliminate political opposition. The Communists were excluded from the Reichstag. At the 1207:

Against this backdrop, Hitler's party gained a significant victory in the Reichstag, obtaining 107 seats (18.3%, 6,409,600 votes) in the

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Hitler addresses the German nation in a call of the Reichsregierung, broadcast over all German transmitters on 1 February the same year.

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was also wounded in an attack. Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß and the conservative MP

7093: 1199: 7352: 7226: 7178: 6781: 6023: 5749: 5478: 3115:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941 1704: 178: 1394:

When Hitler's citizenship became a matter of public discussion in 1924, he had a public declaration printed on 16 October 1924:

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On 14 September 1921, Hitler and a substantial number of SA members and other Nazi Party adherents disrupted a meeting of the

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During the 12 September 1919 meeting, Hitler took umbrage with comments made by an audience member that were directed against

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Hatfield, Douglas W. (1981). "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform".

3916: 3897: 3849: 3826: 3802: 3783: 3757: 3733: 3711: 3689: 3122: 3061: 3036: 2182: 2153: 1479: 1361: 1110: 872:). Later in August 1921, Hitler redefined the group, which became known as the "Gymnastic and Sports Division" of the party ( 227: 7110: 6168: 5435: 5348: 5290: 1252:

heralded worldwide economic disaster. The people of Germany, tired of the old economic systems voted for the Nazis and the

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use in Berlin alone. In areas where Nazi campaigning was less rigorous, the total share of the vote was as low as 9%. The

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was the proper strategy to seize control of the German government. In May 1923, small elements loyal to Hitler within the

5729: 5722: 4725: 1098: 331: 289: 397:). Hitler chose this name to win over left-wing German workers. Despite the NSDAP being a right-wing party, it had many 7149: 6175: 5764: 5686: 5281: 4962: 1902: 1759: 1711:, concluded that if Hitler eventually gained the upper hand, "then another European war within measurable distance". 1017: 587: 232: 1264:, "openly announced that they would prefer to see the Nazis in power rather than lift a finger to save the republic". 710:, with Hitler attending from 10 to 19 July. During this time Hitler so impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti- 5817: 5774: 1594: 1590: 1452: 1435: 1357: 496: 488: 349: 279: 222: 217: 5617: 1968:

camp to the East, near the Austrian border. The prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting.

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in February 1933. Asserting that the communists were behind the arson, Hitler convinced von Hindenburg to pass the

1173:

political movements, they should instead begin holding rallies in rural areas where they would be more effective.

405:

elements. Hitler later initiated a purge of these elements and reaffirmed the Nazi Party's pro-business stance.

7300: 6478: 6158: 6028: 5843: 5789: 5734: 5504: 5425: 5353: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4802: 4130: 1832: 1700: 623:, and Hitler at first saw revolution in Bavaria as a means to power. An early attempt at a coup d'état, the 1923 269: 253: 248: 17: 6163: 5794: 5744: 2177:

Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 68.

1714:

With Germans who opposed Nazism failing to unite against it, Hitler soon moved to consolidate absolute power:

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political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement.

1377: 1117:

was often used later in Nazi propaganda, both as an electoral strategy and as an appeal to anti-Semitism.

631:, proved fruitless, however, and Hitler was imprisoned for leading the putsch. He used this time to write 6915: 5754: 5097: 662: 500: 6950: 1794:". Only Hitler, as head of state, could dismiss Hitler as head of the government. All soldiers took the 1790:

or expect that he would combine the two positions of President and Chancellor into one office with the "

1526:

On 30 January 1933, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Reichskanzler. The new

7129: 7015: 6636: 6383: 6228: 5908: 5379: 4886: 3747: 1894: 1837: 1605: 1253: 1161: 827: 543: 481: 6434: 940:

Less than two months later, 4 November 1921, the Nazi Party held a large public meeting in the Munich

645: 56: 7059: 5868: 5784: 5739: 4631: 1249: 527: 472: 300: 284: 1593:

only 9 months earlier. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the

1383: 1154: 1140: 7357: 7272: 7216: 7000: 6986: 6516: 6429: 6353: 6279: 6255: 6223: 5894: 5326: 4896: 4881: 3721: 2882: 2231: 1842: 1817: 1787: 1630: 1290: 982:(Shock Troop-Hitler). This early incarnation of a bodyguard unit for Hitler would later become the 736: 693: 602: 523: 382: 6920: 5107: 5000: 4528: 1893:

and the other consequences of Germany's defeat and surrender in the field – including Kaiser

1633:

in 1934, he no longer dared criticise the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.

7267: 7221: 7173: 6975: 5027: 4942: 2097:, Hitler makes explicit reference to his being the seventh party member and he notes the same in 1928: 1486: 1409: 126: 7039: 6860: 6721: 6549: 6398: 6138: 5988: 5779: 5717: 5207: 5202: 4947: 1943:) from temporary blindness that had resulted from a mid-October British gas attack at the last 1800: 1502: 1169: 1109:

the party gained seats in the Reichstag, with 6.6% (1,918,329) voting for the Movement. In the

913: 495:; nonetheless, he achieved a strong showing of second place in both rounds. Following this, in 274: 5565: 1997:

in November 1918, which led to his being described as "the symbol of the Bavarian revolution".

1349:

to replace Brüning as Chancellor in June 1932. Papen had been active in the resurgence of the

547: 7315: 7072: 6711: 6661: 6656: 6047: 5976: 5875: 5539: 5464: 5372: 5295: 5286: 5018: 4753: 3699: 2313: 2311: 1944: 1306: 1039: 894: 654: 515: 453: 164: 3860: 1866:

Despite his receipt of several medals and decorations (including twice with the prestigious

1690: 1676: 609:– after the First World War, and set the violent tone of the movement early, by forming the 7305: 7198: 7088: 6870: 6274: 6074: 5952: 5901: 5854: 5472: 5459: 5447: 5311: 5237: 4876: 4563: 4479:

Stachura, Peter D., ed. (2015) . "Introduction: Weimar National Socialism and Historians".

4185: 2047:

Held, like so many meetings of the period, in a beer cellar, this time the Sterneckerbrau.

1763: 1739: 1585: 1404: 1298: 1048:

in Munich's city center, where they were met by a police cordon summoned to obstruct them.

925: 901: 658: 519: 457: 313: 103: 6704: 6699: 2308: 1610: 433:. Once released, Hitler switched tactics, opting to instead seize power through legal and 8: 7245: 7078: 6490: 6459: 6294: 5958: 5861: 5848: 5576: 5232: 5187: 4982: 4866: 4795: 4122: 2281: 2266: 2093: 1651: 1558: 1440: 1342: 1334: 1322: 492: 6471: 1341:, was reluctant to take action to suppress the Nazis, while the ambitious Major-General 1329: 1168:, a KPD stronghold, and the two warring parties exchanged pistol and revolver fire. The 978: 838:(National Socialist German Workers' Party), later known to the rest of the world as the 775:

should be wholly independent from Germany and should secede from Germany and unite with

7295: 7005: 6940: 6736: 6621: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6544: 6368: 6126: 5915: 5887: 5009: 4664: 4614: 4401: 4163: 4155: 3943: 3704:

The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Consequences of National Socialism

1297:

A middle-class liberal party strong enough to block the Nazis did not exist – the

1283: 786: 408:

By 1922 Hitler's control over the party was unchallenged, and he attempted a coup, the

6410: 5642: 4764:"'Why I became a Nazi': Essays from 1934 highlight women's role in the rise of Hitler" 3957:

The Death of Democracy: Hitler's Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic

1353:. He had fallen out with the Centre Party. He hoped ultimately to outmaneuver Hitler. 640: 7255: 7250: 7083: 6830: 6759: 6584: 6464: 6363: 6284: 6245: 5341: 5172: 5162: 4901: 4731: 4710: 4691: 4636: 4606: 4575: 4549: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4396: 4382: 4363: 4344: 4325: 4306: 4287: 4279: 4261: 4242: 4223: 4201: 4167: 4147: 4107: 4088: 4069: 4022: 4003: 3984: 3960: 3912: 3893: 3845: 3822: 3798: 3779: 3772: 3753: 3729: 3707: 3685: 3118: 3057: 3032: 2890: 2239: 2178: 1986: 1906: 1778: 1186: 577: 131: 37: 6850: 5157: 4037: 3335: 1870:, both First and Second Class), Hitler was promoted in rank only once, to corporal ( 888: 856: 677:

During this time a number of notable Germans were assassinated, including socialist

41: 7279: 7098: 7064: 7044: 6965: 6890: 6835: 6731: 6609: 6444: 6337: 6214: 6000: 5769: 5637: 5257: 5217: 5177: 4861: 4598: 4139: 3935: 3812: 3767: 3054:

Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

2199: 1638: 1413: 1216: 1147: 1069: 1030: 989: 930: 686: 624: 476: 449: 409: 93: 6960: 6502: 5417: 1282:". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the " 7333: 7288: 7049: 7020: 6935: 6930: 6910: 6880: 6845: 6748: 6741: 6626: 6327: 6067: 5632: 5247: 5152: 5137: 5122: 4523: 4123:"Ordinary Economic Voting Behavior in the Extraordinary Election of Adolf Hitler" 4062: 2878: 2227: 1822: 1642: 1490: 1448: 1346: 1318: 1221: 1007: 909: 764: 755: 749: 504: 398: 373: 5590: 4906: 4568: 7262: 7134: 7010: 6955: 6945: 6901: 6810: 6790: 6579: 6556: 6449: 6347: 6332: 6289: 6189: 5881: 5759: 5662: 5627: 5514: 5127: 4911: 4871: 4839: 4788: 4626: 1827: 1812: 1767: 1755: 1626: 1566: 1350: 1279: 1236:

Leon Trotsky was an early observer on the rise of far-right phenomenon such as

1181: 1180:

was fatally shot in the face at point-blank range by two members of the KPD in

1114: 611: 553: 511: 441: 199: 189: 121: 98: 6800: 6768: 5182: 5117: 5063: 4258:

Diplomacy Between the Wars: Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World

4143: 4121:

King, Gary; Rosen, Ori; Tanner, Martin; Wagner, Alexander F. (December 2008).

1931:

to Austrian parents, was not a German citizen, but had managed to enlist in a

1738:

Adolf Hitler addressing the Reichstag on 23 March 1933. Seeking assent to the

942: 933:, an engineer whom Hitler regarded as "my most dangerous opponent". One Nazi, 882: 657:, the 25-year-old Austrian-born Hitler enlisted in a Bavarian regiment of the 7346: 7183: 6885: 6820: 6805: 6692: 6683: 6572: 6521: 6511: 6439: 6322: 6301: 6199: 5964: 5926: 5580: 5529: 5252: 5222: 5197: 5142: 5084: 4977: 4932: 4916: 4827: 4610: 4275: 4215: 4151: 3876: 1601: 1527: 1498: 1472: 1417: 1275: 1146:

At the end of 1928, party membership was recorded at 130,000. In March 1929,

993: 984: 934: 794: 740: 461: 264: 194: 6865: 5696: 5607: 5212: 1427: 7144: 6970: 6925: 6875: 6855: 6840: 6795: 6726: 6651: 6495: 6378: 6317: 6262: 6250: 6133: 5994: 5970: 5946: 5940: 5692: 5524: 5519: 5395: 5331: 5242: 5147: 5112: 5102: 5092: 4937: 4833: 4683: 3974: 3939: 3743: 1910: 1562: 1267: 1261: 1241: 1237: 1177: 1135: 1053: 969: 865: 681:, who was shot dead by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. His rival 598: 445: 377: 138: 116: 70: 5054: 1786:

army would do. They did not know that the army supported Hitler after the

1629:

against some Nazi excesses. However, after narrowly escaping death in the

1143:

by marching into Communist strongholds and starting violent altercations.

7310: 6825: 6671: 6641: 6485: 6358: 5982: 5277: 5273: 5167: 5072: 5045: 5036: 4057: 1990: 1795: 1232: 1192: 1087: 1045: 1022: 847:

supported financially by several wealthy patrons and party sympathisers.

771:, Hitler disparagingly referred to him as the "professor") asserted that 744: 682: 678: 582: 402: 393:– NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the 4662: 4159: 3947: 3143: 2205: 1165: 1084:

Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice

6815: 6565: 6528: 6454: 6342: 6182: 5612: 5602: 5453: 5336: 5227: 5192: 5132: 4811: 4752:

Galofré-Vilà, G., Meissner, C., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). "

4618: 4303:

Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933

4035: 3978: 3341: 1898: 1890: 1867: 1338: 1074: 1002: 963: 839: 727: 670: 633: 606: 465: 425: 419: 394: 306: 4104:

Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and Britain's Road to War

3448: 3446: 1313: 850: 6995: 6676: 6310: 6108: 5934: 5596: 4768: 3554: 1936: 1872: 1451:, Chancellor of Germany as part of his agreement with Hitler. In the 1421: 1271: 1139:. At this time the SA began a period of deliberate antagonism to the 732: 714:"educational commando" as 1 of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919. 711: 702: 531: 434: 144: 5410: 4819: 4602: 1386:

and SA increasing, breaking all previous barriers and expectations,

787:

From early party membership to the Hofbräuhaus Melée (November 1921)

535: 110: 6666: 6631: 6373: 4589:

Turner, Henry Ashby (1969). "Big Business and the Rise of Hitler".

3443: 843: 707: 641:

From Armistice (November 1918) to party membership (September 1919)

1750:

Chart: political system in Germany after two years of dictatorship

1240:

during his final years in exile and advocated for the tactic of a

905:. At the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000. 649:

February 1919 United States news coverage of the unrest in Germany

6117: 1994: 1932: 1387: 1094: 776: 772: 701:

any new unrest can be discovered and extinguished." In May 1919,

616: 413: 2151: 949: 576:

Historians have commented on the influence of German Chancellor

471:

The German political landscape was dramatically affected by the

6537: 6393: 6090: 6006: 5682: 5672: 5488: 5364: 4891: 2854: 2758: 2572: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 1940: 1547: 1278:

which directed German Communists to treat Social Democrats as "

628: 620: 430: 4424:

The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel

4038:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 2, Chapter XVI, Part 9" 3574: 3572: 3431: 1097:, but it participated in 1924's two elections by proxy as the 864:

In 1920, a small "hall protection" squad was organised around

813:: These are the opinions of the intellectuals. We need power! 803:: The program is not the question. The only question is power. 7139: 4780: 3881:

The Fontana History of Germany: 1918–1990: The Divided Nation

3861:"Machtergreifung – Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff" 835: 3596: 3542: 3458: 3383: 2584: 2211: 1724:

Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934

1321:(left) with his eventual successor, the Minister of Defence 759:

Hitler's membership card for the German Workers' Party (DAP)

5667: 4019:

Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945

3569: 3482: 3359: 2947: 510:

The groundwork for the Nazi dictatorship was laid when the

3644: 3632: 3620: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3203: 3155: 2971: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2698: 2659: 2635: 2596: 2254: 1176:

On the evening of 14 January 1930, at around ten o'clock,

6059: 2710: 2688: 2686: 2613: 2611: 2560: 2500: 1965: 1093:

After the Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party was banned in

1025:

in Munich during the Beer Hall Putsch on 9 November 1923.

4707:

The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West, 1914–1945

4497: 3909:

Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man

3395: 3323: 3131: 2959: 2647: 2413: 2379: 2377: 2317: 2287: 2272: 2118:, but this contraction was not used by the party itself. 876:). By the autumn of 1921 the group was being called the 830:). He also engineered the name change of the DAP to the 4284:

Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader

3863:[Machtergreifung – Notes on a historical term] 3656: 3530: 3494: 3347: 2995: 2983: 2923: 2904: 2442: 2440: 1672:

Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens

823:. There Hitler announced the party's 25-point program ( 808:: Power is only the means of accomplishing the program. 3584: 3419: 3311: 3287: 3275: 3227: 3215: 3191: 3094: 3082: 3070: 2842: 2830: 2806: 2782: 2734: 2683: 2671: 2608: 2389: 1709:

Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

1699:

However, a growing number of keen observers, like Sir

1164:(KPD) itself. In September, Goebbels led his men into 4478: 4120: 3608: 3452: 3371: 3299: 3179: 3167: 3149: 2722: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2425: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2152:

Matthew Fitzpatrick; A. Dirk Moses (20 August 2018).

4443:

Stormtroopers: A New History of Hitler's Brownshirts

3407: 2935: 2818: 2746: 2623: 2488: 2437: 2401: 2296: 2154:"Nazism, socialism and the falsification of history" 2000: 1792:

Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich

1227: 6238: 4724:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) . 3518: 3007: 2794: 2770: 2187: 2067: 1576:

Hitler became the Reichskanzler of the German Reich

1382:On 10 March 1931, with street violence between the 4567: 4400: 4061: 3771: 27:Events leading to Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 4339:Nesbit, Roy Conyers; van Acker, Georges (2011) . 4044:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 3844:] (in German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 3470: 2080: 2041: 2028: 2014: 1371: 1124: 976:(Staff Guard), which in May 1923 was renamed the 452:. Nazi party leaders vociferously criticized the 7344: 4723: 2764: 2578: 1056:, which gained him widespread public attention. 868:. The group was first named the "Order troops" ( 4709:. New haven and London: Yale University Press. 4445:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4338: 4274: 4239:Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History 4000:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 3437: 2128: 1378:Franz von Papen § Bringing Hitler to power 1203:Hitler with Nazi Party members in December 1930 7105:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 4669:US. State Department – Office of the Historian 1604:Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring, 832:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 475:, which hampered economic aid to Germany. The 391:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 7368:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 6075: 5380: 4796: 4241:. Jefferson, NC; London: McFarland & Co. 2873: 2871: 2869: 1489:described all moderate left-wing parties as " 653:In 1914, after being granted permission from 350: 7286: 7277: 7124:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark 6766: 6757: 6746: 6690: 6681: 6563: 6554: 6535: 6526: 6500: 6469: 6308: 6299: 6260: 6236: 6197: 6187: 6173: 6124: 6115: 6106: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4379:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle 4341:The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality 4322:Hitler's Voice: Nazi Ideology and Propaganda 1985:As a socialist journalist, he organised the 1616: 497:July 1932 the Nazis became the largest party 4663:U.S. State Dept., Office of the Historian. 3117:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. 3056:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227. 2091:, p. 131. In a Hitler speech shown in 1286:" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party. 1105:(DVFP) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP)). In the 6082: 6068: 5387: 5373: 5322:National Political Institutes of Education 4803: 4789: 4319: 2866: 2860: 1979: 1958: 1860: 1520: 1029:A pivotal moment came when Hitler led the 842:. Hitler designed the party's banner of a 731:, both to influence other soldiers and to 605:– which he would later transform into the 593: 357: 343: 7094:German National Movement in Liechtenstein 4754:Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party. 3890:Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic 3679: 3112: 3001: 2989: 2887:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 2236:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 1883: 1729: 4459: 4357: 4300: 4255: 4016: 3997: 3925: 3875: 3792: 3766: 3684:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 3650: 3590: 3548: 3329: 3113:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). 3076: 2953: 2929: 2877: 2641: 2617: 2395: 2260: 2226: 1927:Hitler, having been born in the defunct 1745: 1733: 1312: 1270:was especially critical of the shifting 1231: 1198: 1058: 1016: 849: 754: 644: 31: 4704: 4625: 4543: 4440: 4421: 4324:. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang. 4101: 4087:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 4082: 4068:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 4056: 3742: 3698: 3662: 3602: 3578: 3536: 3488: 3389: 3365: 3353: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3137: 3100: 3088: 3051: 2977: 2941: 2883:"The Twenties and the Great Depression" 2848: 2812: 2740: 2704: 2692: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2602: 2590: 2566: 2554: 2530: 2506: 2482: 2458: 2431: 2419: 2383: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2302: 1921: 1909:in Berlin to replace the centuries-old 389:In 1920, the DAP renamed itself to the 14: 7345: 4649: 4588: 4562: 4395: 4236: 3973: 3906: 3795:The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism 3752:. New York; London: Harper Perennial. 3638: 3626: 3524: 3512: 3425: 3317: 3305: 2824: 2752: 2728: 2716: 2629: 2542: 2518: 2470: 2446: 2407: 2193: 2102: 2088: 2074: 2061: 2048: 2035: 2022: 2008: 1973: 1969: 1952: 1948: 1915: 1877: 1853: 64:This article is part of a series about 6063: 5368: 4784: 4682: 4574:. New York: Doubleday & Company. 4195: 3887: 3835: 3811: 3720: 3614: 3500: 3464: 3413: 3377: 2965: 2836: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2494: 2114:The word "Nazi" is a contraction for 2054: 1766:on 23 March 1933. Hitler was granted 7111:National Socialist Movement of Chile 5349:Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party 5291:National Democratic Party of Germany 4635:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 4516: 4500:Shadows of the Dictators: AD 1925–50 4403:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4376: 4214: 4042:Yale Law School – The Avalon Project 3954: 3869:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 3858: 3560: 3476: 3401: 3026: 3013: 2917: 2232:"The First World War and Its Legacy" 2121: 2108: 1515:Inauguration of Hitler as Chancellor 1478:The Nazi Party lost 35 seats in the 1014:troops if they attempted a putsch. 4727:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 4652:"Ruhig abwarten! (26 January 2017)" 3892:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3706:. Penguin History Series. Penguin. 3029:The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935 1099:National Socialist Freedom Movement 900:Political Phenomenon, Jews and the 798:: What is the program of the NSDAP? 717:In July 1919, Hitler was appointed 601:became involved with the fledgling 24: 7150:World Union of National Socialists 6270:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 6176:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte 4746: 4407:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3959:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2206:U.S. State Dept., "The Dawes Plan" 1063:Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch 950:From Beer Hall melée to Beer Hall 821:Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München 739:(DAP). The DAP had been formed by 542:violence also erupted between the 491:but was defeated by the incumbent 25: 7379: 7363:Rises to prominence by individual 7189:Last surviving war crime suspects 4776:Digitized biograms available here 4705:Winkler, Heinrich August (2015). 4462:Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic 3682:A Concise History of Nazi Germany 3342:IMT at Nuremberg, "Wilhelm Frick" 1905:leading to the proclamation of a 1228:Weimar parties fail to halt Nazis 1010:that "he would be fired upon" by 725:(reconnaissance commando) of the 7329: 7328: 7179:Nazi Party leaders and officials 6042: 6041: 5394: 4758:The Journal of Economic History. 4548:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4237:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008). 3797:. University Press of Kentucky. 1107:May 1924 German federal election 1103:Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei 571: 330: 55: 7301:Political views of Adolf Hitler 5354:Samoan branch of the Nazi Party 4546:Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death 4222:. London; New York: Routledge. 4131:The Journal of Economic History 3672: 3106: 3045: 3019: 1833:Political views of Adolf Hitler 1209:September 1930 federal election 996:in 1922, Hitler decided that a 908:In June 1921, while Hitler and 372:began in the newly established 7194:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler 4810: 4591:The American Historical Review 4502:. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. 4362:. London: Palgrave MacMillan. 4036:IMT at Nuremberg (1945–1946). 3983:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 3955:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2018). 3821:. New York; Toronto: Penguin. 3774:The Third Reich: A New History 3726:The Rise and Fall of Communism 2242:. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02 2171: 2145: 1595:German National People's Party 1416:, after an earlier attempt by 1372:Seizure of control (1931–1933) 1256:, who made great gains at the 1125:Move towards power (1925–1930) 1111:December 1924 federal election 968:; they would later become the 619:resented rule from Protestant 564:(the time of struggle) or the 538:, the sole leader of Germany. 13: 1: 7135:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) 4519:"Germany: Second Revolution?" 4360:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler 3842:The Coming Of The Third Reich 3818:The Coming of the Third Reich 3680:Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). 3027:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986). 1848: 1453:federal election of July 1932 1086:), principally to his deputy 1037:on 8–9 November 1923. At the 854:Hitler's first office in the 7353:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 7169:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler 6420:Aestheticization of politics 4857:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 4002:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2765:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 2579:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 2138: 615:(SA) paramilitary. Catholic 454:ruling democratic government 370:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 150:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 36:Hitler in conversation with 7: 7116:National Socialist Movement 7084:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) 6003:(possible illegitimate son) 5317:Munich Documentation Centre 5098:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 4730:. New York: Da Capo Press. 4460:Stachura, Peter D. (1975). 4320:Mühlberger, Detlef (2004). 3928:Journal of Church and State 3838:Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg 3778:. New York: Hill and Wang. 3728:. New York: HarperCollins. 3438:Manvell & Fraenkel 2011 2129:Nesbit & van Acker 2011 1806: 1432:Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff 1430:, in charge of the SA, put 1420:to convey citizenship as a 1101:(NSFB) (combination of the 721:(intelligence agent) of an 10: 7384: 7130:Nordic Resistance Movement 6229:National Socialist Program 6089: 6024:Streets named after Hitler 4887:National Socialist Program 4301:Mitchell, Otis C. (2013). 3871:(in German) (31): 136–145. 3836:Evans, Richard J. (2005). 3749:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 3453:Stachura Introduction 2015 3031:. Macmillan. p. 433. 1838:Weimar paramilitary groups 1606:Minister Without Portfolio 1375: 1358:July 1932 federal election 1162:Communist Party of Germany 1050:Sixteen Nazi Party members 828:National Socialist Program 655:King Ludwig III of Bavaria 7326: 7234: 7208: 7160: 7099:Nasjonal Samling (Norway) 7028: 6985: 6900: 6780: 6409: 6213: 6097: 6037: 6016: 5925: 5869:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 5826: 5803: 5710: 5677:Meldemannstraße dormitory 5655: 5564: 5555: 5497: 5402: 5304: 5266: 5083: 4991: 4968:Office of Foreign Affairs 4958:Office of Military Policy 4953:Office of Colonial Policy 4925: 4849: 4818: 4690:. London: Little, Brown. 4632:Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 4343:. Stroud: History Press. 4256:Liebmann, George (2008). 4198:The SS: A History 1919–45 4144:10.1017/S0022050708000788 4064:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris 3907:Hamann, Brigitte (2010). 2158:ABC Religion & Ethics 1572: 1554: 1543: 1535: 1519: 1250:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1170:German referendum of 1929 1131:May 1928 federal election 512:Reichstag was set on fire 7001:Nazi concentration camps 6517:Economic interventionism 6479:Jewish conspiracy theory 6280:Night of the Long Knives 6256:Religion in Nazi Germany 5895:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 5327:Nazi concentration camps 4897:Night of the Long Knives 4654:[Calmly wait!]. 4481:The Nazi Machtergreifung 4441:Siemens, Daniel (2017). 4422:Siemens, Daniel (2013). 4017:Hoffmann, Peter (2000). 3998:Hoffmann, Peter (1977). 3888:Fulda, Bernhard (2009). 3793:Campbell, Bruce (1998). 3052:Ticktin, Hillel (1992). 2319:Shadows of the Dictators 2289:Shadows of the Dictators 2274:Shadows of the Dictators 1843:Weimar political parties 1818:Early timeline of Nazism 1788:Night of the Long Knives 1645:trivialized Hitler as a 1631:Night of the Long Knives 1424:police official failed. 1335:President von Hindenburg 1291:Weimar political parties 874:Turn- und Sportabteilung 752:and anti-Marxist ideas. 694:Bavarian Soviet Republic 7145:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) 5909:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 5479:Last will and testament 5028:Innviertler Heimatblatt 4963:Office of Racial Policy 4650:Ulrich, Volker (2017). 4544:Thacker, Toby (2010) . 4358:Nicholls, A.J. (2000). 4181:"Who Voted for Hitler?" 1929:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1495: 1487:Communist International 1412:government official by 1410:Free State of Brunswick 594:Early steps (1918–1924) 588:Social Democratic Party 524:Nazi concentration camp 383:Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 376:in September 1919 when 185:Crimes against humanity 179:Last will and testament 7287: 7278: 6767: 6758: 6747: 6722:Social interventionism 6691: 6682: 6564: 6555: 6550:Greater Germanic Reich 6536: 6527: 6501: 6470: 6309: 6300: 6261: 6237: 6233:Hitler's rise to power 6198: 6188: 6174: 6139:League of German Girls 6125: 6116: 6107: 5989:William Stuart-Houston 5535:Assassination attempts 5208:Joachim von Ribbentrop 5203:Konstantin von Neurath 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4948:Nazi Party Chancellery 4377:Read, Anthony (2004). 4196:Koehl, Robert (2004). 3859:Frei, Norbert (1983). 3700:Bracher, Karl Dietrich 3467:, pp. 569, 580ff. 2116:Nationalsozialistische 1801:1934 German referendum 1751: 1743: 1730:Chancellor to dictator 1727: 1697: 1667: 1641:; even SPD politician 1617: 1508:considered for merging 1480:November 1932 election 1401: 1325: 1274:policy position under 1245: 1204: 1155:Roter Frontkämpferbund 1082:; originally entitled 1064: 1026: 959:Jungsturm Adolf Hitler 914:German Socialist Party 861: 815: 760: 650: 482:German Communist Party 473:1929 Wall Street Crash 169:assassination attempts 45: 7016:Human experimentation 6712:Reactionary modernism 6657:Anti-Slavic sentiment 6384:Human experimentation 6118:Geheime Staatspolizei 5977:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 5876:The Meaning of Hitler 5795:German naturalization 5687:16 Prinzregentenplatz 5296:Socialist Reich Party 5287:Deutsche Reichspartei 5108:Richard Walther Darré 5001:Völkischer Beobachter 4882:German Workers' Party 4688:The SS: A New History 4517:Staff (2 July 1934). 4106:. New York: Penguin. 4102:Kershaw, Ian (2012). 4083:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 2863:, pp. 37, 45–46. 2593:, pp. 87–88, 93. 1749: 1737: 1716: 1682: 1657: 1591:presidential election 1436:presidential election 1396: 1316: 1307:Catholic Centre Party 1258:1930 federal election 1235: 1202: 1062: 1020: 853: 791: 758: 737:German Workers' Party 648: 603:German Workers' Party 568:(years of struggle). 516:Reichstag Fire Decree 35: 7089:German American Bund 6430:Anti-intellectualism 6275:Enabling Act of 1933 6029:Mannerheim recording 5953:Johann Georg Hiedler 5855:The Victory of Faith 5431:Political directives 5312:Adolf Hitler Schools 5238:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 4943:Hitler's Chancellery 4877:Enabling Act of 1933 4381:. New York: Norton. 4286:. London: Skyhorse. 4186:The Wilson Quarterly 3940:10.1093/jcs/23.3.465 3605:, pp. 138, 148. 3392:, pp. 233, 234. 1987:Socialist Revolution 1760:March 1933 elections 1586:Industrielleneingabe 1464:Reichstrafgesetzbuch 1405:criminal deportation 1403:Under the threat of 972:. The other was the 902:Treaty of Versailles 520:Enabling Act of 1933 458:Treaty of Versailles 314:Hitlers Zweites Buch 104:Enabling Act of 1933 7209:Role and impact in 7079:American Nazi Party 6491:Cult of personality 6460:Class collaboration 6369:Extermination camps 6354:Concentration camps 6295:Anti-Comintern Pact 5959:Maria Schicklgruber 5862:Triumph of the Will 5849:Killing baby Hitler 5839:Cult of personality 5780:Hitler's Table Talk 5723:possible monorchism 5656:Civilian residences 5545:conspiracy theories 5282:German Social Union 5233:Baldur von Schirach 5188:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 4983:SS Education Office 4867:Brown House, Munich 4220:The Weimar Republic 4085:Hitler: A Biography 3641:, pp. 226–227. 3629:, pp. 200–201. 3581:, pp. 147–148. 3551:, pp. 74, 288. 3491:, pp. 254–255. 3404:, pp. 112–113. 3368:, pp. 228–230. 3272:, pp. 117–124. 3260:, pp. 117–123. 3248:, pp. 113–114. 3212:, pp. 229–230. 3164:, pp. 138–139. 3152:, pp. 951–996. 2980:, pp. 111–112. 2968:, pp. 266–268. 2956:, pp. 118–119. 2920:, pp. 224–225. 2719:, pp. 112–113. 2707:, pp. 83, 103. 2668:, pp. 100–101. 2605:, pp. 159–160. 2263:, pp. 465–484. 2094:Triumph of the Will 2038:, pp. 215–216. 1989:that overthrew the 1854:Informational notes 1652:Frankfurter Zeitung 1559:Paul von Hindenburg 1516: 1441:Paul von Hindenburg 1343:Kurt von Schleicher 1328:The Centre Party's 1323:Kurt von Schleicher 723:Aufklärungskommando 548:Rotfrontkämpferbund 493:Paul von Hindenburg 487:Hitler ran for the 423:, which became the 208:Electoral campaigns 173:conspiracy theories 7296:German Romanticism 7184:Nazi Party members 7006:Extermination camp 6399:Racial segregation 6127:Deutsches Jungvolk 5916:Apocalypse: Hitler 5844:In popular culture 5010:Das Schwarze Korps 4397:Shirer, William L. 4280:Fraenkel, Heinrich 4200:. Stroud: Tempus. 2644:, pp. 19, 20. 2569:, pp. 85, 86. 2509:, pp. 75, 76. 1951:, pp. 28–30; 1752: 1744: 1691:Jüdische Rundschau 1677:Jüdische Rundschau 1514: 1326: 1246: 1205: 1065: 1027: 988:(SS). Inspired by 862: 761: 667:socialist upheaval 651: 489:presidency in 1932 431:National Socialism 46: 7340: 7339: 6881:Strasser (Gregor) 6760:Volksgemeinschaft 6705:Völkisch movement 6700:Völkisch equality 6285:Nuremberg rallies 6246:German rearmament 6057: 6056: 5775:Psychopathography 5765:Stefanie Rabatsch 5730:Wealth and income 5706: 5705: 5587:Reich Chancellery 5362: 5361: 5342:Horst-Wessel-Lied 5173:Reinhard Heydrich 5163:Ernst Hanfstaengl 4902:Nuremberg rallies 4737:978-0-306-80793-0 4716:978-0-300-20489-6 4697:978-1-4087-0304-5 4642:978-0-385-35439-4 4581:978-0-385-03724-2 4555:978-0-230-27866-0 4509:978-0-7054-0990-2 4490:978-1-315-75554-0 4471:978-0-87436-198-8 4452:978-0-300-19681-8 4433:978-0-85773-313-9 4414:978-0-671-62420-0 4388:978-0-393-04800-1 4369:978-0-312-23351-8 4350:978-0-7509-4757-2 4331:978-0-8204-5909-7 4312:978-0-7864-7729-6 4293:978-1-61608-109-6 4267:978-0-85771-211-0 4248:978-0-7864-3935-5 4229:978-0-415-34441-8 4207:978-0-7524-2559-7 4113:978-0-241-95921-3 4094:978-0-393-06757-6 4075:978-0-393-04671-7 4028:978-0-306-80947-7 4021:. Da Capo Press. 4009:978-0-262-08088-0 3990:978-0-395-92503-4 3966:978-1-250-21086-9 3918:978-1-84885-277-8 3899:978-0-19-954778-4 3851:978-3-423-34191-2 3828:978-0-14-303469-8 3813:Evans, Richard J. 3804:978-0-8131-2047-8 3785:978-0-8090-9326-7 3768:Burleigh, Michael 3759:978-1-56852-036-0 3735:978-0-06-113879-9 3713:978-0-14-013724-8 3691:978-0-7425-5363-7 3653:, pp. 27–28. 3503:, pp. 33–34. 3140:, pp. 92–94. 3124:978-1-108-21041-6 3063:978-0-7486-0317-6 3038:978-0-333-40455-3 2891:The Great Courses 2839:, pp. 68–69. 2791:, pp. 26–29. 2656:, pp. 88–89. 2422:, pp. 72–74. 2240:The Great Courses 2183:978-0-275-95485-7 2131:, pp. 18–19. 1880:, pp. 84–88. 1705:Robert Vansittart 1694:, 31 January 1933 1680:wrote on 31 Jan: 1580: 1579: 1550:, Weimar Republic 1362:November election 1337:, a conservative 1187:Horst-Wessel-Lied 578:Otto von Bismarck 367: 366: 290:Wealth and income 280:Psychopathography 132:German rearmament 111:Führer of Germany 80: 79: 38:Ernst Hanfstaengl 16:(Redirected from 7375: 7332: 7331: 7292: 7283: 7280:Drang nach Osten 7125: 7106: 6976:von Sebottendorf 6772: 6763: 6752: 6732:State capitalism 6717:Social Darwinism 6696: 6687: 6569: 6560: 6541: 6532: 6506: 6475: 6472:Dolchstoßlegende 6445:Authoritarianism 6338:Nuremberg trials 6314: 6305: 6266: 6242: 6203: 6193: 6179: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6045: 6044: 6001:Jean-Marie Loret 5770:Reinhold Hanisch 5638:Wolfsschlucht II 5562: 5561: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5305:Related articles 5258:Julius Streicher 5218:Alfred Rosenberg 5178:Heinrich Himmler 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4862:Beer Hall Putsch 4805: 4798: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4772:. 23 April 2020. 4741: 4720: 4701: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4659: 4646: 4622: 4585: 4573: 4559: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4531:on 17 April 2008 4527:. 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Fontana Press. 3872: 3866: 3855: 3832: 3808: 3789: 3777: 3763: 3739: 3717: 3695: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3150:King et al. 2008 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2879:Childers, Thomas 2875: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 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1031:Beer Hall Putsch 990:Benito Mussolini 979:Stoßtrupp-Hitler 931:Otto Ballerstedt 895:Bürgerbräukeller 625:Beer Hall Putsch 477:Great Depression 450:ultranationalism 410:Beer Hall Putsch 359: 352: 345: 334: 94:Beer Hall Putsch 76: 75: 73: 66: 65: 59: 52: 51: 48: 47: 21: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7358:Weimar Republic 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7306:Racial theories 7289:Generalplan Ost 7236: 7230: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7174:Nazi ideologues 7156: 7155: 7154: 7123: 7118:(United States) 7117: 7104: 7030: 7024: 7021:Romani genocide 6988: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6886:Strasser (Otto) 6776: 6775: 6774: 6749:Gleichschaltung 6742:Totalitarianism 6627:One-party state 6435:Anti-liberalism 6405: 6404: 6403: 6328:Tripartite Pact 6239:Machtergreifung 6209: 6208: 6207: 6093: 6088: 6058: 6053: 6033: 6012: 5921: 5822: 5818:Private library 5805: 5799: 5735:Religious views 5702: 5651: 5645:Führersonderzug 5643:Special train ( 5633:Wolfsschlucht I 5557: 5551: 5505:Military career 5493: 5426:Political views 5398: 5393: 5363: 5358: 5300: 5262: 5248:Gregor Strasser 5153:Joseph Goebbels 5138:Roland Freisler 5123:Dietrich Eckart 5085:Notable members 5079: 4987: 4921: 4845: 4814: 4809: 4762: 4749: 4747:Further reading 4744: 4738: 4717: 4698: 4673: 4671: 4656:Die Zeit Online 4643: 4627:Ullrich, Volker 4603:10.2307/1841917 4582: 4556: 4534: 4532: 4510: 4491: 4472: 4453: 4434: 4415: 4389: 4370: 4351: 4332: 4313: 4294: 4268: 4249: 4230: 4208: 4179: 4178:Summarized by: 4125: 4114: 4095: 4076: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4010: 3991: 3967: 3919: 3900: 3864: 3852: 3829: 3805: 3786: 3760: 3736: 3714: 3692: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 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2267: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2225: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2001: 1984: 1980: 1963: 1959: 1945:Battle of Ypres 1926: 1922: 1888: 1884: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1823:Gleichschaltung 1809: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1696: 1688: 1666: 1663: 1643:Kurt Schumacher 1611:Machtergreifung 1565: 1561: 1539:30 January 1933 1531: 1512: 1496: 1491:social fascists 1449:Franz von Papen 1380: 1374: 1347:Franz von Papen 1319:Franz von Papen 1280:social fascists 1230: 1222:Potsdamer Platz 1127: 1033:, an attempted 1008:Otto von Lossow 955: 926:Löwenbräukeller 921:Bavarian League 910:Dietrich Eckart 816: 809: 804: 799: 789: 765:Gottfried Feder 750:anti-capitalist 719:Verbindungsmann 643: 596: 574: 551:and the Nazis' 505:Franz von Papen 399:anti-capitalist 374:Weimar Republic 363: 329: 297: 294: 270:Military career 261: 258: 245: 242: 209: 206: 186: 183: 141: 136: 113: 108: 90: 85: 71: 69: 68: 67: 63: 62: 28: 23: 22: 18:Machtergreifung 15: 12: 11: 5: 7381: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7338: 7337: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7263:Beefsteak Nazi 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7211:German society 7206: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7011:Final Solution 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6989:and war crimes 6983: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6951:von Liebenfels 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6861:von Ribbentrop 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6582: 6580:Indoctrination 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6561: 6557:Heim ins Reich 6552: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6450:Blood and soil 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6425:Anti-communism 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6364:Doctors' Trial 6361: 6356: 6348:Final solution 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333:Denazification 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6292: 6290:Nuremberg Laws 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6224:Early timeline 6221: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6190:Sturmabteilung 6185: 6180: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5882:Hitler Diaries 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5813:Hitler's Globe 5809: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:August Kubizek 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5663:Braunau am Inn 5659: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5584: 5573: 5571: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Hitler cabinet 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5284: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5158:Hermann Göring 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Adolf Eichmann 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4872:Denazification 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4840:Martin Bormann 4837: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4760: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4702: 4696: 4680: 4660: 4647: 4641: 4623: 4586: 4580: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4514: 4508: 4498:Staff (1989). 4495: 4489: 4476: 4470: 4464:. CLIO Books. 4457: 4451: 4438: 4432: 4426:. I.B.Tauris. 4419: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4276:Manvell, Roger 4272: 4266: 4260:. I.B Tauris. 4253: 4247: 4234: 4228: 4216:Kolb, Eberhard 4212: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4189:. Summer 2009. 4138:(4): 951–996. 4118: 4112: 4099: 4093: 4080: 4074: 4054: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4008: 3995: 3989: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3934:(3): 465–484. 3923: 3917: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3877:Fulbrook, Mary 3873: 3856: 3850: 3833: 3827: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3740: 3734: 3718: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665:, p. 526. 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3617:, p. 354. 3607: 3595: 3583: 3568: 3553: 3541: 3539:, p. 512. 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 184. 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3380:, p. 297. 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 428. 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 175. 3322: 3320:, p. 130. 3310: 3308:, p. 402. 3298: 3296:, p. 132. 3286: 3284:, p. 128. 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3236:, p. 112. 3226: 3224:, p. 254. 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 110. 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3123: 3105: 3103:, p. 138. 3093: 3091:, p. 118. 3081: 3069: 3062: 3044: 3037: 3018: 3016:, p. 205. 3006: 3002:Bendersky 2007 2994: 2990:Bendersky 2007 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2932:, p. 138. 2922: 2903: 2865: 2853: 2851:, p. 239. 2841: 2829: 2817: 2815:, p. 131. 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2767:, p. 431. 2757: 2745: 2743:, p. 108. 2733: 2731:, p. 113. 2721: 2709: 2697: 2695:, p. 103. 2682: 2680:, p. 102. 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2581:, p. 629. 2571: 2559: 2547: 2545:, p. 106. 2535: 2523: 2521:, p. 224. 2511: 2499: 2497:, p. 170. 2487: 2475: 2473:, p. 219. 2463: 2451: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2307: 2295: 2280: 2265: 2253: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2170: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2105:, p. 224. 2079: 2066: 2064:, p. 213. 2053: 2051:, p. 218. 2040: 2027: 2013: 1999: 1978: 1972:, p. 34; 1957: 1920: 1918:, p. 206. 1882: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828:Poison Kitchen 1825: 1820: 1815: 1813:Day of Potsdam 1808: 1805: 1768:plenary powers 1756:Reichstag fire 1754:Following the 1731: 1728: 1721: 1701:Horace Rumbold 1686: 1661: 1618:Machtübernahme 1578: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1567:Hitler Cabinet 1556: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1373: 1370: 1351:Harzburg Front 1299:People's Party 1229: 1226: 1182:Friedrichshain 1126: 1123: 1115:Barmat Scandal 954: 948: 889:Sterneckerbräu 878:Sturmabteilung 857:Sterneckerbräu 790: 788: 785: 642: 639: 612:Sturmabteilung 595: 592: 573: 570: 554:Sturmabteilung 442:anti-communism 403:anti-bourgeois 365: 364: 362: 361: 354: 347: 339: 336: 335: 328: 327: 322: 317: 310: 303: 295: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 259: 257: 256: 251: 243: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 205: 204: 203: 202: 200:Final Solution 192: 190:Nuremberg Laws 184: 182: 181: 176: 162: 157: 152: 147: 137: 135: 134: 129: 124: 122:Hitler cabinet 119: 109: 107: 106: 101: 99:Reichstag fire 96: 86: 82: 81: 78: 77: 60: 44:, 21 June 1932 42:Hermann Göring 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7380: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7335: 7325: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:The Wehrmacht 7215: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Seyss-Inquart 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693:Untermenschen 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684:Rassenschande 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6573:Pan-Germanism 6571: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6512:Direct action 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503:Führerprinzip 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Anti-pacifism 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:The Holocaust 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302:Kristallnacht 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6201: 6200:Schutzstaffel 6196: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6050: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5997:(half-nephew) 5996: 5993: 5991:(half-nephew) 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979:(half-nephew) 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5967:(half-sister) 5966: 5965:Angela Hitler 5963: 5961:(grandmother) 5960: 5957: 5955:(grandfather) 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:50th birthday 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745:Vegetarianism 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711:Personal life 5709: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581:Kehlsteinhaus 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:The Holocaust 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510:Rise to power 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5418:Führerprinzip 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Otto Strasser 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223:Bernhard Rust 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Josef Mengele 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Wilhelm Frick 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Amt Rosenberg 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926:Party offices 4924: 4918: 4917:Thule Society 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828:Anton Drexler 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684:Weale, Adrian 4681: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483:. Routledge. 4482: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305:. McFarland. 4304: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3975:Hitler, Adolf 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3744:Bullock, Alan 3741: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:Brown, Archie 3719: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3651:Hoffmann 1977 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3591:Hoffmann 1977 3587: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3563: 3557: 3550: 3549:Liebmann 2008 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3440:, p. 92. 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3416:, p. 61. 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3330:Stachura 1975 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3188:, p. 92. 3187: 3182: 3176:, p. 90. 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3079:, p. 55. 3078: 3077:Fulbrook 1991 3073: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3004:, p. 68. 3003: 2998: 2992:, p. 67. 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2954:Burleigh 2000 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2930:Nicholls 2000 2926: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2892: 2889:. Episode 4. 2888: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2827:, p. 75. 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2803:, p. 21. 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2779:, p. 16. 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2755:, p. 21. 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2642:Campbell 1998 2638: 2632:, p. 42. 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 50. 2619: 2618:Hoffmann 2000 2614: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2557:, p. 86. 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2533:, p. 76. 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2485:, p. 75. 2484: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2461:, p. 82. 2460: 2455: 2449:, p. 35. 2448: 2443: 2441: 2434:, p. 82. 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2410:, p. 34. 2409: 2404: 2398:, p. 37. 2397: 2396:Mitchell 2013 2392: 2386:, p. 80. 2385: 2380: 2378: 2371:, p. 79. 2370: 2365: 2359:, p. 69. 2358: 2353: 2347:, p. 75. 2346: 2341: 2335:, p. 73. 2334: 2329: 2323:, p. 28. 2322: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2305:, p. 29. 2304: 2299: 2293:, p. 27. 2292: 2290: 2284: 2278:, p. 25. 2277: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2261:Hatfield 1981 2257: 2241: 2238:. Episode 2. 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2196:, p. 78. 2195: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2130: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2077:, p. 36. 2076: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2025:, p. 35. 2024: 2017: 2011:, p. xx. 2010: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1976:, p. xx. 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1955:, p. 86. 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939:northeast of 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1602:Wilhelm Frick 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1528:Reichskanzler 1523: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1503:Infobox event 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Upper Silesia 1468: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1418:Wilhelm Frick 1415: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Joseph Stalin 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 994:March on Rome 991: 987: 986: 985:Schutzstaffel 981: 980: 975: 971: 967: 965: 960: 953: 947: 945: 944: 938: 936: 935:Hermann Esser 932: 928: 927: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 904: 903: 897: 896: 891: 890: 885: 884: 879: 875: 871: 870:Ordnertruppen 867: 859: 858: 852: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826: 822: 814: 812: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795:Otto Strasser 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 757: 753: 751: 746: 742: 741:Anton Drexler 738: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 704: 698: 695: 690: 688: 687:Heinrich Osel 684: 680: 675: 672: 668: 664: 663:Western Front 660: 656: 647: 638: 636: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 604: 600: 591: 589: 585: 584: 579: 572:Early Germany 569: 567: 563: 558: 556: 555: 550: 549: 545: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 462:United States 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 421: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 360: 355: 353: 348: 346: 341: 340: 338: 337: 333: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 315: 311: 309: 308: 304: 302: 299: 298: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 239: 238:November 1933 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:November 1932 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 201: 198: 197: 196: 195:The Holocaust 193: 191: 188: 187: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 163: 161: 160:Eastern Front 158: 156: 155:Western Front 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 112: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 89: 88:Rise to power 84: 83: 74: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 49: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7251:Architecture 7199:SS personnel 7140:SUMKA (Iran) 7071: 6727:Social order 6652:Antisemitism 6605:Palingenetic 6496:Dictatorship 6465:Conspiracism 6389:Labour camps 6359:Deportations 6346: 6318:World War II 6263:Kirchenkampf 6251:Nazi Germany 6134:Hitler Youth 6098:Organisation 6046: 5995:Heinz Hitler 5985:(half-niece) 5971:Paula Hitler 5947:Klara Hitler 5941:Alois Hitler 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5693:Obersalzberg 5644: 5592:Führerbunker 5591: 5569:Headquarters 5566: 5525:World War II 5520:Nazi Germany 5509: 5473:Zweites Buch 5471: 5452: 5416: 5409: 5396:Adolf Hitler 5332:Nazi Germany 5243:Albert Speer 5148:Walther Funk 5113:Rudolf Diels 5103:Kurt Daluege 5093:Artur Axmann 4992:Publications 4938:Hitler Youth 4907:Röhm scandal 4856: 4834:Adolf Hitler 4767: 4757: 4726: 4706: 4687: 4672:. 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