29:
98:
296:
2557:
309:
167:
wound with sufficient oxygen supply is a prerequisite. Not all wound-types are suitable: wounds which are dry, or open wounds of body cavities do not provide a good environment for maggots to feed. In some cases it may be possible to make a dry wound suitable for larval therapy by moistening it with
214:
necrotic tissue, and absorb the semi-liquid result within a few days. In an optimum wound environment maggots molt twice, increasing in length from about 2 mm to about 10 mm, and in girth, within a period of 48–72 hours by ingesting necrotic tissue, leaving a clean wound free of necrotic
471:
In
January 2004, the FDA granted permission to produce and market maggots for use in humans or animals as a prescription-only medical device for the following indications: "For debriding non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds, including pressure ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, neuropathic
175:
Patients and doctors may find maggots distasteful, although studies have shown that this does not cause patients to refuse the offer of maggot therapy. Maggots can be enclosed in opaque polymer bags to hide them from sight. Dressings must be designed to prevent any maggots from escaping, while
1707:
Van Der Plas, M. J. A.; Jukema, G. N.; Wai, S.-W.; Dogterom-Ballering, H. C. M.; Lagendijk, E. L.; Van Gulpen, C.; Van Dissel, J. T.; Bloemberg, G. V.; Nibbering, P. H. (2007). "Maggot excretions/secretions are differentially effective against biofilms of
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
209:
In maggot therapy, large numbers of small maggots consume necrotic tissue far more precisely than is possible in a normal surgical operation, and can debride a wound in a day or two. The area of a wound's surface is typically increased with the use of maggots due to the undebrided surface not
496:-producing infections that are frequently caused by chafing due to work equipment. Maggot therapy for horses in the United States was re-introduced after a study published in 2003 by veterinarian Dr. Scott Morrison. This therapy is used in horses for conditions such as
1737:
Cazander, G.; Van Veen, K.E.B.; Bernards, A.T.; Jukema, G.N. (2009). "Do maggots have an influence on bacterial growth? A study on the susceptibility of strains of six different bacterial species to maggots of
Lucilia sericata and their excretions/secretions".
436:
and large flesh wounds. The soldier arrived at the hospital with maggots infesting his wounds but had no fever or other signs of infection and survived his injuries, which would normally have been fatal. After the war, Baer began using maggot therapy at
1804:
Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Ingber, Arieh; Gilead, Leon; Stessman, Jochanan; Friedmann, Reuven; Schulman, Haim; Bichucher, Hellen; Ioffe-Uspensky, I; Miller, J; Galun, R; Raz, I (1999). "Maggot therapy for the treatment of intractable wounds".
377:
times. Military physicians observed that soldiers whose wounds had become colonized with maggots experienced significantly less morbidity and mortality than soldiers whose wounds had not become colonized. These physicians included
321:
Those flies whose larvae feed on dead animals will sometimes lay their eggs on the dead parts (necrotic or gangrenous tissue) of living animals. The infestation by maggots of live animals is called
409:
The first documented therapeutic use of maggots in the United States is credited to a second
Confederate medical officer Dr. J.F. Zacharias, who reported during the American Civil War that:
325:. Some maggots will feed only on dead tissue, some only on live tissue, and some on live or dead tissue. The flies used most often for the purpose of maggot therapy are blow flies of the
210:
revealing the actual underlying size of the wound. They derive nutrients through a process known as "extracorporeal digestion" by secreting a broad spectrum of proteolytic enzymes that
1767:
Cazander, Gwendolyn; Schreurs, Marco W. J.; Renwarin, Lennaert; Dorresteijn, Corry; Hamann, Dörte; Jukema, Gerrolt. N. (2012). "Maggot excretions affect the human complement system".
405:
I have frequently seen neglected wounds ... filled with maggots ... as far as my experience extends, these worms eat only dead tissues, and do not injure specifically the well parts."
504:, sub-solar abscesses leading to osteomyelitis, post-surgical treatment of street-nail procedure for puncture wounds infecting the navicular bursa, canker, non-healing ulcers on the
515:
However, there have not been many case studies done with maggot debridement therapy on animals, and as such it can be difficult to accurately assess how successful it is.
624:
587:
622:
Tian, X; Liang, XM; Song, GM; et al. (September 2013). "Maggot debridement therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a meta-analysis".
1975:
The NIH Record; Medieval
Miracle Workers — Are Maggots Making a Medical Comeback? The National Institutes of Health experience with maggot therapy
1974:
176:
allowing air to get to the maggots. Dressings are also designed to minimize the uncomfortable tickling sensation that the maggots often cause.
413:"Maggots in a single day would clean a wound much better than any agents we had at our command ... I am sure I saved many lives by their use."
2001:
540:
1599:
Sherman, Ronald A.; Morrison, Scott; Ng, David (2007). "Maggot debridement therapy for serious horse wounds – A survey of practitioners".
1146:
Heuer, Heike; Heuer, Lutz (2011). "Blowfly Strike and Maggot
Therapy: From Parasitology to Medical Treatment". In Mehlhorn, Heinz (ed.).
258:
1109:
788:
832:
121:
found maggot therapy to be broadly as effective as most other methods, but the study also noted that the quality of data was poor.
2592:
665:
2285:
1885:
Sherman, R. A.; Hall, M. J. R.; Thomas, S. (2000). "Medicinal
Maggots: An Ancient Remedy for Some Contemporary Afflictions".
1583:
1409:
1274:
Sherman, R. A.; Hall, M. J. R.; Thomas, S. (2000). "Medicinal
Maggots: An Ancient Remedy for Some Contemporary Afflictions".
1163:
1548:
1181:"Larval Therapy: A Novel Treatment in Eliminating Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Diabetic Foot Ulcers"
1404:
387:
1475:
1448:
1311:"Larval therapy from antiquity to the present day: Mechanisms of action, clinical applications and future potential"
1994:
1220:
Andersen, A. S.; Joergensen, B.; Bjarnsholt, T.; Johansen, H.; Karlsmark, T.; Givskov, M.; Krogfelt, K. A. (2009).
2010:
1021:"Maggot Therapy Takes Us Back to the Future of Wound Care: New and Improved Maggot Therapy for the 21st Century"
2400:
2483:
2076:
780:
438:
394:
1222:"Quorum-sensing-regulated virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are toxic to Lucilia sericata maggots"
2647:
1315:
720:
125:
42:
maggot debridement therapy (MDT), larval therapy, larva therapy, larvae therapy, biodebridement, biosurgery
428:
William S. Baer recorded the case of a soldier left for several days on the battlefield who had sustained
2680:
2585:
2533:
1987:
1511:
1103:
Jordan, Ashley; Khiyani, Neeraj; Bowers, Steven R.; Lukaszczyk, John J.; Stawicki, Stanislaw P. (2018).
1068:
Reames, Mark K.; Christensen, Chris; Luce, Edward A. (1988). "The Use of
Maggots in Wound Debridement".
2513:
2493:
1366:
2675:
2478:
2473:
1362:"Wound healing--from poultices to maggots. (a short synopsis of wound healing throughout the ages)"
349:
337:
313:
896:
249:
studies have shown that maggots inhibit and destroy a wide range of pathogenic bacteria including
2380:
2357:
2270:
934:
Chan, Dominic CW; Fong, Daniel HF; Leung, June YY; Patil, NG; Leung, Gilberto KK (October 2007).
129:
28:
2578:
2445:
1155:
370:
343:
267:
262:
1465:
536:"A systematic review of maggot debridement therapy for chronically infected wounds and ulcers"
163:
The wound must be of a type that can benefit from the application of maggot therapy. A moist,
2538:
2430:
2220:
2215:
2066:
1916:"Maggot Therapy: The Science and Implication for CAM Part I—History and Bacterial Resistance"
1571:
390:(1798–1801) that certain species of fly consumed only dead tissue and helped wounds to heal.
970:"Mechanisms of Maggot-Induced Wound Healing: What Do We Know, and Where Do We Go from Here?"
2385:
2179:
2166:
1559:
871:
579:"Maggot debridement therapy for an electrical burn injury with instructions for the use of
505:
8:
2543:
2488:
2370:
2255:
2240:
2124:
489:
279:
149:
110:
97:
1178:
2622:
2061:
1940:
1915:
1830:
1792:
1674:"Maggot Therapy for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers Unresponsive to Conventional Therapy"
1380:
1361:
1337:
1310:
1248:
1221:
1128:
1045:
1020:
996:
969:
916:
863:
813:
756:
735:
689:
660:
425:
398:
236:
223:
Secretions from maggots believed to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity include
2265:
2235:
2184:
2174:
2149:
2083:
1945:
1902:
1873:
1868:
1843:
1822:
1818:
1784:
1780:
1755:
1725:
1695:
1651:
1616:
1579:
1530:
1471:
1444:
1385:
1342:
1291:
1253:
1202:
1159:
1148:
1085:
1081:
1050:
1001:
947:
920:
855:
805:
801:
761:
694:
641:
604:
578:
559:
429:
366:
240:
232:
169:
1834:
1796:
1132:
867:
817:
365:
as a wound treatment. There are reports of the use of maggots for wound healing by
2435:
2317:
2210:
2205:
2071:
1935:
1927:
1894:
1863:
1855:
1814:
1776:
1747:
1717:
1685:
1643:
1608:
1520:
1375:
1332:
1324:
1283:
1243:
1233:
1192:
1118:
1077:
1040:
1032:
991:
981:
908:
851:
847:
797:
751:
684:
679:
674:
633:
596:
549:
449:
383:
331:
300:
273:
118:
1979:
1914:
Nigam, Yamni; Bexfield, Alyson; Thomas, Stephen; Ratcliffe, Norman Arthur (2006).
1859:
1898:
1287:
600:
362:
114:
1507:"Maggot Debridement Therapy in Modern Army Medicine: Perceptions and Prevalence"
1405:"The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with the maggot (larva of the blow fly)"
637:
554:
535:
2654:
2561:
2452:
2425:
2351:
2225:
2109:
2042:
1647:
1612:
1036:
463:
Army doctors published in 2013 found that 10% of them had used maggot therapy.
139:
1969:
1963:
1751:
1525:
1506:
1179:
Bowling, Frank L.; Salgami, Eleanna V.; Boulton, Andrew J.M. (February 2007).
935:
2669:
2627:
2601:
2508:
2053:
1690:
1673:
1634:
Jones, Gemma; Wall, Richard (2008). "Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicine".
1328:
497:
485:
481:
460:
442:
326:
211:
106:
1418:
2642:
2440:
2405:
2329:
2099:
1949:
1906:
1877:
1826:
1788:
1759:
1729:
1699:
1655:
1620:
1534:
1346:
1295:
1257:
1238:
1206:
1123:
1104:
1054:
1005:
951:
859:
809:
765:
712:
698:
659:
Gethin, Georgina; Cowman, Seamus; Kolbach, Dinanda N. (14 September 2015).
645:
608:
563:
453:
144:
1931:
1389:
1089:
986:
2503:
2334:
2305:
2230:
2200:
2154:
2104:
1721:
912:
421:
374:
250:
132:
for use as a "medical device" in the US for the purpose of treatment of:
83:
341:, is also notable for its feeding secretions, which combat infection by
2280:
2275:
2132:
2047:
1706:
747:
67:
1197:
1180:
480:
The use of maggots to clean dead tissue from animal wounds is part of
417:
He recorded a high survival rate in patients he treated with maggots.
49:
2637:
2498:
2114:
1505:
Heitkamp, Rae A.; Peck, George W.; Kirkup, Benjamin C. (2013-11-14).
501:
224:
1219:
484:
in many parts of the world. It is particularly helpful with chronic
295:
2612:
2395:
2300:
2142:
2137:
1970:
National
Geographic video segment on Maggot Medicine on youtube.com
1766:
509:
379:
245:
89:
There is evidence that maggot therapy may help with wound healing.
79:
1844:"Wound Microbiology and Associated Approaches to Wound Management"
361:
Written records have documented that maggots have been used since
2390:
2346:
2312:
2290:
2245:
472:
foot ulcers, and non-healing traumatic or post-surgical wounds."
322:
197:
164:
2570:
1309:
Whitaker, I. S.; Twine, C; Whitaker, M. J.; et al. (2007).
2324:
2025:
2014:
534:
Sun, Xinjuan; Jiang, Kechun; Chen, Jingan; et al. (2014).
308:
78:
of a human or other animal for the purpose of cleaning out the
71:
2556:
1736:
2295:
1803:
1102:
433:
75:
1913:
1570:
2632:
2339:
736:"Maggot Debridement: An Alternative Method for Debridement"
228:
1308:
335:, the common green bottle fly. Another important species,
33:
Maggot debridement therapy on a wound from a diabetic foot
493:
1842:
Bowler, P. G.; Duerden, B. I.; Armstrong, D. G. (2001).
830:
1841:
373:
tribes in Australia. Maggot treatment was reported in
1920:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1547:
Carrie Arnold for Scientific American. April 1, 2013
1067:
974:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2009:
1494:. Pt 6. Vol. 152. 8 May 2006. pp. 7, 908.
658:
456:resorted to maggot therapy to treat severe wounds.
265:aerobic and anaerobic strains. Other bacteria like
74:(fly larvae) into non-healing skin and soft-tissue
1504:
1147:
936:"Maggot debridement therapy in chronic wound care"
933:
1884:
1598:
1273:
831:Scavée, V; Polis, X; Schoevaerdts, J. C. (2003).
621:
283:spp. are not attacked by maggots, and in case of
2667:
1105:"Maggot debridement therapy: A practical review"
733:
727:
136:Non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds
70:involving the introduction of live, disinfected
1269:
1267:
1576:Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels
781:"Larval therapy in wound management: A review"
576:
533:
2586:
1995:
1154:. Parasitology Research Monographs. pp.
329:: the blow fly species used most commonly is
154:Non-healing traumatic or post-surgical wounds
1592:
1302:
1264:
1096:
833:"Maggot therapy: Many hands make light work"
541:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1441:Grunt: The Curious Science of Humans at War
963:
961:
778:
2593:
2579:
2002:
1988:
1443:(1 ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
1145:
1110:International Journal of Academic Medicine
1025:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
789:International Journal of Clinical Practice
713:"Product Classification: Maggots, Medical"
577:Nasoori, A.; Hoomand, R. (December 2017).
113:there is tentative evidence of benefit. A
27:
1939:
1867:
1689:
1633:
1549:New Science Shows How Maggots Heal Wounds
1524:
1379:
1336:
1247:
1237:
1196:
1122:
1044:
995:
985:
755:
688:
678:
553:
529:
527:
184:The maggots have four principal actions:
1359:
958:
307:
294:
243:, proteolytic enzymes, and many others.
96:
1671:
1463:
1018:
967:
666:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
179:
2668:
2286:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
894:
524:
508:, and post-surgical site cleaning for
2574:
1983:
1710:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1574:; Root-Bernstein, Michèle M. (1998).
1438:
1410:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
772:
734:Gottrup, Finn; Jørgensen, Bo (2011).
290:
1807:International Journal of Dermatology
1402:
661:"Debridement for venous leg ulcers"
261:), group A and B streptococci, and
105:Maggot therapy improves healing in
13:
1665:
388:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
117:of methods for the debridement of
14:
2692:
2600:
1957:
779:Parnés, A.; Lagan, K. M. (2007).
475:
448:There were reports that American
2555:
1819:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00770.x
1781:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2012.00850.x
1082:10.1097/00000637-198810000-00017
802:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01238.x
287:even the maggots are in danger.
1627:
1564:
1553:
1541:
1498:
1484:
1457:
1432:
1396:
1353:
1213:
1172:
1139:
1061:
1012:
927:
218:
92:
2401:Home-stored product entomology
1636:Research in Veterinary Science
888:
852:10.1080/00015458.2003.11679453
824:
705:
680:10.1002/14651858.CD008599.pub2
652:
615:
570:
215:tissue when they are removed.
204:
158:
82:(dead) tissue within a wound (
1:
2484:Decline in insect populations
2077:List of insect-inspired songs
1860:10.1128/CMR.14.2.244-269.2001
1848:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1769:Wound Repair and Regeneration
1464:Nimmons, Don Stewart (2003).
518:
466:
386:. Larrey reported during the
1899:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.55
1470:. Xulon Press. p. 105.
1316:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1288:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.55
721:Food and Drug Administration
601:10.12968/jowc.2017.26.12.734
126:Food and Drug Administration
101:Maggots in medical packaging
16:Wound care by maggot therapy
7:
1887:Annual Review of Entomology
1740:Journal of Tissue Viability
1417:(3): 438–75. Archived from
1276:Annual Review of Entomology
638:10.12968/jowc.2013.22.9.462
555:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1397
397:medical officer during the
128:(FDA) cleared maggots from
124:In 2003, the United States
10:
2697:
2514:Pesticide toxicity to bees
2494:List of endangered insects
1648:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.12.006
1613:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.012
1439:Roach, Mary (2016-06-07).
1367:The Ulster Medical Journal
1037:10.1177/193229680900300215
439:Boston Children's Hospital
382:'s general surgeon, Baron
356:
200:inhibition and eradication
2608:
2552:
2524:
2466:
2418:
2369:
2254:
2193:
2165:
2123:
2092:
2035:
2021:
1752:10.1016/j.jtv.2009.02.005
1526:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00200
1403:Baer, William S. (1931).
1070:Annals of Plastic Surgery
940:Hong Kong Medical Journal
895:Morgan, Rosemary (2002).
191:Disinfection of the wound
46:
38:
26:
21:
2479:Colony collapse disorder
2474:Bees and toxic chemicals
1966:produced by Robert Cibis
1691:10.2337/diacare.26.2.446
1560:FDA CDRH 510(k) summary
1329:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055905
393:Joseph Jones, a ranking
369:, Native Americans, and
338:Protophormia terraenovae
314:Protophormia terraenovae
2381:Insect bites and stings
2358:Drosophila melanogaster
2271:Biological pest control
1672:Sherman, R. A. (2003).
1019:Sherman, R. A. (2009).
968:Sherman, R. A. (2014).
840:Acta Chirurgica Belgica
150:Neuropathic foot ulcers
130:common green bottle fly
2446:Rats, Lice and History
1601:The Veterinary Journal
1572:Root-Bernstein, Robert
1239:10.1099/mic.0.032730-0
1124:10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_6_18
415:
407:
344:Streptococcus pyogenes
318:
305:
268:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
194:Stimulation of healing
102:
2431:Alfred Russel Wallace
2216:Entomological warfare
2067:Insects in literature
1360:Donnelly, J. (1998).
625:Journal of Wound Care
588:Journal of Wound Care
411:
403:
311:
298:
255:Staphylococcus aureus
100:
86:), and disinfection.
2386:Insect sting allergy
2180:Cicadas in mythology
1964:Maggot Medicine film
1578:. Houghton Mifflin.
1492:Congressional Record
913:10.1136/sbmj.0208271
180:Mechanisms of action
145:Venous stasis ulcers
111:diabetic foot ulcers
2489:Habitat destruction
2241:Insects in religion
1932:10.1093/ecam/nel021
987:10.1155/2014/592419
452:of the Japanese in
2681:Medical treatments
2623:Granulation tissue
2562:Insects portal
2534:Insects and humans
2062:Arthropods in film
2011:Human interactions
1722:10.1093/jac/dkm407
1374:(Suppl 1): 47–51.
430:compound fractures
426:orthopedic surgeon
399:American Civil War
319:
317:, Northern blowfly
306:
304:, Green Bottle Fly
291:Biology of maggots
237:phenylacetaldehyde
103:
2663:
2662:
2568:
2567:
2457:Insect Literature
2414:
2413:
2313:Carmine/Cochineal
2266:Beneficial insect
2236:Insects in ethics
2185:Scarab (artifact)
2175:Bees in mythology
2084:Insects on stamps
1585:978-0-395-92492-1
1519:(11): 1, 411–16.
1512:Military Medicine
1198:10.2337/dc06-2348
1165:978-3-642-19381-1
241:calcium carbonate
233:phenylacetic acid
119:venous leg ulcers
57:
56:
2688:
2676:Flies and humans
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2436:Jean-Henri Fabre
2211:Cricket fighting
2206:Cockroach racing
2072:Insects in music
2033:
2032:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1953:
1943:
1910:
1881:
1871:
1838:
1800:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1693:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1467:Treasures of War
1461:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
989:
965:
956:
955:
931:
925:
924:
897:"Larval therapy"
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
876:
870:. Archived from
837:
828:
822:
821:
785:
776:
770:
769:
759:
731:
725:
724:
709:
703:
702:
692:
682:
656:
650:
649:
619:
613:
612:
581:Lucilia sericata
574:
568:
567:
557:
531:
450:prisoners of war
384:Dominique Larrey
332:Lucilia sericata
301:Lucilia sericata
50:edit on Wikidata
31:
19:
18:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2648:Intussusception
2604:
2599:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2526:
2520:
2462:
2410:
2372:
2365:
2257:
2250:
2189:
2161:
2119:
2088:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2008:
1960:
1668:
1666:Further reading
1663:
1632:
1628:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1401:
1397:
1358:
1354:
1323:(980): 409–13.
1307:
1303:
1272:
1265:
1218:
1214:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1144:
1140:
1101:
1097:
1066:
1062:
1017:
1013:
966:
959:
932:
928:
893:
889:
880:
878:
874:
835:
829:
825:
783:
777:
773:
732:
728:
711:
710:
706:
673:(9): CD008599.
657:
653:
620:
616:
575:
571:
532:
525:
521:
478:
469:
359:
293:
221:
207:
182:
161:
140:Pressure ulcers
115:Cochrane review
95:
66:) is a type of
62:(also known as
53:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2655:Vasculogenesis
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Maggot therapy
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:Lafcadio Hearn
2450:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Jan Swammerdam
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2352:Model organism
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Insect farming
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2110:Artificial fly
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:Insects in art
2039:
2037:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1958:External links
1956:
1955:
1954:
1911:
1882:
1839:
1801:
1764:
1734:
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1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:
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1591:
1584:
1563:
1552:
1540:
1497:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1431:
1395:
1352:
1301:
1263:
1212:
1191:(2): 370–371.
1171:
1164:
1138:
1095:
1060:
1011:
957:
926:
887:
823:
771:
726:
704:
651:
614:
595:(12): 734–41.
569:
522:
520:
517:
477:
476:Veterinary use
474:
468:
465:
358:
355:
292:
289:
220:
217:
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202:
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192:
189:
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107:chronic ulcers
94:
91:
64:larval therapy
60:Maggot therapy
55:
54:
47:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Maggot therapy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
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2656:
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2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Growth factor
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:Wound healing
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Neonicotinoid
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
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2227:
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2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:Other aspects
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2153:
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2148:
2144:
2141:
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2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
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2106:
2103:
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2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2054:Musca depicta
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:(2): 244–69.
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:(6): 879–86.
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:(1): 117–22.
1715:
1711:
1708:aeruginosa".
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1684:(2): 446–51.
1683:
1679:
1678:Diabetes Care
1675:
1670:
1669:
1657:
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1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
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1622:
1618:
1614:
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1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
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1493:
1487:
1479:
1477:9781591604600
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1450:9780393245448
1446:
1442:
1435:
1421:on 2016-01-07
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
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1356:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
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1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1259:
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1240:
1235:
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1227:
1223:
1216:
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1185:Diabetes Care
1182:
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1152:
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1130:
1125:
1120:
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1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:(4): 388–91.
1075:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:(2): 336–44.
1030:
1026:
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1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
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906:
902:
898:
891:
877:on 2016-03-10
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
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841:
834:
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819:
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807:
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799:
796:(3): 488–93.
795:
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782:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
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547:
543:
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537:
530:
528:
523:
516:
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:secondary to
499:
498:osteomyelitis
495:
491:
487:
486:osteomyelitis
483:
482:folk medicine
473:
464:
462:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
443:Massachusetts
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
351:
350:S. pneumoniae
346:
345:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
327:Calliphoridae
324:
316:
315:
310:
303:
302:
297:
288:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
263:Gram-positive
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
213:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
185:
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173:
171:
166:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
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135:
134:
133:
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127:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
51:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2643:Angiogenesis
2617:
2539:Insecticides
2456:
2444:
2441:Hans Zinsser
2406:Clothes moth
2356:
2167:In mythology
2100:Fishing bait
2052:
1926:(2): 223–7.
1923:
1919:
1890:
1886:
1851:
1847:
1813:(8): 623–7.
1810:
1806:
1772:
1768:
1743:
1739:
1713:
1709:
1681:
1677:
1642:(2): 394–8.
1639:
1635:
1629:
1607:(1): 86–91.
1604:
1600:
1594:
1575:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1414:
1408:
1398:
1371:
1365:
1355:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1275:
1232:(2): 400–7.
1229:
1226:Microbiology
1225:
1215:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1150:Nature Helps
1149:
1141:
1117:(1): 21–34.
1114:
1108:
1098:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1028:
1024:
1014:
977:
973:
946:(5): 382–6.
943:
939:
929:
904:
900:
890:
879:. Retrieved
872:the original
846:(4): 405–7.
843:
839:
826:
793:
787:
774:
743:
739:
729:
716:
707:
670:
664:
654:
632:(9): 462–9.
629:
623:
617:
592:
586:
580:
572:
545:
539:
514:
492:, and other
479:
470:
459:A survey of
458:
454:World War II
447:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
392:
360:
348:
342:
336:
330:
320:
312:
299:
284:
278:
272:
266:
254:
244:
222:
219:Disinfection
208:
183:
174:
162:
123:
104:
93:Medical uses
88:
63:
59:
58:
2525:Categories,
2504:Insecticide
2335:Sericulture
2306:Royal jelly
2231:Flea circus
2221:Entomophagy
2155:Cantharidin
2150:Spanish fly
2125:In medicine
2105:Fly fishing
2036:In the arts
1746:(3): 80–7.
907:: 259–302.
901:Student BMJ
750:: 290–302.
422:World War I
395:Confederate
375:Renaissance
285:Pseudomonas
253:-resistant
251:methicillin
205:Debridement
188:Debridement
159:Limitations
84:debridement
39:Other names
2670:Categories
2544:Pesticides
2281:Bee pollen
2276:Beekeeping
2258:entomology
2201:Biomimicry
2133:Apitherapy
2093:In fishing
2048:Beetlewing
2029:in culture
1425:2015-03-03
881:2015-03-04
748:Copenhagen
519:References
488:, chronic
467:Regulation
401:, stated:
371:Aboriginal
68:biotherapy
2638:Stem cell
2527:templates
2499:Pesticide
2115:Fly tying
1893:: 55–81.
1282:: 55–81.
921:220099046
512:removal.
502:laminitis
363:antiquity
225:allantoin
165:exudating
2613:Fibrosis
2467:Concerns
2419:Pioneers
2396:Woodworm
2301:Propolis
2256:Economic
2143:Melittin
2138:Apitoxin
1950:16786052
1907:10761570
1878:11292638
1835:45118935
1827:10487456
1797:24568980
1789:23110586
1760:19362001
1730:17965032
1700:12547878
1656:18237754
1621:16831562
1535:23198524
1347:17551073
1296:10761570
1258:19892758
1207:17259512
1133:88155109
1055:20144365
1006:24744812
980:: 1–13.
952:17914145
868:28650392
860:14524161
818:34169406
810:17313618
766:21776326
699:26368002
646:24005780
609:29244970
564:24841930
548:: 32–7.
510:keratoma
380:Napoleon
246:In vitro
80:necrotic
2391:Bed bug
2373:insects
2371:Harmful
2347:Shellac
2291:Beeswax
2246:Jingzhe
2026:insects
2022:Aspects
2015:insects
1941:1475942
1390:9807955
1381:2448900
1338:2600045
1249:2885677
1090:3232928
1046:2771513
997:3976885
757:3136394
740:ePlasty
717:fda.gov
690:6486053
583:larvae"
432:of the
420:During
357:History
323:myiasis
280:Proteus
274:E. coli
212:liquefy
198:Biofilm
172:soaks.
72:maggots
2330:Kermes
2325:Chitin
2318:Polish
1948:
1938:
1905:
1876:
1866:
1833:
1825:
1795:
1787:
1758:
1728:
1698:
1654:
1619:
1582:
1533:
1474:
1447:
1388:
1378:
1345:
1335:
1294:
1256:
1246:
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1088:
1053:
1043:
1004:
994:
950:
919:
866:
858:
816:
808:
764:
754:
746:(33).
719:. US:
697:
687:
644:
607:
562:
490:ulcers
170:saline
76:wounds
2296:Honey
2013:with
1869:88973
1831:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1158:–23.
1129:S2CID
917:S2CID
875:(PDF)
864:S2CID
836:(PDF)
814:S2CID
784:(PDF)
434:femur
109:. In
48:[
2633:Scar
2340:Silk
1946:PMID
1903:PMID
1874:PMID
1823:PMID
1785:PMID
1756:PMID
1726:PMID
1696:PMID
1652:PMID
1617:PMID
1580:ISBN
1531:PMID
1472:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1386:PMID
1343:PMID
1292:PMID
1254:PMID
1203:PMID
1160:ISBN
1086:PMID
1051:PMID
1002:PMID
978:2014
948:PMID
856:PMID
806:PMID
762:PMID
695:PMID
671:2015
642:PMID
605:PMID
560:PMID
506:frog
367:Maya
347:and
259:MRSA
229:urea
2024:of
1936:PMC
1928:doi
1895:doi
1864:PMC
1856:doi
1815:doi
1777:doi
1748:doi
1718:doi
1686:doi
1644:doi
1609:doi
1605:174
1521:doi
1517:177
1376:PMC
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1284:doi
1244:PMC
1234:doi
1230:156
1193:doi
1156:301
1119:doi
1078:doi
1041:PMC
1033:doi
992:PMC
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