1645:
113:
is very simple. To start with, the entire key is XORed with a random constant of the same length as the key, then rotated to the left by 3 bits. It is rotated again after each iteration of rotation and XOR. The rightmost byte of it is used in each iteration to XOR with the rightmost byte of the data
150:
has reviewed the algorithm without making a formal analysis. He noticed that "the parity of all the bits of the plaintext and the ciphertext is a constant, depending only on the key. So, if you have one plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext, you can predict the parity of the ciphertext for any
105:
a key byte with the rightmost byte, and rotates the other two as one block. The rotation varies with the output of the XOR. Then, the algorithm moves to the right by one byte. So if it were working on bytes 2, 3 and 4, after it finished rotating and XORing them, it would repeat the process on bytes
31:
published in 1984 by W. E. Madryga. It was designed to be easy and efficient for implementation in software. Serious weaknesses have since been found in the algorithm, but it was one of the first encryption algorithms to make use of data-dependent rotations, later used in other ciphers, such as
93:
Madryga is specified with eight rounds, but this can be increased to provide more security if need be. In each round, the algorithm passes over the entire plaintext
178:). A ciphertext-only attack is devastating for a modern block cipher; as such, it is probably more prudent to use another algorithm for encrypting sensitive data.
166:
and
Kushilevitz (1998) published an improved differential attack requiring only 16 chosen-plaintext pairs, and then demonstrated that it could be converted to a
1625:
1455:
1293:
43:
In his proposal, Madryga set forth twelve design objectives that are generally considered to be good goals in the design of a block cipher.
1228:
309:
117:
The decryption algorithm is simply the reverse of the encryption algorithm. Due to the nature of the XOR operation, it is reversible.
144:. Its small data block is to blame for this. One byte can only influence the two bytes to its left and the one byte to its right.
1055:
411:
101:
is the length of the plaintext in bytes. The algorithm looks at three bytes at a time, so
Madryga is a 24-bit block cipher. It
1045:
539:
1208:
1182:
1050:
946:
1023:
1286:
1192:
302:
1071:
1504:
1435:
1249:
1673:
125:
At a glance, Madryga seems less secure than, for example, DES. All of
Madryga's operations are linear. DES's
90:, both operating only on whole bytes. Madryga has a variable-length key, with no upper limit on its length.
1279:
339:
1620:
1575:
1378:
1135:
295:
137:
seek to exploit. While
Madryga's rotations are data-dependent to a small degree, they are still linear.
1499:
1152:
1062:
1040:
353:
130:
170:
using 2 ciphertexts, under reasonable assumptions about the redundancy of the plaintext (for example,
77:. (DES has a large amount of bitwise permutations, which are inefficient in software implementations.)
1615:
1157:
1013:
966:
441:
254:
217:
1605:
1595:
1450:
1223:
1105:
980:
349:
44:
1600:
1590:
1383:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1316:
1162:
951:
322:
1388:
1331:
1254:
1130:
1125:
1077:
212:
167:
58:
The length of the key and the text should be adjustable to meet varying security requirements.
1648:
1494:
1440:
1244:
1067:
926:
504:
241:
1610:
1534:
1147:
1030:
956:
639:
619:
134:
86:
Madryga met the objective of being efficient in software: the only operations it uses are
8:
1363:
1110:
1087:
406:
1479:
1463:
1405:
1095:
1003:
715:
644:
614:
559:
62:
87:
1539:
1529:
1395:
815:
514:
474:
469:
436:
396:
344:
1474:
1326:
1187:
1082:
961:
820:
700:
669:
363:
175:
159:
141:
1034:
1018:
1007:
941:
900:
865:
795:
775:
649:
529:
524:
479:
158:
In 1995, Ken
Shirriff found a differential attack on Madryga that requires 5,000
1549:
1469:
1425:
1368:
1353:
1172:
1120:
931:
916:
855:
850:
735:
484:
152:
1667:
1630:
1585:
1544:
1524:
1415:
1373:
1348:
1167:
1115:
994:
976:
765:
740:
730:
554:
544:
391:
200:
163:
70:
47:
had already fulfilled nine of them. The three that DES did not fulfill were:
1580:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1358:
1302:
1100:
921:
885:
750:
629:
584:
416:
368:
318:
110:
66:
28:
20:
233:
1559:
710:
705:
589:
1519:
1489:
1484:
1445:
1142:
860:
800:
684:
679:
624:
494:
357:
61:
The algorithm should be efficiently implementable in software on large
1509:
875:
870:
760:
674:
569:
549:
147:
1554:
1514:
1213:
1177:
971:
634:
509:
489:
401:
129:
are its only non-linear component, and flaws in them are what both
52:
880:
830:
790:
780:
725:
564:
373:
1430:
1218:
840:
835:
770:
755:
745:
690:
664:
659:
654:
534:
519:
208:
936:
895:
845:
825:
810:
599:
579:
499:
464:
199:
171:
140:
Perhaps
Madryga's fatal flaw is that it does not exhibit the
126:
74:
51:
Any possible key should produce a strong cipher. (Meaning no
276:, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1984, pp. 557–570.
785:
694:
609:
604:
594:
574:
446:
431:
272:
W. E. Madryga, "A High
Performance Encryption Algorithm",
205:
890:
805:
426:
421:
102:
37:
33:
1456:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
317:
279:
1665:
1287:
303:
231:
195:
193:
191:
1294:
1280:
310:
296:
216:
188:
234:"Differential Cryptanalysis of Madryga"
155:refers to the XOR sum of all the bits.
1666:
1275:
291:
274:Computer Security: A Global Challenge
13:
266:
14:
1685:
1644:
1643:
1301:
120:
81:
1505:Information-theoretic security
225:
1:
232:Ken Shirriff (October 1995).
181:
7:
1621:Message authentication code
1576:Cryptographic hash function
1379:Cryptographic hash function
203:; Eyal Kushilevitz (1998).
10:
1690:
1500:Harvest now, decrypt later
131:differential cryptanalysis
1639:
1616:Post-quantum cryptography
1568:
1309:
1271:
1237:
1201:
1193:Time/memory/data tradeoff
990:
909:
455:
382:
330:
287:
283:
1606:Quantum key distribution
1596:Authenticated encryption
1451:Random number generation
981:Whitening transformation
1601:Public-key cryptography
1591:Symmetric-key algorithm
1384:Key derivation function
1344:Cryptographic primitive
1337:Authentication protocol
1322:Outline of cryptography
1317:History of cryptography
952:Confusion and diffusion
259:Unpublished manuscript.
1389:Secure Hash Algorithms
1332:Cryptographic protocol
249:Cite journal requires
168:ciphertext-only attack
1495:End-to-end encryption
1441:Cryptojacking malware
1245:Initialization vector
1674:Broken block ciphers
1611:Quantum cryptography
1535:Trusted timestamping
1024:3-subset MITM attack
640:Intel Cascade Cipher
620:Hasty Pudding cipher
135:linear cryptanalysis
1364:Cryptographic nonce
1063:Differential-linear
1480:Subliminal channel
1464:Pseudorandom noise
1406:Key (cryptography)
1136:Differential-fault
354:internal mechanics
211:. pp. 72–88.
151:plaintext." Here,
73:, and in discrete
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1540:Key-based routing
1530:Trapdoor function
1396:Digital signature
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1250:Mode of operation
927:Lai–Massey scheme
160:chosen plaintexts
88:XOR and rotations
55:, which DES has.)
1681:
1647:
1646:
1475:Insecure channel
1327:Classical cipher
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1121:Power-monitoring
962:Avalanche effect
670:Khufu and Khafre
323:security summary
312:
305:
298:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
260:
258:
252:
247:
245:
237:
229:
223:
222:
220:
197:
176:English language
142:avalanche effect
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1635:
1564:
1305:
1300:
1259:
1233:
1202:Standardization
1197:
1126:Electromagnetic
1078:Integral/Square
1035:Piling-up lemma
1019:Biclique attack
1008:EFF DES cracker
992:
986:
917:Feistel network
905:
530:CIPHERUNICORN-E
525:CIPHERUNICORN-A
457:
451:
384:
378:
332:
326:
316:
269:
267:Further reading
264:
263:
250:
248:
239:
238:
230:
226:
218:10.1.1.128.3697
198:
189:
184:
123:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:Random numbers
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Garlic routing
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Secure channel
1467:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Key stretching
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1369:Cryptovirology
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Cryptocurrency
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1068:Distinguishing
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1000:
998:
988:
987:
985:
984:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
932:Product cipher
929:
924:
919:
913:
911:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Cryptomeria/C2
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
386:
380:
379:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
347:
342:
336:
334:
328:
327:
315:
314:
307:
300:
292:
278:
277:
268:
265:
262:
261:
251:|journal=
224:
186:
185:
183:
180:
122:
119:
83:
80:
79:
78:
71:microcomputers
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1631:Steganography
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Stream cipher
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Onion routing
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Shared secret
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Key generator
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:Hash function
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Cryptanalysis
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Interpolation
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:cryptanalysis
989:
982:
978:
977:Key whitening
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:New Data Seal
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
692:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:BEAR and LION
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
381:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
335:
329:
324:
320:
319:Block ciphers
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
290:
286:
282:
275:
271:
270:
256:
243:
235:
228:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Alex Biryukov
196:
194:
192:
187:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
149:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
121:Cryptanalysis
118:
115:
112:
107:
104:
100:
97:times, where
96:
91:
89:
82:The algorithm
76:
72:
68:
67:minicomputers
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
49:
48:
46:
41:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1581:Block cipher
1421:Key schedule
1411:Key exchange
1401:Kleptography
1359:Cryptosystem
1303:Cryptography
1153:Partitioning
1111:Side-channel
1089:
1056:Higher-order
1041:Differential
922:Key schedule
720:
273:
242:cite journal
227:
204:
157:
146:
139:
124:
116:
111:key schedule
108:
106:3, 4 and 5.
98:
94:
92:
85:
42:
29:block cipher
24:
21:cryptography
18:
16:Block cipher
1569:Mathematics
1560:Mix network
1238:Utilization
1224:NSA Suite B
1209:AES process
1158:Rubber-hose
1096:Related-key
1004:Brute-force
383:Less common
1520:Ciphertext
1490:Decryption
1485:Encryption
1446:Ransomware
1188:Chi-square
1106:Rotational
1046:Impossible
967:Block size
861:Spectr-H64
685:Ladder-DES
680:Kuznyechik
625:Hierocrypt
495:BassOmatic
458:algorithms
385:algorithms
358:Triple DES
333:algorithms
182:References
63:mainframes
1510:Plaintext
1163:Black-bag
1083:Boomerang
1072:Known-key
1051:Truncated
876:Threefish
871:SXAL/MBAL
761:MultiSwap
716:MacGuffin
675:KN-Cipher
615:Grand Cru
570:CS-Cipher
550:COCONUT98
213:CiteSeerX
174:-encoded
148:Eli Biham
53:weak keys
1668:Category
1649:Category
1555:Kademlia
1515:Codetext
1458:(CSPRNG)
1436:Machines
1214:CRYPTREC
1178:Weak key
1131:Acoustic
972:Key size
816:Red Pike
635:IDEA NXT
515:Chiasmus
510:CAST-256
490:BaseKing
475:Akelarre
470:Adiantum
437:Skipjack
402:CAST-128
397:Camellia
345:Blowfish
164:Biryukov
1310:General
1255:Padding
1173:Rebound
881:Treyfer
831:SAVILLE
791:PRESENT
781:NOEKEON
726:MAGENTA
721:Madryga
701:Lucifer
565:CRYPTON
374:Twofish
364:Serpent
127:S-boxes
114:block.
25:Madryga
1431:Keygen
1219:NESSIE
1168:Davies
1116:Timing
1031:Linear
991:Attack
910:Design
901:Zodiac
866:Square
841:SHACAL
836:SC2000
796:Prince
776:Nimbus
771:NewDES
756:MULTI2
746:MISTY1
689:LOKI (
665:KHAZAD
660:KeeLoq
655:KASUMI
650:Kalyna
535:CLEFIA
520:CIKS-1
480:Anubis
331:Common
215:
209:CRYPTO
153:parity
69:, and
1466:(PRN)
1101:Slide
957:Round
942:P-box
937:S-box
896:XXTEA
856:Speck
851:Simon
846:SHARK
826:SAFER
811:REDOC
736:Mercy
695:89/91
645:Iraqi
610:G-DES
600:FEA-M
580:DES-X
545:Cobra
500:BATON
485:Ascon
465:3-Way
456:Other
172:ASCII
75:logic
27:is a
1229:CNSA
1088:Mod
1014:MITM
786:NUSH
741:MESH
731:MARS
605:FROG
595:FEAL
575:DEAL
555:Crab
540:CMEA
447:XTEA
432:SEED
412:IDEA
407:GOST
392:ARIA
255:help
133:and
109:The
103:XORs
36:and
1183:Tau
1143:XSL
947:SPN
891:xmx
886:UES
821:S-1
806:RC2
751:MMB
630:ICE
585:DFC
442:TEA
427:RC6
422:RC5
417:LEA
369:SM4
350:DES
340:AES
45:DES
38:RC6
34:RC5
19:In
1670::
711:M8
706:M6
693:,
691:97
590:E2
356:,
246::
244:}}
240:{{
207:.
190:^
162:.
65:,
40:.
23:,
1295:e
1288:t
1281:v
1090:n
1074:)
1070:(
1037:)
1033:(
1010:)
1006:(
997:)
993:(
983:)
979:(
801:Q
697:)
360:)
352:(
325:)
321:(
311:e
304:t
297:v
257:)
253:(
236:.
221:.
99:n
95:n
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.