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sciences during the time of the
Ottoman Empire, madrasas included curriculums that included a wide range of natural sciences. There were many well-known Muslim scholars, mathematicians, and scientists that all worked to teach high-ranking families and children of the sciences. it known that "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all primarily concerned with religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madrasas – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heavily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but rather Islamic in nature. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madrasas were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.
6765:, had the opportunity to travel to India and see the daily life of girls at a residential madrasa. In these madrasas in Northern India, young girls have the ability to receive an education, however, many of the practices within these institutions can be seen as very restrictive or at least by Western standards. Many madrasas that enroll girls act as "purdah institutions." In Persian, purdah translates to curtain or cover. With respect to these madrasas in Northern India, a purdah institution is an institution in which there are several guidelines female students must adhere to as a way to cover themselves both physically and culturally, These restrictions are based on the students' gender and create a segregation of sorts. Girls are expected to wear veils over their faces and cover their entire bodies as a means of dressing modestly by cultural standards. In addition to the clothes that these girls wear, the physical building itself also adheres to the ideals of a purdah institution. Classrooms and hallways are separated by gender in order to prevent fraternization. Within many of these madrasas, even the windows are lined with metal grills in order to prevent students from looking to the outside as well as to prevent people on the outside to look inward. In addition to the physical layout of the building, there are a series of rules female students must adhere to. Some of these rules include girls must lower their head and their voice when addressing their male counterparts. As they pass windows, even with barriers blocking most of their view to the outside and blocking the view of those on the outside, they are expected to lower their gaze. Going back to the idea of clothing, they must wear a
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8423:. After this event, the United States implemented a plan to force Pakistan to completely shut down all madrasas that have links to militant groups, and to persuade madrasa students to instead attend public schools. Such a reaction and belief of the ties between Pakistan's madrasas and militancy were especially prominent during these times, and even in modern-day society to a similar extent, due to false assumptions regarding the roles of madrasas in upbringing militant groups, the prevalence of enrollment in such institutions, and more. To touch more on the prevalence of enrollment in Pakistan's madrasas, a 2005 study by Andrabi and others could be looked at. According to the study's results, seventy-five percent of all households that send one child to a madrasa also tended to incorporate public and private schools for the education of the rest of their children (Those who were not sent to a madrasa). Therefore, only twenty-five percent of all households relied solely on madrasas for the education of all their children. When taking this into account, one can see that enrollment in madrasas is not as prevalent as many people would assume due to parental choice being a strong deciding factor.
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infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in
Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.
7411:. He built eight madrasas that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madrasas for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madrasas and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.
11315:, or authorization. In Europe, the license to teach was a license to teach a certain field of knowledge. It was conferred by the licensed masters acting as a corporation, with the consent of a Church authority, in Paris, by the Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter... Certification in the Muslim East remained a personal matter between the master and the student. The master conferred it on an individual for a particular work, or works. Qualification, in the strict sense of the word, was supposed to be a criterion, but it was at the full discretion of the master, since, if he chose, he could give an ijaza to children hardly able to read, or even to unborn children. This was surely an abuse of the system... but no official system was involved. The ijaza was a personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one.
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side of the courtyard. The Bou Inania
Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout. However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with Mamluk structures to the east, Moroccan and Maghrebi madrasas were not prominently distinguishable from the outside except for an ornate entrance portal decorated with carved wood and stucco. This model continued to be found in later madrasas like the
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in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these
Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madrasas are the ones built by
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different topics in their curriculum. Some madrasas in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madrasas were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the
Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which
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5416:. There was a premium fee required to study Islamic law, which was sometimes fronted by state or private subsidiaries. The topics of this higher education also expanded larger than the Islamic time and area. Arab translations of Greco-Roman classical texts were often examined for mathematical and grammatical discourse. Since the focus of theology and legal study was utmost, specified law schools began their own development. On the theological side however, these remained mainly at the general
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these seven categories: calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, intellectual sciences, spiritual sciences, theoretical rational sciences, and practical rational sciences. The first
Ottoman medrese was created in İznik in 1331, when a converted Church building was assigned as a medrese to a famous scholar, Dâvûd of Kayseri. Suleyman made an important change in the hierarchy of Ottoman medreses. He established four general medreses and two more for specialised studies, one devoted to the
5984:. Madrasas by the 11th century had buildings and full time working educators. These educators were provided with places to live inside the madrasas. The institutions by this time occumulated a wide spread of attendance among the population. The attraction of the educational institution was that it provided free education for everyone in attendance. Furthermore, sciences at madrasas were indeed taught, and much of the material was from well-known scholars of the sciences such as
7556:(both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities. Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient education to gain a higher position in their home towns, and the madrasas provided them with basic necessities such as lodging and bread. However, the madrasas were also teaching institutions in their own right and offered their own courses, but usually with much narrower and more limited curriculums than the Qarawiyyin. The
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6610:, a successful businesswoman, and 'A'isha, a strong leader and interpreter of the Prophet's actions. According to a hadith attributed both to Muhammad and 'A'isha, the women of Medina were praiseworthy because of their desire for religious knowledge: Although female madrasas did exist before the 1970s large strides were made is regards to female education. After the 1970s a large increase in total female madrasas took place expanded very rapidly across the region.
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promote the ideas of their elders and preserve tradition, rather than introduce them to innovative ideas that challenge ‘received texts.’ Moreover, if
Professor Huff had looked more carefully at the European institutions that produced science, he would have found that they were mainly academies and royal courts protected by individual potentates and not the universities that he wishes to promote. But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the
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7852:, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR ministry of the government of India has recently declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madrasas in India. Though the madrasas impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum.
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8309:. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the Hanafi school of thought. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to form the
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presence, teaching, and licensing of certain sciences in madrasas has been historically underrepresented. This information, along with some of what is discussed in the following sections/paragraphs on this page, may now hopefully help one in identifying whether or not madrasas can indeed be classified as "Universities". However, arguments for why they should not be classified as such will later be proposed as well.
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6262:('licence ') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of
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further examines the specific fields of secular sciences that have achieved an established position in madrasa curriculum. Such fields included the sciences of mathematics, medicine and pharmacology, natural philosophy, divination, magic, and alchemy (The last three being clumped up into one set of coursework). To support the claims mentioned earlier in this section, it has been noted that
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6749:. This school is generally thought to be the first Muslim religious school in the country for young girls. El Yunusiyah, a deeply religious woman, believed that Islam demanded a central role for women and women's education. The school gained considerable popularity and by the end of the 1930s had as many as five hundred students. The scholar Audrey Kahin calls
9216:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with
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2244:) could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elites were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas (and other similar foundations) thus allowed them to maintain some status and means of living even after their fathers' deaths. Madrasas built in this period were often associated with the mausoleums of their founders.
2494:) are the product of the madrasas. The madrasas also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasas is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasas may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.
6005:, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, at least in Sunni madrasas, astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why
5868:) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madrasas, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".
6626:, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally
6816:, Iran, include an iwan and an inscription attributing it to Nizam al-Mulk. Nonetheless, it is clear that the Seljuks constructed many madrasas across their empire within a relatively short period of time, thus spreading both the idea of this institution and the architectural models on which later examples were based.
5223:, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.
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7949:. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of madrasas from Pakistan to Europe. In today's time the most centralized location of madrasas is in Pakistan. Although Pakistan hold the most Madrasas the number is still growing in many different countries.
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As elsewhere, rulers in the
Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population
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Although
Ottoman madrasas had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. Often mentioned by critics that madrasas did not include a variety of natural
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In
Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wood and were still centered around a main internal courtyard with a central fountain or water basin, around which student dorms were distributed across one or two floors. A prayer hall or mosque chamber usually stood opposite the entrance on one
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became eager patrons of architecture. Many of their projects involved the construction of madrasas as part of larger multi-functional religious complexes, usually attached to their personal mausoleums, which provided services to the general population while also promoting their own prestige and pious
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As I noted in my original article, students in the medieval Islamic world, who had the full freedom to chose their teacher and the subjects that they would study together, could not have been worse off than today’s students, who are required to pursue a specific curriculum that is usually designed to
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designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madrasas that predate the founding of the
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has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madrasas and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Some other
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schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature,
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in Cairo in 1176–1177, introducing this institution to Egypt. The Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids built many more madrasas across their territories. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status for its patrons but it could also be an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their
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was taught along with other secondary subjects, but not to secular science schools, modern or historical. These institutions were typically housed in specially designed buildings which were primarily devoted to this purpose. Such institutions are believed to have originated, or at least proliferated,
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The madrasas became the longest serving institutions of the Ottoman Empire, beginning service in 1330 and operating for nearly 600 years on three continents. They trained doctors, engineers, lawyers and religious officials, among other members of the governing and political elite. The madrasas were a
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There was no examination at the end of the course of study. Many of the students were well advanced in years. Those who left al-Azhar obtained an idjāza or licence to teach; this was a certificate given by the teacher under whom the student had followed courses, testifying to the student's diligence
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is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans
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what some women do when people gather with a shaykh to hear books. At that point women come, too, to hear the readings; the men sit in one place, the women facing them. It even happens at such times that some of the women are carried away by the situation; one will stand up, and sit down, and shout
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were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. Moroever, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence
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for scientific subjects, thereby proving that such licenses were indeed issued along with those regarding religious studies. There are many more examples of this that are not listed on this page, but can easily be found. When taking this evidence into account, one may then reasonably assume that the
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in Delhi which he specifically included the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, and geography besides the standard subjects of law, history, secular and religious sciences. Although little is known about the management and inner workings of these places of Islamic higher education, religious studies
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started off as providing higher education similarly to other parts of the Islamic world. The primary function for these institutions was to train and prepare workers for bureaucratic work as well as the judicial system. The curriculum generally consisted of logic, philosophy, law, history, politics,
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brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the
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and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by
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respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval
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to those who proved satisfactory in the knowledge of their specific scientific field of study, were indeed conducted. It is historically inaccurate to definitively mention that all forms of science were studied solely for the advancement/supplication of religious needs. This can be evident when one
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Toby Huff argues that no medical degrees were granted to students, as there was no faculty that could issue them, and that therefore, no system of examination and certification developed in the Islamic tradition like that of medieval Europe. However, the historians Andrew C. Miller, Nigel J. Shanks
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course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's
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Having come to the conclusion that the cruciform madrasa was Egyptian in origin, I shall show that its influence on Syria was almost nil. Only two madrasas, one built by an Egyptian sultan and the other by an Egyptian emīr, show signs of this influence, (a) the Madrasa of Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Bibars at
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Thus the university, as a form of social organisation, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite
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In South Africa, the madrasas also play a social and cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to children of Muslims who attend government or private non-religious schools. However, substantial numbers of Muslim children attend fully-fledged private Islamic schools, which combine
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criticized Huff's views regarding the legal autonomy of European universities and limited curriculum of Madrasahs, demonstrating that there were many Madrasahs dedicated to the teaching of non-religious subjects and arguing that Madrasahs generally had greater legal autonomy than medieval European
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However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by other scholars to be independent medieval European developments with no necessary Islamic influence. Norman Daniel criticizes Makdisi for overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels" while
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Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite
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From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations (waqf), the universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate entities that had many legal rights
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Taşköprülüzâde's concept of knowledge and his division of the sciences provides a starting point for a study of learning and medrese education in the Ottoman Empire. Taşköprülüzâde recognises four stages of knowledge—spiritual, intellectual, oral and written. Thus all the sciences fall into one of
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in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be
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It is sometimes speculated that parents send their children to madrasas in Pakistan due to the inability to afford a good education. Although Madrasas are free they do provide adequate education for their students. It is sometimes speculated that due to lower quality of education those who finish
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are called the Alia madrasas and they number some 7,000, offering, in addition to religious instruction, subjects such as English and science, and its graduates often complete their education in secular institutions, to the extent that some 32% of the university teachers in the humanities and the
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The form of the madrasa does not appear to have changed significantly over time in this region. The Timurid period (late 14th and 15th century), however, was a "golden age" of Iranian madrasas, during which the four-iwan model was made much larger and more monumental, on a par with major mosques,
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In contrast to early Iranian Seljuk madrasas, a large number of madrasas from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (between 1077 and 1308) have survived, and are the closest examples we have of Iranian-influenced early madrasa architecture. However, though each usually included a large central courtyard,
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Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have
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to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The study of Medicine and many other sciences that took place in Madrasas made large contributions to
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was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madrasas. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the
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Mosques were more than a place of worship as they were also utilized as an area to host community transactions of business. It was the center of most of a city's social and cultural life. Along with this came trades of information and teachings. As the mosque was a starting ground for religious
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As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the
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in American English) and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception is that madrasas only focused on the study of religion which is not true. Madrasas often included many
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The madrasas rose as colleges of learning in the Islamic world in the 11th century, though there were institutions of learning earlier. They catered not only to the religious establishment, though that was the dominant influence over them, but also the secular one. To the latter they supplied
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and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which
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in 1206 which set a basis of importance for Muslim education. Under control of the Delhi Sultanate, two early important madrasas were founded. The first was the Mu’zziyya named after Muḥammad Ghuri of the Ghorid Dynasty and his title of Muʿizz al-Dīn and founded by Sultan Iltutmish. The other
8156:, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madrasas. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the
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medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".
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It is more likely that the undeniable similarities sprang from similar circumstances. Both cultural traditions had sacred writings which needed to be examined, both had systems of law that looked back to ancient precedent, neither culture knew printing (which meant that dictation and verbal
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school. Moreover, due to the already dense urban fabric of Cairo, Mamluk architectural complexes adopted increasingly irregular and creatively designed floor plans to compensate for limited space while simultaneously attempting to maximize their prominence and visibility from the street.
6184:. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendant), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madrasas in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the
8415:, claimed that specifically Pakistani madrasas were responsible for the development of thousands of jihadists/terrorists, and that they were essentially weapons of mass destruction. During the time of the article's release, videos surfaced of young boys intensely memorizing/studying the
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in order to go outside. Within a cultural context, these rules are very appropriate. In addition to teaching specific subject academic content, institutions such as these purdah madrasas are also incorporating appropriate cultural and societal behavior outside the walls of the building.
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created a stir when it de-recognised madrasa education, receiving criticism from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"
8194:, which succeeded the ARMM, the eligibility of Madrasa teachers are covered by the autonomous region's education code. Prospect teachers barring any exception will have to take special examinations organized by the region's education ministry in order to secure their eligibility.
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In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, "Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as
5056:. Their exact origin is uncertain, but they appear to have been already widespread in the early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) and may have played an early role in socializing new ethnic and demographic groups into the Islamic religion during the first few centuries after the
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to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an
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evolved out of its Anatolian Seljuk predecessors into a particular style. In the classical Ottoman period (15th-16th centuries), the typical form of the madrasa had become a large courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery covered by a series of domes, similar to the
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or charitable complex. This marked a certain departure from other madrasa styles as it emphasized the feeling of space for its own sake instead of focusing on the practical function of housing as many students as possible within a small area. This is evident in the
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The first section, typology of institutions and the law of waqf, is crucial to the main thesis, since the college is defined in terms of the charitable trust, or endowment, as in Europe: it is admitted that the university, defined as a corporation, has no Islamic
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An article about a pointed exchange over a Web site report that said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have
6210:; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the sixth century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madrasas. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:
5937:
al-Azhar. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose."
7548:
as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. Madrasas also served to train the scholars and educated elites who generally operated the state bureaucracy. A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older
6333:"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy. Toby Huff, in a discussion of Makdisi's hypothesis, argues:
11051:
was that of al-Azhar in Cairo. This was established during the last quarter of the tenth century by the Fatimids to teach the principles of jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, logic and astronomy. It is here that we may find the origins of the modern
7863:
In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh declared the Madrasa Act of 2004 to be unconstitutional, according to a court order, while ordering the state government to move students enrolled in the Islamic system into mainstream schools.
6220:
Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'chairman' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term '
8008:
The number of madrasas more than doubled from 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, going from 63,000 to 145,000, unrecognized madrasas accounting for 17% of all schools in the country while the recognized madrasas account for nearly 1/3 of the secondary schools.
5420:
since it was more common and easier for the lower-level students to approach. The requirement of competent teachers to keep a madrasa up and running was also important. It was not uncommon for these scholars to be involved in multiple fields such as
2475:, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madrasas along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammar, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."
7618:(1925–41), and made a gradual comeback—though lagging behind growth of Iran's population, "between 1920 and 1979 the Persian population tripled ... but enrollment in madrasas only doubled"—in the four decades before the revolution when his son (
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in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of
1437:
9914:
1933:, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars, though the application of the term "university" to institutions of the medieval Muslim world is disputed. According to tradition, the al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded by
6845:
their overall layouts were more variable and may have reflected more multi-purpose functions, often with an attached mausoleum, a minaret, and an ornate entrance portal. The courtyards were sometimes covered by a large dome (as with the
13152:
7397:"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example,
6013:
Although there is a sort of validity to what was just mentioned in this section, more specifically in the previous paragraph, other sources also convey that an emphasis on the teaching of sciences in madrasas, and the licensing of
6756:
While madrasas continue to play a pivotal role in the education of many, including young girls, there are still some cultural norms that find their way into the hallways and classrooms of these institutions. In article from 2021,
8175:-funded DepEd project Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) has assisted a group of private madrasas seeking a Permit To Operate from the government and implement the SMC. These private madrasas are scattered throughout
9894:
2140:
depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madrasas, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the
13234:
7776:
In 2006 there were 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasas with the Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, though the figure could be well over double that number if unregistered madrasas were counted.
8373:
When articles mentioned "madrassas," readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centres having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political
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was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.
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8118:
for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. Students who wish to attend a mainstream school may opt to take classes on weekends at the
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Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010:
10147:), logic and, sometimes, philosophy and mathematics. In addition to the above, other subjects such as literary studies, history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry were also taught.
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and privileges. These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued."
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were often subsidized and founded by states or private individuals, and well-qualified teachers filled in the role for professors. Foundations of Islamic higher education in India is tied to the establishment of the
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like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the
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As is previously mentioned, religion dominated much of the knowledge and teachings that were endowed upon students. "Religious learning as the only true science, whose sole aim was the understanding of God's word."
13321:
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are not issued to these sciences as much as they are to religious studies, yet at the same time, there is no evidence fully supporting that none were given to these subjects. Clear examples of the issuing of such
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in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in
7925:
have a hard time finding employment. Those who attended Madrasas have problem finding a job soon after. The education those receive madrasas in Pakistan closely resembles public institutions in the United States.
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There are three different madrasa education systems in Bangladesh: the original darse nizami system, the redesigned nizami system, and the higher syllabus alia nisab. The first two categories are commonly called
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bore the focus amongst most other subjects, particularly the rational sciences such as mathematics, logic, medicine, and astronomy. Although some tried to emphasize these subjects more, it is doubtful that every
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Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period. 1. From madrasa to university" Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved
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also holds a concentration of Mamluk-era architecture, including madrasas. However, the most significant Mamluk archtiectural patronage outside of Cairo is likely in Jerusalem, as with the example of the major
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was usually specific to institutions of higher learning, which generally taught Islamic law and occasionally other subjects, as opposed to elementary schools or children's schools, which were usually known as
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became more common. In this context, a madrasa would be referred to as a localized area or center within the mosque for studies and teachings relating the Quran. Among the first advanced topics featured at a
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Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588
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Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588
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While some historical madrasas in Morocco remained in use well into the 20th century, most are no longer used for their original purpose following the reorganization of the Moroccan education system under
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and his successors. Madrasas in the Iranian architectural tradition continued to be centered around a large square or rectangular courtyard with a central water basin and surrounded by a one or two-story
13354:
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was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the ninth century
13534:
2310:(public bathhouse). The following excerpt provides a brief synopsis of the historical origins and starting points for the teachings that took place in the Ottoman madrasas in the Early Modern Period:
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6726:(charitable trust) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women. Royal women were also major patrons of culture and architecture in the Ottoman Empire, founding many
1984:
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college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity
5717:(professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called
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and faced each other across a central courtyard, while two "lateral" iwans faced each across each on the other two sides of the courtyard. Prominent examples of these include the madrasa of the
2062:. Although madrasa-type institutions appear to have existed in Iran before Nizam al-Mulk, this period is nonetheless considered by many as the starting point for the proliferation of the formal
13144:
1772:
or "madrasa" usually refers more narrowly to Islamic institutions of learning. Historians and other scholars also employ the term to refer to historical learning institutions throughout the
3739:
11640:, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, individual entries on: Baccalarius; Collegium; Disputatio; Grade, universitäre; Magister universitatis, Professor; Rector; Studia humanitatis; Universität
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2054:), created a system of state madrasas (in his time they were called the Niẓāmiyyahs, named after him) in various Seljuk and ʻAbbāsid cities at the end of the 11th century, ranging from
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Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010
8419:, thus facilitating the false stereotype that madrasas brainwash and breed children to becoming future jihadists. This stereotype was even further accentuated following the events of
1905:
In the early history of the Islamic period, teaching was generally carried out in mosques rather than in separate specialized institutions. Although some major early mosques like the
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and in the period following independence in 1956. Likewise, while some madrasas are still used for learning in Tunisia, many have since been converted to other uses in modern times.
6042:. He mentioned that in places like Syria and Egypt, it has been suggested that public performances of knowledge, which its conduction was required for one to finally receive their
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There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.
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equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream
13884:
6198:
introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian
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failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Daniel also points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the
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6969:(built from 1356 to 1363), with a large central courtyard surrounded by four enormous iwans. While the unique Madrasa of Sultan Hasan provided instruction in all four Sunni
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is often translated as 'that which is indecent', which usually meant the exposure of anything other than a woman's face and hands, although scholarly interpretations of the
5651:'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the
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13311:
7832:
school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the
7273:(courtyard) of imperial mosques. Madrasas were generally limited to a main ground floor, and were often built as auxiliary buildings to a central mosque which anchored a
11243:
Madrasa,...in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.
6113:
to Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din M. b. M. b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi. This license was very extensive, allowing him to teach religious, philosophical, and even medical texts like
5933:. In the second half of the 19th century in Egypt, Muslim Egyptians began to attend secular schools, and a movement arose in the late 19th to the early 20th century to
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In the Early Modern Period in the Ottoman Empire, "Suleyman I added new curriculums to the Ottoman medreses of which one was medicine, which alongside studying of the
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It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.
2394:- the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on
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and the other to medicine. He gave the highest ranking to these and thus established the hierarchy of the medreses which was to continue until the end of the empire.
1528:. From there, the construction of madrasas spread across much of the Muslim world over the next few centuries, often adopting similar models of architectural design.
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physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Today many registered madrasas are working effectively and coping up with modern education system such as
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7296:, often considered the apogee of Ottoman architecture, included four madrasas as part of a vast and carefully designed architectural ensemble at the top of one of
6812:. Practically none of the first madrasas founded under Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk vizier between 1064 and 1092) have survived, though partial remains of one madrasa in
6295:
Madrasa system from the ninth century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the
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who was an expert in medicine, grammar, linguistics, law, alchemy, and philosophy. The choice of freedom in inquiry was also important. Muslim higher education at
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According to a 2006 International Religious Freedom Report of the US State Department the country has some 2000 madrasas, with half of them located in Mindanao.
8110:(IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the
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13344:
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declared it to be at the beginning of the 16th century, and the number of Shiʿite madrasas in Iran (or Persia) grew rapidly from that time on. Since 1979, the
7351:. It cites sources in support of certain statements and quotes, but these are used as arguments leading to conclusions with no supporting citations. (See also
11520:
Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,
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However, the classification of madrasas as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madrasas, the
1862:
was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students. In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz,
18107:
16982:
13582:
9193:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the
6965:(finished in 1304). One exceptional madrasa, which also served as a mosque and was easily one of the most massive structures of its time, was the monumental
2612:
13526:
10143:
The main subjects taught were Quranic exegesis, theology, jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence, grammar and syntax, the Traditions of Muhammad(
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in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public
9734:
7724:
which has 200 teachers and 3000 students, and in all, some 380,000 students were enrolled in these government recognized madrasas, including 55,000 girls.
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In the 20th century in Indonesia, madrasas founded by women played an important role in increasing educational standards in the country. In November 1923,
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13504:
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in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the
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published in January 2007 a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated:
5276:
were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madrasas teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences", such as
5173:
school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote, they should be taught the Qur'an,
18395:
6133:
Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madrasas and
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13376:
9474:
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18594:
18567:
18383:
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Historically, its estimated that there were about 5,000 religious students in Iran/Persia in 1924–25, but, that number dropped sharply owing to the
2074:. Part of the motivation for this widespread adoption of the madrasah by Sunni rulers and elites was a desire to counter the influence and spread of
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10816:
10316:
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founded in 1242, to which was later attached al-Salih's mausoleum. In Syria, an exceptional example of a monumental madrasa from this period is the
6552:". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in
6488:, women "became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty". In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in
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In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madrasas or Islamic schools are known as
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in Indonesia is also refer to secular-style public and private schools with more Islamic subjects in its curriculum. There are several levels of
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founded in 1136–37. Madrasa architecture in this region appears to have evolved out of Seljuk prototypes. Another early important example is the
6808:), of which some early surviving remains demonstrate this type of layout. Another possible origin may have been domestic houses in the region of
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to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a
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18626:
18189:
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Perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two systems is embodied in their systems of certification; namely, in medieval Europe, the
9391:(June 2003), "Between doubts and certainties: on the place of history of science in Islamic societies within the field of history of science",
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7882:
school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within
5753:
dedicated to the teaching of medicine. For example, of the 155 madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools.
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on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek
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There are many other instances where attempts to deem madrasas as just radical Islamic schools were made. In the year 2000, an article from
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built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in
6758:
13406:
9189:
No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the
6865:
In Syria and the surrounding region, the earliest madrasas were often relatively small buildings, the earliest example of which is one in
6448:
to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the
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does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether
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18290:
17974:
17784:
15138:
11541:, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
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in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasas were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the
2129:
18376:
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7602:. ("The vast majority" of the population is Twelver Shia Muslim. There are nearly three hundred thousand clerics in Iran's seminaries.
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in Fes, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public
5988:, who was the “most famous and most successful” editor of the Shi’i law, kalam philosophy which include mathematic works and astrology.
18606:
9663:
8362:
5939:
5580:, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a
4415:
10716:
as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),
9912:
Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education
6793:(vaulted chambers open on one side) arranged symmetrically around the courtyard. The origin of this architectural model may have been
6171:
in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:
2221:
in 1136. One of the earliest madrasas in Damascus, and one of the first madrasas to be accompanied by the tomb of its founder, is the
1917:
had separate rooms which were devoted to teaching, this distinction between "mosque" and "madrasa" was not very present. Notably, the
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While Mamluk architecture outside Cairo was generally of lesser quality and craftsmanship, there were nonetheless many examples. The
6889:. As with the earlier Seljuk madrasas, it is likely that these foundations were motivated by a desire to counteract the influence of
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have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume
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built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The main architectural highlights among these are the
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7181:, which dates from 1227 and is also the earliest "universal" madrasa, which is to say the first madrasa that taught all four Sunni
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12559:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.
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is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 as a mosque by
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7622:) ruled. At the biggest religious center in Iran, Qom, stipends for students came from religious taxes starting in the 1920s.
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generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th century, under the
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D) Spiritual sciences—theoretical, such as Islamic theology and mathematics; and practical, such as Islamic ethics and politics.
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built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). By the late 13th century, the first madrasas were being built in
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dynasties (11th-16th centuries) in the Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment and
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Nepal has 907 madrasas recognized on the same level as government schools but the total number in the country is around 4000.
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C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi",
11267:
11075:
10923:
10633:
Daniel, Norman (1984). "Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"".
10422:
9183:
9097:
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353:
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6224:' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having '
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8106:, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the
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7203:. In some cases, these madrasas were directly attached and integrated into larger mosques, as with those attached to the
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will appear; in her house, their exposure would be forbidden — how can it be allowed in a mosque, in the presence of men?
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5148:
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6496:. Mahbuba was one of these. Another female (albeit probably fictional) figure to be remembered for her achievements was
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and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.
1473:, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the
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A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia's Islamic Education Strategy
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origin, madrasas also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be.
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in 1227, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the
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referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst
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course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in
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A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to an extra-curricular institution where children receive basic (Islamic) religious and
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Madrasas were generally centered around an interior courtyard and the classical madrasa form generally featured four
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4430:
3744:
2377:
531:
13947:
7366:
2402:. To Islam, the Quran is the core of all learning, it is described in this journal as the “Spine of all discipline”
1597:
literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study". The word is also present as a
17856:
16777:
16556:
14866:
14722:
14199:
14095:
13963:
12697:
Hamadeh, Shirine (2004). "Ottoman Expressions of Early Modernity and the 'Inevitable' Question of Westernization".
12271:
9400:
6966:
6928:
6300:
6296:
2390:
The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the
131:
5441:
and particularly religious sciences, later incorporating more of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine.
17697:
16286:
15360:
15166:
7746:
6882:
5585:"career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded
5090:
entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at
5044:
In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school (for children or for those learning to read) was known as a '
4256:
2941:
723:
18587:
18525:
18501:
18337:
18315:
18244:
18232:
15880:
10188:
9621:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".
7414:
This is the rank of madrasas in the Ottoman Empire from the highest ranking to the lowest: (From İnalcık, 167).
6345:
universities. According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from interference in their curriculum by the
6099:, issued by a physician from Damascus, was present to confirm that one was indeed issued here for said student.
18916:
17794:
17475:
16624:
15425:
14973:
14871:
13852:
Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer". Retrieved 2010-11-25.
12808:
12471:
12131:
9221:
defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.
8229:
7676:
7569:
7347:
7042:
7038:
7034:
6429:
Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However,
6424:
5317:
5216:
3837:
2951:
2359:
668:
13993:
13494:
12930:
12903:
12199:
12102:
Munawaroh, Unaidatul (2002). "Rahmah el-Yunusiah: Pelopor Pendidikan Perempuan". In Burhanuddin, Jajat (ed.).
6900:. Among the surviving Ayyubid madrasas in Egypt are the remains of the Madrasa of al-Kamil (founded by Sultan
6877:
madrasas began to take on added importance, with the first madrasa in Egypt (no longer extant) being built by
19250:
17774:
17769:
17764:
16720:
16678:
16421:
16416:
16155:
14783:
14542:
14219:
13557:"Muslim Congressman: American Schools Should Be Modeled After Madrassas, 'Where The Foundation Is The Koran'"
13232:
13001:
8329:
called Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York. Presently, the Darul Uloom in New York City, an affiliate of
6962:
6159:. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and
4132:
2117:
1477:, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of
402:
11943:
6718:
mosque in 859, which later developed into a madrasa. The role of female patrons was also evident during the
19220:
17779:
17759:
17754:
17733:
17606:
16994:
16838:
16730:
16355:
15345:
15322:
14932:
14788:
14778:
14684:
14337:
13468:
13439:
13410:
13384:
12661:
12555:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).
11776:
11603:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
11392:"A Mongol Mahdi in Medieval Anatolia: Rebellion, Reform, and Divine Right in the Post-Mongol Islamic World"
11200:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
11167:
10350:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
9708:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
8132:
8078:
7761:
7742:
7216:
7159:
7080:), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the
6951:, which largely used stone, the madrasa layout generally had two prominent iwans which were aligned to the
5765:
learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his
5220:
4996:
4677:
2538:
1879:
434:
11493:
Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005,
17849:
16755:
16539:
15447:
15312:
15118:
14886:
14679:
14056:
13930:
12927:
M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 81; quoted in
12593:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
10720:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99,
10070:
9113:
8298:
8107:
7549:
7248:
6715:
6513:
6386:
5930:
5845:
5493:
was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching
5328:
5277:
4565:
4323:
4318:
4261:
3832:
2121:
2103:
1918:
1820:
481:
308:
12900:
M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 77; quoted in
19125:
17157:
16604:
15875:
15547:
15197:
15080:
14597:
14016:
13694:
13349:
12538:
Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum. 2e partie. Syrie du Sud. Tome 1er. Jérusalem "Ville"
12009:
11975:
11909:
11875:
11572:
11258:
Lessnoff, Michael (2007), "Islam, Modernity and Science", in Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (eds.),
10980:
10946:
10033:
9521:
8648:
8510:
8366:
8141:
8086:
6556:. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in
6517:
6354:
6311:, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic
6291:
6038:
multiple collections of manuscript titles and biographies. Further evidence of this was illustrated by
4447:
4328:
3395:
2652:
1508:), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to
1296:
521:
10182:
10159:
8066:
1520:
in the 11th century, who was responsible for building the first network of official madrasas in Iran,
1492:
and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic
16750:
16740:
16506:
15290:
15277:
14978:
14807:
14503:
14225:
14188:
13981:
13215:
Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. xi.
12597:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
12302:
Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia : Negotiating Public Spaces
10935:
Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
10770:
9510:
Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
7945:, which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by
6753:"one of the most successful and influential of the schools for women" in pre-independence Indonesia.
6107:
who was considered to be a proficient polymath, astronomer, philosopher, and physician who issued an
5624:
5031:
The Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, built in the 15th century. The bottom floor contained a
4380:
4375:
3842:
3749:
2988:
2882:
2233:(Saladin) overthrew the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt in 1171, he founded a Sunni madrasa near the tomb of
2217:. The first documented madrasa created in Syria was the Madrasa of Kumushtakin, added to a mosque in
616:
328:
39:
17:
16962:
16781:
7928:
6710:
Women played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as
19235:
18659:
17707:
16990:
16916:
16637:
16586:
16431:
16070:
15442:
15161:
14985:
14758:
14238:
13733:
13034:
11637:
10937:
10859:
10842:
9512:
8225:
7672:
7211:(17th century). In other cases they were built as more or less separate entities, such as with the
6939:
6886:
6561:
6525:
6316:
6188:
views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madrasas were not as popular. Unlike the
6059:, a prominent mathematician in his day, was mentioned to be responsible for giving his students an
5926:
5422:
5269:
5067:
4246:
3326:
3113:
2468:
2355:
2204:
1574:
548:
348:
46:
13589:
6075:
to his student al-Quff for proving sufficient in knowledge of his commentary on the medical book,
4642:
17065:
16765:
16571:
16516:
16375:
16272:
15791:
15300:
14111:
12574:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)
12350:
11799:
9213:
9089:
Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500-1850
8909:
8566:
8378:
Various American public figures in the early 2000s used the word in a negative manner, including
8218:
8085:). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and
7665:
7362:
7170:
7109:
6438:
5967:
5963:
5757:
and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the
4989:
4882:
3057:
2983:
2936:
2348:
2271:
in Fes (founded in 1271) and culminating with much larger and more ornate constructions like the
1910:
1470:
1132:
143:
14265:
11417:
8643:
5388:
5110:, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and
2471:. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasas also offer additional advanced courses in
17897:
17254:
16806:
16321:
15656:
15457:
15386:
15355:
15285:
14209:
14204:
14122:
13956:
13935:
13414:
11538:
8894:
Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". In List, Regina A.; Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.).
8157:
8061:
8049:
7592:
7408:
7289:
7285:
6846:
6607:
6100:
5977:
5706:
5581:
5289:
4495:
4410:
4313:
4251:
4122:
4072:
3721:
3709:
3291:
2559:
2185:
1458:
1267:
597:
363:
16725:
13760:
13145:"In Maharashtra, students obtaining full-time religious education to be considered uneducated"
12013:
12003:
11979:
11969:
11913:
11903:
11879:
11869:
10178:
8679:
7536:, founded in Tunis in 1252 and followed by many others. In Morocco, the first madrasa was the
7096:
founded in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). In Morocco, the first madrasa was the
5563:
to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the
3657:
19240:
17460:
16863:
16821:
16801:
16461:
16365:
16135:
16098:
16050:
15938:
15403:
15381:
14132:
14009:
10436:
Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
8286:
7919:
7619:
7237:
7204:
7174:
7003:
6194:
6119:
4460:
4385:
4062:
2554:
2512:
1989:
1973:). By the 900s AD, the Madrasa is noted to have become a successful higher education system.
1839:
1756:
literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.
1532:
specific educational institution, with their own funding and curricula, in contrast with the
1289:
592:
417:
201:
156:
18798:
18412:
9647:
9359:
8260:
7840:, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include:
7825:
hosting most of them, estimated by the Indian government to have 10,000 of those back then.
7317:
7293:
7253:
1815:
19245:
19026:
18855:
18300:
18073:
17806:
17560:
16858:
16853:
16843:
16828:
16811:
16796:
16786:
16735:
16715:
16701:
16481:
16130:
15630:
15060:
14967:
14912:
13345:"Poor Indonesian families are more likely to send their daughters to cheap Islamic schools"
13252:
OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. “Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India.”
10413:
Gibb, H. A. R. (1970), "The University in the Arab-Moslem World", in Bradby, Edward (ed.),
8520:
8420:
8330:
7849:
7841:
7263:
7200:
7093:
7046:
6982:
6854:
6833:
6779:
6762:
6434:
6104:
6077:
6049:
included mathematics in its content. There are plenty of other examples of the issuance of
5985:
3847:
2971:
2966:
2854:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2549:
2256:
1622:
1489:
926:
11309:
9448:(2000) , "Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence", in Shank, Michael H. (ed.),
9010:
8994:
8974:
8958:
8938:
8584:
7821:
In 2008, India's madrassas were estimated to number between 8000 and 30,000, the state of
7199:) nonetheless built numerous monumental madrasas, many of which are excellent examples of
6663:
6655:
6646:
6573:
6502:
6454:
6442:
6279:
6269:
6255:
6246:
6234:
6161:
6153:
5999:
5956:
5895:
5794:
5777:
5720:
5675:
5668:
5653:
5637:
5615:
5602:
5592:
5574:
5565:
5557:
5548:
5534:
5525:
5487:
5480:
5429:
offered not only mastery in specified fields but also a more generalized, broader option.
5337:
5321:
5262:
5200:
5193:
5167:
5160:
5134:
5126:
5119:
5092:
5084:
5072:
5061:
5050:
2445:
2427:
2419:
2407:
2317:
2107:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2014:
1944:
1936:
1766:
1731:
1676:
1656:
1591:
1584:
1555:
1452:
8:
19199:
18757:
17818:
17576:
17418:
17348:
17320:
17259:
17152:
16833:
16816:
16791:
16770:
16576:
16207:
16145:
16055:
15992:
15902:
15890:
15295:
15171:
15065:
14881:
14320:
14117:
10598:
9982:
9217:
8355:
8310:
8180:
7833:
7240:. Either two or four large iwans stood at the ends of the central axes of the courtyard.
7139:
7105:
7062:
6948:
6734:
6603:
6232:' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of
6138:
6006:
5879:
5865:
5838:
5822:
5433:
5332:
5281:
5212:
5174:
4605:
4595:
4520:
4209:
4152:
4142:
4112:
4077:
4057:
2871:
2677:
2647:
2584:
2162:
1970:
1855:
1691:
1630:
1001:
716:
602:
236:
136:
65:
13939:, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the
13728:
12625:
Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
6349:
that established them in the first place." Examples include the Dakhwariyya madrasah in
3363:
1694:, madrasas had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as
16745:
16561:
16524:
16491:
16486:
16451:
16408:
16296:
16267:
16187:
16150:
15685:
15585:
15462:
15376:
15307:
15217:
15153:
14961:
14937:
14614:
14592:
14552:
14394:
14297:
14248:
14214:
14105:
13915:
Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan
13812:
13472:
13443:
13316:
13312:"A madrasa blends traditional education with modern to keep up with the changing times"
13292:
13168:
12714:
12403:
12375:
12250:
11620:
11461:
11421:
11413:
11217:
11024:
10958:
10650:
10545:
10520:
10485:
10367:
10308:
10232:
10120:
9533:
9487:
9483:
9428:
9329:
8392:
8325:
of Indiana called for additional madrasas in the United States. There is a madrassa in
8041:
8033:
7580:
7557:
7482:
7352:
7123:
6974:
6913:
6870:
6681:
6584:
6168:
5902:
5826:
5809:
5285:
5178:
4535:
4470:
4455:
4425:
4224:
4219:
4204:
4097:
4092:
3786:
3759:
3358:
2946:
2916:
2902:
2503:
2272:
2222:
2177:
2146:
2116:. In addition to religious subjects, they taught the "rational sciences," as varied as
2095:
2091:
1859:
626:
583:
553:
536:
511:
456:
412:
124:
14460:
12300:
10498:
8615:
6089:
managed to show that one of its readers had sufficient knowledge in the medical text,
5966:(founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world."
2020:
created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the
1022:
19215:
19175:
18976:
18835:
18456:
17964:
17515:
16927:
16657:
16614:
16247:
16192:
16182:
16174:
16140:
16025:
15974:
15796:
15649:
15437:
15432:
15337:
15327:
15317:
14990:
14876:
14828:
14671:
14582:
14285:
14275:
14270:
14260:
14255:
14088:
13919:
13874:
13839:
13679:
13674:
12989:
12844:
12804:
12598:
12497:
12467:
12407:
12395:
12354:
12314:
12279:
12236:
12168:
12107:
12068:
12041:
12017:
11983:
11917:
11883:
11780:
11724:
11703:
11586:
11576:
11537:
Extensive bibliography in: Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa."
11521:
11494:
11425:
11408:
11391:
11263:
11111:
11071:
11028:
10984:
10962:
10919:
10883:
10824:
10780:
10776:
10752:
10731:
10721:
10695:
10616:
10550:
10490:
10437:
10418:
10312:
10236:
10124:
10051:
10010:
9986:
9851:
9817:
9740:
9713:
9653:
9626:
9598:
9537:
9453:
9420:
9412:
9333:
9321:
9179:
9171:
9128:
9093:
8494:
8482:
8463:
8025:
7630:
7553:
7521:
7513:
7212:
7081:
6923:
6905:
6897:
6853:), reflecting an ongoing transition to domed Islamic buildings in Anatolia and later
6809:
6623:
6541:
6485:
6229:
5922:
5758:
5501:, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as
5313:
5099:
4711:
4692:
4238:
4199:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4102:
4087:
4050:
3681:
3065:
2809:
2472:
2264:
2125:
1997:
1950:
1891:
1626:
1272:
677:
663:
631:
578:
491:
451:
313:
13636:
7112:(completed in 1341), all of which are lavishly decorated with sculpted wood, carved
6180:
As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of
5356:
3936:
19163:
18926:
18845:
18016:
18001:
17991:
17937:
17672:
17480:
17358:
17202:
17192:
17115:
16922:
16466:
16326:
16278:
16197:
16015:
15516:
15467:
15452:
15202:
14907:
14629:
14567:
14557:
14547:
14532:
14280:
14183:
14155:
14043:
13802:
13282:
12706:
12387:
12306:
11612:
11403:
11209:
11107:
11016:
10950:
10875:
10642:
10540:
10532:
10480:
10472:
10359:
10300:
10224:
10112:
9525:
9432:
9404:
9313:
9209:
9205:
9120:
8989:
8440:
8326:
7942:
7537:
7097:
6994:
6580:
6545:
6330:
6263:
6199:
6145:) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a
6082:
5943:
5842:
scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.
5769:
5742:
5498:
5309:
5208:
5103:
5033:
4682:
4667:
4652:
4600:
4505:
4405:
4308:
4271:
4214:
4194:
4189:
4162:
4082:
3941:
3704:
3612:
3502:
3497:
3281:
3186:
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
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5455:
was the Nāṣiriyya, named after Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd and built by Balban. These two
4722:
2486:, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the
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13238:
13190:"Court ruling effectively outlaws Islamic schools in India's most populous state"
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8383:
8349:(مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term
8342:
7906:
7899:
7887:
7634:
7599:
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7358:
7192:
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school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a
5066:
was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian
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4687:
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across the rest of the Muslim world, adapted for use by all four different Sunni
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1954:
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1739:
1711:
1634:
1430:
1386:
1232:
1077:
658:
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427:
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358:
261:
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119:
10813:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
9317:
8322:
8168:, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.
4727:
3642:
3607:
1886:. The first part of madrasa-based education is estimated from the first day of "
1874:, etc. There was also training in horse-riding, the art of war, handwriting and
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18730:
18643:
18478:
18322:
18174:
18169:
18144:
18063:
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15075:
14917:
14619:
13527:"BARMM to grant special eligibility for Madaris teachers in new education code"
10536:
10476:
9388:
8835:
Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".
8265:
8161:
7970:
7946:
7873:
7525:
7154:
7101:
7085:
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6909:
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5297:
5249:
5182:
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2009:
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461:
75:
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12310:
10749:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
9959:
Landau, J.M.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Kuttāb".
9176:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages
7057:
3602:
2304:-based religious foundation which included other elements like a mosque and a
19209:
19102:
18901:
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18825:
18366:
18214:
18129:
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17892:
17300:
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15829:
15734:
15620:
15408:
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14587:
14562:
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13907:
Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan
12993:
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10735:
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2013:
1958:
1899:
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1509:
1247:
1112:
1102:
1092:
636:
541:
501:
11005:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
10834:
10289:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
10101:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
1601:
with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as:
19151:
18805:
18139:
17996:
17831:
17586:
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16551:
16456:
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16346:
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14516:
14365:
14350:
14064:
12164:
Peran kaum mudo dalam pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau 1803-1942
12162:
12064:
Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan
10590:
10494:
9939:
9424:
9201:
8865:
8570:
8468:
8387:
8268:
8176:
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7486:
7321:
7196:
7007:
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6805:
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5459:
bear importance as a starting point for higher education for Muslim India.
4944:
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3617:
3547:
3527:
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descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves (
1926:
1883:
1828:
1773:
1562:
1493:
1207:
1167:
1147:
931:
911:
697:
643:
380:
112:
101:
52:
16952:
12956:
10554:
10265:
Pederson, J; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R (March 30, 2009). "Madrasa".
6672:
6397:
which taught astronomy along with religious studies. According to Saliba:
5889:
Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī
5185:, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills).
3996:
3988:
3867:
1902:
initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres.
18921:
18865:
18664:
17902:
17433:
17167:
17147:
16529:
16441:
16370:
16306:
16262:
16080:
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15988:
15922:
15766:
15729:
15575:
15558:
15047:
14537:
14445:
14345:
14232:
12541:(in French). Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
10747:
Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
10228:
9445:
9190:
8488:
8301:, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are
7883:
7856:
7814:
7798:
7712:
As of early 2021, Afghanistan had some 5000 madrasas registered with the
7561:
7127:
6893:
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6703:
6403:
5762:
5305:
5027:
4954:
4909:
4807:
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4011:
3632:
3587:
3522:
3430:
3353:
3206:
3201:
3008:
2926:
2897:
2892:
2747:
2467:, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by
2154:
2055:
1962:
1875:
1521:
1217:
1072:
439:
397:
321:
13988:
13816:
13296:
9235:
The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171
8365:
examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the
7288:, which included 16 madrasa buildings arranged symmetrically around the
5860:. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the
5351:
between 1155 and 1260. Institutions of learning were established in the
45:"Madraseh", "Medrese", and "Madraza" redirect here. For other uses, see
19187:
19087:
18850:
18710:
18572:
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18164:
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17591:
17402:
17137:
17050:
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16501:
16476:
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15801:
15786:
15781:
15749:
15724:
15350:
14432:
14389:
14360:
12718:
10954:
9529:
9408:
8232: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8191:
7879:
7765:
7721:
7679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7030:
6572:
6477:
6430:
6390:
6358:
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6035:
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system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the
5352:
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4827:
4822:
4420:
4286:
4107:
3916:
3694:
3627:
3574:
3440:
3343:
3226:
2993:
2849:
2784:
2672:
2617:
2399:
2362: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2137:
2113:
2099:
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2021:
1474:
1262:
1227:
444:
18946:
18740:
18194:
17738:
17652:
17490:
13871:"Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas"
13256:, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198.
12592:
11624:
11221:
10654:
10571:. "The History of Libraries in the Arab World: A Diffusionist Model".
10415:
The University Outside Europe: Essays on the Development of University
10371:
9393:
NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin
9112:
while other scholars have argued that this distinction belongs to the
7275:
6686:
6669:
have always tended to vary, with some more or less strict than others.
6266:
are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of
5950:
delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of
5541:("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic
5376:
2769:
2296:
19097:
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17423:
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15761:
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15615:
15610:
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14486:
14428:
14375:
14243:
13836:
Teaching and Learning the Sciences in Islamicate Societies (800-1700)
13702:
11845:, p. 23, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon
11832:, p. 22, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon
10461:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres"
10382:
10380:
8369:, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning:
8071:
8003:
7615:
7512:, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the
7224:
7188:
7163:
7143:
7066:
6938:
After the faltering of the Ayyubid dynasty and the transition to the
6813:
6453:
6382:
6378:
6189:
6123:. These are just a few select/historical examples of the issuance of
5060:
of the region. Like madrasas (which referred to higher education), a
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4555:
4530:
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1801:
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951:
946:
896:
861:
343:
61:
13050:
Testimony of Samina Ahmed to U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
12710:
12493:
The Muslim Architecture of Egypt: Ayyūbids and early Baḥrite Mamlūks
11725:"Flying Goats And Other Obsessions: A Response to Toby Huff's Reply"
10216:
8207:
7654:
7369:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
7215:(also in Isfahan, 17th-18th centuries), or the 15th-century Timurid
6797:
6463:
2682:
2337:
2078:
at the time, by using these institutions to spread Sunni teachings.
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19057:
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18419:
17959:
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15672:
15398:
14894:
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14704:
14498:
14404:
14355:
14083:
13909:. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.
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12391:
11616:
11544:
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8272:
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7089:
6986:
6901:
6794:
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6497:
6350:
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5906:
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5647:
who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title
5628:
5344:
5293:
5237:
5071:
4964:
4877:
4857:
4842:
4637:
4610:
3966:
3926:
3872:
3460:
3241:
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3139:
3023:
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2732:
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2181:
2150:
2090:
consider the period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the "
1887:
1846:
was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. After
1843:
1750:
also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term
1746:
1598:
1482:
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1202:
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1082:
801:
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57:
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16901:
11004:
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10377:
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10100:
8077:
In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by
6920:. Many more examples from this period, however, have not survived.
6766:
6622:
While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal
6500:, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by
6460:(the women scholars of hadith), and found at least 8,000 of them.
6361:; the Madrasah established by Kamal al-Din Ibn Man`a (d. 1242) in
5871:
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5384:
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4792:
4737:
4006:
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17702:
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17510:
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17182:
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17010:
16957:
16599:
16301:
16212:
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16007:
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15837:
15590:
15413:
15009:
14697:
14455:
14450:
14437:
14421:
14414:
14409:
14141:
13583:"Application for membership Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York"
13499:
13380:
12653:
12554:
11937:
11482:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
11159:
9707:
9072:İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In
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8111:
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7541:
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7497:
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6990:
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5951:
5853:
5727:, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."
5719:
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5368:
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5114:
among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and
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31:
13104:. Working Paper. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, p. 18
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9890:
Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015).
8834:
6819:
6618:; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith.
3808:
2417:(the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a
2405:
A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a
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12557:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
9710:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
9578:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
8560:
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8172:
8115:
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7750:
7130:. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in
7118:
7113:
6943:
6917:
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s (religious and charitable complexes) that included madrasas.
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and subsequently spread to other regions of the Islamic world.
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17813:
12232:
Women shaping Islam : Indonesian women reading the Qurʼan
9958:
9697:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
9646:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).
9156:
Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
8741:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".
7737:
or non-government madrasas. Amongst them the most notable are
6034:
can be seen in numerous manuscripts, or more specifically, in
5098:
schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in
3667:
3487:
3383:
2478:
People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming
2149:, the territories under the Caliphate experienced a growth in
1834:
The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of
19011:
19006:
19001:
18996:
18991:
18891:
18669:
18562:
18547:
18356:
18222:
18154:
18124:
18119:
18021:
17986:
17912:
17887:
17677:
17657:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17248:
17238:
17187:
17142:
17127:
17121:
17095:
17090:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17005:
16886:
16103:
15953:
15844:
15819:
15714:
15625:
15580:
15563:
15176:
15001:
14955:
14943:
14745:
14731:
14690:
14467:
14305:
14162:
14148:
14069:
14032:
12803:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
12038:
The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire
11550:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
11325:
11323:
11296:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
10671:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
10386:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
9846:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).
9812:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid".
8499:
8416:
8358:
began with Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools.
8306:
7717:
7642:
7596:
7452:
B) Oral sciences—such as Arabic language, grammar and syntax.
7232:
6953:
6932:
6866:
6850:
6837:
6662:
6645:
6598:
6568:
6549:
6509:
6362:
6268:
5883:
5693:
5687:
5644:
5601:
5591:
5460:
5253:
An illustration of an "Arab university in Cairo" from 1869's
5242:
5107:
5082:
in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the
4974:
4904:
4837:
4787:
4782:
4767:
4550:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4485:
4353:
4343:
4266:
4016:
3951:
3793:
3774:
3637:
3592:
3582:
3557:
3542:
3415:
3306:
3251:
3246:
3211:
3181:
2834:
2829:
2702:
2667:
2627:
2602:
2597:
2426:
2218:
1914:
1478:
1410:
1372:
1252:
1242:
1222:
1212:
1152:
1127:
1107:
1067:
1047:
956:
941:
916:
906:
891:
881:
871:
866:
846:
831:
821:
744:
648:
526:
217:
175:
168:
91:
83:
13678:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from
8854:. United States: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 46, 76, 77.
7805:
7191:
dynasty and the many dynasties that followed them (e.g. the
6508:
because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent
5997:
were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of
18463:
18446:
18305:
18184:
18179:
18159:
18149:
18114:
18058:
18011:
17927:
17667:
17626:
17412:
17386:
17243:
17162:
16978:
16331:
16114:
15984:
15641:
14842:
14814:
14764:
14711:
14656:
14169:
13223:
13221:
10030:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
8165:
7269:
6790:
6557:
6394:
6346:
6312:
6278:
6181:
6147:
5914:
5518:
4852:
4772:
4525:
4358:
4348:
3862:
3813:
3410:
3301:
2717:
2662:
2637:
2479:
2294:) was a common institution as well, often part of a larger
2213:
1782:
1602:
1501:
1416:
1346:
1328:
1192:
1172:
1117:
961:
856:
776:
761:
277:
185:
13918:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006.
13377:"Contrasting views of madrasahs in multi-ethnic Singapore"
12725:
12627:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
11320:
10217:"Medieval Higher Education: Islamic and Western Academics"
9450:
The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
7813:, India. This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where
18251:
16471:
15958:
15858:
12889:
A History of Tension between Iran's Clerics and the State
12684:
Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City
12595:
Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre
11683:, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1992), pp. 272-273 (272):
11562:
11560:
11130:
10264:
9901:. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2).
9645:
9452:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 215–31,
5555:(schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the
1976:
1401:
1340:
836:
13218:
12132:"Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah"
12106:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 1–38.
10345:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10335:
9845:
8590:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
7909:' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas.
6065:
to teach his mathematical treatise on the dust letters.
11729:
Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies
11700:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
11454:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
11371:
11359:
11347:
10864:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1957–1958
10847:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1155–1156
10768:
10692:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
10613:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
8765:
Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah".
7716:(unregistered ones being uncounted) with around 250 in
6421:
Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world
5808:) simply means 'university'. For more information, see
27:
School or college, often providing an Islamic education
12434:
Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis
11652:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11557:
11335:
11262:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196,
11181:
9814:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
9623:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
8743:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
7994:, where a significant Muslim population can be found.
7785:
social sciences are graduates of these Alia madrasas.
7219:
and two other monumental 17th-century madrasas at the
5837:, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel argue that the European
5825:
have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some
1957:
in 969–970 in Cairo, initially as a center to promote
1850:(migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in
19123:
13495:"Catholic Philippines teaches Islam in state schools"
12200:"Rahmah el Yunusiyyah Pejuang Pendidikan Kaum Wanita"
10332:
9360:"Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic"
8852:
Curriculum Studies in Turkey:A Historical Perspective
7878:
Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional
7780:
The madrasas regulated by the government through the
7455:
C) Intellectual sciences—logic in Islamic philosophy.
7025:, came to prominence in Egypt. They also appeared in
6993:, is still essentially Ayyubid in style. The city of
5288:. Some madrasas further extended their curriculum to
1670:, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word
1485:), though this may not be the only subject studied.
1413:
1375:
1343:
15546:
11665:
11663:
8430:
6744:
1407:
1404:
1369:
1337:
1334:
13670:"Jumping on the US Bandwagon for a "War on Terror""
12957:"Govt Plans to Bring Madrassas Under State Control"
11643:
9921:. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62.
9295:
9293:
7449:
A) Calligraphic sciences—such as styles of writing.
7014:), which was rebuilt in its current form by Sultan
5241:Courtyard of the Al-Azhar Mosque and University in
2497:
2327:
1589:, meaning "a place where something is done". Thus,
1398:
1395:
1331:
1325:
13729:"Madrassas breeding grounds of terrorists: Powell"
12097:
12095:
12040:. Reaktion Books. pp. 268–368 and elsewhere.
9848:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
9174:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.):
8285:secular and religious education. Among Muslims of
8144:nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in
7977:) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (
6973:, most madrasas and mosques in Egypt followed the
6737:opened a school located in Padang Panjang called
6579:in the 12th century, there were opportunities for
6406:, which is another point that he seems to neglect.
13954: (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from
13686:
12891:, Mehdi Khalaji 26 July 2010 Washington Institute
12783:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
12681:
11660:
10772:The heritage of European universities, Volume 548
10519:Nigel J. Shanks, Dawshe Al-Kalai (January 1984).
9933:"Islamic religious schools, Madrasas: Background"
8297:The first Madressa established in North America,
7836:constitutes one of the biggest madrasas) and the
7809:This is a madarasa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in
7583:has been the official religion of Iran since the
2165:but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the
19207:
13761:"Rivals CNN and Fox News Spar Over Obama Report"
13721:
13041:
12998:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
12451:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
12436:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
12192:
10918:by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 -
10071:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition — Brill"
9811:
9712:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
9620:
9580:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
9290:
9262:
8516:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation
7187:s (legal schools of thought). Later, the Mongol
7169:Very few if any formal madrasas from before the
6738:
5485:" can now refer to any type of school, the term
1806:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation
13838:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 77–111.
12092:
10046:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
10005:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
9977:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
9695:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
9553:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984),
9284:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992),
9282:The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo
9074:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600
8764:
7528:dynasties which succeeded them. In Tunisia (or
7402:Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through
7149:
1759:
13663:
13661:
13115:"Indian state de-recognises madrasa education"
12520:Damascus, and (b) the Tankizīya, at Jerusalem.
12431:
12376:"Inside a Residential Girls' Madrasa in India"
11307:, or license to teach; in medieval Islam, the
11260:Ernest Gellner and contemporary social thought
10718:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society
9387:
9265:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction
7463:
6840:, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art
5523:Madrasas were largely centred on the study of
17857:
16686:
15657:
15532:
14017:
13533:. Bangsamoro Information Office. 2021-05-19.
13231:Volume VI. Leiden E. J. Brill 1988 p. 458-66
12832:
12828:. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30.
12154:
12125:
12123:
11719:
9472:
8485:—most common madrasa curriculum in South Asia
8070:Students of Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah in
6820:Evolution and spread across different regions
4997:
1297:
717:
13637:"What role for madrassas that teach Hindus?"
13211:
13209:
13173:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13143:Rashid, Alok Deshpande, Omar (3 July 2015).
13072:"An education: Inside Bangladesh's madrasas"
12931:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia"
12904:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia"
12686:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
12531:
12278:. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 175.
12228:
12060:
11773:Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800
11770:
11442:2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2003) p. 149.
10934:
10045:
10004:
9976:
9509:
8767:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
7173:have survived in Iran. One exception is the
5749:teaching hospitals, there were also several
1724:
1650:
1578:
1446:
13864:Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan
13758:
13752:
13658:
12921:
12894:
12857:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12622:
12263:
11963:
11961:
11253:
11251:
10567:
9357:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
8896:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
8866:"madrasah - Origin and meaning of madrasah"
7424:Madrasas built by earlier sultans in Bursa.
5198:refers to the secondary education stage of
1943:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named
17864:
17850:
16693:
16679:
16123:
15664:
15650:
15539:
15525:
14024:
14010:
12766:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
12682:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010).
12446:
12298:
12255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12167:. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press. p. 63.
12120:
11611:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
11596:
11466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11208:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
11101:
10996:
10868:
10684:
10358:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
10161:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world
9299:
9252:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104.
9106:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
8740:
8583:
8363:Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
8140:In 2004, madrasas were mainstreamed in 16
7886:. The latter section consists of majority
6961:(built in 1284–1285) and the neighbouring
5004:
4990:
4416:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
2153:, having the highest literacy rate of the
2004:In the late 11th century, during the late
1304:
1290:
724:
710:
13806:
13342:
13309:
13286:
13206:
12768:. United Kingdom: U of Cambridge P, 2002.
12570:
12568:
12566:
12101:
12035:
11935:
11407:
10841:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus",
10544:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10484:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10282:
10280:
9972:
9970:
9930:
9302:"Islamic Education: History and Tendency"
8248:Learn how and when to remove this message
7828:The majority of these schools follow the
7739:Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam
7695:Learn how and when to remove this message
7385:Learn how and when to remove this message
7052:
6989:, which contains the mausoleum of Sultan
6849:, founded in 1279, and other madrasas in
6081:. In addition, a copy of a commentary on
5785:
5691:, soliciting from him a response, called
5343:, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in
2378:Learn how and when to remove this message
1823:(marked by the green roofs and the white
16700:
16407:
13941:Lahore University of Management Sciences
13899:Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?
13833:
13692:
13264:
13262:
12882:
12785:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
12776:
12774:
12753:
12731:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12525:
12486:
12432:El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007).
12005:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11971:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11958:
11905:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11871:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11605:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11396:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11377:
11365:
11353:
11341:
11329:
11257:
11248:
11202:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11187:
10882:. Oxford University Press. p. 328.
10874:
10635:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10626:
10589:
10525:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
10465:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
10352:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9789:
9787:
9692:
9351:
9232:
9127:. Oxford University Press. p. 328.
9119:
8336:
8333:in Pakistan, also serves as a madrassa.
8259:
8065:
7927:
7804:
7792:
7755:
7629:
7476:
7312:
7247:
7153:
7056:
6922:
6828:
6784:
6671:
6462:
5870:
5623:
5335:(the most famous), the eleventh century
5248:
5236:
5165:wrote that children should be sent to a
5147:
5026:
2171:
1983:
1814:
51:
13902:. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
13667:
13248:
13246:
13019:
12987:
12838:
12801:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique
12794:
12792:
12699:The Journal of Architectural Historians
12696:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12550:
12548:
12461:
12001:
11967:
11901:
11867:
11602:
11569:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
11566:
11456:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 179.
11199:
10977:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
10974:
10906:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
10904:Engineering Education in the Arab World
10896:
10349:
9807:
9805:
9793:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9652:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
9616:
9614:
9145:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
9143:Engineering Education in the Arab World
9027:
8491:—another similar type of Islamic school
7532:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the
7427:Madrasas endowed by great men of state.
7092:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the
6587:, writing that women could study, earn
6206:prior to their formal establishment as
5016:
1996:, established in 1227, one of the only
1698:. In medieval usage, however, the term
14:
19208:
17871:
15684:
13492:
13142:
13082:from the original on 21 September 2021
12969:from the original on 21 September 2021
12954:
12928:
12901:
12826:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography
12798:
12780:
12742:
12740:
12563:
12373:
11002:
10857:
10840:
10769:Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (2006-01-01).
10632:
10505:
10458:
10447:
10417:, Ayer Publishing, pp. 281–298 ,
10286:
10277:
10260:
10258:
10215:Garcia, Michelle (February 25, 2013).
10214:
10210:
10208:
10173:
10171:
10098:
10009:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 34–5,
9967:
9961:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9954:
9952:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9649:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
9588:
9586:
9551:Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages
9085:
9008:) translates as 'Islamic school', and
8893:
8837:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8083:Islamic Religious Council of Singapore
7855:In July 2015, the state government of
7714:Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs
5403:discourse in the Islamic world, these
5260:During its formative period, the term
5188:
4391:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2112:curriculum and the subsequent rise of
17845:
16674:
16396:
15683:
15645:
15520:
15262:
15030:
14646:
14005:
13634:
13259:
13187:
12843:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale.
12823:
12771:
12637:
12611:
12344:
12269:
12142:from the original on 16 February 2021
12061:Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017-03-02).
11946:from the original on 29 November 2016
11755:
11389:
11154:
11152:
11063:
10711:
10595:Traditional Islam in the modern world
10521:"Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages"
10243:from the original on January 15, 2023
9910:Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015).
9875:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9732:
9592:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9444:
9276:
9274:
9247:
8849:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8610:
8608:
7641:, built in the early-14th century in
7444:The following is taken from İnalcık.
7303:
6702:) and designed by imperial architect
2042:, who would later be murdered by the
1925:), established in 859 in the city of
1429:
15031:
14647:
13788:
13310:Rajbanshi, Arjun (27 October 2019).
13268:
13243:
13069:
12789:
12581:
12545:
12440:
12425:
12338:
12160:
11681:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
11451:
11300:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260):
11070:. Infobase Publishing. p. 447.
10823:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
10751:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
10675:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264):
10412:
10022:
9802:
9798:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
9764:
9611:
9178:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
8794:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8230:adding citations to reliable sources
8201:
8197:
8185:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
8093:curriculum subjects and sit for the
7677:adding citations to reliable sources
7648:
7330:
6963:complex of his son al-Nasir Muhammad
5143:
2413:course teaching memorization of the
2360:adding citations to reliable sources
2331:
12929:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) .
12902:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) .
12817:
12750:. New York: U of Cambridge P, 2006.
12737:
12455:
12129:
11858:. (Hollis and Carter, 1964), p. 196
10916:Civilization: The West and the Rest
10573:Libraries & the Cultural Record
10255:
10205:
10168:
10050:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 37,
9949:
9830:
9796:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
9726:
9701:
9677:
9583:
9364:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9021:
9005:
8985:
8969:
8949:
8411:, authored by university professor
7782:Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board
7308:
6614:How splendid were the women of the
6468:Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa
6410:
5805:
5226:
4396:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
4051:National literatures of Arab States
2087:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1725:
1723:word for a university, however, is
1651:
1579:
1447:
24:
19231:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
18072:
17729:Influences on Western architecture
13856:
13559:. Fox News Channel. July 5, 2012.
13383:. 19 February 2009. Archived from
13343:Asadullah, M Niaz (6 March 2020).
12988:Siddiqi, ABM Saiful Islam (2012).
12347:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
11810:from the original on 16 March 2017
11554:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264)
11149:
11137:from the original on 25 April 2012
10459:Miller, Andrew C (December 2006).
10390:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260)
9931:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2008).
9864:
9559:
9271:
9165:
8972:) translates as 'private school',
8605:
6860:
6824:
6087:Problems of Medicine for Students,
5773:western societies in later years.
4401:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
1776:, which is to say a college where
25:
19267:
16229:Attributes of God in Christianity
13969:
13873:, Oxford University Press, 2009.
13613:Translation of "مدرسه" in English
13563:from the original on May 20, 2013
12496:. Hacker Art Books. p. 131.
11760:. Oxford: Interface Publications.
11687:communication were so important).
9162:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264
9092:. Northwestern University Press.
9076:. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.
8910:"Alternate Spellings of Madrassa"
8773:
8749:
8697:
7960:
7797:Quvvathul Islam Senior Madrassa,
7243:
7231:thanks to intense patronage from
7021:Cruciform madrasas, which have a
6450:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
6252:('reading aloud the Qur'an') and
6151:institution like the madrasa and
5730:
2251:introduced the first madrasas to
2225:(or Madrasa al-Kubra) founded by
1949:. This was later followed by the
1649:In the Arabic language, the word
1644:
19193:
19181:
19169:
19157:
19145:
19133:
17825:
17812:
16900:
16656:
15548:Islamic educational institutions
15501:
15500:
15489:
15010:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
14200:Timeline of the history of Islam
14031:
13987:
13975:
13782:
13628:
13606:
13575:
13549:
13519:
13486:
13457:
13428:
13399:
13369:
13336:
13303:
13181:
13155:from the original on 3 July 2015
13136:
13107:
13094:
13063:
12981:
12955:Rahimi, Zahra (8 January 2021).
12948:
12690:
12675:
12646:
12631:
12480:
12367:
12292:
12276:The Religious traditions of Asia
12274:. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.).
12229:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (2006).
12222:
12210:from the original on 16 May 2022
12054:
12029:
11995:
11929:
11895:
11861:
11848:
11835:
11822:
11792:
11771:Guity Nashat, Lois Beck (2003),
11764:
11749:
11713:
11692:
11673:
11630:
11531:
11514:
11504:
11487:
11418:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611
11409:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611
9263:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
8660:from the original on 6 June 2019
8447:
8433:
8316:
8206:
8123:instead of enrolling full-time.
7720:, including the Darul-Ulom Imam
7653:
7335:
7160:Ulugh Beg Madrasa (15th century)
6904:in 1229) and the more important
6452:, has written 40 volumes on the
6301:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
6297:University of Naples Federico II
6093:Later on in this commentary, an
2527:
2498:Education in historical madrasas
2336:
2328:Islamic education in the madrasa
1961:teachings, which later became a
1810:
1682:more closely resembles the term
1561:derives from the triconsonantal
1391:
1365:
1321:
691:
90:
17698:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
16287:Great Architect of the Universe
15361:List of ex-Muslim organisations
13931:Revisiting the Madrasa Question
13771:from the original on 2015-06-05
13741:from the original on 2017-05-04
13710:from the original on 2008-02-05
13695:"Rumsfeld's war-on-terror memo"
13693:Rumsfeld, Donald (2003-10-16).
13647:from the original on 2011-09-23
13537:from the original on 2021-05-19
13507:from the original on 2 May 2021
13493:Mogato, Manny (21 March 2007).
13357:from the original on 1 May 2021
13324:from the original on 2 May 2021
13125:from the original on 2022-06-10
13102:The State and Madrasas in India
13008:from the original on 2016-03-06
12664:from the original on 2020-07-24
12510:from the original on 2023-01-15
12414:from the original on 2021-11-22
12327:from the original on 2022-03-23
12181:from the original on 2022-07-01
12081:from the original on 2022-04-08
11739:from the original on 2009-12-31
11474:
11445:
11432:
11383:
11290:
11275:
11233:
11193:
11170:from the original on 2020-08-08
11123:
11095:
11084:from the original on 2022-04-08
11057:
11038:from the original on 2017-09-23
10968:
10928:
10909:
10858:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia",
10804:
10793:from the original on 2023-01-15
10762:
10741:
10705:
10665:
10605:
10583:
10561:
10430:
10406:
10393:
10322:from the original on 2017-09-23
10195:from the original on 2008-10-07
10152:
10134:from the original on 2017-09-23
10092:
10081:from the original on 2021-08-09
10063:
10039:
9998:
9924:
9904:
9884:
9753:from the original on 2023-01-15
9666:from the original on 2023-01-15
9639:
9595:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide
9576:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007.
9543:
9503:
9466:
9438:
9381:
9370:from the original on 2019-04-17
9340:from the original on 2023-01-15
9300:Hilgendorf, Eric (April 2003).
9256:
9241:
9226:
9150:
9079:
8931:
8920:from the original on 2017-10-14
8902:
8887:
8876:from the original on 2020-08-13
8858:
8279:
8217:needs additional citations for
7747:Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah
7664:needs additional citations for
7605:
7252:The Salis Medrese, part of the
6773:
5152:Muslim children at a maktab in
2347:needs additional citations for
1471:type of educational institution
12305:. Amsterdam University Press.
11756:Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2013).
10880:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
10702:, p. 133-139, 149-159, 179-189
10075:referenceworks.brillonline.com
9237:. Clarendon Press. p. 36.
9125:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
8843:
8672:
8636:
8621:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
8577:
8544:
8126:
7768:lies in front of the historic
7707:
7108:(built in 1323–1325), and the
6967:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan
6929:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan
6881:(Saladin) in 1180 next to the
6425:List of female Muslim scholars
5609:'scholar competent in issuing
5124:described the curriculum of a
2184:, originally built in 1167 by
1977:The development of the formal
1890:" to the first portion of the
1431:[mædˈræ.sæ,ˈmad.ra.sa]
13:
1:
16066:Trinity of the Church Fathers
13992:The dictionary definition of
13808:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135
13668:Moeller, Susan (2007-06-21).
13288:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135
13070:Anam, Tahmima (20 May 2011).
13002:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
12748:Early Modern Europe 1450–1789
12466:. Fayard. pp. 139, 240.
10048:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
10007:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
9979:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
9486:, p. 117, archived from
9358:Tony Street (July 23, 2008).
9267:. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62.
9024:) translates as 'university'.
8593:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
8532:
8356:the evolution of universities
8321:On May 26, 2012, Congressman
7932:Madrasa e Faizan e Madina in
7727:
7625:
7595:"), has been a Twelver Shi'i
6091:Synopses of the Alexandrians.
5745:was most often taught at the
5531:(Islamic jurisprudence). The
5508:
2000:-era madrasas remaining today
1827:) on the skyline of historic
1674:in British English, the word
1569:'to learn, study', using the
1543:
1469:, is the Arabic word for any
17790:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
16397:
15671:
15346:Apostasy in Islam by country
15213:Liberalism and progressivism
13635:Nahar, Sunita (2006-03-31).
13033:. 2009-03-31. Archived from
13027:"Qawmi madrasas under watch"
12272:"7. Islam in Southeast Asia"
11777:University of Illinois Press
11440:Rise of early modern science
11064:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
10403:2nd. ed. p. 78-79; 136, 155.
10401:Rise of Early Modern Science
10189:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
9306:Peabody Journal of Education
8537:
8479:— Jewish religious schooling
8133:Education in the Philippines
8079:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura
8055:
7997:
7867:
7762:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh
7743:Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya
7550:Qarawiyyin Mosque-University
7492:In northwestern Africa (the
7435:
7201:Iranian Islamic architecture
7150:Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia
7072:In northwestern Africa (the
6883:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i
6746:Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat
6484:From around 750, during the
5864:s (such as al-Qarawīyīn and
5599:'scholar of jurisprudence',
5589:s giving them the status of
5536:ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ
2145:of royal courts. During the
1760:Meaning and usage in English
1548:
7:
16317:Phenomenological definition
13791:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth"
13759:Bill Carter (2007-01-27) .
13271:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth"
13227:Miller, R. E. "Mappila" in
12638:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
12623:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
12576:Islam: Art and Architecture
11843:The Awakened: Women in Iraq
11830:The Awakened: Women in Iraq
11702:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
11484:, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304-305
11310:
11131:"Metapress - Discover More"
11003:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
10694:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
10615:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
10287:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
10099:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
9880:. Antique Collectors' Club.
9816:. Oxford University Press.
9733:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
9693:Williams, Caroline (2018).
9625:. Oxford University Press.
9318:10.1207/s15327930pje7802_04
9114:University of al-Qarawiyyin
9011:
8995:
8975:
8959:
8939:
8870:Online Etymology Dictionary
8426:
8299:Al-Rashid Islamic Institute
8152:(DepEd). The DepEd adopted
8108:International Baccalaureate
7913:
7892:Islamists (political Islam)
7464:Social life and the medrese
7365:the claims made and adding
6745:
6664:
6656:
6647:
6574:
6503:
6455:
6443:
6357:, a subject also taught at
6280:
6270:
6256:
6247:
6235:
6162:
6154:
6057:Ali b. Muhammad al-Qalasadi
6000:
5957:
5942:also delivered lectures on
5931:logic in Islamic philosophy
5896:
5795:
5778:
5721:
5676:
5669:
5654:
5638:
5616:
5603:
5593:
5575:
5566:
5558:
5549:
5535:
5526:
5488:
5481:
5338:
5329:University of al-Qarawiyyin
5322:
5263:
5201:
5194:
5168:
5161:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5093:
5085:
5073:
5062:
5051:
4566:One Thousand and One Nights
2446:
2443:(Qur'anic interpretation),
2428:
2420:
2408:
2318:
2108:
2049:
2038:
2036:(sessions of the shaykhs).
2031:
2023:
2015:
1945:
1937:
1767:
1732:
1677:
1657:
1592:
1585:
1556:
1536:palace schools attended by
1453:
265:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
19272:
17158:Islamic geometric patterns
15263:
13964:Madrasa Education in India
13827:
13188:Mogul, Rhea (2024-03-25).
12996:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
12374:Borker, Hem (2021-06-01).
12036:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) .
12010:Greenwood Publishing Group
12002:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11976:Greenwood Publishing Group
11968:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11910:Greenwood Publishing Group
11902:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11876:Greenwood Publishing Group
11868:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11573:Edinburgh University Press
11160:"Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya"
11102:Necipogulu, Gulru (1996),
10981:Edinburgh University Press
10947:University of Hawaii Press
10810:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde:
10537:10.1177/014107688407700115
10477:10.1177/014107680609901208
10034:Cambridge University Press
9850:. Paris: Louvre éditions.
9522:University of Hawaii Press
8769:. Oxford University Press.
8745:. Oxford University Press.
8649:Collins English Dictionary
8511:List of Islamic seminaries
8367:September 11, 2001 attacks
8148:under the auspices of the
8130:
8059:
8001:
7917:
7871:
7472:
7104:(built in 1321–1328), the
7088:dynasties. In Tunisia (or
7018:in the late 15th century.
6896:and propaganda during the
6777:
6414:
5734:
5512:
5230:
5020:
4329:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
3396:Andalusian classical music
3322:Arabic musical instruments
2653:Islamic geometric patterns
2501:
1894:. At the beginning of the
1799:
1795:
1785:in the 11th century under
1010:Legal vocations and titles
56:The three madrasas at the
44:
29:
19035:
18884:
18786:
18688:
18652:
18477:
18213:
18083:
18070:
17880:
17803:
17747:
17716:
17690:
17640:
17592:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
17569:
17453:
17446:
17372:
17329:
17278:
17226:
17104:
17020:
16971:
16909:
16898:
16879:
16872:
16708:
16654:
16623:
16585:
16538:
16515:
16403:
16392:
16345:
16221:
16173:
16079:
16006:
15967:
15931:
15868:
15857:
15810:
15705:
15696:
15692:
15679:
15554:
15484:
15369:
15336:
15276:
15272:
15258:
15185:
15152:
15124:Geography and cartography
15099:
15046:
15042:
15026:
14852:
14774:
14721:
14670:
14666:
14642:
14512:
14336:
14296:
14179:
14131:
14055:
14051:
14040:
13926:. Chapter on "Madrassas".
13885:"Understanding Madrasahs"
13407:"Background of Madrasahs"
13229:The Encyclopedia of Islam
12841:Fès: La ville essentielle
12839:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003).
12746:Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry.
12654:"Madrasah-i Madar-i Shah"
12104:Ulama perempuan Indonesia
9794:Marçais, Georges (1954).
9739:. Yale University Press.
9233:Creswell, K.A.C. (1952).
8292:
7982:
6947:reputations. In Egyptian
6324:which set the scholastic
6055:for scientific subjects.
6036:Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi's
5940:‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī
5833:. However, scholars like
5782:was given highest rank."
5667:Much of the study in the
5037:and the top floor held a
4376:The Theology of Aristotle
3843:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
3740:Love in Arabic literature
2989:Arabic geometric patterns
2952:Islamic hardstone carving
2883:Ancient South Arabian art
1662:simply means the same as
1481:(loosely equivalent to a
19226:Arabic words and phrases
17708:Museum with No Frontiers
16071:Trinitarian universalism
15443:Islamic view of miracles
13948:"Madaris in Perspective"
13834:Brentjes, Sonja (2018).
13789:Fair, Christine (2012).
13625:, accessed 11 April 2021
13269:Fair, Christine (2012).
12799:Gaudio, Attilio (1982).
12781:Parker, Richard (1981).
12642:. Yale University Press.
12447:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
12351:Rowman & Littlefield
12299:Srimulyani, Eka (2012).
12204:Jejak Islam untuk Bangsa
11841:Doreen Insgrams (1983),
11828:Doreen Insgrams (1983),
11638:Lexikon des Mittelalters
11390:Brack, Jonathan (2019).
11021:10.1177/0011392106058837
10938:Journal of World History
10861:Lexikon des Mittelalters
10844:Lexikon des Mittelalters
10712:Pryds, Darleen (2000), "
10305:10.1177/0011392106058837
10117:10.1177/0011392106058837
9513:Journal of World History
8048:(MAK, the equivalent of
8046:Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan
8032:(MTs, the equivalent of
8024:(MI, the equivalent of
7952:
7888:Salafists (the Mujahids)
7788:
7589:Islamic Republic of Iran
6971:legal schools of thought
6365:which taught astronomy,
5927:early Islamic philosophy
3745:Arabic erotic literature
2942:Palestinian wood carving
2482:. The certificate of an
2028:, based on the informal
1990:Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya
1907:Great Mosque of Damascus
1898:period, the reliance on
1854:on the east side of the
354:Medieval Islamic science
47:Madrasa (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
17819:Architecture portal
16273:Godhead in Christianity
15198:Creationism (evolution)
12462:Raymond, André (1993).
12235:. Urbana. p. 173.
11936:ibn al-Hajjaj, Muslim.
10184:Encyclopædia Britannica
9248:Brett, Michael (2017).
9186:, pp. 35–76 (35):
9116:, also founded in 859.
8567:Oxford University Press
8154:Department Order No. 51
8150:Department of Education
8040:(MA, the equivalent of
7575:
7142:of the 16th century in
6439:biographical dictionary
5968:Mustansiriya University
5846:Al-Qarawīyīn University
5829:madrasas indeed became
5255:Die Gartenlaube Journal
4252:Islamic Aristotelianism
4247:Early Arabic Philosophy
1911:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
1496:which primarily taught
18077:
17724:Indo-Saracenic Revival
17124:(multicoloured ashlar)
15458:Persecution of Muslims
15356:List of former Muslims
14205:Succession to Muhammad
13936:The News International
13862:Sultan Ali of Sawabi.
13531:BARMM Official Website
13413:. 1994. Archived from
12824:Irwin, Robert (2019).
12345:Kahin, Audrey (2015).
11689:
11567:Goddard, Hugh (2000),
11539:Encyclopaedia of Islam
11317:
11287:
11245:
11230:
10975:Goddard, Hugh (2000),
10681:
10267:Encyclopaedia of Islam
9223:
8403:
8376:
8276:
8160:, Sarang Bangun LC in
8158:Islamic City of Marawi
8074:
8062:Madrasahs in Singapore
8050:vocational high school
7974:
7937:
7818:
7802:
7773:
7646:
7591:, the head of state ("
7554:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque
7489:
7461:
7409:Muhammad the Conqueror
7328:
7320:and medrese (1580) in
7260:
7166:
7122:mosaic tilework. The
7094:Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya
7069:
7053:Maghreb (North Africa)
6959:Sultan Qalawun complex
6935:
6841:
6739:
6707:
6641:
6635:in a loud voice. her
6630:lectures in his time:
6620:
6585:medieval Islamic world
6481:
6408:
6339:
6315:and medieval European
6217:
6208:universitas scholarium
6178:
6101:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
5886:
5786:Madrasa and university
5703:religious law of Islam
5632:
5320:. The curriculum of a
5257:
5246:
5157:
5102:instead of individual
5041:
4889:South Arabian deities
4411:Theologus Autodidactus
3292:Rhythm in Arabic music
2325:
2257:Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya
2188:
2001:
1831:
364:Succession to Muhammad
68:
18076:
17461:Congregational mosque
16919:(four-arch structure)
16099:Fate of the unlearned
16051:Shield of the Trinity
15242:Conversion to mosques
15109:Alchemy and chemistry
13100:Nair, Padmaja (2009)
12935:Encyclopaedia Iranica
12908:Encyclopaedia Iranica
12270:Johns, A. H. (1989).
11684:
11301:
11282:
11241:
11226:
11067:Encyclopedia of Islam
10676:
10028:Toby E. Huff (2003),
9876:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
9593:Burns, Ross (2009) .
9218:medieval universities
9187:
9086:McHugh, Neil (1994).
8850:Aktan, Sümer (2018).
8563:UK English Dictionary
8398:
8371:
8337:Common misconceptions
8263:
8069:
7931:
7920:Madrassas in Pakistan
7808:
7796:
7759:
7633:
7620:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
7480:
7446:
7316:
7251:
7175:Mustansiriyya Madrasa
7157:
7060:
7004:al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa
6926:
6873:from 1167. Under the
6871:Madrasa of Nur al-Din
6832:
6785:Architectural origins
6675:
6632:
6612:
6470:was the first female
6466:
6399:
6355:dedicated to medicine
6335:
6212:
6195:medieval universities
6173:
5970:, established by the
5874:
5627:
5252:
5240:
5151:
5058:Arab-Muslim conquests
5030:
4718:North Arabian deities
4622:Fictional Arab people
4461:Atlantis of the Sands
4386:The Book of the Apple
2967:Islamic ivory carving
2312:
2255:, beginning with the
2175:
2068:Islamic legal schools
1987:
1818:
1764:In English, the term
55:
19251:Islamic architecture
18301:Raising hands in Dua
17785:Ottoman architecture
17775:Moorish architecture
17770:Islamic architecture
17765:Iranian architecture
17188:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
17042:(or müezzin mahfili)
16702:Islamic architecture
14968:Ma malakat aymanukum
14543:Association football
14442:Moderate Kharijites
13984:at Wikimedia Commons
13896:Malik, Jamal (ed.).
13254:Modern Asian Studies
12449:The Mosques of Egypt
12380:Current Anthropology
11806:. 25 February 2007.
10599:Taylor & Francis
10229:10.2139/ssrn.2224276
9878:Ottoman Architecture
9476:Delivering Education
8684:Cambridge Dictionary
8502:—used in Shi'a Islam
8331:Darul Uloom Haqqania
8226:improve this article
7850:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia
7842:Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah
7673:improve this article
7570:French colonial rule
7264:Ottoman architecture
7029:, e.g., Jerusalem's
6983:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya
6906:Madrasa al-Salihiyya
6855:Ottoman architecture
6834:Ince Minaret Medrese
6780:Islamic architecture
6763:Jamia Millia Islamia
6740:Diniyah School Putri
6435:Mohammad Akram Nadwi
6244:, as of Muhammad'),
6105:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
6078:On the Nature of Man
5986:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5964:Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād
5761:. In 931 AD, Caliph
5389:Caliphate of Córdoba
5331:, the tenth century
5017:Elementary education
3848:Modern Arabic poetry
3523:Gnawa (North Africa)
3364:Classical Arab music
2356:improve this article
2267:, starting with the
2229:in 1167–1172. After
2104:integration of logic
1923:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn
403:Association football
19221:Arabic architecture
17822: •
17809: •
17795:Yemeni architecture
17780:Mughal architecture
17760:Berber architecture
17755:Arabic architecture
17419:Salsabil (fountain)
17153:Islamic calligraphy
16633:Slavic Native Faith
16056:Trinitarian formula
15993:Father of Greatness
15876:Abrahamic religions
13623:context.reverso.net
13000:(Second ed.).
12206:. 24 January 2020.
12161:Seno, Seno (2010).
11528:, pp. 126-7, 282-98
11452:Huff, Toby (2003).
11104:Muqarnas, Volume 13
9983:Motilal Banarsidass
9473:Andrew J. Coulson,
8311:AlMaghrib Institute
8030:Madrasah Tsanawiyah
8022:Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
7834:Darul Uloom Deoband
7538:Madrasa as-Saffarin
7294:Süleymaniye complex
7254:Süleymaniye complex
7213:Chahar Bagh Madrasa
7140:Ben Youssef Madrasa
7098:Madrasa as-Saffarin
7063:Ben Youssef Madrasa
6949:Mamluk architecture
6735:Rahmah el Yunusiyah
6714:'s founding of the
6139:medieval university
6007:Ptolemaic astronomy
5946:at al-Azhar, while
5866:al-Azhar University
5839:medieval university
5823:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
5333:al-Azhar University
5189:Secondary education
5175:Islamic metaphysics
5068:Islamic philosopher
4521:Iram of the Pillars
3780:Mirrors for princes
3327:Great Book of Music
3060:(Arabian Peninsula)
2648:Islamic calligraphy
2275:(founded in 1350).
1971:Al-Azhar University
1856:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
1838:near a hill called
1692:Early Modern Period
164:Profession of Faith
137:Day of Resurrection
66:Timurid Renaissance
64:, built during the
18078:
17496:Kuttab (or maktab)
16595:Abrahamic prophecy
16525:Ayyavazhi theology
16297:Apophatic theology
15686:Conceptions of God
15586:Islamic University
15463:Quran and miracles
15377:Criticism of Islam
15081:Geometric patterns
14933:Gender segregation
14504:Non-denominational
13883:Evans, Alexander.
13765:The New York Times
13618:2021-03-08 at the
13317:The Kathmandu Post
13237:2023-01-15 at the
13055:2011-03-03 at the
12865:"Religion of Iran"
12311:20.500.12657/34531
11804:The New York Times
11800:"A Secret History"
10955:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
10819:2023-01-15 at the
9917:2017-08-29 at the
9897:2017-08-29 at the
9530:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
9484:Hoover Institution
9409:10.1007/BF02908588
9250:The Fatimid Empire
8996:madrasah Islāmīyah
8393:The New York Times
8277:
8075:
8042:senior high school
8034:junior high school
7985:) in Thailand and
7938:
7819:
7803:
7774:
7647:
7558:Bou Inania Madrasa
7534:Madrasat al-Ma'raḍ
7518:reformist doctrine
7490:
7483:Bou Inania Madrasa
7346:possibly contains
7329:
7318:Şemsi Pasha Mosque
7304:Madrasas by region
7300:'s highest hills.
7261:
7256:(16th century) in
7167:
7124:Bou Inania Madrasa
7106:Madrasa al-Attarin
7070:
7065:(16th century) in
6936:
6931:(14th century) in
6914:al-Firdaws Madrasa
6908:founded by Sultan
6842:
6836:(13th century) in
6708:
6682:Atik Valide Mosque
6597:), and qualify as
6482:
6169:university college
6117:first book in his
5905:for a theological
5887:
5810:Islamic university
5633:
5476:made this effort.
5258:
5247:
5217:trade and commerce
5158:
5042:
4643:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
4471:Beast of the Earth
4426:Sicilian Questions
4257:Islamic Platonism
4210:Arabic mathematics
3760:Arabic short story
3755:Literary_criticism
2947:Islamic embroidery
2917:Arabic calligraphy
2504:Education in Islam
2273:Bou Inania Madrasa
2247:Further west, the
2223:Madrasa al-Nuriyya
2189:
2178:Nur al-Din Madrasa
2147:Islamic Golden Age
2096:Islamic philosophy
2024:Madrasah Niẓāmīyah
2002:
1965:institution under
1860:Ubada ibn as-Samit
1832:
1577:form or template)
1483:Christian seminary
69:
19121:
19120:
18856:Sufis persecution
17898:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
17839:
17838:
17686:
17685:
17442:
17441:
17429:Shading Umbrellas
17213:Stucco decoration
17113:For overview, see
16928:Four-centred arch
16668:
16667:
16650:
16649:
16646:
16645:
16388:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16279:Latter Day Saints
16248:Divine simplicity
16169:
16168:
16026:Consubstantiality
16002:
16001:
15853:
15852:
15797:Theistic finitism
15639:
15638:
15514:
15513:
15480:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15448:Domestic violence
15438:Islamic terrorism
15433:Islamic extremism
15254:
15253:
15250:
15249:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15017:
14808:Marriage contract
14638:
14637:
14598:Political aspects
14327:Story of Prophets
14096:Prophets of Islam
13980:Media related to
13960:, March 21, 2004.
13943:(LUMS), Pakistan.
13929:Tanweer, Bilal. "
13924:978-0-19-597863-6
13879:978-0-19-547672-9
13675:YaleGlobal Online
13119:www.aljazeera.com
12764:Goffman, Daniel.
12503:978-0-87817-175-0
12320:978-90-8964-421-3
12174:978-602-8742-16-0
12138:(in Indonesian).
12130:Raditya, Iswara.
12074:978-1-351-91315-7
12047:978-1-86189-253-9
11854:Anthony Nutting,
11332:, p. 77-111.
11269:978-0-521-70941-5
11077:978-1-4381-2696-8
11009:Current Sociology
10924:978-1-84614-273-4
10902:Kettani, M. Ali.
10777:Council of Europe
10679:like it anywhere.
10424:978-0-8369-1548-8
10293:Current Sociology
10105:Current Sociology
9985:, pp. 33–4,
9280:Jonathan Berkey,
9184:978-0-521-54113-8
9141:Kettani, M. Ali.
9099:978-0-8101-1069-4
8988:) translates as '
8952:) translates as '
8624:. Merriam-Webster
8495:Education in Mali
8483:Dars-e Nizamiyyah
8464:Bias in education
8258:
8257:
8250:
8198:Western countries
8026:elementary school
7890:and the minority
7745:, in Patiya, and
7705:
7704:
7697:
7516:, who espoused a
7481:Courtyard of the
7395:
7394:
7387:
7348:original research
7217:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
7158:Courtyard of the
7102:Madrasa as-Sahrij
7061:Courtyard of the
7045:, and Damascus's
6942:around 1250, the
6898:Fatimid Caliphate
6761:, a professor at
6567:According to the
6486:Abbasid Caliphate
6359:Islamic hospitals
6215:like it anywhere.
6200:cathedral schools
6120:Canon of Medicine
6103:was a student of
6083:Hunayn b. Ishaq's
5923:Islamic astronomy
5901:, had individual
5812:(disambiguation).
5759:Abbasid Caliphate
5711:religious matters
5681:, presented to a
5144:Primary education
5014:
5013:
4314:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
4225:Arabic technology
4220:Arabic psychology
4205:Arabic Golden Age
2972:Islamic Metalwork
2728:Stucco decoration
2473:Arabic literature
2388:
2387:
2380:
2176:Courtyard of the
1953:establishment of
1946:Muḥammad al-Fihrī
1892:Umayyad Caliphate
1821:Qarawiyyin Mosque
1781:in the region of
1357:
1314:
1313:
734:
733:
664:Deobandi jihadism
16:(Redirected from
19263:
19198:
19197:
19186:
19185:
19174:
19173:
19172:
19162:
19161:
19150:
19149:
19148:
19138:
19137:
19129:
18846:Sufi metaphysics
18802:
18744:
18635:
18603:
18591:
18529:
18517:
18505:
18443:
18416:
18404:
18392:
18380:
18353:
18341:
18319:
18277:
18265:
18248:
18236:
18111:
18099:
18055:
17992:Nass al-Houdhour
17983:
17956:
17866:
17859:
17852:
17843:
17842:
17832:Islam portal
17830:
17829:
17828:
17817:
17816:
17451:
17450:
17116:Islamic ornament
16995:South Asian dome
16923:Discharging arch
16904:
16877:
16876:
16721:Anatolian Seljuk
16695:
16688:
16681:
16672:
16671:
16660:
16405:
16404:
16394:
16393:
16281:
16121:
16120:
16016:Athanasian Creed
15866:
15865:
15703:
15702:
15694:
15693:
15681:
15680:
15666:
15659:
15652:
15643:
15642:
15541:
15534:
15527:
15518:
15517:
15504:
15503:
15496:Islam portal
15494:
15493:
15492:
15274:
15273:
15266:
15260:
15259:
15101:Medieval science
15044:
15043:
15034:
15028:
15027:
14685:Economic history
14668:
14667:
14644:
14643:
14630:Islam by country
14415:Bektashi Alevism
14053:
14052:
14044:Outline of Islam
14026:
14019:
14012:
14003:
14002:
13991:
13979:
13849:
13821:
13820:
13810:
13786:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13776:
13756:
13750:
13749:
13747:
13746:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13716:
13715:
13699:
13690:
13684:
13683:
13665:
13656:
13655:
13653:
13652:
13632:
13626:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13601:
13600:
13594:
13588:. Archived from
13587:
13579:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13568:
13553:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13523:
13517:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13490:
13484:
13483:
13481:
13480:
13471:. Archived from
13461:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13451:
13442:. Archived from
13432:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13422:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13392:
13373:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13350:The Conversation
13340:
13334:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13307:
13301:
13300:
13290:
13281:(744): 135–140.
13266:
13257:
13250:
13241:
13225:
13216:
13213:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13185:
13179:
13178:
13172:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13140:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13111:
13105:
13098:
13092:
13091:
13089:
13087:
13067:
13061:
13045:
13039:
13038:
13023:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13013:
12985:
12979:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12952:
12946:
12945:
12943:
12941:
12925:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12898:
12892:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12875:
12861:
12855:
12854:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12821:
12815:
12814:
12796:
12787:
12786:
12778:
12769:
12762:
12751:
12744:
12735:
12734:, p. 36-37.
12729:
12723:
12722:
12694:
12688:
12687:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12635:
12629:
12628:
12620:
12609:
12608:
12590:
12579:
12572:
12561:
12560:
12552:
12543:
12542:
12533:Berchem, van, M.
12529:
12523:
12522:
12516:
12515:
12488:Creswell, K.A.C.
12484:
12478:
12477:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12444:
12438:
12437:
12429:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12419:
12371:
12365:
12364:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12332:
12296:
12290:
12289:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12254:
12246:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12186:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12127:
12118:
12117:
12099:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12086:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12033:
12027:
12026:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11965:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11865:
11859:
11852:
11846:
11839:
11833:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11796:
11790:
11789:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11717:
11711:
11696:
11690:
11677:
11671:
11667:
11658:
11654:
11641:
11634:
11628:
11627:
11600:
11594:
11593:
11564:
11555:
11548:
11542:
11535:
11529:
11518:
11512:
11508:
11502:
11491:
11485:
11478:
11472:
11471:
11465:
11457:
11449:
11443:
11436:
11430:
11429:
11411:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11369:
11363:
11357:
11351:
11345:
11339:
11333:
11327:
11318:
11313:
11305:licentia docendi
11294:
11288:
11285:and proficiency.
11279:
11273:
11272:
11255:
11246:
11237:
11231:
11224:
11197:
11191:
11185:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11156:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11142:
11133:. 24 June 2016.
11127:
11121:
11120:
11108:Brill Publishers
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11089:
11061:
11055:
11054:
11044:
11043:
11037:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10972:
10966:
10965:
10932:
10926:
10913:
10907:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10872:
10866:
10865:
10855:
10849:
10848:
10838:
10832:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10766:
10760:
10745:
10739:
10738:
10709:
10703:
10688:
10682:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10630:
10624:
10609:
10603:
10602:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10565:
10559:
10558:
10548:
10516:
10503:
10502:
10497:. Archived from
10488:
10456:
10445:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10410:
10404:
10397:
10391:
10384:
10375:
10374:
10347:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10321:
10284:
10275:
10274:
10262:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10212:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10175:
10166:
10165:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10140:
10139:
10133:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10043:
10037:
10026:
10020:
10019:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9974:
9965:
9964:
9956:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9938:. Archived from
9937:
9928:
9922:
9908:
9902:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9873:
9862:
9861:
9843:
9828:
9827:
9809:
9800:
9799:
9791:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9690:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9618:
9609:
9608:
9590:
9581:
9574:
9557:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9492:
9481:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9297:
9288:
9278:
9269:
9268:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9230:
9224:
9169:
9163:
9154:
9148:
9138:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9083:
9077:
9070:
9025:
9023:
9014:
9012:madrasah jāmiʻah
9007:
8998:
8990:religious school
8987:
8978:
8976:madrasah dīnīyah
8971:
8962:
8960:madrasah khāṣṣah
8951:
8942:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8832:
8771:
8770:
8762:
8747:
8746:
8738:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8612:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8569:. Archived from
8548:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8441:Education portal
8438:
8437:
8253:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8233:
8210:
8202:
8171:Since 2005, the
7984:
7975:religious school
7943:Jamia-tul-Madina
7700:
7693:
7689:
7686:
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7657:
7649:
7390:
7383:
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7370:
7367:inline citations
7339:
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7171:Mongol invasions
6940:Mamluk Sultanate
6927:Interior of the
6748:
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6667:
6659:
6650:
6604:Muhammad's wives
6595:academic degrees
6581:female education
6577:
6506:
6458:
6446:
6444:al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ
6411:Female education
6331:Greek philosophy
6283:
6273:
6264:academic freedom
6259:
6250:
6238:
6222:academic circles
6204:monastic schools
6165:
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5982:natural sciences
5960:
5954:. Another early
5944:Islamic medicine
5899:
5827:medieval Islamic
5807:
5798:
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5770:Sinan ibn Thabit
5751:medical madrasas
5743:Islamic medicine
5724:
5679:
5672:
5661:licentia docendi
5657:
5655:ijāzat al-tadrīs
5649:licentia docendi
5645:Islamic scholars
5641:
5639:ijāzat al-tadrīs
5635:The Arabic term
5631:Madrasa, c. 1906
5619:
5606:
5596:
5578:
5569:
5561:
5552:
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5529:
5491:
5484:
5347:and up to 44 in
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5266:
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4683:Princess Jasmine
4668:Layla and Majnun
4653:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4601:She-Camel of God
4596:Shams al-Ma'arif
4406:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4272:Sufi metaphysics
4200:Arabic geography
4195:Arabic astronomy
4190:Arabic astrology
4185:Arabic chemistry
3750:Arabic grimoires
3730:
3503:Chaabi (Morocco)
3498:Chaabi (Algeria)
3282:Arab tone system
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
2932:Arabic miniature
2658:Islamic ornament
2531:
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2340:
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2269:Saffarin Madrasa
2209:charitable trust
2193:Anatolian Seljuk
2159:classical Athens
2157:, comparable to
2111:
2094:" of Arabic and
2052:
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2034:
2026:
2018:
1948:
1940:
1938:Fāṭimah al-Fihrī
1770:
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18861:Sufi philosophy
18841:Sufi literature
18796:
18782:
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18684:
18648:
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18047:The Seven ranks
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17734:Moorish Revival
17712:
17682:
17648:Albarrana tower
17636:
17565:
17552:in modern Iran)
17466:Dar al-Muwaqqit
17438:
17389:(fountain type)
17374:
17368:
17331:
17325:
17316:Reflecting pool
17311:Persian gardens
17306:Paradise garden
17274:
17251:(entrance hall)
17222:
17178:Nagash painting
17100:
17022:
17016:
16967:
16938:Lambrequin arch
16905:
16896:
16868:
16839:Sudano-Sahelian
16704:
16699:
16669:
16664:
16662:Religion portal
16642:
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16562:Holy Scriptures
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16253:Divine presence
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15278:Other religions
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15036:Islamic studies
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14661:
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14583:Moral teachings
14526:
14508:
14482:Nation of Islam
14395:Twelver Shi'ism
14332:
14298:Religious texts
14292:
14210:Early conquests
14193:
14175:
14127:
14047:
14036:
14030:
13972:
13952:Wayback Machine
13912:Rahman, Tariq.
13893:, Jan/Feb 2006.
13890:Foreign Affairs
13869:Ali, Saleem H.
13859:
13857:Further reading
13846:
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13795:Current History
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13387:on 2 April 2015
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13047:Ahmed, Samina.
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12372:
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12361:
12353:. p. 505.
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10569:Arnold H. Green
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10471:(12): 615–617.
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8506:Islamic studies
8455:Religion portal
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8384:Donald Rumsfeld
8374:indoctrination.
8343:Arabic language
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7907:Arabic Colleges
7905:The so-called '
7900:Arabic language
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7286:Mehmet II Fatih
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7055:
7027:Syria-Palestine
7012:Haram al-Sharif
6887:Qarafa Cemetery
6875:Ayyubid dynasty
6863:
6861:Syria and Egypt
6847:Karatay Madrasa
6827:
6825:Seljuk Anatolia
6822:
6787:
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6776:
6720:Ayyubid dynasty
6712:Fatima al-Fihri
6562:sack of Baghdad
6504:Hārūn al-Rashīd
6427:
6413:
6381:'s Madrasah in
6347:very endowments
5891:Fatimid dynasty
5876:Al-Azhar Mosque
5858:Fatima al-Fihri
5819:Arnold H. Green
5792:Note: The word
5788:
5739:
5733:
5643:was awarded to
5543:legal education
5521:
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5448:Delhi Sultanate
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4714:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4616:Zarqa al Yamama
4481:Book of Wonders
4450:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4371:Liber de Causis
4277:Sufi philosophy
4241:
4231:
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4215:Arabic medicine
4179:
4169:
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3728:
3722:Epic literature
3684:
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3513:Fann at-Tanbura
3332:Kitab al-Aghani
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2874:
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2765:Albarrana tower
2708:Reflecting pool
2698:Nagash painting
2590:
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2500:
2451:(Islamic law),
2384:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2353:
2341:
2330:
2265:Marinid dynasty
2098:, initiated by
1982:
1955:al-Azhar Mosque
1870:, treatises of
1813:
1808:
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1647:
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1310:
1078:Hujjat al-Islam
1023:Shaykh al-Islām
730:
692:
690:
683:
682:
659:Salafi jihadism
617:Other religions
612:Arabic language
574:
564:
563:
492:Moral teachings
383:
369:
368:
359:Spread of Islam
304:
294:
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281:(jurisprudence)
263:Qisas al-Anbiya
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18831:Sufi cosmology
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18362:Sufism pillars
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18323:Salat al-Fatih
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14220:Historiography
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13970:External links
13968:
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13961:
13946:Ziad, Waleed.
13944:
13927:
13910:
13905:Malik, Jamal.
13903:
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13781:
13751:
13737:. 2004-03-11.
13720:
13685:
13682:on 2009-05-05.
13657:
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13548:
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13485:
13465:"JMS Timeline"
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13062:
13060:. 19 Apr 2005.
13040:
13037:on 2012-10-23.
13031:The Daily Star
13018:
12994:Islam, Sirajul
12980:
12947:
12920:
12893:
12881:
12856:
12850:978-2867701528
12849:
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12689:
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12604:978-3902782311
12603:
12580:
12578:. h.f.ullmann.
12562:
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12392:10.1086/714346
12386:(3): 363–372.
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11785:
11779:, p. 69,
11763:
11758:al-Muhaddithat
11748:
11712:
11691:
11679:Hugh Kennedy:
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11629:
11617:10.2307/604423
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11402:(3): 611–630.
11382:
11380:, p. 251.
11370:
11368:, p. 161.
11358:
11356:, p. 138.
11346:
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11214:10.2307/604423
11192:
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11122:
11116:
11110:, p. 56,
11094:
11076:
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10995:
10989:
10983:, p. 99,
10967:
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10908:
10895:
10888:
10876:Esposito, John
10867:
10850:
10833:
10803:
10785:
10761:
10740:
10726:
10704:
10683:
10664:
10647:10.2307/601679
10625:
10604:
10601:. p. 125.
10582:
10560:
10504:
10501:on 2013-02-01.
10446:
10429:
10423:
10405:
10392:
10376:
10364:10.2307/604423
10331:
10299:(1): 112–132,
10276:
10254:
10204:
10167:
10164:. p. 419.
10151:
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9991:
9966:
9948:
9945:on 2005-03-05.
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9437:
9389:Sonja Brentjes
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9289:
9270:
9255:
9240:
9225:
9200:, such as the
9164:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9139:
9133:
9121:Esposito, John
9105:
9098:
9078:
9026:
8930:
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8886:
8857:
8842:
8772:
8748:
8696:
8671:
8635:
8604:
8576:
8573:on 2019-12-30.
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8131:Main article:
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8125:
8099:GCE 'O' Levels
8087:junior college
8060:Main article:
8057:
8054:
8002:Main article:
7999:
7996:
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7961:Southeast Asia
7959:
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7951:
7947:Dawat-e-Islami
7918:Main article:
7915:
7912:
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7903:
7874:Arabic College
7872:Main article:
7869:
7866:
7790:
7787:
7741:in Hathazari,
7729:
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7709:
7706:
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7593:Supreme Leader
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7309:Ottoman Empire
7307:
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7244:Ottoman Empire
7242:
7151:
7148:
7054:
7051:
7023:four-iwan plan
6910:al-Salih Ayyub
6902:al-Kamil Ayyub
6862:
6859:
6826:
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6818:
6786:
6783:
6775:
6772:
6692:Nurbanu Sultan
6538:Arabic grammar
6492:, dancing and
6417:Women in Islam
6412:
6409:
6375:New Testaments
6137:s because the
5919:Arabic grammar
5852:, present-day
5835:George Makdisi
5817:Scholars like
5815:
5814:
5787:
5784:
5732:
5731:Medical school
5729:
5510:
5507:
5228:
5225:
5190:
5187:
5183:Islamic ethics
5145:
5142:
5021:Main article:
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4431:Fusus al-Hikam
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Al-aql al-faal
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3977:Arabic prosody
3973:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3729:(ryhmed prose)
3724:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Qudud Halabiya
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Andalusi nubah
3398:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Arabic hip hop
3346:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Algerian scale
3284:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Robe of honour
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:Tarboush (fez)
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:(North Africa)
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Damascus steel
2996:
2991:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Islamic garden
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Arabic pottery
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Medina quarter
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Multifoil arch
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Horseshoe arch
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2521:Arabic culture
2517:
2516:
2499:
2496:
2465:Ottoman Empire
2461:Muslim history
2386:
2385:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2280:Ottoman period
2249:Hafsid dynasty
2161:' literacy in
2102:'s successful
1981:
1975:
1969:rule (today's
1929:, present-day
1836:Zayd ibn Arqam
1812:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1761:
1758:
1688:Ottoman Empire
1646:
1645:Arabic meaning
1643:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1459:transliterated
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:Da'i al-Mutlaq
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
851:
850:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
685:
684:
681:
680:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
646:
641:
640:
639:
634:
624:
619:
614:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
587:
586:
581:
575:
572:Related topics
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
554:Social welfare
551:
546:
545:
544:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
432:
431:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
316:
311:
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
283:
274:
273:
267:
259:
251:
242:
241:
221:
213:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
144:Predestination
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
125:Revealed Books
122:
116:
115:
105:
100:
99:
96:
95:
87:
86:
80:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19268:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19213:
19211:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19189:
19184:
19179:
19177:
19167:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19153:
19143:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19130:
19127:
19114:
19111:
19109:
19106:
19104:
19101:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19034:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18927:Jama'at Khana
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18902:Datuk Keramat
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18889:
18887:
18883:
18877:
18876:Sufi whirling
18874:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18804:
18800:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18789:
18785:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18742:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18693:
18691:
18687:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18660:Antinomianism
18658:
18657:
18655:
18651:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18633:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18601:
18596:
18593:
18589:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18527:
18522:
18519:
18515:
18510:
18507:
18503:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18484:
18482:
18480:
18476:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18458:
18455:
18454:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18441:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18414:
18409:
18406:
18402:
18397:
18394:
18390:
18385:
18382:
18378:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18351:
18346:
18343:
18339:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18317:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18275:
18270:
18267:
18263:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18246:
18241:
18238:
18234:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18212:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18109:
18104:
18101:
18097:
18092:
18089:
18088:
18086:
18082:
18075:
18065:
18062:
18060:
18057:
18053:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17981:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17954:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17893:Ahl al-Khutwa
17891:
17889:
17886:
17885:
17883:
17879:
17874:
17867:
17862:
17860:
17855:
17853:
17848:
17847:
17844:
17834:
17833:
17821:
17820:
17815:
17808:
17802:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17752:
17750:
17746:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17721:
17719:
17715:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17695:
17693:
17689:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17645:
17643:
17639:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17607:Hasht-Bihisht
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17574:
17572:
17568:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17551:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17481:Jama'at Khana
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17458:
17456:
17452:
17449:
17445:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17380:
17379:
17377:
17371:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17336:
17334:
17328:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17301:Mughal garden
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17283:
17281:
17277:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17231:
17229:
17225:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17123:
17120:
17117:
17114:
17110:
17109:
17107:
17103:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17027:
17025:
17019:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16996:
16992:
16988:
16984:
16980:
16977:
16976:
16974:
16970:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16918:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16908:
16903:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16884:
16882:
16878:
16875:
16871:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16799:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16790:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16779:
16776:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16713:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16696:
16691:
16689:
16684:
16682:
16677:
16676:
16673:
16663:
16659:
16653:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16630:
16628:
16626:
16622:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16605:Denominations
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16590:
16588:
16584:
16578:
16577:Last Judgment
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16549:
16546:
16545:
16543:
16541:
16537:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16414:
16412:
16410:
16406:
16402:
16395:
16391:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16344:
16338:
16337:Unmoved mover
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16280:
16276:
16275:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16238:Binitarianism
16236:
16234:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16220:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16180:
16178:
16176:
16172:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16128:
16126:
16122:
16116:
16112:
16109:
16105:
16102:
16101:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16086:
16084:
16082:
16078:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16013:
16011:
16009:
16005:
15994:
15990:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15966:
15960:
15959:Supreme Being
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15936:
15934:
15930:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15877:
15874:
15873:
15871:
15867:
15864:
15860:
15856:
15846:
15843:
15839:
15836:
15835:
15834:
15831:
15830:Gender of God
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15752:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15735:Kathenotheism
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15710:
15708:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15695:
15691:
15687:
15682:
15678:
15674:
15667:
15662:
15660:
15655:
15653:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15570:
15567:
15566:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15553:
15549:
15542:
15537:
15535:
15530:
15528:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15507:
15499:
15497:
15487:
15486:
15483:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15427:
15424:
15423:
15422:
15419:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15409:Post-Islamism
15407:
15405:
15402:
15401:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15372:
15368:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15343:
15341:
15339:
15335:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15302:
15301:Protestantism
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15287:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15261:
15257:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15237:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15224:
15221:
15220:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15190:
15188:
15184:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15151:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15139:Ophthalmology
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15102:
15098:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15053:
15051:
15049:
15045:
15041:
15037:
15029:
15025:
15011:
15008:
15004:
15003:
14999:
14998:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14980:
14977:
14976:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14969:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14957:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14945:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14903:
14899:
14897:
14896:
14892:
14888:
14887:Death penalty
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14853:Other aspects
14851:
14845:
14844:
14840:
14838:
14837:
14833:
14831:
14830:
14826:
14824:
14823:
14819:
14817:
14816:
14812:
14810:
14809:
14805:
14803:
14802:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14776:
14773:
14767:
14766:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14750:
14748:
14747:
14743:
14741:
14740:
14736:
14734:
14733:
14729:
14728:
14726:
14724:
14720:
14714:
14713:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14695:
14693:
14692:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14677:
14675:
14673:
14669:
14665:
14658:
14657:Jurisprudence
14655:
14653:
14650:
14649:
14645:
14641:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14605:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14528:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14511:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14493:
14490:
14489:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14476:
14473:
14469:
14466:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14448:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14435:
14434:
14430:
14427:
14423:
14420:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14392:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14348:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14341:
14339:
14338:Denominations
14335:
14329:
14328:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14295:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14234:
14230:
14228:
14227:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14178:
14172:
14171:
14167:
14165:
14164:
14160:
14158:
14157:
14153:
14151:
14150:
14146:
14144:
14143:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14134:
14130:
14124:
14123:Holiest sites
14121:
14119:
14118:Judgement Day
14116:
14114:
14113:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14075:
14071:
14068:
14067:
14066:
14063:
14062:
14060:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14045:
14039:
14034:
14027:
14022:
14020:
14015:
14013:
14008:
14007:
14004:
13998:at Wiktionary
13997:
13996:
13990:
13986:
13983:
13978:
13974:
13973:
13965:
13962:
13959:
13958:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13942:
13938:
13937:
13932:
13928:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13911:
13908:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13886:
13882:
13880:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13851:
13847:
13845:9782503574455
13841:
13837:
13832:
13831:
13818:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13800:
13796:
13792:
13785:
13770:
13766:
13762:
13755:
13740:
13736:
13735:
13730:
13724:
13709:
13705:
13704:
13696:
13689:
13681:
13677:
13676:
13671:
13664:
13662:
13646:
13642:
13638:
13631:
13624:
13621:
13617:
13614:
13609:
13595:on 2013-03-01
13591:
13584:
13578:
13562:
13558:
13552:
13536:
13532:
13528:
13522:
13506:
13502:
13501:
13496:
13489:
13475:on 2015-04-02
13474:
13470:
13466:
13460:
13446:on 2015-04-02
13445:
13441:
13437:
13431:
13417:on 2015-04-02
13416:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13372:
13356:
13352:
13351:
13346:
13339:
13323:
13319:
13318:
13313:
13306:
13298:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13265:
13263:
13255:
13249:
13247:
13240:
13236:
13233:
13230:
13224:
13222:
13212:
13210:
13195:
13191:
13184:
13176:
13170:
13154:
13150:
13146:
13139:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13110:
13103:
13097:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13066:
13059:
13058:
13054:
13051:
13044:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13022:
13007:
13003:
12999:
12995:
12991:
12984:
12968:
12964:
12963:
12958:
12951:
12936:
12932:
12924:
12909:
12905:
12897:
12890:
12885:
12870:
12866:
12860:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12835:
12827:
12820:
12812:
12806:
12802:
12795:
12793:
12784:
12777:
12775:
12767:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12749:
12743:
12741:
12733:
12732:Brentjes 2018
12728:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12693:
12685:
12678:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12649:
12641:
12634:
12626:
12619:
12617:
12615:
12606:
12600:
12596:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12577:
12571:
12569:
12567:
12558:
12551:
12549:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12528:
12521:
12509:
12505:
12499:
12495:
12494:
12489:
12483:
12475:
12469:
12465:
12458:
12450:
12443:
12435:
12428:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12397:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12370:
12362:
12360:9780810874565
12356:
12352:
12348:
12341:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12303:
12295:
12287:
12285:9780028972114
12281:
12277:
12273:
12266:
12258:
12252:
12244:
12242:9780252030772
12238:
12234:
12233:
12225:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12195:
12180:
12176:
12170:
12166:
12165:
12157:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12126:
12124:
12115:
12113:9789796866441
12109:
12105:
12098:
12096:
12080:
12076:
12070:
12067:. Routledge.
12066:
12065:
12057:
12049:
12043:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12023:0-313-32270-8
12019:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12006:
11998:
11991:
11989:0-313-32270-8
11985:
11981:
11977:
11973:
11972:
11964:
11962:
11945:
11941:
11940:
11932:
11925:
11923:0-313-32270-8
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11906:
11898:
11891:
11889:0-313-32270-8
11885:
11881:
11880:196 & 198
11877:
11873:
11872:
11864:
11857:
11851:
11844:
11838:
11831:
11825:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11795:
11788:
11786:0-252-07121-2
11782:
11778:
11774:
11767:
11759:
11752:
11738:
11734:
11730:
11726:
11722:
11721:George Saliba
11716:
11709:
11708:0-521-52994-8
11705:
11701:
11695:
11688:
11682:
11676:
11666:
11664:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11639:
11633:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11599:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11582:0-7486-1009-X
11578:
11574:
11570:
11563:
11561:
11553:
11547:
11540:
11534:
11527:
11526:0-87249-376-8
11523:
11517:
11507:
11500:
11499:1-57958-245-1
11496:
11490:
11483:
11477:
11469:
11463:
11455:
11448:
11441:
11435:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11393:
11386:
11379:
11378:Brentjes 2018
11374:
11367:
11366:Brentjes 2018
11362:
11355:
11354:Brentjes 2018
11350:
11344:, p. 69.
11343:
11342:Brentjes 2018
11338:
11331:
11330:Brentjes 2018
11326:
11324:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11306:
11299:
11293:
11286:
11278:
11271:
11265:
11261:
11254:
11252:
11244:
11236:
11229:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11196:
11190:, p. 80.
11189:
11188:Brentjes 2018
11184:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11155:
11153:
11136:
11132:
11126:
11119:
11117:90-04-10633-2
11113:
11109:
11105:
11098:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11060:
11053:
11050:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
10999:
10992:
10990:0-7486-1009-X
10986:
10982:
10978:
10971:
10964:
10960:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10939:
10931:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10912:
10905:
10899:
10891:
10889:0-19-512559-2
10885:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10863:
10862:
10854:
10846:
10845:
10837:
10830:
10829:0-521-36105-2
10826:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10807:
10792:
10788:
10786:9789287161215
10782:
10778:
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9556:
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9549:Ira Lapidus,
9546:
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9506:
9493:on 2011-08-17
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9006:مدرسة إسلامية
9003:
8999:
8997:
8991:
8983:
8979:
8977:
8967:
8963:
8961:
8955:
8954:public school
8947:
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8654:HarperCollins
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8418:
8414:
8413:Jessica Stern
8410:
8409:
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8389:
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8380:Newt Gingrich
8375:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8334:
8332:
8328:
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8317:United States
8314:
8312:
8308:
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8303:Hafiz (Quran)
8300:
8290:
8288:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8262:
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8227:
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8220:
8215:This section
8213:
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8122:
8117:
8114:for boys and
8113:
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8073:
8068:
8063:
8053:
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8019:
8015:
8010:
8005:
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7993:
7988:
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7976:
7972:
7968:
7967:Sekolah Agama
7958:
7950:
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7930:
7926:
7921:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7896:
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7861:
7858:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7824:
7823:Uttar Pradesh
7817:used to pray.
7816:
7812:
7811:Srirangapatna
7807:
7800:
7795:
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7783:
7778:
7771:
7767:
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7667:
7662:This section
7660:
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7613:
7603:
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7598:
7594:
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7582:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7562:Friday mosque
7559:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7500:), including
7499:
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7442:
7433:
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7410:
7405:
7404:globalization
7400:
7389:
7386:
7378:
7375:December 2023
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7344:This section
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7319:
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7291:
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7176:
7172:
7165:
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7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7128:Friday mosque
7125:
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7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
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7083:
7079:
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7059:
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7040:
7039:Ṭashtamuriyya
7036:
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6807:
6803:
6799:
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6792:
6781:
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6764:
6760:
6754:
6752:
6751:Diniyah Putri
6747:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6716:al-Qarawiyyin
6713:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6690:sponsored by
6689:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
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6666:
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6515:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6499:
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6491:
6487:
6479:
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6474:
6473:qawmi madrasa
6469:
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6451:
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6440:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6393:madrasahs in
6392:
6388:
6385:which taught
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6342:George Saliba
6338:
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5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:jurisprudence
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5863:
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5843:
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5752:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5728:
5726:
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5723:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5699:legal opinion
5696:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5671:
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5662:
5658:
5656:
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5622:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5582:post-graduate
5579:
5577:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
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5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:Mughal Empire
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5424:
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5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5221:craftsmanship
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:from private
5105:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5055:
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4993:
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4908:
4906:
4903:
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4779:
4776:
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4771:
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4759:
4756:
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4751:
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4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4698:Talia al Ghul
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Book of Idols
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4443:
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4427:
4424:
4422:
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4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Aql bi-l-fi'l
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Islamic Logic
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Egyptian folk
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3098:Arab Maghreb
3096:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3076:(Mesopotamia)
3072:
3070:
3066:Arab Mashriq
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Pseudo-Arabic
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Islamic glass
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Nabataean art
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:(logic), and
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2398:- Oneness or
2397:
2393:
2382:
2379:
2371:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2345:This section
2343:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:Dimitri Gutas
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2039:Niẓām al-Mulk
2035:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2016:Niẓām al-Mulk
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:al-Qarawiyyin
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1811:Early history
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1790:Nizam al-Mulk
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1576:
1575:morphological
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:Nizam al-Mulk
1507:
1503:
1502:jurisprudence
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:architectural
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:), sometimes
1455:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1388:
1380:
1362:
1351:
1318:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Seghatoleslam
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
742:
738:
737:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
689:
688:
687:
686:
679:
676:
675:
670:
669:Military laws
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:Proselytizing
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:Denominations
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
378:
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
298:
297:
290:
288:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
264:
260:
258:
256:
252:
250:
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
222:
220:
219:
215:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
103:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
19241:School types
19200:Architecture
18956:
18806:Madih nabawi
17823:
17810:
17807:Islamic arts
17587:Caravanserai
17500:
17112:
17066:Loudspeakers
16991:Persian dome
16953:Pointed arch
16751:Indo-Islamic
16741:Great Seljuk
16472:Hamartiology
16457:Ecclesiology
16447:Pneumatology
16356:Christianity
16347:Names of God
16322:Philo's view
16312:Personal god
16292:Great Spirit
16231: /
16188:Christianity
16046:Perichoresis
15949:Emanationism
15891:Christianity
15881:Baháʼí Faith
15859:Singular god
15832:
15792:Spiritualism
15605:
15421:Islamophobia
15286:Christianity
15234:
15167:Contemporary
15061:Architecture
15000:
14966:
14954:
14942:
14900:
14893:
14859:
14841:
14836:Nikah mut'ah
14834:
14827:
14820:
14813:
14806:
14799:
14763:
14751:
14744:
14737:
14730:
14710:
14703:
14696:
14689:
14602:
14577:
14325:
14249:
14231:
14224:
14168:
14161:
14154:
14147:
14140:
14133:Five Pillars
14110:
14076:
14065:God in Islam
14042:
13994:
13955:
13934:
13914:
13906:
13898:
13888:
13863:
13835:
13801:(744): 136.
13798:
13794:
13784:
13773:. Retrieved
13764:
13754:
13743:. Retrieved
13732:
13723:
13712:. Retrieved
13701:
13698:(Transcript)
13688:
13680:the original
13673:
13649:. Retrieved
13640:
13630:
13622:
13608:
13597:. Retrieved
13590:the original
13577:
13565:. Retrieved
13551:
13539:. Retrieved
13530:
13521:
13509:. Retrieved
13498:
13488:
13477:. Retrieved
13473:the original
13459:
13448:. Retrieved
13444:the original
13430:
13419:. Retrieved
13415:the original
13401:
13389:. Retrieved
13385:the original
13371:
13359:. Retrieved
13348:
13338:
13326:. Retrieved
13315:
13305:
13278:
13274:
13253:
13228:
13197:. Retrieved
13193:
13183:
13157:. Retrieved
13148:
13138:
13127:. Retrieved
13118:
13109:
13101:
13096:
13086:21 September
13084:. Retrieved
13076:The Guardian
13075:
13065:
13048:
13043:
13035:the original
13030:
13021:
13010:. Retrieved
12997:
12983:
12973:21 September
12971:. Retrieved
12960:
12950:
12938:. Retrieved
12934:
12923:
12911:. Retrieved
12907:
12896:
12884:
12872:. Retrieved
12868:
12859:
12840:
12834:
12825:
12819:
12800:
12782:
12765:
12747:
12727:
12705:(1): 32–51.
12702:
12698:
12692:
12683:
12677:
12666:. Retrieved
12657:
12648:
12639:
12633:
12624:
12594:
12575:
12556:
12537:
12527:
12518:
12512:. Retrieved
12492:
12482:
12463:
12457:
12448:
12442:
12433:
12427:
12416:. Retrieved
12383:
12379:
12369:
12346:
12340:
12329:. Retrieved
12301:
12294:
12275:
12265:
12231:
12224:
12212:. Retrieved
12203:
12194:
12183:. Retrieved
12163:
12156:
12144:. Retrieved
12135:
12103:
12083:. Retrieved
12063:
12056:
12037:
12031:
12004:
11997:
11970:
11948:. Retrieved
11939:Sahih Muslim
11938:
11931:
11904:
11897:
11870:
11863:
11855:
11850:
11842:
11837:
11829:
11824:
11812:. Retrieved
11803:
11794:
11772:
11766:
11757:
11751:
11741:, retrieved
11732:
11728:
11715:
11699:
11694:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11632:
11608:
11604:
11598:
11568:
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11533:
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11476:
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11434:
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11373:
11361:
11349:
11337:
11308:
11304:
11302:
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11292:
11283:
11277:
11259:
11242:
11235:
11227:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11183:
11172:. Retrieved
11163:
11139:. Retrieved
11125:
11103:
11097:
11086:. Retrieved
11066:
11059:
11052:universitas.
11048:
11046:
11040:, retrieved
11012:
11008:
10998:
10976:
10970:
10949:: 165–186 ,
10942:
10936:
10930:
10915:
10911:
10903:
10898:
10879:
10870:
10860:
10853:
10843:
10836:
10812:
10806:
10795:. Retrieved
10771:
10764:
10759:, pp. XIX–XX
10748:
10743:
10717:
10713:
10707:
10691:
10686:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10658:
10641:(3): 586–8.
10638:
10634:
10628:
10623:, p. 179-185
10612:
10607:
10594:
10591:Hossein Nasr
10585:
10576:
10572:
10563:
10531:(1): 60–65.
10528:
10524:
10499:the original
10468:
10464:
10444:, p. 191-193
10432:
10414:
10408:
10400:
10395:
10387:
10355:
10351:
10324:, retrieved
10296:
10292:
10273:: 1123–1189.
10270:
10266:
10247:November 23,
10245:. Retrieved
10220:
10197:, retrieved
10183:
10160:
10154:
10144:
10142:
10136:, retrieved
10108:
10104:
10094:
10083:. Retrieved
10074:
10065:
10047:
10041:
10029:
10024:
10006:
10000:
9978:
9960:
9940:the original
9926:
9906:
9886:
9877:
9847:
9813:
9795:
9755:. Retrieved
9735:
9728:
9709:
9703:
9694:
9668:. Retrieved
9648:
9641:
9622:
9594:
9577:
9554:
9550:
9545:
9524:: 165–186 ,
9517:
9511:
9505:
9495:, retrieved
9488:the original
9475:
9468:
9449:
9446:Sabra, A. I.
9440:
9396:
9392:
9383:
9372:. Retrieved
9353:
9342:. Retrieved
9312:(2): 63–75.
9309:
9305:
9285:
9281:
9264:
9258:
9249:
9243:
9234:
9228:
9202:Roman Empire
9188:
9175:
9167:
9157:
9152:
9142:
9124:
9108:
9088:
9081:
9073:
9009:
8993:
8973:
8957:
8937:
8933:
8922:. Retrieved
8913:
8904:
8895:
8889:
8878:. Retrieved
8869:
8860:
8851:
8845:
8836:
8766:
8742:
8687:. Retrieved
8683:
8674:
8662:. Retrieved
8647:
8638:
8626:. Retrieved
8619:
8595:. Retrieved
8588:
8579:
8571:the original
8559:
8546:
8469:Beth midrash
8406:
8404:
8399:
8391:
8388:Colin Powell
8377:
8372:
8360:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8323:André Carson
8320:
8296:
8283:
8280:South Africa
8269:kindergarten
8244:
8238:January 2021
8235:
8224:Please help
8219:verification
8216:
8189:
8181:Soccsksargen
8177:Davao Region
8170:
8164:and SMIE in
8153:
8139:
8136:
8120:
8103:
8082:
8076:
8045:
8037:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8011:
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7986:
7966:
7964:
7956:
7939:
7923:
7902:instruction.
7877:
7862:
7854:
7827:
7820:
7779:
7775:
7770:Lalbagh Fort
7731:
7711:
7691:
7685:January 2010
7682:
7671:Please help
7666:verification
7663:
7639:Qutb complex
7637:'s Madrasa,
7612:anticlerical
7609:
7606:20th century
7579:
7566:
7546:
7533:
7493:
7491:
7467:
7443:
7439:
7430:
7413:
7396:
7381:
7372:
7345:
7290:Fatih Mosque
7281:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7229:
7182:
7168:
7136:
7117:
7073:
7071:
7020:
7011:
7008:Temple Mount
6980:
6952:
6937:
6879:Salah ad-Din
6864:
6843:
6806:Central Asia
6788:
6774:Architecture
6755:
6750:
6732:
6727:
6723:
6709:
6685:
6684:, part of a
6677:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6588:
6566:
6483:
6471:
6441:
6428:
6400:
6353:, which was
6340:
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6308:
6305:
6277:
6267:
6253:
6245:
6233:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6179:
6174:
6160:
6152:
6146:
6142:
6141:(from Latin
6134:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6108:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6070:
6067:Ibn al-Nafis
6060:
6051:
6043:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6012:
5992:
5990:
5978:al-Mustanṣir
5955:
5934:
5894:
5888:
5861:
5844:
5831:universities
5816:
5799:
5791:
5775:
5755:
5740:
5718:
5714:
5692:
5686:
5683:jurisconsult
5674:
5666:
5660:
5652:
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5636:
5634:
5614:
5600:
5590:
5586:
5573:
5564:
5556:
5546:
5532:
5524:
5522:
5502:
5486:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5434:Muslim India
5431:
5426:
5423:Abd al-Latif
5417:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5393:
5261:
5259:
5199:
5192:
5166:
5159:
5133:
5125:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5070:and teacher
5049:
5045:
5043:
5032:
4945:Dhul Khalasa
4888:
4887:
4717:
4712:Spirituality
4688:Ra's al Ghul
4663:King Marsile
4621:
4620:
4546:Magic carpet
4435:
4364:
4363:
4297:
4296:
4133:Saudi Arabia
4049:
4048:
3975:
3974:
3900:
3899:
3853:
3852:
3824:
3823:
3785:
3784:
3715:
3714:
3687:
3562:
3488:Algerian Raï
3476:
3475:
3389:
3388:
3337:
3336:
3317:Quarter tone
3277:Arabic maqam
3271:
3175:
3174:
3119:
3038:
3014:Hedwig glass
2977:
2976:
2910:
2909:
2877:
2859:
2799:
2780:Caravanserai
2758:
2757:
2591:
2589:
2544:
2539:Architecture
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2438:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2368:January 2010
2365:
2354:Please help
2349:verification
2346:
2316:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2246:
2239:
2231:Salah ad-Din
2212:
2190:
2085:
2080:
2063:
2047:
2029:
2008:period, the
2003:
1978:
1935:
1922:
1904:
1884:martial arts
1833:
1819:View of the
1774:Muslim world
1765:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1719:. The usual
1716:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1590:
1570:
1566:
1563:Semitic root
1554:
1552:
1530:
1505:
1494:Muslim world
1487:
1466:
1462:
1316:
1315:
845:
811:
760:
753:Usul al-Fiqh
751:
644:Islamophobia
486:
423:Demographics
418:Circumcision
334:
327:
320:
286:
278:
262:
254:
246:
235:
229:
223:
216:
19246:Law schools
18922:Jama masjid
18866:Sufi poetry
18797: [
18758:Sufi orders
18739: [
18653:Misconducts
18630: [
18598: [
18586: [
18524: [
18512: [
18500: [
18438: [
18411: [
18399: [
18387: [
18375: [
18348: [
18336: [
18314: [
18272: [
18260: [
18243: [
18231: [
18106: [
18094: [
18050: [
18037:Sufis ranks
17978: [
17951: [
17903:Bash Hezzab
17875:terminology
17434:Windcatcher
17415:(courtyard)
17168:Mosque lamp
17148:Girih tiles
17105:Decorations
16983:Arabic dome
16530:Krishnology
16507:Soteriology
16462:Eschatology
16442:Christology
16307:Open theism
16263:Exotheology
16161:Zoroastrian
16124:By religion
16081:Eschatology
16036:Homoiousian
15989:Ahura Mazda
15767:Panentheism
15730:Hermeticism
15576:Darul uloom
15559:Almajiranci
15291:Catholicism
15186:Other areas
15177:Theological
15172:Eschatology
15129:Mathematics
15066:Calligraphy
14996:Theological
14950:Inheritance
14867:Cleanliness
14239:Shi'a Imams
14233:Ahl al-Bayt
13734:The Tribune
13567:November 8,
13469:muis.gov.sg
13440:muis.gov.sg
13436:"About JMS"
13411:muis.gov.sg
12940:5 September
12913:5 September
12874:5 September
11950:11 November
11878:, pp.
11814:22 February
11698:Toby Huff,
11438:Toby Huff,
10831:, pp. 47-55
10690:Toby Huff,
10611:Toby Huff,
10399:Toby Huff,
10179:"education"
9191:Middle Ages
9022:مدرسة جامعة
8986:مدرسة دينية
8898:. Springer.
8689:19 November
8489:Darul uloom
8345:, the word
8127:Philippines
7884:Sunni Islam
7857:Maharashtra
7815:Tipu Sultan
7799:Taliparamba
7764:madrasa in
7708:Afghanistan
7353:WP:NOTESSAY
7284:complex of
7223:complex in
7205:Shah Mosque
6894:proselytism
6885:in Cairo's
6802:Transoxiana
6798:monasteries
6704:Mimar Sinan
6575:Ibn ʻAsākir
6456:muḥaddithāt
6404:Inquisition
6299:founded by
6143:universitas
5911:Islamic law
5763:Al-Muqtadir
5709:as well as
5621:'teacher'.
5495:Islamic law
5414:Islamic law
5387:during the
5306:metaphysics
5282:mathematics
5207:preaching,
4648:Battal Gazi
3833:Anthologies
3633:Raqs Sharqi
3588:Belly dance
3431:Iraqi maqam
3359:Arabic jazz
3354:Arabic rock
3207:Fouta towel
3009:Girih tiles
2927:Arab carpet
2898:Fatimid art
2893:Islamic art
2748:Windcatcher
2613:Arabic dome
2490:(plural of
2278:During the
2211:known as a
2155:Middle Ages
2118:mathematics
2072:Sufi orders
2056:Mesopotamia
2050:Ḥashshāshīn
1876:calligraphy
1778:Islamic law
1690:during the
1522:Mesopotamia
1498:Islamic law
1073:Grand Mufti
322:Ahl al-Bayt
207:Foundations
19210:Categories
19176:Psychology
19088:Prayer rug
18851:Sufi music
18711:Hizb Rateb
18689:Ceremonies
18457:Zarruqiyya
18165:Ismul Azam
17717:Influences
17632:Well house
17403:Mashrabiya
17051:Hussainiya
16987:Onion dome
16778:Indonesian
16766:Qutb Shahi
16615:Philosophy
16502:Sophiology
16482:Philosophy
16477:Messianism
16437:Paterology
16041:Hypostasis
16031:Homoousian
15862:theologies
15802:Theopanism
15787:Polytheism
15750:Monotheism
15725:Henotheism
15351:Ex-Muslims
15236:Shu'ubiyya
15230:Psychology
15218:Literature
15208:Inventions
15154:Philosophy
14962:Leadership
14938:Honorifics
14593:Philosophy
14400:Isma'ilism
14361:Maturidism
14244:Caliphates
14215:Golden Age
14106:Revelation
13775:2014-09-13
13745:2008-01-14
13714:2008-01-14
13651:2010-05-12
13599:2012-11-08
13479:2015-03-18
13450:2015-03-18
13421:2015-03-18
13199:2024-04-09
13129:2022-06-10
13012:2016-05-08
12990:"Madrasah"
12869:Britannica
12810:2723301591
12668:2020-08-15
12514:2022-06-21
12473:2213029830
12418:2021-11-22
12331:2022-03-11
12185:2022-07-01
12085:2021-11-18
12012:, p.
11978:, p.
11912:, p.
11743:2010-04-02
11511:20/03/2010
11174:2020-08-15
11141:9 February
11088:2021-05-04
11042:2019-06-29
10797:2020-10-27
10326:2019-06-29
10199:2008-09-30
10138:2019-06-29
10085:2020-08-30
10036:, pp. 77–8
9757:2021-10-07
9670:2021-11-18
9497:2008-11-22
9403:: 65–79 ,
9374:2008-12-05
9344:2021-11-23
8970:مدرسة خاصة
8950:مدرسة عامة
8924:2017-05-30
8880:2020-08-13
8644:"Madrasah"
8616:"madrassa"
8533:References
8327:Queens, NY
8192:Bangsamoro
7936:, Pakistan
7846:Isma'ilism
7772:courtyard.
7766:Bangladesh
7728:Bangladesh
7722:Abu Hanifa
7626:South Asia
7614:policy of
7421:Darulhadis
7359:improve it
7043:Muzhiriyya
7035:Arghūniyya
7031:Tankiziyya
6778:See also:
6759:Hem Borker
6606:, such as
6542:literature
6526:philosophy
6478:Bangladesh
6431:al-Sakhawi
6415:See also:
6369:, and the
6326:sic et non
6286:, meaning
6242:companions
6115:Ibn Sina's
6040:al-Sakhawi
5948:Maimonides
5880:University
5747:bimaristan
5737:Bimaristan
5735:See also:
5513:See also:
5509:Law school
5467:founded a
5397:danişmends
5355:cities of
5353:Andalusian
5286:philosophy
5270:philosophy
5231:See also:
5179:literature
5177:, Arabic,
5078:(known as
4920:Dhat-Badan
4848:Theandrios
4828:Baalshamin
4823:Atarsamain
4678:Palamedes
4421:Muqaddimah
4381:Al-isharat
4287:Avicennism
4239:Philosophy
4108:Mauritania
3917:Muwashshah
3882:Khamriyyah
3682:Literature
3628:Ouled Nail
3441:Muwashshah
3344:Arabic pop
2903:Mamluk art
2850:Well house
2785:Bimaristan
2673:Mashrabiya
2502:See also:
2469:Süleyman I
2425:); and an
2400:monotheism
2263:under the
2235:al-Shafi'i
2227:Nur al-Din
2191:Under the
2186:Nur al-Din
2138:philosophy
2114:Avicennism
2100:al-Ghazali
2092:Golden Age
1800:See also:
1696:danişmends
1631:Indonesian
1586:mafʻal(ah)
1544:Definition
1516:under the
1475:Arab world
1228:Mujahideen
512:Philosophy
249:(exegesis)
186:Pilgrimage
176:Almsgiving
19164:Education
19098:Tagelmust
19093:Qashabiya
19068:Jellabiya
18972:Mausoleum
18665:Rahbaniya
18479:Waridates
18296:Muraqabah
18291:Muhasabah
17975:Mutahaqiq
17691:Resources
17454:Religious
17424:Shabestan
17382:Hypostyle
17364:Shadirvan
17133:Arabesque
17056:Imamzadeh
17021:Religious
17001:Semi-dome
16948:Ogee arch
16917:Chahartaq
16880:Materials
16807:Almoravid
16782:Malaysian
16492:Practical
16487:Political
16452:Cosmology
16409:Christian
16268:Holocaust
16258:Egotheism
16213:Goddesses
16208:Mormonism
16136:Christian
16089:Afterlife
15975:Sustainer
15782:Polydeism
15777:Pantheism
15762:Mysticism
15745:Monolatry
15740:Nontheism
15720:Dystheism
15616:Pesantren
15611:Nezamiyeh
15468:Symbolism
15426:Incidents
15404:Criticism
15296:Mormonism
15193:Astrology
15119:Cosmology
15114:Astronomy
15056:Arabesque
14923:Etiquette
14882:Blasphemy
14672:Economics
14487:Ahmadiyya
14429:Muhakkima
14376:Wahhabism
14366:Mu'tazili
14351:Ash'arism
13703:USA Today
13169:cite news
13149:The Hindu
12408:234864708
12400:0011-3204
12251:cite book
11856:The Arabs
11591:237514956
11501:, p. 1025
11462:cite book
11426:211662842
11047:One such
11029:144509355
10963:143484233
10736:0926-6070
10660:parallel.
10579:(4): 459.
10313:144509355
10237:142242807
10125:144509355
9538:143484233
9417:1420-9144
9334:129458856
9326:0161-956X
9206:Byzantium
8914:ThoughtCo
8680:"madrasa"
8585:"madrasa"
8556:"madrasa"
8553:(US) and
8551:"madrasa"
8538:Citations
8162:Zamboanga
8072:Singapore
8056:Singapore
8012:The word
8004:Pesantren
7998:Indonesia
7868:In Kerala
7616:Reżā Shah
7436:Curricula
7363:verifying
7225:Samarkand
7164:Samarkand
7144:Marrakesh
7067:Marrakesh
7047:Ẓāhirīyah
6991:Baybars I
6694:(wife of
6643:The term
6564:in 1258.
6560:with the
6514:astronomy
6387:astronomy
6383:Samarqand
6379:Ulugh Beg
6317:civil law
6303:in 1224.
6292:consensus
6193:earliest
6190:corporate
5935:modernize
5903:faculties
5685:, called
5339:Niẓāmīyah
5318:chemistry
5314:astronomy
5112:emulation
4763:Al-Kutbay
4591:Shadhavar
4556:Mount Qaf
4531:Karkadann
4448:Mythology
4334:Asabiyyah
4292:Averroism
4123:Palestine
4045:Mutadārik
4042:Mutaqārib
4033:Mujtathth
3885:Tardiyyah
3705:Classical
3648:Schikhatt
3613:Khaleegy
3390:Art music
3217:Jellabiya
3130:Battoulah
2984:Arabesque
2978:Features
2840:Shadirvan
2643:Hypostyle
2608:Arabesque
2592:Features
2560:Nabataean
2463:. In the
2290:word for
2163:antiquity
2143:patronage
2130:geography
2126:astrology
2122:astronomy
2106:into the
2044:Assassins
1896:Caliphate
1880:athletics
1872:first aid
1868:genealogy
1802:Nizamiyya
1553:The word
1549:Etymology
1538:Devshirme
1208:Ulu'l-amr
1183:Muhaddith
1088:Ayatollah
1063:Mohyeddin
952:Istishhad
947:Istighfar
862:Mustahabb
632:terrorism
584:Criticism
537:Sexuality
507:Mysticism
477:Festivals
457:Education
452:Economics
388:Academics
344:Caliphate
157:Practices
62:Samarkand
18:Madrasahs
19216:Madrasas
19140:Religion
19108:Tarboosh
19063:Gandoura
19058:Djellaba
18675:Taqabbur
18425:Tawassul
18420:Tawakkul
18084:Concepts
18002:Qalandar
17965:Muqarrab
17960:Muqaddam
17943:Marabout
17805:Part of
17641:Military
17577:Baradari
17570:Civilian
17393:Jharokha
17354:Mechouar
17291:Charbagh
17234:Andaruni
17208:Socarrat
17173:Muqarnas
17071:Maqsurah
16963:Vaulting
16892:Tadelakt
16873:Elements
16822:Zayyanid
16802:Aghlabid
16610:Kabbalah
16557:Prophets
16432:Glossary
16398:By faith
16361:Hinduism
16243:Demiurge
16233:in Islam
16193:Hinduism
16183:Buddhism
16175:Feminist
16131:Buddhist
15939:Absolute
15932:Concepts
15908:Hinduism
15903:Buddhism
15869:By faith
15833:and gods
15825:Divinity
15811:Concepts
15772:Pandeism
15673:Theology
15506:Category
15399:Islamism
15382:Muhammad
15338:Apostasy
15313:Hinduism
15203:Feminism
15134:Medicine
14974:Military
14928:Gambling
14877:Apostasy
14872:Criminal
14784:Marriage
14753:Tayammum
14705:Murabaha
14578:Madrasas
14568:Holidays
14558:Clothing
14553:Children
14548:Calendar
14499:Quranism
14433:Khawarij
14405:Alawites
14356:Atharism
14250:Rashidun
14089:In Islam
14084:Muhammad
13982:Madrasas
13957:The News
13817:45319115
13769:Archived
13739:Archived
13708:Archived
13645:Archived
13641:BBC News
13616:Archived
13561:Archived
13535:Archived
13505:Archived
13391:18 March
13355:Archived
13322:Archived
13297:45319115
13235:Archived
13153:Archived
13123:Archived
13080:Archived
13053:Archived
13006:Archived
12967:Archived
12962:TOLOnews
12662:Archived
12535:(1922).
12508:Archived
12490:(1978).
12464:Le Caire
12412:Archived
12325:Archived
12208:Archived
12179:Archived
12140:Archived
12136:tirto.id
12079:Archived
11944:Archived
11808:Archived
11737:archived
11723:(2002),
11710:, p. 155
11168:Archived
11135:Archived
11082:Archived
11033:archived
10878:(2003).
10817:Archived
10791:Archived
10495:17139063
10317:archived
10241:Archived
10223:: 1–74.
10193:archived
10191:, 2008,
10129:archived
10079:Archived
9963:. Brill.
9915:Archived
9895:Archived
9751:Archived
9664:Archived
9425:12852421
9401:Springer
9368:Archived
9338:Archived
9195:medieval
9123:(2003).
8918:Archived
8874:Archived
8839:. Brill.
8658:Archived
8473:midrasha
8427:See also
8273:Yangzhou
8187:(ARMM).
8183:and the
8146:Mindanao
8121:madrasah
8018:madrasah
8014:madrasah
7992:Mindanao
7914:Pakistan
7838:Barelvis
7801:, India
7645:, India.
7585:Safavids
7552:and the
7530:Ifriqiya
7399:Murad II
7326:Istanbul
7298:Istanbul
7258:Istanbul
7221:Registan
7197:Safavids
7193:Timurids
7189:Ilkhanid
7090:Ifriqiya
6987:Damascus
6891:Isma'ili
6814:Khargerd
6810:Khorasan
6795:Buddhist
6700:Selim II
6608:Khadijah
6599:scholars
6571:scholar
6546:theology
6518:medicine
6510:scholars
6498:Tawaddud
6351:Damascus
6069:gave an
6001:sharīʻah
5972:ʻAbbāsid
5962:was the
5907:seminary
5767:muhtasib
5677:mustaftī
5670:madrasah
5659:and the
5617:mudarris
5550:madhāhib
5499:theology
5489:madrasah
5482:madrasah
5457:madrasas
5443:Madrasas
5427:madrasas
5405:madrasas
5381:Valencia
5345:Damascus
5323:madrasah
5310:medicine
5294:politics
5272:and the
5264:madrasah
5213:geometry
5209:medicine
5195:Ibn Sīnā
5162:Ibn Sīnā
5140:school.
5121:Ibn Sīnā
5080:Avicenna
5074:Ibn Sīnā
4878:Yarhibol
4858:Malakbel
4728:Al-‘Uzzá
4638:Ali Baba
4611:Zulfiqar
4298:Concepts
4282:Farabism
4073:Djibouti
4030:Muqtaḍab
4024:Munsariħ
3967:Ghinnawa
3942:Riddles
3927:Mathnawi
3689:Language
3643:Shamadan
3608:Hagallah
3461:Tahmilah
3242:Takchita
3202:Durra'ah
3197:Djellaba
3176:Clothing
3150:Madhalla
3140:Keffiyeh
3120:Headwear
3074:Mashriq
3068:(Levant)
3024:Muqarnas
2743:Voussoir
2738:Vaulting
2733:Tadelakt
2723:Socarrat
2693:Muqarnas
2513:a series
2511:Part of
2447:sharīʻah
2292:madrasah
2253:Ifriqiya
2182:Damascus
2151:literacy
2109:madrasah
2084:and the
2064:madrasah
2060:Khorasan
2006:ʻAbbāsid
1979:madrasah
1959:Isma'ili
1888:nabuwwat
1858:mosque.
1844:Muhammad
1842:, where
1768:madrasah
1747:midrasha
1700:madrasah
1678:madrasah
1658:madrasah
1599:loanword
1593:madrasah
1557:madrasah
1540:pupils.
1526:Khorasan
1467:madrassa
1463:madrasah
1428:: مدرسة
1278:al-Dawla
1218:Mu'azzin
1203:Marabout
1188:Mujaddid
1158:Mufassir
1083:Mujtahid
812:Madrasah
802:Istishab
797:Istihsan
792:Istihlal
787:Ikhtilaf
741:a series
739:Part of
678:Glossary
654:Jihadism
627:Violence
622:Islamism
593:Muhammad
579:Apostasy
522:Politics
472:Feminism
467:Exorcism
428:Diaspora
413:Children
408:Calendar
336:Rashidun
314:Muhammad
309:Timeline
270:Mathnawi
132:Prophets
76:a series
74:Part of
58:Registan
40:Madrasta
19126:Portals
19103:Taqiyah
19078:Misbaha
19053:Burnous
19036:Objects
18987:Musalla
18967:Maqbara
18957:Madrasa
18947:Külliye
18942:Khanqah
18937:Khalawi
18917:Gongbei
18821:Qawwali
18811:Nasheed
18794:Ashewiq
18778:Ziyarat
18753:Silsila
18680:Zandaqa
18639:Walayah
18617:Tajalli
18573:Ma'rifa
18558:Karamat
18538:Hidayah
18492:Basirah
18487:Barakah
18430:Tazkiah
18408:Tawajud
18396:Takhlia
18367:Tafakur
18328:Salawat
18135:Ghaflah
18017:Rabbani
17970:Murshid
17948:Mudaqiq
17938:Majzoob
17908:Dervish
17739:Mudéjar
17703:ArchNet
17653:Alcázar
17526:Musalla
17511:Maqbara
17501:Madrasa
17491:Külliye
17486:Khanqah
17476:Gongbei
17375:cooling
17373:Passive
17339:Chhatri
17332:objects
17330:Outdoor
17279:Gardens
17255:Mirador
17193:Shabaka
17183:Qashani
17138:Banna'i
17081:Minaret
17023:objects
17013:(eaves)
17011:Chhajja
16958:Squinch
16859:Umayyad
16854:Timurid
16844:Swahili
16829:Ottoman
16812:Almohad
16797:Moorish
16787:Iranian
16756:Bengali
16736:Fatimid
16731:Chinese
16726:Ayyubid
16716:Abbasid
16600:Aggadah
16548:Oneness
16540:Islamic
16422:Outline
16417:History
16376:Judaism
16371:Jainism
16327:Process
16302:Olelbis
16203:Judaism
16146:Islamic
16061:Trinity
15944:Brahman
15918:Sikhism
15913:Jainism
15886:Judaism
15838:Goddess
15606:Madrasa
15596:Khalawi
15591:Khanqah
15453:Nursing
15414:Qutbism
15328:Sikhism
15323:Judaism
15318:Jainism
15308:Druzism
15144:Physics
15091:Pottery
15076:Gardens
15071:Carpets
14986:Slavery
14908:Divorce
14895:Dhabiĥa
14723:Hygiene
14698:Takaful
14680:Banking
14610:Science
14604:Qurbani
14573:Mosques
14533:Animals
14522:Culture
14456:Nukkari
14451:Azzabas
14438:Azariqa
14422:Zaydism
14410:Alevism
14286:Ottoman
14276:Almohad
14271:Fatimid
14266:Córdoba
14261:Abbasid
14256:Umayyad
14189:Leaders
14184:History
14142:Shahada
14057:Beliefs
13995:madrasa
13950:at the
13828:Sources
13500:Reuters
13381:AsiaOne
12719:4127991
12658:Archnet
12214:13 July
12146:13 July
11657:(586f.)
11164:Archnet
10555:6366229
10546:1439563
10486:1676324
9433:6271842
8477:Yeshiva
8347:madrasa
8341:In the
8275:, China
8142:Regions
8112:songkok
8104:ukhrawi
8081:(MUIS,
8044:), and
7987:madaris
7934:Karachi
7880:Shāfiʿī
7542:Tlemcen
7522:Marinid
7510:Tunisia
7506:Algeria
7502:Morocco
7498:Maghreb
7494:Maghrib
7473:Maghreb
7418:Semniye
7357:Please
7322:Üsküdar
7282:külliye
7276:külliye
7209:Isfahan
7184:maddhab
7179:Baghdad
7132:Tlemcen
7082:Marinid
7078:Maghreb
7074:Maghrib
7016:Qaytbay
7006:on the
6999:Lebanon
6995:Tripoli
6975:Shafi'i
6944:Mamluks
6728:külliye
6706:in 1571
6698:sultan
6696:Ottoman
6687:külliye
6680:of the
6678:medrese
6628:audited
6624:classes
6590:ijazahs
6583:in the
6554:Baghdad
6534:history
6322:Organon
6288:opinion
6248:qirāʼah
6230:reading
6226:fellows
6163:jāmiʻah
6155:jāmiʻah
6135:jāmi‘ah
6126:ijazahs
6052:ijazahs
6031:ijāzahs
6024:ijāzahs
6017:ijāzahs
5994:ijāzahs
5958:jāmiʻah
5952:Saladin
5897:jāmiʻah
5862:jāmiʻah
5854:Morocco
5796:jāmiʻah
5741:Though
5722:ijtihād
5713:). The
5705:covers
5629:Bosnian
5613:', and
5479:While "
5474:madrasa
5469:madrasa
5463:of the
5453:madrasa
5438:madrasa
5418:madrasa
5410:madrasa
5377:Almería
5369:Granada
5361:Seville
5357:Córdoba
5290:history
5245:, Egypt
5156:, India
5116:debates
5104:tuition
5100:classes
5046:kuttāb'
4970:Yaghūth
4940:Basamum
4895:Almaqah
4863:Orotalt
4818:Al-Qaum
4813:Aglibol
4748:Chaabou
4743:Dushara
4693:Sindbad
4673:Othello
4628:Aladdin
4586:Shaddad
4466:Bahamut
4177:Science
4153:Tunisia
4138:Somalia
4113:Morocco
4098:Lebanon
4068:Comoros
4063:Bahrain
4058:Algeria
4036:Muḍāriʿ
3971:Humayni
3895:Hamasah
3787:Islamic
3770:Tezkire
3765:Tabaqat
3658:Tanoura
3598:Deheyeh
3493:Bedouin
3446:Qasidah
3406:Bashraf
3379:Khaliji
3374:Al Jeel
3227:Macawis
3192:Burnous
3160:Tantour
3155:Taqiyah
3092:(Sudan)
3090:Mawset
3084:(Egypt)
3082:Mawset
3058:Khalij
3051:Cuisine
2994:Banna'i
2800:Madrasa
2770:Alcázar
2623:Gardens
2618:Banna'i
2580:Moorish
2575:Fatimid
2570:Abbasid
2565:Umayyad
2550:Islamic
2297:külliye
2288:Turkish
2284:medrese
2261:Morocco
2241:mamālīk
2201:Ayyubid
2134:alchemy
2076:Shi'ism
2032:majālis
2012:vizier
1998:Abbasid
1994:Baghdad
1967:Ayyubid
1951:Fatimid
1931:Morocco
1909:or the
1864:tajweed
1825:minaret
1796:History
1753:midrash
1743:cognate
1733:jāmiʻah
1639:Bosnian
1627:Kurdish
1619:Turkish
1615:Persian
1611:Baluchi
1580:مفعل(ة)
1534:Enderun
1518:Seljuks
1454:madāris
1317:Madrasa
1263:Tabi'un
1258:Sahabah
1163:Murshid
1148:Mawlānā
1143:Khawaja
1133:Mawlawi
1058:Allamah
992:Tazkiah
982:Taqiyya
937:Hirabah
902:Fahisha
817:Maslaha
807:Madhhab
782:Ijtihad
549:Slavery
532:Science
487:Madrasa
482:Finance
393:Animals
381:society
377:Culture
349:Imamate
329:Sahabah
302:History
272:(Poems)
257:(creed)
181:Fasting
109:Oneness
102:Beliefs
36:Madrasi
19256:Ribats
19113:Turban
19083:Miswak
19073:Khirqa
19048:Balgha
19043:Ammama
19027:Zawiya
19017:Turbah
18982:Mosque
18952:Kuttab
18932:Khalwa
18912:Gonbad
18907:Eidgah
18897:Dargah
18885:Places
18773:Wezeea
18768:Tweeza
18763:Tariqa
18748:Sebiba
18726:Mawsim
18721:Mawlid
18716:Idjaza
18701:Bay'ah
18696:Ashura
18622:Thawab
18612:Secret
18595:Rabita
18568:Khatir
18553:Ishrak
18533:Haqiqa
18509:Djadba
18452:Wazifa
18384:Tahlia
18372:Tahara
18345:Shuhud
18286:Lazimi
18281:Latifa
18269:Ichara
18228:Djamaa
18205:Yaqeen
18091:Aayane
18042:Talibe
18032:Siddiq
18027:Sheikh
17933:Khatib
17923:Hezzab
17873:Sufism
17663:Kasbah
17612:Kasbah
17602:Hammam
17597:Ghorfa
17582:Bazaar
17561:Zawiya
17550:takyeh
17521:Mosque
17471:Dargah
17398:Kucheh
17344:Eidgah
17270:Zenana
17218:Zellij
17203:Sitara
17198:Shamsa
17086:Minbar
17076:Mihrab
17061:Kiswah
17046:Gonbad
16910:Arches
16864:Yemeni
16834:Somali
16817:Hafsid
16792:Mamluk
16771:Mughal
16761:Deccan
16709:Styles
16638:Wiccan
16587:Jewish
16567:Angels
16497:Public
16467:Ethics
16156:Taoist
16151:Jewish
16111:Heaven
15968:God as
15698:Theism
15631:Zawiya
15601:Kuttab
15569:Talibe
15265:
15223:poetry
15033:
14918:Ethics
14902:Dhimmi
14861:Baligh
14822:Mahram
14779:Family
14759:Toilet
14739:Miswak
14492:Lahori
14475:Najdat
14371:Salafi
14321:Seerah
14316:Tafsir
14311:Hadith
14281:Sokoto
14226:Sahaba
14101:Angels
14078:Tawhid
14035:topics
13922:
13877:
13866:(2012)
13842:
13815:
13541:19 May
13295:
13159:3 July
12847:
12807:
12717:
12601:
12500:
12470:
12406:
12398:
12357:
12317:
12282:
12239:
12171:
12110:
12071:
12044:
12020:
11986:
11920:
11886:
11783:
11706:
11625:604423
11623:
11589:
11579:
11524:
11497:
11424:
11416:
11311:ijāzah
11266:
11222:604423
11220:
11114:
11074:
11027:
10987:
10961:
10922:
10886:
10827:
10783:
10755:
10734:
10724:
10714:Studia
10698:
10655:601679
10653:
10619:
10553:
10543:
10493:
10483:
10440:
10421:
10372:604423
10370:
10311:
10235:
10145:ḥadīth
10123:
10054:
10013:
9989:
9854:
9820:
9743:
9716:
9656:
9629:
9601:
9555:passim
9536:
9456:
9431:
9423:
9415:
9332:
9324:
9286:passim
9182:
9131:
9096:
9018:Arabic
9002:Arabic
8982:Arabic
8966:Arabic
8946:Arabic
8664:6 June
8628:6 June
8597:6 June
8561:Lexico
8521:Zawiya
8475:, and
8386:, and
8351:school
8293:Canada
8287:Indian
8266:Muslim
8173:AusAID
8116:tudong
7830:Hanafi
7751:Sylhet
7600:cleric
7526:Hafsid
7508:, and
7292:. The
7238:arcade
7119:zellij
7116:, and
7114:stucco
7086:Hafsid
6918:Aleppo
6657:ʻawrah
6648:ʻawrah
6494:poetry
6423:, and
6389:; and
6309:taliqa
6257:ijāzah
6186:Maliki
6110:ijazah
6096:ijazah
6072:ijazah
6062:ijāzah
6045:ijāzah
5975:caliph
5802:Arabic
5779:ḥadīth
5611:fatwās
5576:ijāzah
5567:ijāzah
5559:ijāzah
5515:Sharia
5436:, the
5373:Murcia
5365:Toledo
5349:Aleppo
5298:ethics
5233:Ijazah
5202:maktab
5169:maktab
5154:Bhopal
5136:maktab
5128:maktab
5108:tutors
5094:maktab
5086:maktab
5063:maktab
5052:maktab
5039:kuttab
5023:Kuttab
4950:Haukim
4935:Qaynan
4930:Ta'lab
4925:Haubas
4915:Salman
4910:Athtar
4778:Azizos
4733:Al-Lat
4606:Wāḳwāḳ
4576:Qutrub
4571:Qareen
4561:Nasnas
4541:Luqman
4536:Kujata
4491:Dandan
4456:Ababil
4158:U.A.E.
4093:Kuwait
4088:Jordan
4027:Khafīf
4017:Rajaz
3962:Nabati
3957:Mawwal
3947:Kharja
3937:Nasīb
3932:Ruba'i
3922:Urjūza
3912:Qasida
3907:Diwan
3888:Khawal
3878:Ghazal
3868:Rithā'
3854:Genres
3826:Poetry
3819:Aqidah
3804:Hadith
3799:Tafsir
3735:Maqama
3710:Modern
3663:Yowlah
3653:Tahtib
3623:Mizmar
3603:Guedra
3553:Shaabi
3538:Mezwed
3533:Mawwal
3518:Fijiri
3483:Ataaba
3471:Waslah
3466:Taqsim
3456:Sama'i
3436:Mawwal
3426:Malhun
3421:Layali
3338:Genres
3312:Teslim
3297:Taqsim
3272:Theory
3237:Sirwal
3222:Kaftan
3170:Turban
3145:Litham
3034:Zellij
3019:Kiswah
3004:Damask
2878:Styles
2855:Zawiya
2845:Tekyeh
2815:Mosque
2795:Kasbah
2790:Hammam
2775:Bazaar
2753:Zellij
2683:Mosaic
2585:Mamluk
2555:Yemeni
2545:Styles
2488:ḥuffāẓ
2457:mantiq
2453:hadith
2440:tafsir
2435:Arabic
2415:Qur'an
2396:Tawhid
2392:Qur'an
2319:ḥadīth
2307:hammam
2205:Mamluk
2203:, and
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