1319:
1859:
1840:
1737:
1333:, either as de facto or de jure ruler, in 1623. One of his first acts was to shift the capital back to Madurai, both as a better protection against invasion and its religious significance. The change took 10 years and was finally done in 1635. He also increased the army size to 30,000 to better work against. The kingdom was invaded again by Mysore in 1625, but Tirumala and his generals Ramappayya and Ranganna Nayaka crushed the invasion and launched a counterattack in which they laid siege to Mysore. Later in 1635, Travancore stopped paying tribute to Madurai so Tirumala Nayaka sent armies to attack him, which forced Travancore to resume tribute payments. In 1635, Tirumala Nayaka sent Ramappayya against the
4628:(Vv . 67-79 .) Virabhupa , a devout worshipper of Vishnu , was born in the family of ViΕvanatha Nayaka . He was living gloriously . He constructed a mandapa of rare sculptures in front of the shrine of Sundaranayaka and presented the goddess Minakshi with a golden kavacha ( mailcoat studded with gems ) . The munificence of this prince is praised . He held the birudas , SamayadrΕhara - ganda , and Dakshina - samudrΔdhipati , and was the lord of Ayyavalipura , He was the grandson of ViΕvanatha Nayaka , and son of the king KrishΕa by Lakshmama . At the request of this prince Virabhupa , the village was granted by Vira- Venkatapatidevaraya and it consisted of 142 shares
602:
1701:, to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739.
1806:
5007:
and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago , that is , to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of
Vijianagar was at its height , Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick , the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.
3941:-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall.
893:
1379:
1344:
Thanjavur defected to the emperor. Madurai then made a new alliance with the
Golconda Sultanate, who laid siege to Vellore and defeated Sriranga III. When he then appealed to his Nayakas for an alliance, all rejected him and Vijayanagara fell altogether. Goldonda, which conquered Vellore around 1646, laid siege to Gingee along with the Bijapur Sultanate. Tirumala Nayaka's armies arrived too late to save the fortress.
4544:
shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.
1297:. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However, when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called
3937:, which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves,
4417:
NΔyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major NΔyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of NΔyaka
Tanjavur and Madurai
3898:
extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The
Nayakas mainly followed the
1681:, Virappa's mother, as regent. With the Mughal juggernaut approaching southern India, Rani Mangammal recognised it would be better to pay tribute to the Mughals than have them invade. She supporter their capture of Jinji from Rajaram, who would otherwise have attacked Madurai and Thanjavur, and ruled the fort as a Mughal vassal.
5006:
The
Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group , he has , since 1910 , been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai ,
4812:
The andhra sources state that the Balija's migrated to Dekhan from North or West . The statement that they hailed from
Ahicchatra in North India may be an attempt to explain their Aryan origin . But a large number of inscriptions refer to them as ' Ayyavole Swamis ' and many scholars believe that the
4431:
The dynasty's first ruler was
Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly
1292:
After his death a succession crisis arose and
Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the
546:
back under imperial control. Although he was an able administrator he was a hard ruler and rejected any claims of authority from the petty chieftains, which made him unpopular. In addition, experienced officers like
Nangama Nayaka were chafing under the strict control Krishnadevaraya imposed on them.
1727:
as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marriages with
Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th
1210:
Viswanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his
4543:
The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they
4366:
As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling
4981:
According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and
1684:
Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his
4416:
Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the
1667:
Tirumala was succeeded by his son in 1659, who ruled for only four months, and then was succeeded by Chokkanatha Nayaka. In the first part of his reign, his army commander and chief minister revolted, supported by Thanjavur. He crushed the insurgents and invaded Thanjavur in retaliation, briefly
1314:
were among those supporting Rama Deva Raya. In the Battle of Toppur in 1616, the generalship of Raghunatha and Yachama led to a crushing defeat for Jagga Raya's forces, and he was killed. Muttu Virappa was forced to pay a huge tribute to the Centre. He then shifted his capital to Tiruchirappalli
1305:
He was succeeded by his son Muttu Virappa Nayaka in 1609, who desired greater independence from his Vijayanagara overlords and thus stopped paying tribute regularly. After the death of Venkatapati Raya in 1614, a nobleman Gobburi Jagga Raya murdered his successor Sriranga II and his family. This
4953:
Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers,
4459:
To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major
3897:
in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most
1279:
system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally
1263:
but it could not arrive in time. The defeat of Rama Raya made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and
1343:
During this time, the Vijayanagara empire was falling fast and so Tirumala Nayaka cancelled tribute payment altogether. However, when Sriranga III took power, he viewed this as an act of rebellion and assembled a large army to subdue his vassal. Tirumala allied with Thanjavur and Gingee, but
3952:
Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring
1347:
In 1655, Mysore launched another invasion of Madurai when Tirumala was on his sickbed, and so he entrusted his defense to the Sethupathi of Ramnad, who had just emerged from a period of chaos. Ragunatha Thevar managed to drive back Mysore and in return all tribute was cancelled from him.
1255:. In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter. Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564. He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new
1813:
The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil.
1315:
later that year so that he could more easily launch an invasion of Thanjavur if he wanted to, but this failed. However, his appeasement of his Pandyan vassals meant they were loyal when Mysore invaded Dindigul in 1620 and was repelled. He died in 1623.
1301:
to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region. Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad.
5055:
He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar , King of the Pandyan
538:. That region had long been a troubled province due to its distance from Vijayanagara and had been only been fully subjugated in the early 16th century under Veera Narasimha. The first Nayaka, Nangama, was a popular and able general of
1306:
fomented a succession crisis in the Vijayanagara empire developed and civil war broke out between him and Rama Deva Raya, Sriranga II's son, who had escaped. Madurai, Gingee and the Portuguese supported the side of Jagga Raya while
4558:......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara.
1339:
of Ramnad, who had rejected his decision on a succession matter. In this campaign, the Portuguese supported Tirumala Nayaka, and in return he allowed them to build a fortress and station a small garrison wherever they might want.
1676:
conquered the province in 1675. Chokkanatha then waged war with Mysore and lost more territory, but his successor Muttu Virappa III recaptured it. After his death in 1689, Muttu Virappa III was succeeded by his infant son with
4760:
This occurs in inscriptions in various localities where flourished mercantile guilds or communities called Valanjiyar in Tamil , Banajigas in Kanarese , Balija in Telugu , corresponding exactly to the North Indian term
1767:, chief of the bureaucracy. The kingdom was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land.
3888:
The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the
335:. The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the
4287:....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas , who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.
5545:
1259:
system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the
1822:
The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished.
5020:
Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu , member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura , the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.
1784:. These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the
1195:
Viswanatha Nayaka was not originally independent, but was treated as just another governor who the emperor had sent to keep control over the provinces. Originally he had control over
4813:
Balijas came from Ayyavole , Aihole in Bijapur District of Karnataka. They are frequently referred to as Ayyavole Swamis and Ayyavole Puravaradishwaralu in medieval inscriptions.
4267:..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local NΔyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.
586:, but instead claimed the throne for himself and deposed the Pandyan king. So Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama's son Viswanatha Nayaka to defeat him, which he did. Thus he was made
3841:
551:, while Nangama began defying central orders while still claiming power of deputy. In response, the emperor sent Nangama's son, Viswanatha, with a large army to recapture
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253:
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After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms
5450:
383:
line mentions him with the title of lord of Ayyavalipura. (lords of the town of Ayyavole). The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira- Balanjas. The term Vira-
1280:
cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized
5588:
1693:, a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the
4954:
councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. β
5519:
5513:
5498:
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1697:
sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law,
3933:
Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge
3926:. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering
3811:
667:
658:
4939:
No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.
3875:
3781:
1610:
1182:
4236:.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.
601:
4181:
Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region
342:
The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king
3791:
4460:
Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.
3902:
of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various
1668:
placing his brother Muddu Alagiri as ruler there. But Madurai soon lost control of the region as Alagiri declared his independence and the
5493:
1625:
1453:
5015:
The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency
4858:
Dutch Sources on South Asia, C. 1600-1825: Mission to Madurai: Dutch embassies to the Nayaka court of Madurai in the seventeenth century
1275:
were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a
407:, all of them mean valiant merchants. These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma and their capital was at
1211:
death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister,
4205:
Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by NΔyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations
858:
1605:
1600:
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5386:
5337:
5243:
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4062:
1448:
502:
writing mentions the last ruler of the dynasty, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the
4484:
Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739
4126:
4098:
4073:
4048:
547:
Towards the end of Krishnadevaraya's reign, trouble erupted in the south as the Chola Nayakas openly revolted and fled to
5623:
4567:
Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
4050:
Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
3868:
3601:
1839:
1654:
1175:
1747:
The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the
1443:
3977:
scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.
5163:
4946:
4908:
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4536:
4512:
4477:
4452:
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4229:
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2078:
3930:. However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day.
2067:
1728:
and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.
1318:
3915:
1825:
The earliest Muslim work in Tamil that survives complete is a translation by VaαΉαΉapparimaαΈ·appulavar of the Persian
1463:
1433:
1271:
After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of
5104:
5628:
5598:
5072:
Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
4334:
4252:
4221:
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2110:
1868:
1827:
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Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300
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made Viswanatha governor of Madurai and other Tamil provinces in 1529, beginning the Madurai Nayaka dynasty.
5529:
2195:
1620:
4367:
families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.
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Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World
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Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754
1284:
as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.
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1690:
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system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple
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Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia
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The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72
1473:
1403:
1133:
4339:
The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus
4027:
1268:
and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.
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563:, who in turned pardoned Nangama Nayaka for his valued service. After defeating his father
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The Nayakas also did many public works projects such as irrigation canals and fortresses.
1788:'s revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the
8:
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Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
4528:
The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged
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Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700β1900
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as well, which was ruled by a feudatory Chola prince, but this was transferred to the
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and appealed to Krishnadevaraya for help. He then sent Nangama Nayaka to restore the
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were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory.
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of the region. However, this story does not have epigraphic evidence to support it.
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5374:
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5155:
Architecture and art of southern India : Vijayanagara and the successor states
5062:
4937:. Vol. 13. The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. p. 2863.
4799:. Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University. p. 88.
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2044:
1979:
1516:
1307:
1281:
1248:
905:
742:
556:
479:
455:
428:
376:
191:
98:
5420:
5378:
4982:
Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."
4780:. Vol. 30. Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore. 1963. p. 174.
1715:
Some of the family members of Bangaru Thirumalai established the Nayak dynasty in
5260:
5121:
5070:
5066:
5048:
5027:
5013:
4999:
4964:
4898:
4877:
4856:
4805:
4794:
4775:
4753:
4733:
4722:
4701:
4690:
4680:
4669:
4648:
4634:
4621:
4603:
4585:
4565:
4551:
4526:
4498:
4467:
4442:
4424:
4395:
4374:
4349:
4328:
4297:
4274:
4246:
4215:
4211:
4188:
4164:
4001:
3974:
3284:
3273:
3231:
3211:
3129:
3096:
2677:
2605:
2565:
2477:
2437:
2399:
2317:
1805:
1741:
1710:
1330:
955:
782:
616:
564:
560:
539:
499:
388:
343:
336:
205:
88:
4831:
5509:
Images of Nayak kings found in Sri Nellaiyappar Temple β TAMIL NADU β The Hindu
4807:
Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
4644:
4376:
Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
3970:
3494:
3446:
3140:
3118:
3086:
3064:
3025:
2955:
2945:
2805:
2538:
2348:
1850:
1556:
1551:
1526:
1521:
1148:
1114:
1063:
1043:
764:
731:
627:
579:
571:
511:
447:
404:
380:
332:
93:
63:
49:
5040:
The Spice Road 'VaαΉakarai ZamΔ«ndΔri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains
4803:
4682:
A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
4372:
470:
of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of
5582:
5212:
4671:
Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
4345:
3966:
3416:
3356:
3181:
2575:
2528:
2508:
2382:
2365:
2327:
2307:
2242:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1949:
1566:
1536:
1426:
1393:
1244:
1107:
1090:
848:
689:
583:
575:
475:
440:
316:
274:
5173:
5312:
4494:
4293:
4100:
Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India
3962:
3911:
3906:, or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the
3536:
3526:
3406:
3396:
3326:
3161:
3151:
3035:
2965:
2747:
2667:
2287:
2151:
2099:
1967:
1751:, who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective
1720:
1698:
1531:
1493:
1488:
1265:
720:
678:
495:
423:. Description of the Nayakas of Madurai was compiled by an official of the
4836:. Vol. 20. Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, Thanjavur. p. 171.
4650:
Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646)
4386:
358:, as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region.
5153:
4852:
3556:
3516:
3476:
2875:
2737:
2727:
1408:
1240:
837:
543:
510:
written by J. H. Nelson in 1868, it mentions that the descendants of the
351:
5302:
4524:
4104:
3466:
3366:
3076:
1571:
1335:
1196:
1121:
548:
535:
320:
5220:
4636:
Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University
1759:, Ramappayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the
5524:
4900:
The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India
4426:
The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India
4318:
The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas , traders by caste
4132:
4029:
The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship
3923:
3436:
1716:
1678:
991:
420:
372:
347:
5188:
4861:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 285β287, 344β345.
4500:
Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order
4272:
5204:
4703:
History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
3910:
directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the
3786:
2697:
2162:
1939:
1929:
1378:
1207:'s army subdue Travancore, which had been refusing to pay tribute.
471:
451:
355:
454:
of the Karnata Kotikam Kings mentions the founder of the dynasty,
5061:
4489:
3954:
2995:
1900:
1780:
1673:
1294:
1232:
1220:
1158:
1137:
1053:
1033:
638:
607:
552:
542:. Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama Nayaka with a large army to bring
483:
396:
324:
70:
56:
42:
5415:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121β154, 17 August 1995,
5053:. Vol. 9. the University of California. 1938. p. 250.
5025:
5514:
Thirumalai Nayak period inscription found at temple β The Hindu
5373:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73β120, 17 August 1995,
4720:
4397:
Symbols of Substance Court and State in NΔyaka Period Tamilnadu
4097:
Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (22 May 2008).
3958:
2795:
1498:
793:
647:
515:
503:
487:
459:
443:
412:
408:
400:
392:
384:
328:
5238:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
5029:
Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
4695:. Vol. 6. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1978. p. 71.
4639:. Vol. 5. Tamil University, Thanjavur. 1987. p. 158.
4626:. Vol. 12. Department of Archaeology. 1982. p. 187.
4519:
The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas ( traders )
4186:
327:
as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the
4285:. Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute: 145.
4217:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
3918:
in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the
1724:
669:
5504:
Namma Madurai: From Vedas to military strategies β The Hindu
4804:
A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996).
4699:
4590:. Vol. 5. Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan. 2006. p. 14.
4373:
A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996).
4072:
Smith, Bardwell L.; Reynolds, Holly Baker (1 January 1987).
1239:
and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs. Of these 72,
3456:
4432:
installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563
5187:
Aiyar, R. Sathyanatha; Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1926).
4678:
4075:
The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts
5552:. India. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009
4275:"Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region"
863:
The Madurai Nayaks and contemporary polities circa 1600.
431:, as belonging to the Wellen Chetti merchant community.
339:, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style.
5329:
Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa
5520:"Madurai City Chronicles : Unique in its own way"
5457:. India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2002
5036:
4944:
4822:
Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)
4758:. Vol. 56. Popular Prakashan. 1927. p. 197.
4643:
4525:
Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ed. (2001).
4447:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192.
1251:, Komatineni and Ravella clans, were considered royal
427:
in 1677, it mentions that the founder of the dynasty,
4962:
4956:
Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings: L.R.8, pp. 319β22.
4818:
4653:. Vol. 2. B.G. Paul & Company. p. 263.
4605:
The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute
4549:
1227:
or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a
5119:
4927:
4323:
4273:Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan, ed. (2007).
4241:
5109:. Coimbatore Kalanidhi Press. pp. 3-C (413).
5083:
4931:A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts
4738:. Vol. 106. Anmol Publications. p. 86.
4735:Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
4472:. Vol. 6. The Hill Publication. p. 18.
1831:that was presented at the Madurai court in 1572.
5580:
5151:
5102:
5001:The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India
4556:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 81.
4437:
559:defeated his father and sent him as prisoner to
534:empire in southern regions of what would become
5528:. Chennai, India. 4 August 2007. Archived from
5300:
4210:
1843:Meenakshi Amman Temple expanded by the Nayakas
582:to their rightful throne. Nangama defeated the
458:, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the
375:, mention that Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of
5332:. University of California Press. p. 40.
5307:. Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi.
5026:Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri, ed. (1920).
4169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36, 51.
350:. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the
5594:States and territories disestablished in 1736
5186:
5004:. Vol. 1. G.C. Loganadham. p. 679.
4855:; Marcus P. M. Vink; Carolien Stolte (2012).
4829:
4792:
4721:Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, ed. (1941).
4465:
4344:
4096:
4071:
3961:. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in
3869:
1648:
1176:
5043:. Vol. 74. Acta Orientalia. p. 97.
4796:Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana
4292:
4187:Antje FlΓΌchter, Rouven Wirbser, ed. (2017).
5356:(University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 40.
4997:
4896:
4875:
4731:
4667:
4563:
4422:
4330:Politics and Social Conflict in South India
4162:
1329:Muttu Virappa was succeeded by his brother
1231:or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the
5589:States and territories established in 1529
5126:. Asian Educational Services. p. 86.
4882:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
4700:Mallampalli SΕmaΕΔkharaΕarma, ed. (1948).
3876:
3862:
1655:
1641:
1183:
1169:
5158:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4685:. People's Publishing House. p. 334.
1243:and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by
434:
5258:
5193:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4777:The Journal of Oriental Research, Madras
4019:
4017:
1838:
1804:
1735:
1317:
1293:southern coast, mainly inhabited by the
5325:
5032:. University of Minnesota. p. 450.
4948:Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
4903:. Leiden University Press. p. 79.
4679:Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975).
4429:. Leiden University Press. p. 79.
4354:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
1834:
5581:
5413:Architecture and Art of Southern India
5371:Architecture and Art of Southern India
5296:
5294:
5292:
4469:Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects
824:
813:
802:
709:
698:
687:
645:
16:Rulers of Tamil Nadu from 1529 to 1736
5367:"Temple architecture: the Tamil zone"
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5233:
5147:
5145:
5143:
4951:. University of Madras. p. 179.
4025:
4014:
846:
835:
791:
751:
676:
665:
656:
636:
625:
614:
605:
319:dynasty who ruled most of modern-day
5301:Balendu Sekaram, Kandavalli (1975).
5037:Parthiban Rajukalidoss, ed. (2013).
4969:. Sterling Publishers. p. 100.
4825:. University of Madras. p. 394.
4727:. Oriental Book Agency. p. 801.
4156:
4154:
4121:
4046:
1203:. In 1544, Viswanatha Nayaka helped
780:
771:
762:
740:
729:
718:
478:of Revenue under his close relative
5265:. Mittal Publications. p. 170.
4819:Angadipuram Appadorai, ed. (1936).
4810:. Osmania University. p. 105.
4379:. Osmania University. p. 145.
1310:of Thanjavur and Yachama Nayaka of
13:
5269:
5140:
5087:The Indian Biographical Dictionary
4919:
4608:. Vol. 26. 1970. p. 677.
4026:Howes, Jennifer (1 January 1998).
1763:or finance minister, and then the
1287:
521:
14:
5640:
5487:
5262:The Aristocracy of Southern India
5189:"History of the Nayaks of Madura"
5050:The Feudatory and zemindari India
5018:. Pearl Press. 1938. p. 52.
4706:. Andhra University. p. 397.
4674:. Triveni Publishers. p. 69.
4531:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 368.
4151:
1731:
5451:"The Hindu : Crafted coins"
5259:Vadivelu, A. (13 October 2017).
5120:James Henry Nelson, ed. (1868).
4928:T. Chandrasekharan, ed. (1951).
4047:Vink, Markus (14 October 2015).
4032:. Psychology Press. p. 28.
1857:
1377:
983:Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak
891:
600:
593:
371:The Dalavay Agraharam Plates of
293:
279:
265:
251:
226:
212:
198:
184:
5443:
5401:
5359:
5346:
5319:
5252:
5227:
5180:
5113:
5096:
5090:. Forgotten Books. p. 344.
5084:C. Hayavadana Rao, ed. (1915).
4989:
4966:Religion in Vijayanagara Empire
4945:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1946).
3947:
1774:, each of which was ruled by a
1156:Rani Mangammal Tamukkam palace
5499:The Hindu : Crafted coins
4963:Konduri Sarojini Devi (1990).
4842:
4784:
4768:
4712:
4659:
4612:
4596:
4550:Daniel D'Attilio, ed. (1995).
4335:University of California Press
4253:University of California Press
4222:University of California Press
3916:Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil
2111:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1828:Book of One Thousand Questions
1704:
1689:, decided to adopt the son of
1002:Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak
466:, Zamindar of Vadagarai was a
1:
5421:10.1017/chol9780521441100.006
5379:10.1017/chol9780521441100.005
4007:
3041:
2780:
2753:
2652:
2631:
2554:
2493:
2422:
2405:
2388:
2371:
2354:
2333:
2248:
2231:
1985:
1817:
1809:Tamukkam Palace built in 1670
439:Originally, the Nayakas were
331:warrior clans of present-day
5123:The Madura Country: A Manual
2196:Northern Black Polished Ware
1723:. They ruled till 1815 with
1215:, assisted him in using the
570:Another story goes that the
7:
4830:V. Vedachalam, ed. (2009).
4793:Aravind Kumar, ed. (2006).
4553:The Last Vijayanagara Kings
4466:Biplab Auddya, ed. (2017).
4351:The Mughal State, 1526-1750
3980:
3792:Influence on Southeast Asia
1800:
1399:Chronology of Tamil history
574:were under attack from the
508:The Madura Country A Manual
10:
5645:
5624:History of Tiruchirappalli
5546:"Vanishing wall paintings"
5326:Trawick, Margaret (2007).
4444:Kingship in Indian History
2174:Black and Red ware culture
1795:
1708:
1351:
872:Kings and Queen Regents of
366:
361:
5570:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5475:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5152:Michell, George. (1995).
5103:Narasimalu Naidu (1905).
4998:A. Vadivelu, ed. (1915).
4732:S.S. Shashi, ed. (2000).
4668:K. Sundaram, ed. (1968).
4163:Gita V. Pai, ed. (2023).
3987:Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal
2185:Painted Grey Ware culture
2057:Indus Valley Civilisation
1164:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1009:
1001:
990:
982:
972:
964:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
904:
899:
890:
880:
871:
446:warrior from present-day
163:
159:
149:
139:
135:
127:
107:
81:
35:
30:
23:
3935:Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal
2836:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
2816:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
2417:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
1691:Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka
1145:Chokkanatha Nayak Palace
1084:Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort
486:country. He belonged to
425:Dutch East India Company
4505:Oxford University Press
4402:Oxford University Press
4299:Caste and Race in India
4248:Classical Telugu Poetry
3992:Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
2936:Western Chalukya Empire
2079:Mature Harappan culture
1323:Tirumalai Nayaka Palace
1078:Madurai 72 Bastion Fort
915:Kumara Krishnappa Nayak
5494:Images of Nayak kings
4645:Bhasker Anand Saletore
4193:. BRILL. p. 229.
3920:Ranganathaswamy temple
3842:Science and technology
2226:Three Crowned Kingdoms
2068:Early Harappan culture
1883:(2,500,000β250,000 BC)
1844:
1810:
1744:
1404:List of Tamil monarchs
1326:
1134:Thirumalai Nayak Mahal
939:Muttu Krishnappa Nayak
506:caste. According to a
435:The Nayaka Rulers clan
151:β’ Disestablished
5629:History of Tamil Nadu
5599:Madurai Nayak dynasty
5409:"Palace architecture"
5234:Bayly, Susan (2004).
4570:. BRILL. p. 57.
4388:Velcheru Narayana Rao
3745:Specialised histories
3016:Kalachuris of Kalyani
3006:Kalachuris of Tripuri
2688:Western Ganga Kingdom
2616:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
2566:Western Satrap Empire
2549:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
2539:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
2090:Late Harappan culture
1851:History of South Asia
1842:
1808:
1739:
1370:History of Tamil Nadu
1321:
931:Joint Rulers Group II
884:History of Tamil Nadu
875:Madurai Nayak Dynasty
775:TSARDOM OF RUSSIA
462:caste. Dewan Bahadur
82:Common languages
25:Madurai Nayak dynasty
5304:The Nayaks of Madura
5077:University of Madras
4897:Lennart Bes (2022).
4876:Gita V. Pai (2023).
4755:The Indian Antiquary
4564:Markus Vink (2015).
4423:Lennart Bes (2022).
3263:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
3065:Late medieval period
2976:Eastern Ganga Empire
2708:Vishnukundina Empire
1835:Art and architecture
1147:a.k.a. Durbar Hall,
1102:other Military forts
965:Muthu Alakadri Nayak
923:Joint Rulers Group I
900:Madurai Nayak rulers
859:class=notpageimage|
490:caste. According to
114:Governors under the
4587:South Asia Politics
4491:Francine R. Frankel
4392:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
4125:(1 November 2020).
3345:Early modern period
3192:Vijayanagara Empire
3172:Chitradurga Kingdom
2866:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
2278:Shaishunaga dynasty
1757:Ariyanatha Mudaliar
1547:Vijayanagara Empire
1439:Three Crowned Kings
1213:Ariyanatha Mudaliar
947:Muttu Virappa Nayak
492:Srivamsa Prakashika
234:Vijayanagara Empire
141:β’ Established
116:Vijayanagara Empire
5609:Dynasties of India
5532:on 7 November 2012
5106:Balijavaru Puranam
4325:Eugene F. Irschick
4243:David Dean Shulman
3822:Partition of India
3687:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3635:Regional histories
3580:National histories
3467:Travancore Kingdom
3437:Thondaiman Kingdom
3307:Golkonda Sultanate
2916:Somavamshi Kingdom
2886:Rashtrakuta Empire
2826:Rashidun Caliphate
2748:Kabul Shahi Empire
2596:Nagas of Padmavati
2519:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2459:(230 BC β AD 1206)
2152:Vedic Civilisation
2100:Vedic Civilisation
1997:Ahar-Banas culture
1845:
1811:
1778:, better known as
1745:
1591:Ancient Tamil Nadu
1572:Thondaiman Kingdom
1454:Naming conventions
1327:
1261:Battle of Talikota
1097:Thirunelvelli Fort
247:Carnatic Sultanate
5430:978-0-521-44110-0
5388:978-0-521-44110-0
5339:978-0-52093-887-8
5245:978-0-52189-103-5
5133:978-81-206-0424-7
4976:978-81-207-1167-9
4853:Jos J. L. Gommans
4623:Epigraphia Indica
4411:978-0-19-563021-3
4361:978-0-19-563905-6
4304:Popular Prakashan
4142:978-1-000-26356-5
4114:978-0-7914-7245-3
4089:978-90-04-08471-1
4064:978-90-04-27262-0
3886:
3885:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3485:
3484:
3387:Thanjavur Kingdom
3335:
3334:
3296:Bijapur Sultanate
3252:Deccan sultanates
3130:Tughlaq Sultanate
3077:Ghaznavid Dynasty
3055:
3054:
2926:Chaulukya Kingdom
2856:Mallabhum kingdom
2846:Umayyad Caliphate
2586:Bharshiva Dynasty
2482:(200 BC β AD 300)
2472:(230 BC β AD 220)
2468:Satavahana Empire
2446:
2445:
2442:(247 BC β AD 224)
2298:Macedonian Empire
2272:(450 BC β AD 489)
2260:Achaemenid Empire
2130:
2129:
2035:
2034:
1958:
1957:
1908:
1907:
1892:Madrasian culture
1665:
1664:
1542:Madurai Sultanate
1414:Maritime contacts
1308:Raghunatha Nayaka
1273:Krishnappa Nayaka
1201:Thanjavur Nayakas
1193:
1192:
1023:
974:Chokkanatha Nayak
886:
557:Viswanatha Nayaka
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
289:Pudukkottai state
261:Kingdom of Mysore
239:
238:
220:Madurai Sultanate
5636:
5575:
5569:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5298:
5267:
5266:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5149:
5138:
5137:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5080:
5063:T. V. Mahalingam
5058:
5044:
5033:
5022:
5009:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4959:
4941:
4936:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4893:
4872:
4851:Gijs Kruijtzer;
4846:
4840:
4837:
4826:
4815:
4800:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4749:
4728:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4696:
4686:
4675:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4640:
4630:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4581:
4560:
4546:
4521:
4486:
4462:
4439:Noboru Karashima
4434:
4419:
4383:
4369:
4341:
4320:
4289:
4269:
4238:
4207:
4183:
4158:
4149:
4146:
4118:
4093:
4068:
4043:
4021:
3997:Nayaks of Gingee
3878:
3871:
3864:
3827:Pakistan studies
3667:Himachal Pradesh
3507:Portuguese India
3503:
3502:
3499:
3457:Sikh Confederacy
3353:
3352:
3349:
3202:Bengal Sultanate
3141:Sayyid Sultanate
3119:Khalji Sultanate
3108:Mamluk Sultanate
3073:
3072:
3069:
3050:
3046:
3043:
2986:Kakatiya Kingdom
2896:Paramara Kingdom
2789:
2785:
2782:
2758:
2755:
2698:Kamarupa Kingdom
2661:
2657:
2654:
2647:Kalabhras Empire
2640:
2636:
2633:
2559:
2556:
2543:(50 BC β AD 400)
2523:(180 BC β AD 10)
2502:
2498:
2495:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2410:
2407:
2393:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2359:
2356:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2253:
2250:
2236:
2233:
2216:Haryanka dynasty
2206:Pradyota dynasty
2148:
2147:
2144:
2053:
2052:
2049:
1990:
1987:
1980:Anarta tradition
1976:
1975:
1972:
1940:Mehrgarh culture
1930:Bhirrana culture
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:(10,800β3300 BC)
1888:
1887:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1562:Kalahasti Nayaks
1511:Medieval history
1381:
1356:
1355:
1282:Venkatapati Raya
1235:kingdom into 72
1185:
1178:
1171:
1021:
906:Viswanatha Nayak
895:
881:
869:
868:
853:
851:
844:
842:
833:
831:
822:
820:
811:
809:
800:
798:
789:
787:
778:
776:
769:
767:
760:
758:
749:
747:
738:
736:
727:
725:
716:
714:
707:
705:
696:
694:
685:
683:
674:
672:
663:
661:
654:
652:
643:
641:
634:
632:
623:
621:
612:
610:
604:
530:(agents) of the
526:They started as
514:belonged to the
480:Viswanatha Nayak
456:Viswanatha Nayak
429:Viswanatha Nayak
377:Viswanatha Nayak
297:
296:
283:
282:
269:
268:
255:
254:
243:
242:
230:
229:
216:
215:
202:
201:
192:Pandiyan Dynasty
188:
187:
181:
180:
165:
164:
21:
20:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5619:Telugu monarchs
5579:
5578:
5563:
5562:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5518:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5299:
5270:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5228:
5185:
5181:
5166:
5150:
5141:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5101:
5097:
5067:Colin Mackenzie
5047:
5012:
4994:
4990:
4977:
4934:
4924:
4920:
4911:
4890:
4869:
4847:
4843:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4752:
4746:
4717:
4713:
4689:
4664:
4660:
4633:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4539:
4515:
4480:
4455:
4412:
4362:
4314:
4306:. p. 106.
4263:
4232:
4224:. p. 413.
4212:Sheldon Pollock
4201:
4177:
4159:
4152:
4143:
4115:
4090:
4065:
4040:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4002:Nayaks of Kandy
3983:
3950:
3900:Dravidian style
3882:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3500:
3497:
3495:Colonial states
3487:
3486:
3377:Madurai Kingdom
3350:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3285:Bidar Sultanate
3274:Berar sultanate
3242:Ladakh Kingdom
3232:Gajapati Empire
3212:Garhwal Kingdom
3097:Delhi Sultanate
3070:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3026:Chutiya Kingdom
2996:Zamorin Kingdom
2787:
2783:
2775:Maukhari Empire
2765:Chalukya Empire
2756:
2718:Maitraka Empire
2659:
2655:
2638:
2634:
2626:Vakataka Empire
2606:Sasanian Empire
2557:
2500:
2496:
2478:Kuninda Kingdom
2461:
2458:
2456:Middle Kingdoms
2448:
2447:
2438:Parthian Empire
2429:
2425:
2408:
2391:
2374:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2251:
2234:
2145:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2050:
2047:
2037:
2036:
1988:
1973:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1950:Edakkal culture
1923:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1901:Soanian culture
1885:
1882:
1871:
1837:
1820:
1803:
1798:
1742:Tirumala Nayaka
1734:
1713:
1711:Nayaks of Kandy
1707:
1661:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1517:Kalabhra Empire
1512:
1504:
1503:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1389:
1354:
1331:Tirumala Nayaka
1290:
1288:Height of power
1247:Nayakas of the
1189:
1022:β‘ Regent Queens
1011:Queen Meenakshi
873:
867:
866:
865:
864:
861:
855:
854:
849:
847:
845:
840:
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
825:
823:
818:
816:
814:
812:
807:
805:
803:
801:
796:
794:
792:
790:
785:
783:
781:
779:
774:
772:
770:
765:
763:
761:
756:
754:
752:
750:
745:
743:
741:
739:
734:
732:
730:
728:
723:
721:
719:
717:
712:
710:
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664:
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648:
646:
644:
639:
637:
635:
630:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
615:
613:
608:
606:
596:
565:Krishnadevaraya
561:Krishnadevaraya
540:Krishnadevaraya
524:
522:Historical time
482:, the ruler of
464:Ramabadra Naidu
441:Telugu-speaking
437:
369:
364:
344:Tirumala Nayaka
294:
280:
266:
252:
227:
213:
206:Delhi Sultanate
199:
185:
152:
142:
123:
103:
77:
73:
66:
59:
52:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Hindu monarchs
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5577:
5576:
5542:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5488:External links
5486:
5483:
5482:
5442:
5429:
5400:
5387:
5358:
5345:
5338:
5318:
5268:
5251:
5244:
5226:
5205:10.2307/593785
5179:
5164:
5139:
5132:
5112:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5081:
5079:. p. 153.
5069:, ed. (1972).
5059:
5045:
5034:
5023:
5010:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4960:
4942:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4894:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4816:
4801:
4783:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4729:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4697:
4687:
4676:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4647:, ed. (1934).
4641:
4631:
4611:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4561:
4547:
4537:
4522:
4513:
4507:. p. 30.
4497:, ed. (1989).
4487:
4478:
4463:
4453:
4441:, ed. (1999).
4435:
4420:
4410:
4404:. p. 10.
4394:, ed. (1992).
4384:
4370:
4360:
4348:, ed. (1998).
4342:
4327:, ed. (1969).
4321:
4312:
4296:, ed. (1969).
4290:
4270:
4261:
4255:. p. 57.
4245:, ed. (2020).
4239:
4230:
4214:, ed. (2003).
4208:
4199:
4184:
4175:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4135:. p. 26.
4123:More, J. B. P.
4119:
4113:
4107:. p. 61.
4094:
4088:
4082:. p. 12.
4069:
4063:
4057:. p. 70.
4044:
4038:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3949:
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3582:
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3559:
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3539:
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3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3501:
3493:
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3489:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:Maratha Empire
3443:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:Sikkim Kingdom
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:Marava Kingdom
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:Keladi Kingdom
3313:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:Mysore Kingdom
3218:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:Lodi Sultanate
3147:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:Ghurid Dynasty
3083:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:Hoysala Empire
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:Lohara Kingdom
2942:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:Tibetan Empire
2802:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:Kadamba Empire
2674:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2400:Pallava Empire
2396:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:Seleucid India
2314:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2243:Maha Janapadas
2239:
2238:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2178:(1300β1000 BC)
2176:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2115:(2000β1600 BC)
2113:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:(1900β1300 BC)
2092:
2085:
2084:
2083:(2600β1900 BC)
2081:
2074:
2073:
2072:(3300β2600 BC)
2070:
2063:
2062:
2061:(3300β1300 BC)
2059:
2051:
2048:(3300β1300 BC)
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2021:(1600β1300 BC)
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2001:(3000β1500 BC)
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1974:
1971:(3500β1500 BC)
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:(5000β3000 BC)
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:(7000β3300 BC)
1942:
1936:
1935:
1934:(7570β6200 BC)
1932:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1836:
1833:
1819:
1816:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1733:
1732:Administration
1730:
1709:Main article:
1706:
1703:
1695:Nawab of Arcot
1679:Rani Mangammal
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
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1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Tanjore Nayaks
1554:
1552:Madurai Nayaks
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Pandyan Empire
1524:
1522:Pallava Empire
1519:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1350:
1289:
1286:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:Tiruchirapalli
1141:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:Sankagiri Fort
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:Tiruchirapalli
1060:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:Tiruchirapalli
1040:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:Rani Mangammal
988:
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
956:Tirumala Nayak
952:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
897:
896:
888:
887:
878:
877:
862:
857:
856:
766:KAZAKH KHANATE
599:
598:
597:
595:
592:
523:
520:
512:Madurai Nayaks
448:Andhra Pradesh
436:
433:
368:
365:
363:
360:
348:Rani Mangammal
333:Andhra Pradesh
323:, India, with
313:Madurai Nayaks
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
277:
271:
270:
263:
257:
256:
249:
240:
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
217:
209:
208:
203:
195:
194:
189:
177:
176:
171:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
111:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
83:
79:
78:
76:
75:
68:
64:Tiruchirapalli
61:
54:
50:Tiruchirapalli
47:
39:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5641:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Telugu people
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5573:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5478:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5432:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5352:Ronit Ricci,
5349:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5165:0-521-44110-2
5161:
5157:
5156:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4912:
4910:9789087283711
4906:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4889:9781009174770
4885:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4868:9788173049316
4864:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4745:9788170418597
4741:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4577:9789004272620
4573:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4538:9780395652374
4534:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4514:9780195620986
4510:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4479:9788196477660
4475:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4454:9788173043260
4450:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4346:Muzaffar Alam
4343:
4340:
4337:. p. 8.
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:9788171542055
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4262:9780520344525
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4231:9780520228214
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4200:9789004353060
4196:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4176:9781009150156
4172:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4039:07-0071-585-1
4035:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3912:Azhagar kovil
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3893:Sundaraswarar
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Uttar Pradesh
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:Mughal Empire
3355:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:Reddy Kingdom
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:Yadava Empire
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:Harsha Empire
2794:
2793:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:Kushan Empire
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:Shunga Empire
2507:
2506:
2491:
2489:
2488:Mitra Dynasty
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430: AD 500
2426: 250 BC
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2409: 250 AD
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2392: 300 BC
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375: 300 BC
2369:
2367:
2366:Chera Kingdom
2364:
2363:
2358: 300 BC
2352:
2350:
2349:Pandya Empire
2347:
2346:
2341: 300 AD
2337: 300 BC
2331:
2329:
2328:Sangam period
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:Maurya Empire
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235: 600 BC
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:(1200β600 BC)
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:(1500β600 BC)
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:(1500β500 BC)
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2143:(1500β200 BC)
2141:
2136:
2135:
2126:(1600β500 BC)
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:(2000β500 BC)
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:(1400β700 BC)
2030:
2028:
2027:Jorwe culture
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:Malwa culture
2015:
2014:
2011:(1600β750 BC)
2010:
2008:
2007:Pandu culture
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:palaiyakkarar
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:known as the
1718:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:Ancient sites
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Gingee Nayaks
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Chera Kingdom
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Early Pandyas
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:Sangam period
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:Namakkal Fort
1105:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:Dindigul Fort
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
879:
876:
870:
860:
852:
850:NORTHERN YUAN
843:
832:
821:
810:
799:
788:
777:
768:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
706:
695:
684:
673:
662:
653:
642:
633:
622:
611:
603:
594:Rise to power
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Balija Chetti
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
337:Delhi Sultans
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
292:
290:
287:
286:
278:
276:
275:Ramnad estate
273:
272:
264:
262:
259:
258:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
235:
232:
225:
224:
221:
218:
211:
210:
207:
204:
197:
196:
193:
190:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
158:
154:
148:
144:
138:
134:
130:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
110:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5554:. Retrieved
5549:
5534:. Retrieved
5530:the original
5523:
5459:. Retrieved
5454:
5445:
5434:, retrieved
5412:
5403:
5392:, retrieved
5370:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5328:
5321:
5303:
5261:
5254:
5235:
5229:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5154:
5122:
5115:
5105:
5098:
5086:
5071:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5028:
5019:
5014:
5005:
5000:
4991:
4980:
4965:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4938:
4930:
4921:
4899:
4878:
4857:
4844:
4832:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4795:
4786:
4776:
4770:
4759:
4754:
4734:
4723:
4714:
4702:
4691:
4681:
4670:
4661:
4649:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4604:
4598:
4586:
4566:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4527:
4518:
4499:
4495:M. S. A. Rao
4483:
4468:
4458:
4443:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4396:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4350:
4338:
4329:
4317:
4298:
4294:G. S. Ghurye
4286:
4282:
4278:
4266:
4247:
4235:
4216:
4204:
4189:
4180:
4165:
4127:
4099:
4074:
4049:
4028:
3951:
3948:Nayaka coins
3943:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3908:pudu mandapa
3907:
3903:
3892:
3887:
3767:Demographics
3757:Architecture
3537:French India
3527:Danish India
3407:Bengal Subah
3397:Bhoi dynasty
3376:
3327:Koch Kingdom
3162:Ahom Kingdom
3036:Deva Kingdom
2728:Huna Kingdom
2668:Gupta Empire
2570:(AD 35β405 )
2529:Kanva Empire
2501: 50 BC
2383:Chola Empire
2322:(312β303 BC)
2312:(321β184 BC)
2302:(330β323 BC)
2292:(380β321 BC)
2288:Nanda Empire
2282:(424β345 BC)
2264:(550β330 BC)
2220:(684β424 BC)
2210:(799β684 BC)
2200:(700β200 BC)
2122:Swat culture
1968:Chalcolithic
1880:Palaeolithic
1826:
1824:
1821:
1812:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1721:Kandy Nayaks
1714:
1699:Chanda Sahib
1685:wife, Queen
1683:
1666:
1616:Inscriptions
1596:Architecture
1532:Chola Empire
1494:Early Cholas
1489:Early Cheras
1449:Legal system
1368:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1266:Anuradhapura
1264:children to
1256:
1252:
1236:
1229:palayakkarar
1228:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1194:
711:
587:
569:
527:
525:
507:
491:
438:
419:district of
370:
341:
312:
310:
174:Succeeded by
173:
168:
18:
3922:complex in
3752:Agriculture
3722:South India
3697:Maharashtra
3647:Balochistan
3587:Afghanistan
3561:(1858β1947)
3557:British Raj
3551:(1757β1858)
3547:Company Raj
3541:(1759β1954)
3531:(1620β1869)
3521:(1605β1825)
3517:Dutch India
3511:(1510β1961)
3498:(1510β1961)
3481:(1799β1849)
3477:Sikh Empire
3471:(1729β1947)
3461:(1707β1799)
3451:(1674β1818)
3441:(1650β1948)
3431:(1642β1975)
3421:(1600β1750)
3411:(1576β1757)
3401:(1541β1804)
3391:(1532β1673)
3381:(1529β1736)
3371:(1540β1556)
3361:(1526β1858)
3348:(1526β1858)
3331:(1515β1947)
3321:(1499β1763)
3311:(1518β1687)
3300:(1492β1686)
3289:(1492β1619)
3278:(1490β1574)
3267:(1490β1636)
3256:(1490β1596)
3246:(1470β1842)
3236:(1434β1541)
3226:(1399β1947)
3216:(1358β1803)
3206:(1352β1576)
3196:(1336β1646)
3186:(1325β1448)
3176:(1300β1779)
3166:(1228β1826)
3156:(1451β1526)
3145:(1414β1451)
3134:(1320β1414)
3123:(1290β1320)
3112:(1206β1290)
3101:(1206β1526)
3091:(1170β1206)
3068:(1206β1526)
3049: 1300
3045: 1200
3030:(1187β1673)
3020:(1156β1184)
3000:(1102β1766)
2990:(1083β1323)
2980:(1078β1434)
2970:(1070β1230)
2966:Sena Empire
2960:(1040β1347)
2950:(1003β1320)
2876:Pala Empire
2738:Rai Kingdom
2580:(AD 60β240)
2513:(185β73 BC)
2269:Ror Dynasty
1989: 3950
1705:Descendants
1409:Wootz steel
1299:Sethupathis
1073:Major forts
544:Pandya Nadu
532:Vijayanagar
518:community.
169:Preceded by
74:(1716β1736)
67:(1695β1716)
60:(1634β1695)
53:(1616β1634)
46:(1529β1616)
5583:Categories
4105:SUNY Press
4008:References
3891:Meenakshi-
3832:Philosophy
3812:Metallurgy
3802:Literature
3727:Tamil Nadu
3592:Bangladesh
3367:Sur Empire
3081:(977β1186)
3047: β c.
3010:(675β1210)
2940:(973β1189)
2930:(942β1244)
2920:(882β1110)
2910:(850β1334)
2900:(800β1327)
2880:(750β1174)
2860:(694β1947)
2840:(650β1036)
2820:(624β1075)
2788: 700
2786: β c.
2784: 550
2757: 500
2702:(350β1100)
2692:(350β1000)
2660: 600
2658: β c.
2656: 250
2639: 500
2637: β c.
2635: 250
2558: 130
2533:(75β26 BC)
2499: β c.
2497: 150
2428: β c.
2394:β AD 1279)
2377:β AD 1102)
2360:β AD 1345)
2339: β c.
2252: 600
2237:β AD 1600)
2045:Bronze Age
1818:Literature
1740:Throne of
1584:Categories
1459:Government
1336:Sethupathi
1241:Kurvikulam
1197:Chola Nadu
1122:Attur Fort
549:Travancore
536:Tamil Nadu
528:kartakkals
474:Chief and
468:descendant
401:Valanjiyar
356:Portuguese
346:and queen
321:Tamil Nadu
108:Government
5550:The Hindu
5525:The Hindu
5455:The Hindu
5436:9 January
5394:9 January
5213:0003-0279
4133:Routledge
3924:Srirangam
3782:Education
3772:Dynasties
3692:Rajasthan
3677:Karnataka
3622:Sri Lanka
2890:(753β982)
2870:(736β916)
2850:(661β750)
2830:(632β661)
2810:(618β841)
2800:(606β647)
2769:(543β753)
2742:(489β632)
2732:(475β576)
2722:(475β767)
2712:(420β624)
2682:(345β525)
2672:(280β550)
2620:(230β360)
2610:(224β651)
2600:(210β340)
2590:(170β350)
2553:(AD 21 β
2411:β AD 800)
2163:Janapadas
1991:β1900 BC)
1918:Neolithic
1717:Sri Lanka
1687:Meenakshi
1611:Monuments
1606:Economies
1444:Education
1394:TamiαΈ»akam
1325:Interior
1312:Kalahasti
1277:yuva raja
1249:Pemmasani
1205:Rama Raya
1068:1665β1736
1058:1634β1665
1048:1616β1634
1038:1529β1616
1016:1731β1736
1005:1704β1731
997:1689β1704
986:1682β1689
978:1662β1682
968:1659β1662
960:1623β1659
950:1609β1623
942:1602β1609
934:1595β1602
926:1573β1595
918:1563β1573
910:1529β1563
476:Collector
421:Karnataka
399:and Vira-
373:Venkata I
31:1529β1736
5566:cite web
5471:cite web
5174:31012650
3981:See also
3928:gopurams
3904:mandapas
3847:Timeline
3837:Religion
3817:Military
3807:Maritime
3797:Language
3787:Indology
3617:Pakistan
3607:Maldives
3305: β
3294: β
3283: β
3272: β
3261: β
3150: β
3139: β
3128: β
3117: β
3106: β
2254:β300 BC)
2194: β
2183: β
2172: β
2161: β
2140:Iron Age
2120: β
2109: β
2088: β
2077: β
2066: β
1801:Language
1790:polygars
1786:palaiyam
1772:palayams
1761:pradhani
1753:dalavais
1670:Marathas
1474:Religion
1361:a series
1359:Part of
1295:Paravars
1253:palayams
1237:palayams
1225:palayams
1028:Capitals
882:Part of
498:century
472:Military
452:Kaifiyat
409:Ayyavole
393:Banajiga
354:and the
120:Monarchy
5556:14 June
5536:14 June
5461:14 June
5313:4910527
5056:country
3971:Kannada
3955:Hanuman
3939:gopuram
3895:complex
3777:Economy
3762:Coinage
3682:Kashmir
3662:Gujarat
2759:β 1026)
1869:Outline
1796:Culture
1781:polygar
1765:rayasam
1749:dalavai
1674:Venkoji
1601:Culture
1469:Society
1464:Economy
1434:Sources
1352:Decline
1257:palayam
1233:Pandyan
1221:poligar
1217:palayam
1159:Madurai
1138:Madurai
1128:Palaces
1054:Madurai
1034:Madurai
786:KHANATE
784:CRIMEAN
757:KHANATE
755:BUKHARA
746:KHANATE
733:OTTOMAN
722:SAFAVID
713:MADURAI
682:DYNASTY
671:KHANATE
640:TSANGPA
631:KHANATE
620:KHANATE
618:YARKENT
580:Pandyas
572:Pandyas
553:Madurai
484:Madurai
417:Bijapur
397:Kannada
391:, Vira-
381:Madurai
379:of the
367:Origins
362:History
325:Madurai
315:were a
128:History
99:Kannada
71:Madurai
57:Madurai
43:Madurai
36:Capital
5427:
5385:
5336:
5311:
5242:
5221:593785
5219:
5211:
5199:: 94.
5172:
5162:
5130:
4973:
4907:
4886:
4865:
4833:Avanam
4761:Baniya
4742:
4692:Itihas
4574:
4535:
4511:
4476:
4451:
4408:
4358:
4310:
4279:Itihas
4259:
4228:
4197:
4173:
4139:
4111:
4086:
4061:
4036:
3975:Nagari
3973:, and
3967:Telugu
3959:Garuda
3712:Odisha
3707:Punjab
3652:Bengal
3597:Bhutan
1672:under
1499:Velirs
841:OIRATS
735:EMPIRE
724:EMPIRE
704:NAGARA
702:VIJAYA
693:EMPIRE
691:MUGHAL
660:KYRGYZ
629:TURPAN
588:nayaka
584:Cholas
576:Cholas
516:Balija
504:Balija
500:Telugu
488:Balija
460:Balija
450:. The
413:Aihole
389:Telugu
385:balija
329:Balija
317:Telugu
131:
89:Telugu
5217:JSTOR
4935:(PDF)
4080:Brill
4055:Brill
3963:Tamil
3732:Tibet
3717:Sindh
3672:Kabul
3657:Bihar
3642:Assam
3612:Nepal
3602:India
1755:were
1725:Kandy
1621:Forts
1479:Music
1245:Kamma
808:THAYA
806:AYUT-
744:KHIVA
649:CHAM-
494:, an
405:Tamil
352:Dutch
94:Tamil
5572:link
5558:2008
5538:2008
5477:link
5463:2008
5438:2021
5425:ISBN
5396:2021
5383:ISBN
5334:ISBN
5309:OCLC
5240:ISBN
5209:ISSN
5170:OCLC
5160:ISBN
5128:ISBN
4971:ISBN
4905:ISBN
4884:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4740:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4533:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4406:ISBN
4356:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4226:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4171:ISBN
4137:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4034:ISBN
3957:and
3914:and
1388:Main
839:FOUR
819:VIET
797:SEON
680:MING
609:1600
496:18th
311:The
155:1736
145:1529
5417:doi
5375:doi
5201:doi
1219:or
828:LAN
817:DAI
795:JO-
415:in
411:or
403:in
395:in
387:in
5585::
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5564:{{
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2632:c.
2555:c.
2494:c.
2423:c.
2406:c.
2389:c.
2372:c.
2355:c.
2334:c.
2249:c.
2232:c.
1986:c.
1363:on
1136:,
830:NA
651:PA
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