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611:(NNBL) from the convention floor, where she declared: "I am a woman who came from the cotton fields of the South. From there, I was promoted to the washtub. From there, I was promoted to the cook kitchen. And from there, I promoted myself into the business of manufacturing hair goods and preparations. I have built my own factory on my own ground." The following year she addressed convention-goers from the podium as a keynote speaker.
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355:. "I had little or no opportunity when I started out in life, having been left an orphan and being without mother or father since I was seven years of age," she often recounted. She also stated that she had only three months of formal education, which she undertook during Sunday school literacy lessons at the church she attended during her earlier years.
508:, where she established the headquarters for the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She initially purchased a house and factory at 640 North West Street. Walker later built a factory, hair salon, and beauty school to train her sales agents, and added a laboratory to help with research. She also assembled a staff that included
782:, "she said herself two years ago that she was not yet a millionaire, but hoped to be some time, not that she wanted the money for herself, but for the good she could do with it." The obituary also noted that same year, her $ 250,000 mansion was completed at the banks of the Hudson at Irvington. Her daughter,
486:, where they opened a beauty parlor and established Lelia College to train "hair culturists". As an advocate of black women's economic independence, she opened training programs in the "Walker System" for her national network of licensed sales agents who earned healthy commissions (Michaels, PhD. 2015).
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during the summer of 1917 with 200 attendees. The conference is believed to have been among the first national gatherings of women entrepreneurs to discuss business and commerce. During the convention Walker gave prizes to women who had sold the most products and brought in the most new sales agents.
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Indianapolis's Walker
Manufacturing Company headquarters building, renamed the Madame Walker Theatre Center, opened in December 1927. It included the company's offices and factory as well as a theater, beauty school, hair salon and barbershop, restaurant, drugstore, and a ballroom for the community.
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On
January 31, 2022, Sundial Brands, a division of Unilever, launched a collection of eleven new products under the brand name MADAM by Madam C. J. Walker and sold exclusively at Walmart. These products replace the line that was launched on March 4, 2016, by Sundial Brands, a skincare and haircare
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stated to help hair grow, strenuous brushing, and applying iron combs to hair; the method claimed to make lackluster and brittle hair become soft and luxuriant. Walker's product line had several competitors. Similar products were produced in Europe and manufactured by other companies in the United
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In 1882, at the age of 14, Sarah married Moses McWilliams, whose age was unknown, to escape abuse from her brother-in-law, Jesse Powell. Sarah and Moses had one daughter, Lelia, who was born on June 6, 1885. When Moses died in 1887, Sarah was twenty and Lelia was two. Sarah remarried in 1894, but
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offering Walker's hair pomade and other products packaged in tin containers carrying her image, but the more common scenario is that the Walker beauty culturists demonstrated their products in their homes and beauty salons because they needed a source of water to be able to show how the products
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Between 1911 and 1919, during the height of her career, Walker and her company employed several thousand women as sales agents for its products. By 1917, the company claimed to have trained nearly 20,000 women. While some sources have written that the women dressed in a characteristic uniform of
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Following her marriage to
Charles Walker in 1906, Sarah became known as Madam C. J. Walker. She marketed herself as an independent hairdresser and retailer of cosmetic creams. ("Madam" was adopted from women pioneers of the French beauty industry.) Her husband, who was also her business partner,
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Spirit Awards have sponsored the Madame Walker
Theatre Center in Indianapolis. Established as a tribute to Walker, the annual award has honored national leaders in entrepreneurship, philanthropy, civic engagement, and the arts since 2006. Awards presented to individuals include the Madame C. J.
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and other scalp ailments, including baldness, due to skin disorders and the application of harsh products to cleanse hair and wash clothes. Other contributing factors to her hair loss included poor diet, illnesses, and infrequent bathing and hair washing during a time when most
Americans lacked
316:, served as a social gathering place for the African-American community. At the time of her death, she was considered the wealthiest African-American businesswoman and wealthiest self-made black woman in America. Her name was a version of "Mrs. Charles Joseph Walker", after her third husband.
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worked. Walker understood the power of advertising and brand awareness. Heavy advertising, primarily in
African-American newspapers and magazines, in addition to Walker's frequent travels to promote her products, helped make Walker and her products well known in the United States.
914:, the first film treatment of Walker's life. As the grandson of Freeman B. Ransom, Madam Walker's attorney and Walker Company general manager, Nelson had access to original Walker business records and former Walker Company employees whom he interviewed during the 1980s.
557:, Walker began organizing her sales agents into state and local clubs. The result was the establishment of the National Beauty Culturists and Benevolent Association of Madam C. J. Walker Agents (predecessor to the Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Culturists Union of America).
328:. Her parents were Owen and Minerva (Anderson) Breedlove. She had five siblings, who included an older sister, Louvenia, and four brothers: Alexander, James, Solomon, and Owen Jr. Her older siblings and parents were enslaved by Robert W. Burney on his Madison Parish
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fund. At the time, it was the largest gift from an individual that the NAACP had ever received. Walker bequeathed nearly $ 100,000 to orphanages, institutions, and individuals; her will directed two-thirds of future net profits of her estate to charity.
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white shirts and black skirts and carried black satchels, there is nothing in the Walker Beauty School manual that verifies that. Others have written the agents focused on door-to-door sales as they visited houses around the United States and in the
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While working for Malone, who would later become Walker's largest rival in the hair-care industry, Sarah began to take her new knowledge and develop her own product line. In July 1905, when she was 37 years old, Sarah and her daughter moved to
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as Addie Monroe, another black female self-made millionaire as a villain and the daughter of Walker as a lesbian were some of the complaints by audiences. Biographer A'Lelia
Bundles wrote about the behind-the-scenes experience of producing
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Walker became more involved in political matters after her move to New York. She delivered lectures on political, economic, and social issues at conventions sponsored by powerful black institutions. Her friends and associates included
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In 1906, Walker put her daughter in charge of the mail-order operation in Denver while she and her husband traveled throughout the southern and eastern United States to expand the business. In 1908, Walker and her husband relocated to
717:. The public demonstration drew more than 8,000 African Americans to protest a riot in East Saint Louis that killed 39 African-Americans. Also, from 1917 until her death she was a member of the Committee of Management of the
673:, which cost $ 250,000 to build, to become a gathering place for community leaders and to inspire other African Americans to pursue their dreams. She moved into the house in May 1918 and hosted an opening event to honor
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In addition to training in sales and grooming, Walker showed other black women how to budget, build their own businesses, and encouraged them to become financially independent. In 1917, inspired by the model of the
466:, where she continued to sell products for Malone and develop her own hair-care business. A controversy developed between Annie Malone and Sarah because Malone accused Sarah of stealing her formula, a mixture of
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At the time of her death, Walker was considered to be worth between a half million and a million dollars. She was the wealthiest
African-American woman in America. According to Walker's obituary in
454:, an African-American hair-care entrepreneur, millionaire, and owner of the Poro Company. Sales at the exposition were a disappointment since the African-American community was largely ignored.
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in honor of Walker's legacy. The line, titled "Madam C. J. Walker Beauty
Culture", comprised four collections and focused on the use of natural ingredients to care for different types of hair.
271:; December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919) was an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the
376:. Through this marriage, she became known as Madam C. J. Walker. The couple divorced in 1912; Charles died in 1926. Lelia McWilliams adopted her stepfather's surname and became known as
2078:"Sundial Brands Enters Prestige Hair Category with Historic Launch of Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Culture Exclusively at Sephora." PR Newswire, February 23, 2016. ProQuest, March 6, 2016.
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in
Indianapolis. Villa Lewaro was sold following A'Lelia Walker's death to a fraternal organization called the Companions of the Forest in America in 1932. The house was listed on the
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416:, earning barely more than a dollar a day. She was determined to make enough money to provide her daughter with formal education. During the 1880s, she lived in a community where
885:. Reviews for the series were mixed, partly because of the inaccuracies of the storyline that created more of a fictional work than an authentic biography. The portrayal of
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States, which included her major rivals, Annie Turnbo Malone's Poro System from which she derived her original formula and later, Sarah Spencer Washington's Apex System.
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and advocated for the establishment of a training camp for black army officers. In 1917, she joined the executive committee of New York chapter of the
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in Indianapolis's black community, pledging $ 1,000 to the building fund for Senate Avenue YMCA. Walker also contributed scholarship funds to the
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Walker's method of grooming was designed to promote hair growth and to condition the scalp through the use of her products. The system included a
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provided advice on advertising and promotion; Sarah sold her products door to door, teaching other black women how to groom and style their hair.
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Walker's name became even more widely known by the 1920s, after her death, as her company's business market expanded beyond the United States to
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As Walker's wealth and notoriety increased, she became more vocal about her views. In 1912, Walker addressed an annual gathering of the
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After Walker closed the business in Denver in 1907, A'Lelia joined her in Pittsburgh. In 1910, when Walker established a new base in
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930:, Oakland / Bay Area chapter. An annual luncheon honors Walker and awards outstanding women in the community with scholarships.
493:, A'Lelia ran the day-to-day operations in Pittsburgh. A'Lelia also persuaded her mother to establish an office and beauty salon in
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Profits from her business significantly impacted Walker's contributions to her political and philanthropic interests. In 1918, the
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1029:"Madam Walker, the First Black American Woman to Be a Self-Made Millionaire | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS"
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392:. Her Christian faith had a large influence on her philanthropy. She was a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
300:. She became known also for her philanthropy and activism. She made financial donations to numerous organizations such as the
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2069:"MADAM by Madam C. J. Walker Launches New Beauty Brand Inspired by Iconic Trailblazer." Cision PR Newswire, January 31, 2022.
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house. Before her death in 1919, Walker pledged $ 5,000 (the equivalent of about $ 88,000 in 2023) to the NAACP's anti-
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Initially, Sarah learned about hair care from her brothers, who were barbers in St. Louis. Around the time of the
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832:. Established in 2004, the museum is located at the site of a former Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Shoppe.
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In January 1906, Sarah married Charles Joseph Walker, a newspaper advertising salesman she had known in
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Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier
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The Black Rose: The Dramatic Story of Madam C. J. Walker, America's First Black Female Millionaire
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and started to yearn for an educated life as she watched the community of women at her church.
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2109:"The Problem With "The Facts About Madam C.J. Walker And Annie Malone" And The Netflix Series"
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She also rewarded those who made the largest contributions to charities in their communities.
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They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators
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Koehn, Nancy F.; Anne E. Dwojeski; William Grundy; Erica Helms; Katherine Miller (2007).
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issued a Madam Walker commemorative stamp as part of its Black Heritage Series. In 2022,
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450:(World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904), she became a commission agent selling products for
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2203:. National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter. Archived from
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1246:. National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter. Archived from
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728:(NACWC) honored Walker for making the largest individual contribution to help preserve
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The Madam C. J. Walker Business and Community Recognition Awards are sponsored by the
843:, recounting the history of Walker's struggles and success. The play premiered at the
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2294:"Madam C.J. Walker, the first U.S. self-made female millionaire, gets her own Barbie"
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1758:"Madame C. J. Walker (Sarah Breedlove McWilliams Walker): Inventor, Businesswoman"
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Madam C. J. Walker's Gospel of Giving: Black Women's Philanthropy During Jim Crow
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2135:"Netflix's Self Made Makes a Mess Out of Madam C.J. Walker's Extraordinary Life"
1880:"Woodlawn Cemetery–Madam Walker's Burial Place–Named National Historic Landmark"
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in Indianapolis. Her legacy also continues through two properties listed on the
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1681:. Vol. 9-807-145. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. p. 12.
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Weisenfeld, Judith (1994). "The Harlem YWCA and the Secular City, 1904-1945".
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2441:. Black Americans of Achievement (Legacy ed.). New York: Chelsea House.
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Gates, Henry Louis; Root, Jr | Originally posted on The (November 15, 2013).
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The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
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Madam C. J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower in the permanent collection of
1930:"Sign the Pledge to Protect Villa Lewaro – And Learn How You Can Tour It"
875:, the biography of Walker written by Walker's great-great-granddaughter,
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332:, while Sarah was the first child in her family born into freedom after
2090:"Manse built by America's first self-made millionairess seeks new life"
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African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and activist (1867–1919)
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Walker Heritage Award as well as young entrepreneur and legacy prizes.
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neighborhood in 1913; it became a center of African-American culture.
2036:"Regina Taylor Brings the Story of Madam C. J. Walker to the Stage",
1564:"The Sharcropper's Daughter Who Made Black Women Proud of Their Hair"
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281:) might have been the first, their wealth is not as well-documented.
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About 1913, Walker's daughter, A'Lelia, moved to a new townhouse in
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Stanley Nelson Interviews Madam C. J. Walker's Great Grand Daughter
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Various scholarships and awards have been named in Walker's honor:
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has designated the privately owned property a National Treasure.
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1966:"National Register Digital Assets: Madame C. J. Walker Building"
677:, at that time the Assistant Secretary for Negro Affairs of the
622:. Other beneficiaries included Indianapolis's Flanner House and
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1985:"Madam C.J. Walker Museum honors legacy of local entrepreneurs"
1301:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 360.
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C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1911
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Walker made her fortune by developing and marketing a line of
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1541:"Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower product container"
1386:"Madam C.J. Walker and the AME Roots of her Gospel of Giving"
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Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in
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Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in
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Madam C. J. Walker: Entrepreneur, Leader, and Philanthropist
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Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in
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Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in
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On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker
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On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker
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412:, where three of her brothers lived. Sarah found work as a
277:. Multiple sources mention that although other women (like
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2465:. Gateway Biography. Brookfield, CT: The Millbrook Press.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2605:(Part 1 of 5) Villa Lewaro, Irvington-on-Hudson, New York
2367:. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
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1728:: What Happened to Madam C.J. Walker's Hair-Care Empire?"
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Sarah Breedlove was born on December 23, 1867, close to
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African-American history of Westchester County, New York
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2161:"Netflix's Self Made Suffers from Self-Inflicted Wounds"
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is devoted to Walker, as well as historic radio station
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Madam Walker and several friends in her automobile, 1911
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doll as part of their Inspiring Women doll collection.
1510:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State
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Madam Walker Theatre Center: An Indianapolis Treasure
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Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C. J. Walker
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She was orphaned at the age of seven. Sarah moved to
2229:. Madame Walker Theatre Center. 2016. Archived from
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Evans, Harold; Buckland, Gail; Lefer, David (2004).
1429:"Madam C. J. Walker: Business Savvy to Philanthropy"
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committed to portray Walker in a TV series based on
642:; and the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute in
1356:"Madam Walker Went from Laundress to Millionairess"
765:at the age of 51. Walker's remains are interred in
432:indoor plumbing, central heating, and electricity.
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369:left her second husband, John Davis, around 1903.
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2042:, July 10, 2006: 62–63. ProQuest, March 6, 2016.
614:She helped raise funds to establish a branch of
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2392:African American Women Scientists and Inventors
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1002:"Madam C.J. Walker: A Brief Biographical Essay"
2781:Deaths from kidney failure in New York (state)
2736:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
2563:Madam Walker Research in the National Archives
2546:(Walker's political activism and philanthropy)
2462:Madam C. J. Walker: Building a Business Empire
2201:"17th Annual Madam C. J. Walker 2015 Luncheon"
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793:Walker's personal papers are preserved at the
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726:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
2528:Madam C J Walker – Successful Business Woman
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1297:Gugin, Linda C.; James E. St. Clair (2015).
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504:In 1910, Walker relocated her businesses to
2426:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Blue River Press.
1932:. National Trust for Historic Preservation.
1562:Oatman-Stanford, Hunter (August 31, 2015).
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1033:The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
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420:music was developed; she sang at St. Paul
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2275:"US Stamp Gallery > Madam C.J. Walker"
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1608:"Madam C. J. Walker's Secrets to Success"
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624:Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church
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2612:. National Women's History Museum. 2015.
1952:National Trust for Historic Preservation
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298:Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company
140:Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company
2394:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp.
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1008:. Official Website of Madam C.J. Walker
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408:In 1888, she and her daughter moved to
340:. Her mother died in 1872, likely from
167: 1882; died 1887)
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2551:On Her Own Ground: Madame C. J. Walker
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1928:Pumphrey, Jessica (October 24, 2014).
1606:Bundles, A'Lelia (February 24, 2015).
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1366:from the original on November 12, 2020
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981:. Guinness World Records. May 25, 1919
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2776:Philanthropists from New York (state)
2766:People from Madison Parish, Louisiana
2558:. January 27, 2001. (Book discussion)
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2010:"Madam C.J. Walker Exhibit and Salon"
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1576:from the original on October 24, 2015
1354:Riquier, Andrea (February 15, 2015).
928:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
898:Suffers from Self-Inflicted Wounds".
555:National Association of Colored Women
441:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
2716:African-American history of Colorado
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2088:Laneri, Raquel (February 18, 2017).
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811:National Register of Historic Places
799:National Register of Historic Places
786:, later became the president of the
2593:(Indiana Bicentennial Minute, 2016)
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1945:"Envisioning Villa Lewaro's Future"
1474:from the original on March 23, 2022
1284:from the original on March 23, 2022
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665:fraternity, to design her house in
106:Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
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2726:African-American women in business
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1427:Bundles, A'Lelia (February 2012).
946:, New York, in 1993. In 1998, the
757:Walker died on May 25, 1919, from
422:African Methodist Episcopal Church
296:through the business she founded,
14:
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2711:African-American company founders
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2341:Freeman, Tyrone McKinley (2020).
2159:Bundles, A'Lelia (May 12, 2020).
2107:Walker, Robert (March 21, 2020).
1983:Rhone, Nedra (December 9, 2019).
1543:. The Indianapolis Public Library
1498:Ingham, John N. (February 2000).
1444:United States Department of State
1244:"Biography of Madam C. J. Walker"
835:In 2006, playwright and director
2756:Businesspeople from Indianapolis
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2480:
2439:Madam C. J. Walker: Entrepreneur
2345:. University of Illinois Press.
2292:Davis, Wynne (August 27, 2022).
1989:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1762:University of California, Irvine
1722:Desta, Yohana (March 23, 2020).
1631:. New York, USA: Little, Brown.
669:, New York. Walker intended for
600:Walker's home at 67 Broadway in
358:
214:
189:
2761:People from Irvington, New York
2721:American women company founders
2437:Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2008).
2388:"Madam C.J. Walker (1867–1919)"
2322:Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2001).
2285:
2267:
2255:. National Women's Hall of Fame
2245:
2193:
2167:
2152:
2133:Judy, Berman (March 18, 2020).
2126:
2100:
2072:
2063:
2053:"The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove"
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1462:Klem, Monica (March 22, 2022).
1378:
1262:
979:"First self-made millionairess"
855:company, in collaboration with
753:The grave of Madam C. J. Walker
210:
185:
164:
1712:Gugin and Saint Clair, p. 361.
1142:"Madam C. J. Walker Biography"
1046:
1020:
993:
901:
609:National Negro Business League
274:Guinness Book of World Records
1:
2771:Businesspeople from St. Louis
2741:Businesspeople from Louisiana
1882:. Madam C. J. Walker website.
961:
940:National Women's Hall of Fame
938:Walker was inducted into the
709:(NAACP), which organized the
701:, Walker was a leader in the
448:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
319:
38:
906:Madam Walker is featured in
862:
807:Madame Walker Theatre Center
312:, Walker's lavish estate in
7:
1507:American National Biography
954:issued a Madam C.J. Walker
917:
851:played the role of Walker.
703:Circle For Negro War Relief
383:
244:(great–great granddaughter)
10:
2817:
2751:Businesspeople from Denver
2574:The Legacy of Madam Walker
1909:. May 26, 1919. p. 15
1833:Journal of Women's History
1187:Indiana Historical Society
795:Indiana Historical Society
628:Bethune-Cookman University
2419:Bundles, A'Lelia (2018).
2227:"About the Spirit Awards"
2175:"Two Dollars and a Dream"
2014:Madam C. J. Walker Museum
1806:"Wealthiest Negress Dead"
1360:Investor's Business Daily
1242:Bundles, A'Lelia (2014).
1217:Bundles, A'Lelia (2001).
1000:Bundles, A’Lelia (2020).
841:Dreams of Sarah Breedlove
636:Palmer Memorial Institute
592:Activism and philanthropy
395:
338:Emancipation Proclamation
334:President Abraham Lincoln
248:
237:
227:
145:
134:
111:
101:
82:
48:
30:
23:
2746:Deaths from hypertension
2382:Sullivan, Otha Richard;
484:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2598:Madam C J Walker Estate
2113:HarlemWorldMagazine.com
1529:(subscription required)
1468:Philanthropy Roundtable
1278:Philanthropy Roundtable
912:Two Dollars and a Dream
879:. The series is called
71:Fifth Military District
2361:Bundles, A'Lelia Perry
2279:www.usstampgallery.com
1867:Black Women in America
1845:10.1353/jowh.2010.0312
1788:Black Women in America
1335:Black Women in America
1221:. New York: Scribner.
1092:Black Women in America
754:
679:U.S. Department of War
632:Daytona Beach, Florida
604:
528:
443:
427:Sarah suffered severe
405:
349:Vicksburg, Mississippi
121:hair care entrepreneur
2801:Women in Indianapolis
2421:All About Madam C.J.
1970:National Park Service
1943:Leggs, Brent (2014).
1501:"Walker, Madam C. J."
1337:, v. II, pp. 1210–11.
1272:Klem, Monica (n.d.).
1006:www.madamcjwalker.com
910:'s 1987 documentary,
761:and complications of
752:
711:Silent Protest Parade
599:
526:
514:Robert Lee Brokenburr
438:
403:
2610:"Madam C. J. Walker"
2496:. Ballantine Books.
2253:"Madam C. J. Walker"
2233:on February 20, 2016
1464:"Madam C. J. Walker"
1274:"Madam C. J. Walker"
1183:"Madam C. J. Walker"
1154:. November 12, 2021.
1119:on February 25, 2015
847:in Chicago. Actress
805:, New York, and the
687:Booker T. Washington
646:. Walker was also a
213: 1906;
188: 1894;
2414:Juvenile nonfiction
2207:on January 25, 2016
2181:. February 21, 1988
2179:The Washington Post
1653:"Madam C.J. Walker"
1113:Madame C. J. Walker
1109:"Madam C.J. Walker"
948:U.S. Postal Service
713:on New York City's
691:Mary McLeod Bethune
667:Irvington-on-Hudson
602:Irvington, New York
516:, Alice Kelly, and
452:Annie Turnbo Malone
374:St. Louis, Missouri
364:Marriage and family
314:Irvington, New York
279:Mary Ellen Pleasant
94:Irvington, New York
2696:Madam C. J. Walker
1907:The New York Times
1810:The New York Times
1768:on August 15, 2013
1107:Bundles, A'Lelia.
801:: Villa Lewaro in
779:The New York Times
755:
730:Frederick Douglass
648:patron of the arts
620:Tuskegee Institute
605:
529:
444:
406:
306:patron of the arts
265:Madam C. J. Walker
25:Madam C. J. Walker
2791:Colorado pioneers
2503:978-0-345-44156-0
2448:978-1-60413-072-0
2374:978-1-4671-1087-7
2352:978-0-252-08535-2
2333:978-0-7434-3172-9
1869:, v. II, p. 1212.
1790:, v. II, p. 1213.
1569:Collectors Weekly
1308:978-0-87195-387-2
1250:on March 28, 2018
1228:978-0-7434-3172-9
1094:, v. II, p. 1209.
1071:978-1-59420-277-3
873:On Her Own Ground
867:In 2020, actress
849:L. Scott Caldwell
773:, New York City.
767:Woodlawn Cemetery
262:
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63:December 23, 1867
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2520:Official website
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1903:"CJ Walker Obit"
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675:Emmett Jay Scott
353:domestic servant
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2386:, eds. (2002).
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877:A'Lelia Bundles
869:Octavia Spencer
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845:Goodman Theatre
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663:Alpha Phi Alpha
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518:Marjorie Joyner
468:petroleum jelly
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269:Sarah Breedlove
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242:A'Lelia Bundles
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864:
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784:A'Lelia Walker
759:kidney failure
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