552:. Kircher claimed that Thomas Walgensten reworked his ideas from the previous edition of this book into a better lantern. Kircher described this improved lantern, but it was illustrated in a confusing manner: the pictures seem technically incorrect—with both the projected image and the transparencies (H) shown upright (while the text states that they should be inverted), the hollow mirror is too high in one picture and absent in the other, and the lens (I) is at the wrong side of the slide. However, experiments with a construction as illustrated in Kircher's book proved that it could work as a point light-source projection system. The projected image in one of the illustrations shows a person in purgatory or hellfire and the other depicts Death with a scythe and an hourglass. According to legend Kircher secretly used the lantern at night to project the image of Death on windows of apostates to scare them back into church. Kircher did suggest in his book that an audience would be more astonished by the sudden appearance of images if the lantern would be hidden in a separate room, so the audience would be ignorant of the cause of their appearance.
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825:: black paint on portions of the moving plate would mask parts of the underlying image — with a black background — on the stationary glass. This made it possible to hide and then reveal the previous position of a part, for instance a limb, to suggest repetitious movement. The suggested movement would be rather jerky and usually operated quickly. Masking in slides was also often used to create change rather than movement (see: Fig. 6 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a man, his wig and his hat): for instance a person's head could be replaced with that of an animal. More gradual and natural movement was also possible; for instance to make a nose grow very long by slowly moving a masking glass.
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819:: a movable glass plate with one or more figures (or any part of a picture for which movement was desired) was slipped over a stationary one, directly by hand or with a small drawbar (see: Fig. 7 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a tightrope walker sliding across the rope). A common example showed a creature that could move the pupils in its eyes, as if looking in all directions. A long piece of glass could show a procession of figures, or a train with several wagons. Quite convincing illusions of moving waves on a sea or lake have also been achieved with this method.
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he described as "beautiful dissolvent scenes", "imperceptibly changing views", "dissolvent views", and "Magic Views"—created "by
Machinery invented by M. Henry." In 1827, Henry Langdon Childe presented "Scenic Views, showing the various effects of light and shade," with a series of subjects that became classics for the dissolving views. In December 1827, De Philipsthal returned with a show that included "various splendid views (...) transforming themselves imperceptibly (as if it were by Magic) from one form into another."
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650:. The same year many other slides appeared in the company's catalogue: "The Kings and Queens of England" (9 sliders taken from David Hume's History of England), "Astronomical Diagrams and Constellations" (9 sliders taken from Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel's textbooks), "Views and Buildings", Ancient and Modern Costume (62 sliders from various sources). Fifteen sliders of the category "Humorous" provided some entertainment, but the focus on education was obvious and very successful.
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of "attempts at flight, artistic meteors, optical effects, representations of the sky with the star and comets, and a model of the earth (...), fireworks, water fountains, and ships in rare forms; then mandrakes and other rare plants and exotic animals." In 1685–1686, Johannes Zahn was an early advocate for use of the device for educational purposes: detailed anatomical illustrations were difficult to draw on a chalkboard, but could easily be copied onto glass or mica.
1198:. Possibly the phantasmagoria shows (popular in the west at that moment) inspired the rear projection technique, moving images and ghost stories. Japanese showmen developed lightweight wooden projectors (furo) that were handheld so that several performers could make the projections of different colourful figures move around the screen at the same time. The Western techniques of mechanical slides were combined with traditional Japanese skills—especially from
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would later apply: a horizontal cylindrical body with a rosette chimney on top, a concave mirror behind a fixture for a candle or lamp inside and a biconvex lens at the front. There is no evidence that Wiesel actually ever made a magic lantern, but in 1674, his successor offered a variety of magic lanterns from the same workshop. This successor is thought to have only continued producing Wiesel's designs after his death in 1662, without adding anything new.
919:: a slide with a single perforated metal or cardboard disc suspended on a spiral spring. The holes can be tinted with colored pieces of gelatin. When struck the disc's vibration and rotation sends the colored dots of light swirling around in all sorts of shapes and patterns. The device was demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic Institution around 1870 and dubbed "Kaleidotrope" when commercial versions were marketed.
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988:. While working out the desired effect, he got the idea of using the technique with landscapes. An 1812 newspaper about a London performance indicates that De Philipsthal presented what was possibly a relatively early incarnation of a dissolving views show, describing it as "a series of landscapes (in imitation of moonlight), which insensibly change to various scenes producing a very magical effect."
831:: the moving part was operated by a lever. These could show a more natural movement than slipping slides and were mostly used for repetitive movements, for instance a woodcutter raising and lowering his axe, or a girl on a swing. (see: Fig. 5 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a drinking man raising and lowering his glass + Fig. 8: a lady curtsying)
243:. This is a natural phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. It was known at least since the 5th century BC and experimented with in darkened rooms at least since
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children on a seesaw. Movements could be repeated over and over and could be performed at different speeds. A common technique that is comparable to the effect of a panning camera makes use of a long slide that is simply pulled slowly through the lantern and usually shows a landscape, sometimes with several phases of a story within the continuous backdrop.
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crossed with slits that moved to and fro in contrary directions. Except for when the only known example was used in a performance, it was kept locked away at the
Polytechnic so no one could discover the secret technique. When the Polytechnic auctioned the device, Picher eventually paid an extravagant price for his own invention to keep its workings secret.
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on tracked tables to project the finely detailed images of extra large slides on the 648 square feet screen. The magic lantern was used to illustrate lectures, concerts, pantomimes and other forms of theatre. Popular magic lantern presentations included Henry
Langdon Childe's dissolving views, his chromatrope, phantasmagoria, and mechanical slides.
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magic lanterns more widely available and affordable, with much of the production in the latter half of the 19th century concentrated in
Germany. These smaller lanterns had smaller glass sliders, which instead of wooden frames usually had colorful strips of paper glued around their edges with the images printed directly on the glass.
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1840. The earliest known illustration of a vertical biunial lantern, probably provided by E.G. Wood, appeared in the Horne & Thornthwaite catalogue in 1857. Later on triple lanterns enabled additional effects, for instance the effect of snow falling while a green landscape dissolves into a snowy winter version.
474:, which Johann Zahn identified as one of the centers of magic lantern production in 1686. Griendel was indicated as the inventor of the magic lantern by Johann Christoph Kohlhans in a 1677 publication. It has been suggested that this tradition is older and that instrument maker Johann Wiesel (1583–1662) from
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where 60 magic lanterns and more than 10000 original slides are preserved. However, of the original lanterns from the first 150 years after its invention only 28 are known to still exist (as of 2009). Because the original slides are fragile, rather than display or project them, museums often digitize
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By 1709 a German optician and glass grinder named Themme (or Temme) made moving lantern slides, including a carriage with rotating wheels, a cupid with a spinning wheel, a shooting gun, and falling bombs. Wheels were cut from the glass plate with a diamond and rotated by a thread that was spun around
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The earliest reports and illustrations of lantern projections suggest that they were all intended to scare the audience. Pierre Petit called the apparatus "lanterne de peur" (lantern of fear) in his 1664 letter to
Huygens. Surviving lantern plates and descriptions from the next decades prove that the
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may have been making magic lanterns earlier on and possibly inspired
Griendel and even Huygens. Huygens is known to have studied samples of Wiesel's lens-making and instruments since 1653. Wiesel did make a ship's lantern around 1640 that has much in common with the magic lantern design that Griendel
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There are many gaps and uncertainties in the magic lantern's recorded history. A separate early magic lantern tradition seems to have been developed in southern
Germany and includes lanterns with horizontal cylindrical bodies, while Walgensten's lantern and probably Huygens' both had vertical bodies.
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he claimed he thought of it as some old "bagatelle" and seemed convinced that it would harm the family's reputation if people found out the lantern came from him. Christiaan had reluctantly sent a lantern to their father, but when he realized that
Constantijn intended to show the lantern to the court
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with a mechanism to project a sequence of seven photographic slides. Reports say it was made in 1872, but also 1875 and (most likely) 1882. The surviving slides show a man removing his head with his hands and raising the loose head. The photographed body belonged to Rudge and Friese-Greene posed for
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Biunial lanterns, with two projecting optical sets in one apparatus, were produced to more easily project dissolving views. Possibly the first horizontal biunial lantern, dubbed the "Biscenascope" was made by the optician Mr. Clarke and presented at the Royal
Adelaide Gallery in London on 5 December
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Despite later reports about the early invention, and apart from De
Philipsthal's 1812 performance, no reports of dissolving view shows before the 1820s are known. Some cases may involve confusion with the Diorama or similar media. In 1826, Scottish magician and ventriloquist M. Henry introduced what
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An especially intricate multiple rackwork mechanism was developed to show the movements of the planets (sometimes accompanied by revolving satellites) revolving around the Sun. In 1795, one M. Dicas offered an early magic lantern system, the Lucernal or Portable Eidouranian, that showed the orbiting
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wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances, the motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous." In the
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wrote to Huygens to ask for some specifications of the lantern, because he was trying to construct one after seeing the lantern of "the dane" (probably Walgensten). The lantern that Petit was constructing had a concave mirror behind the lamp. This directed more light through the lens, resulting in a
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Before 1671, only a small circle of people seemed to have knowledge of the magic lantern, and almost every known report of the device from this period had to do with people that were more or less directly connected to Christiaan Huygens. Despite the rejection expressed in his letters to his brother,
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The magic lantern used a concave mirror behind a light source to direct the light through a small rectangular sheet of glass—a "lantern slide" that bore the image—and onward into a lens at the front of the apparatus. The lens adjusted to focus the plane of the slide at the distance of the projection
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When it opened in 1838, The Royal Polytechnic Institution in London became a very popular and influential venue with many kinds of magic lantern shows as an important part of its program. At the main theatre, with 500 seats, lanternists would make good use of a battery of six large lanterns running
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in modern filmmaking, became the basis of a popular type of magic lantern show in England in the 19th century. Typical dissolving views showed landscapes dissolving from day to night or from summer to winter. This was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing
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Through the mid-19th century, the market for magic lanterns was concentrated in Europe with production focused primarily on Italy, France, and England. In 1848, a New York optician began advertising imported slides and locally produced magic lanterns. By 1860, however, mass production began to make
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after his death, started manufacturing a sturdy but lightweight and transportable "Phantasmagoria lantern" with an Argand style lamp. It produced high quality projections and was suitable for classrooms. Carpenter also developed a "secret" copper plate printing/burning process to mass-produce glass
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in December 1671: "An optical lantern which presents everything that one desires, figures, paintings, portraits, faces, hunts, even an entire comedy with all its lively colours." In 1675, Leibniz saw an important role for the magic lantern in his plan for a kind of world exhibition with projections
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proposed a kind of world exhibition that would show all types of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men
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would use the magic lantern: "If he would know about the invention of the Lantern he would surely frighten the cardinals with specters." Kircher would eventually learn about the existence of the magic lantern via Thomas Walgensten and introduced it as "Lucerna Magica" in the widespread 1671 second
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It was mostly developed in the 17th century and commonly used for entertainment purposes. It was increasingly used for education during the 19th century. Since the late 19th century, smaller versions were also mass-produced as toys. The magic lantern was in wide use from the 18th century until the
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engineer John Beale, and demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic. It projected six pictures and used a hand-cranked mechanism for intermittent movement and synchronized shutter action. The mechanism became a key to the development of the movie camera and projector. The Choreutoscope was used at the
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described a method of using two slides for the depiction of a storm at sea, with waves on one slide and ships and a few clouds on another. Lanternists could project the illusion of mild waves turning into a wild sea tossing the ships around by increasing the movement of the separate slides. Guyot
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in 1657–58. He possibly met Christiaan Huygens during this time (and/or on several other occasions) and may have learned about the magic lantern from him. Correspondence between them is known from 1667. At least from 1664 until 1670, Walgensten demonstrated the magic lantern in Paris (1664), Lyon
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included a description of his invention, the "Steganographic Mirror": a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long-distance communication. He saw limitations in the increase of size and diminished
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Originally the pictures were hand painted on glass slides. Initially, figures were rendered with black paint but soon transparent colors were also used. Sometimes the painting was done on oiled paper. Usually black paint was used as a background to block superfluous light, so the figures could be
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live Magic Lantern/Phantasmagoria shows since 2008 in Europe and The American Magic-Lantern Theater. The Magic Lantern Society maintains a list of active lanternists, which contains more than 20 performers in the U.K. and around eight performers in other parts of the world (Europe, U.S., Canada,
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The magic lantern was not only a direct ancestor of the motion picture projector as a means for visual storytelling, but it could itself be used to project moving images. Some suggestion of movement could be achieved by alternating between pictures of different phases of a motion, but most magic
843:: turning the handle of a rackwork would rotate or lift the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill or for having a hot air balloon take off and descend. A more complex astronomical rackwork slide showed the planets and their satellites orbiting around the sun.
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Philip Carpenter's copper-plate printing process, introduced in 1823, may have made it much easier to create duplicate slides with printed outlines that could then be colored differently to create dissolving view slides. However, all early dissolving view slides seem to have been hand-painted.
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or Astrometroscope: a large slide that projected a lacework of dots forming constantly changing geometrical line patterns, compared with stars and meteors. It was invented in or before 1858 by the Hungarian engineer S. Pilcher and used a very ingenious mechanism with two metal plates obliquely
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Motion in animated slides was mostly limited to either two phases of a movement or transformation, or a more gradual singular movement (e.g., a train passing through a landscape). These limitations made subjects with repetitive movements popular, like the sails on a windmill turning around or
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The oldest known document concerning the magic lantern is a page on which Christiaan Huygens made ten small sketches of a skeleton taking off its skull, above which he wrote "for representations by means of convex glasses with the lamp" (translated from French). As this page was found between
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which described a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight. Christiaan's father Constantijn had been acquainted with Cornelis Drebbel who used some unidentified optical techniques to transform himself and to summon
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projected without distracting borders or frames. Many slides were finished with a layer of transparent lacquer, but in a later period cover glasses were also used to protect the painted layer. Most handmade slides were mounted in wood frames with a round or square opening for the picture.
885:: a slide that produces dazzling colorful geometrical patterns by rotating two painted glass discs in opposite directions, originally with a double pulley mechanism but later usually with a rackwork mechanism. It was possibly invented around 1844 by English glass painter and showman
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popularized the use of magic lanterns as an educational tool in the late 18th century when using projected images of plants to teach botany. Her educational methods were published in America in English translation during the early 1820s. A type of lantern was constructed by
420:(1665), Rome (1665–1666), and Copenhagen (1670). He "sold such lanterns to different Italian princes in such an amount that they now are almost everyday items in Rome", according to Athanasius Kircher in 1671. In 1670, Walgensten projected an image of Death at the court of
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An "Optical Instrument" was patented in the U.S. in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope-like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter.
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Utushi-e is a type of magic lantern show that became popular in Japan in the 19th century. The Dutch probably introduced the magic lantern in Japan before the 1760s. A new style for magic lantern shows was introduced by Kameya Toraku I, who first performed in 1803 in
849:: jointed figures set in motion by levers, thin rods, or cams and worm wheels. A popular version had a somersaulting monkey with arms attached to mechanism that made it tumble with dangling feet. Named after the Italian word for animated puppets, like marionettes or
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Some enthusiasts claim that the brilliant quality of color in lantern slides is unsurpassed by successive projection media. The magic lantern and lantern slides are still popular with collectors and can be found in many museums like, for example, in the
314:. Some reports say that Martini lectured throughout Europe with a magic lantern, which he might have imported from China, but there's no evidence that it used anything other than Kircher's technique. However, Tacquet was a correspondent and friend of
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Christiaan initially referred to the magic lantern as "la lampe" and "la lanterne", but in the last years of his life he used the then common term "laterna magica" in some notes. In 1694, he drew the principle of a "laterna magica" with two lenses.
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By the 1730s the use of magic lanterns started to become more widespread when travelling showmen, conjurers and storytellers added them to their repertoire. The travelling lanternists were often called Savoyards (they supposedly came from the
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Phantasmagoria was a form of horror theater that used one or more magic lanterns to project frightening images, especially of ghosts. Showmen used rear projection, mobile or portable projectors and a variety of effects to produce convincing
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lantern slides with printed outlines, which were then easily and quickly hand painted ready for sale. These "copper-plate sliders" contained three or four very detailed 4" circular images mounted in thin hardwood frames. The first known set
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visited Themme's shop and liked the effects, but was disappointed about the very simple mechanisms. Nonetheless, he bought seven moving slides, as well as twelve slides with four pictures each, which he thought were delicately painted.
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started in June 2015 and lasted until May 2018. It addresses the sustainable preservation of the massive, untapped heritage resource of the tens of thousands of lantern slides in the collections of libraries and museums across
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the head. The slides probably provided the very first trick photography sequence projection. Friese-Greene demonstrated the machine in his shop, until the police ordered him to remove it when it attracted too large a crowd.
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brighter projection, and it would become a standard part of most of the lanterns that were made later. Petit may have copied it from Walgensten, but he expressed that he made a lamp stronger than any he had ever seen.
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the skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations.
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Apart from sunlight, the only light sources available at the time of invention in the 17th century were candles and oil lamps, which were very inefficient and produced very dim projected images. The invention of the
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were invented and apart from being useful to some scientists, such instruments were especially popular as entertaining curiosities to people who could afford them. The magic lantern would prove a natural successor.
424:. This scared some courtiers, but the king dismissed their cowardice and requested to repeat the figure three times. The king died a few days later. After Walgensten died, his widow sold his lanterns to the
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Genuine public lantern shows are relatively rare. Several regular performers claim they are the only one of their kind in their part of the world. These include Pierre Albanese and glass harmonica player
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hour-glass projection: the projection of a flattened hourglass showed the sand flowing upwards. Extreme magnification made the effect extra impressive, with the grains of sand forming a wave-like pattern.
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Oeuvres complètes de Christiaan Huygens. Supplémént à la correspondance varia. Biographie de Chr. Huygens. Catalogue de la vente des livres de Chr. Huygens / publ. par la Société hollandaise des sciences
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a snow effect slide can add snow to another slide (preferably of a winter scene) by moving a flexible loop of material pierced with tiny holes in front of one of the lenses of a double or triple lantern.
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It is thought that optical devices like concave mirrors and the camera obscura have been used since antiquity to fool spectators into believing they saw real gods and spirits, but it was the magician
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Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether the viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images.
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lantern "animations" used two glass slides projected together — one with the stationary part of the picture and the other with the part that could be set in motion by hand or by a simple mechanism.
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described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides.
1058:. These were adapted with a mechanism that spins the disc and a shutter system. Duboscq produced some in the 1850s and Thomas Ross patented a version called "Wheel of life" in 1869 and 1870.
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in the 1860s eliminated the need for combustible gases or hazardous chemicals, and eventually the incandescent electric lamp further improved safety and convenience, although not brightness.
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documents dated in 1659, it is believed to have been made in the same year. Huygens soon seemed to regret this invention, as he thought it was too frivolous. In a 1662 letter to his brother
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1371:, Volume 83, Issue 6, June 1867, Pages 406-409; "A lens, as every one knows, inverts the image which it makes of any object; hence, in the magic lantern, we insert the image upside down."
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show in Paris from 1798 to 1803 (later performing throughout Europe and returning to Paris for a triumphant comeback in Paris in 1814). He patented a mobile "Fantascope" lantern in 1798.
1787:[The Recruitment Journey of M. Martini, S.J. through the Low Countries in 1654: About geomantic compasses, Chinese collections, light images and R.P. Wilhelm van Aelst, S.J.].
926:(circa 1865): a slide with an adjustable stylus bar for drawing geometric patterns on sooty glass when hand cranked during projection. The patterns are similar to that produced with a
3009:"The book of lantern ; being a practical guide to the working of the optical (or magic) lantern ; with full and precise directions for making and colouring lantern pictures"
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768:(see illustration below). Pieter was the brother of Jan van Musschenbroek, the maker of an outstanding magic lantern with excellent lenses and a diaphragm (see illustration above).
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new medium was not just used for horror shows, but that many kinds of subjects were projected. Griendel didn't mention scary pictures when he described the magic lantern to
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A mechanical device could be fitted on the magic lantern, which locked up a diaphragm on the first slide slowly whilst a diaphragm on a second slide opened simultaneously.
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In 1645, Kircher had already suggested projecting live insects and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror in his Steganographic system to perform dramatic scenes.
1785:"De recruteringstocht van M. Martini, S.J. door de Lage Landen in 1654: Over geomantische kompassen, Chinese verzamelingen, lichtbeelden en R.P. Wilhelm van Aelst, S.J."
1141:(Schröpfer-esque and Cagiostro-esque Ghost Apparitions) in Vienna from 1790 to 1792. Phylidor stated that his show of perfected apparitions revealed how charlatans like
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shows in the late 18th century, often with the lantern sliding on rails or riding on small wheels and hidden from the view of the audience behind the projection screen.
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cohesion figure projection of liquids: different oils and fats create many kinds of moving patterns when manipulated between clear glass plates or a narrow glass box.
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small brass wheels attached to the glass wheels. A paper slip mask would be quickly pulled away to reveal the red fiery discharge and the bullet from a shooting gun.
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with Jan van Musschenbroek's magic lantern projecting a monster. The depicted lantern is one of the oldest known preserved examples, and is in the collection of
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Pfragner, Julius. "An Optician Looks for Work". The Motion Picture: From Magic Lantern to Sound. Great Britain: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen Ltd. 9-21. Print.
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also detailed how projection on smoke could be used to create the illusion of ghosts hovering in the air, which would become a technique commonly used in
837:: a pulley rotates the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill (see: fig. 4 on illustration by Van Musschenbroek)
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screen, which could be simply a white wall, and it therefore formed an enlarged image of the slide on the screen. Some lanterns, including those of
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while in Ireland in 1803 or 1804. He thought of using two lanterns to make the spirit of Samuel appear out of a mist in his representation of the
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Several types of mechanical slides were described and illustrated in Dutch professor of mathematics, physics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy
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described or drew image projectors that had similarities to the magic lantern. In the 17th century, there was an immense interest in optics. The
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became available in 1823, with over 200 images in 56 frames of zoological figures, classified according to the system of the Swedish scientist
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19th century magic lantern with printed slide incorrectly inserted (upright, which would be projected by the lantern as an inverted picture)
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the first image while introducing the second image. The subject and the effect of magic lantern dissolving views is similar to the popular
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transfers. Many manufactured slides were produced on strips of glass with several pictures on them and rimmed with a strip of glued paper.
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who created what must have been the first true phantasmagoria show. He probably used mobile magic lanterns with the recently invented
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appearances in magical performances. Constantijn Huygens wrote about a camera obscura device that he got from Drebbel in 1622.
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Biunial lanterns, with two objectives, became common during the 19th century and enabled a smooth and easy change of pictures.
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in Paris From December 1792 to July 1793, probably using that term for the first time. As "Paul de Philipsthal," he performed
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in London in 1837. Childe further popularized the dissolving views at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s.
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Waddington, Damer. "Introduction". Panoramas, Magic Lanterns and Cinemas. Channel Islands, NJ: Tocan Books. xiii-xv. Print.
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3316:"Lanterne de projection (AP-94-33) - Collection - Catalogue des appareils cinématographiques - La Cinémathèque française"
620:'s tour of America in 1785–86, when he recommended that all college laboratories procure one. French writer and educator
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and may thus have been a very early adapter of the magic lantern technique that Huygens developed around this period.
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mid-20th century when it was superseded by a compact version that could hold many 35 mm photographic slides: the
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Movement of projected images was also possible by moving the magic lantern itself. This became a staple technique in
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2468:"Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade"
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2691:"The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800"
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Dutch theatre group Lichtbende produces contemporary magical light spectacles and workshops with magic lanterns.
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This tradition dates at least to 1671, with the arrival of instrument maker Johann Franz Griendel in the city of
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1713:"The Magic of the Magic Lantern (1660–1700): On Analogical Demonstration and the Visualization of the Invisible"
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theatre paintings that originated in Paris in 1822. 19th century magic lantern broadsides often used the terms
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A sketch of the lantern configuration (without a slide) from Huygens' letter to Pierre Petit (11 December 1664)
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There have been many different experiments involving sorts of movement with the magic lantern. These include:
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projection of moving frog legs, with the nerves and muscles of severed frog legs connected to electric wires.
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75:), slides were inserted upside down in the magic lantern, rendering the projected image correctly oriented.
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clarity over a long distance and expressed his hope that someone would find a method to improve on this.
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Magic lanterns had also become a staple of science lecturing and museum events since Scottish lecturer
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slide: a flattened coil with a magnetized needle moving from side to side when a battery is connected.
1642:
I Can See What You Cannot See! — Seeing Machines and Worlds of Images: The Collection of Werner Nekes
1124:
experiences. It was very popular in Europe from the late 18th century to well into the 19th century.
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a Newton colour wheel slide that, when spinning fast enough, blends seven colours into a white circle
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in 1622, while the oldest known clear description of a box-type camera is in German Jesuit scientist
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2941:"A rare and large Henry Langdon Childe Mahogany-Mounted and Brass Hand-Painted Chromatrope, pair o"
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3498:"THOMAS BLOCH ** ONDES MARTENOT - GLASSHARMONICA - CRISTAL BASCHET --- performances, ensembles..."
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904:: counter-rotating discs of perforated metal or card (or wire gauze or lace), producing swirling
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Mice jump into the mouth of a sleeping bearded man on a popular mechanical slide from circa 1870.
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An introduction to lantern history featuring images of lanterns, slides, and lantern accessories
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used Kircher's technique to show the journey from China to Belgium of Italian Jesuit missionary
257:. The portable camera obscura box with a lens was developed in the 17th century. Dutch inventor
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Ich sehe was, was Du nicht siehst! — Sehmaschinen und Bilderwelten: Die Sammlung Werner Nekes
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3023:"Popular Educator a Complete Encyclopaedia of Elementary, Advanced, and Technical Education"
2838:
1679:
Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing
853:. Two different British patents for slides with moving jointed figures were granted in 1891.
36:
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A live Magic Lantern performance with accompaniment of crystal instruments is proposed here
3257:
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3098:"Ghost Notes: Reading Mervyn Heard's Phantasmagoria. The Secret Life of the Magic Lantern"
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After 1820 the manufacturing of hand colored printed slides started, often making use of
1784:
508:. Reeve was soon selling magic lanterns, demonstrated one in his shop on 17 May 1663 to
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who, in 1674, published about seeing the machine of the "erudite Dane" in 1665 in Lyon.
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2495:
2369:
2022:"Early Magic Lantern Illustrations: What Can They Tell Us About Magic Lantern History?"
1971:
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Various types of mechanisms were commonly used to add movement to the projected image:
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Several types of projection systems existed before the invention of the magic lantern.
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added more powerful light sources to optimize the projection of photographic slides.
3454:"Fragile images of Devon on show for the first time in a century | The Exeter Daily"
2373:
1608:. Vol. CXIX, no. 3092. 3 April 1925. p. 407 – via Google Books.
1580:
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2479:
2351:
2306:
The Female Thermometer: Eighteenth-Century Culture and the Invention of the Uncanny
1724:
943:
796:
Mechanical slides for a magic lantern as illustrated in Petrus van Musschenbroek's
784:
planets. From around the 1820s mechanical astronomical slides became quite common.
609:
used magic lanterns to perform his "Ombres Chinoises" (Chinese shadows), a form of
258:
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104:
3606:
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730:, which included a detailed description of the construction of the magic lantern.
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1993:
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Versions of the magic lantern were used to project transparent variations of the
996:
952:
Advertisement with picture of a triple lantern / dissolving view apparatus (1886)
667:
440:
435:, but they have not been preserved. Walgensten is credited with coining the term
382:
311:
80:
60:
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and soon added as a novelty to the program of the Royal Polytechnic Institution.
281:
3801:
3786:
3766:
3736:
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3008:
2839:"Early Animation: the Alexis du Pont Stereoviews and Lantern Slides Collection"
2421:"'The Perfectionist Projectionist': Philip Carpenter, 24 Regent Street, London"
1864:
1842:
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1102:
985:
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1737 etching/engraving of an organ grinder with a magic lantern on her back by
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1948:
1827:
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1128:
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is considered as one of the possible inventors of the magic lantern. He knew
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68:
19:
This article is about the early type of image projector. For other uses, see
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3225:
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MerkwĂĽrdige Reisen durch Niedersachsen, Holland und Engelland - Erster Theil
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Starting in 1661, Huygens corresponded with London optical instrument-maker
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2356:
2340:"Mistress of Her Art: Anne Laura Clarke, Traveling Lecturer of the 1820s"
1581:
Laterna Magica – the simple device that changed the way we view the world
1367:"Erecting the inverted image In the magic lantern", Henry Morton, Ph.D.,
1223:
A collaborative research project of several European universities called
1132:
1073:
956:
The effect of a gradual transition from one image to another, known as a
881:
863:
617:
610:
181:
1532:"Glass Transparencies: Marketing Photography's Luminosity and Precision"
867:
Slide with a fantoccini trapeze artist and a chromatrope border design (
163:, were invented by the German-born brothers Ernst Wilhelm (William) and
3846:
3816:
3646:, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
2994:"The Royal Polytechnic Institution ... Catalogue for 1841. New edition"
2959:
1744:
1712:
1146:
1121:
927:
227:
64:
3288:. Media History Digital Library. Berlin : G m. b. H. (Hackebeil).
3796:
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2792:
2790:
2394:
1896:"Pour des representations par le moyen de verres convexes Ă la lampe"
1527:
1068:
710:
709:
Christiaan Huygens' 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to
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region in France) and became a common sight in many European cities.
471:
223:
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185:
3615:
2483:
2235:"About the Construction of The Magic Lantern, or The Sorcerers Lamp"
2042:
1941:"About the Construction of The Magic Lantern, or The Sorcerers Lamp"
1531:
1420:"The Tour of the World by Magic Lantern: Eugene Danguy's Diaphorama"
908:
patterns of bright white dots. It was invented by English scientist
3841:
3372:
2574:"Stillwater History: Magic Lanterns and Technological Obsolescence"
475:
193:
3632:
3377:. The Lantern Projections Colloquium. The British Academy, London.
2864:"Magic lantern - collection of moving magic lantern slides part 1"
2787:
2705:
2285:
2102:
1633:
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between 1814 and 1815 for illustrating his astronomical lectures.
365:
at the Louvre, Christiaan asked Lodewijk to sabotage the lantern.
184:
in the 1790s helped to make the images brighter. The invention of
3677:'s Digital Gallery. The lantern slides are part of the library's
2103:"Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys » Picturegoing"
1280:
1149:
had fooled their audiences. As "Paul Filidort," he presented his
1049:
962:
662:
The popularity of magic lanterns waned after the introduction of
565:
412:
285:
Illustration of Kircher's Steganographic mirror in his 1645 book
261:
is thought to have sold one to Dutch poet, composer and diplomat
493:
Huygens must have familiarized several people with the lantern.
28:
2724:
Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations
1812:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart, Germany: FĂĽsslin Verlag. p. 19.
1297:
1042:
Several of these experiments were publicly demonstrated at the
948:
446:
188:
in the 1820s made them even brighter, emitting about 6000-8000
3650:
Images of Lantern Slides from the National Museum of Australia
3621:
3011:. London : Wyman & Sons – via Internet Archive.
2286:"Sense and Nonsense in the use of Technology in Media History"
2395:"Holden, Moses (DNB00) - Wikisource, the free online library"
1216:
1111:
Interpretation of Robertson's Fantasmagorie from F. Marion's
980:
The effect was reportedly invented by phantasmagoria pioneer
599:
3644:
Joseph Boggs Beale collection of magic lantern illustrations
728:
Centuriae opticae pars altera seu dialogi optici pars tertia
67:—on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more
2202:(in Latin). Univ Santiago de Compostela. pp. 767–769.
663:
3374:
The 19th Century German Origins of the Phantasmagoria Show
3359:
Schröpferischen, und Cagliostoischen Geister-Erscheinungen
2635:"Natural Magic: A Short Cultural History of Moving Images"
2290:
Die Medien und ihre Technik. Theorien, Modelle, Geschichte
1926:"Aanhangsel II bij het eerste Complement van de Dioptrica"
1138:
Schröpferischen, und Cagliostoischen Geister-Erscheinungen
738:
would not be capable of making" (translated from French).
239:
The magic lantern can be seen as a further development of
2744:
2720:
2309:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 146.
1202:—to further animate the figures and for special effects.
1195:
860:
Mechanical slides with abstract special effects include:
637:
In 1821, Philip Carpenter's London company, which became
3479:"A Million Pictures | Magic Lantern Slide Heritage"
3210:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1083:
250:. The use of a lens in the hole has been traced back to
3628:
University of Tasmania Library Lantern Slide Collection
3162:
Phantasmagoria: The Secret History of the Magic Lantern
1157:
shows in Britain beginning in 1801 with great success.
2155:"Wednesday 22 August 1666 (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)"
1772:. Rome, Italy: Sumptibus Hermanni Scheus. p. 912.
1171:
666:
in the 1890s, but they remained a common medium until
455:
Illustration of an early southern German lantern from
3402:
The Magazine of Science, and Schools of Art - Vol. IV
2292:. Marburg, Germany: SchĂĽren – via Academia.edu.
1564:"William and Frederick Langenheim at Historic Camera"
787:
555:
121:
and Jan van Musschenbroek, used three lenses for the
3666:
QUT Digital Collections - Historical images of Japan
3129:
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction
2249:"Magic lantern - The mistery of the misplaced lens"
2129:"Sunday 19 August 1666 (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)"
1160:One of many showmen who were inspired by Phylidor,
3056:Extracts from the papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone
3588:website with more than 8000 lantern slides online
3514:
3199:
3197:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2776:
2613:"The Magic Lantern and Moving Images before 1800"
1863:Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695) Auteur du texte.
1843:"Replicating 18th Century Magic Lantern Practice"
1840:
1232:Magic lantern images by Theodore Green, from the
543:One of Christiaan Huygens' contacts imagined how
192:. The invention of the intensely bright electric
3864:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3025:. Cassell. 22 May 2018 – via Google Books.
2905:"Luikerwaal - Mechanical special effects slides"
2331:
2182:letter from Pierre Guisony to Christiaan Huygens
1395:[The Magic Lantern in the Netherlands].
292:The 1645 first edition of German Jesuit scholar
3052:
1550:"Improvement in photographic pictures on glass"
1072:first professional public demonstration of the
387:Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus — Tomus secundus
3194:
2892:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2015:
2013:
1717:The British Journal for the History of Science
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1088:John Arthur Roebuck Rudge built a lantern for
1050:Choreutoscope and phenakistiscope-type systems
159:The first photographic lantern slides, called
3700:
3601:Cinema and its Ancestors: The Magic of Motion
3122:
3120:
3118:
3082:
2996:. 29 September 1845 – via Google Books.
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2759:
2428:Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society
1964:"An Introduction to Lantern History (Part 4)"
1850:Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society
1841:Engels, Wolfgang; Staubermann, Klaus (2016).
1636:. In von Dewitz, Bodo; Nekes, Werner (eds.).
381:Walgensten's magic lantern as illustrated in
3308:
3232:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
2095:
1955:
1852:. No. 130. p. 40 – via CORE.
1136:
1067:was purportedly invented around 1866 by the
447:Possible German origins: Wiesel and Griendel
3489:
3364:
2591:
2571:
2147:
2044:The Origins of the Magic Lantern in Germany
2010:
1879:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1612:
1522:
1520:
1189:Street cart with magic lantern. Japan, 1915
385:
53:
3707:
3693:
3207:Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies
3115:
2803:
2663:
2259:
2121:
1644:]. Göttingen, Germany: Steidl Verlag.
1606:Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal
1585:
564:Illustration of a lantern slide depicting
3655:The Magic Lantern Society, United Kingdom
3547:"Lanternists - The Magic Lantern Society"
3281:
3164:. Hastings, England: The Projection Box.
3136:
3039:The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art
2453:A Companion to the Magic Lantern: Part II
2447:
2355:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2189:
1961:
1671:
1669:
1602:"The Evolution of Scientific Instruments"
1375:
733:In 1675, German polymath and philosopher
63:that used pictures—paintings, prints, or
3633:LUCERNA - The Magic Lantern Web Resource
3495:
3343:(2007). "Remember the Phantasmagoria!".
3238:
3187:The Art-journal, New Series, Volume XIII
3007:Hepworth, Thomas Cradock (22 May 1888).
3006:
2082:
2080:
2060:"The True Inventor of the Magic Lantern"
1992:
1869:. M. Nijhoff – via gallica.bnf.fr.
1517:
1390:
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559:
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450:
439:, assuming he communicated this name to
376:
330:
280:
276:
143:
90:
35:
27:
3622:Magic Lantern – A School of Cinema
3451:
3370:
3203:
2703:
2693:. 22 May 2018 – via Google Books.
2639:The Routledge Companion to Film History
2632:
2610:
2572:Chamberlain, Amelia (9 February 2020).
2465:
2283:
2195:
2057:
2040:
2019:
1923:
1908:
1805:
1782:
1765:
1710:
1631:
1417:
744:In 1698, German engraver and publisher
372:
3865:
3714:
2836:
2745:Mannoni; Campagnoni; Robinson (1995).
2669:
2418:
2337:
2302:
2223:
1675:
1666:
622:Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis
306:In 1654, Belgian Jesuit mathematician
3688:
3159:
3035:
2086:
2077:
2006:] (in Latin). Vol. Secundus.
1909:Huygens, Christiaan (19 April 1662).
1526:
1450:"Biunial and Triunial Magic Lanterns"
1357:
1084:Life in the lantern - Bio-Phantoscope
570:Collegium experimentale sive curiosum
527:- projection of hellfire or purgatory
326:
3339:
3333:
2515:"A Refersher on German Toy Lanterns"
2512:
2004:The Course or The Mathematical World
1489:"All about magic lantern slides (2)"
670:became widespread during the 1950s.
657:
3255:
3095:
2837:Harris, Skylar (17 February 2020).
2641:. Milton Park, England: Routledge.
2233:Kircher, Athanasius; Rendel, Mats.
1893:
1862:
1346:(1855–1920), magic lantern lecturer
1172:Royal Polytechnic Institution shows
937:
13:
3662:at the New-York Historical Society
3618:The American Magic Lantern Theater
3609: – feat. Pierre Albanese and
3522:"American Magic-Lantern Theater -"
2957:
2777:Van Musschenbroek, Pieter (1739).
2721:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1675).
2267:"The miracle of the magic lantern"
2087:Petit, Pierre (28 November 1664).
1938:
1418:Mannoni, Laurent (December 2012).
788:Various types of mechanical slides
556:Educational use and other subjects
482:
148:A paper rimmed mass-produced slide
14:
3919:
3579:
3452:Youlden, Mary (11 January 2018).
3388:Affiches, annonces et avis divers
3075:The Magic Lantern - Vol. 1. No. 2
3053:Wheatstone, Charles (1850–1875).
2960:"Dick Balzer's Website: Homepage"
2798:Encyclopedia of the Magic Lantern
1994:Dechales, Claude François Milliet
1962:Auckland, George; Heard, Mervyn.
1369:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1324:List of lantern slide collections
1096:
535:Illustration from Kircher's 1671
523:Illustration from Kircher's 1671
487:
271:Magia universalis naturæ et artis
234:
3603:Video interview with Tom Gunning
2820:"Luikerwaal - Mechanical Slides"
1288:
1272:
1256:
1240:
1164:became very famous with his own
673:
174:
165:Friedrich (Frederick) Langenheim
3557:
3539:
3471:
3445:
3427:
3409:
3393:
3381:
3351:
3292:
3275:
3249:
3178:
3066:
3046:
3029:
3015:
3000:
2986:
2970:
2951:
2933:
2915:
2874:
2856:
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2753:
2738:
2714:
2697:
2683:
2626:
2565:
2540:
2506:
2459:
2441:
2412:
2387:
2296:
2277:
2241:
2173:
2051:
2034:
1986:
1945:A Page About Athanasius Kircher
1932:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1856:
1834:
1799:
1776:
1759:
1704:
1682:. New York City: W. W. Norton.
1594:
1574:
1556:
1542:
1397:Het Photohistorisch Tijdschrift
1393:"De toverlantaarn in Nederland"
51:, also known by its Latin name
3282:Liesegang, Franz Paul (1926).
3258:"Projection Phenakistoscope 1"
2089:"Letter to Christiaan Huygens"
1999:Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus
1809:Laterna Magica = Magic Lantern
1507:"All about lantern slides (1)"
1499:
1481:
1475:"All about lantern slides (1)"
1467:
1442:
1411:
1384:
1017:
754:Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach
21:Magic lantern (disambiguation)
1:
3592:Joseph Boggs Beale Collection
2670:Gorman, Michael John (2007).
2067:The New Magic Lantern Journal
1424:The New Magic Lantern Journal
1350:
1044:Royal Polytechnic Institution
991:Another possible inventor is
868:
422:King Frederick III of Denmark
411:–1681), a mathematician from
405:
251:
244:
199:
101:Physices Elementa Mathematica
86:
3660:The Lantern Slide Collection
2766:(in German). pp. 62–63.
2472:Science Museum Group Journal
2288:. In Segeberg, Harro (ed.).
2196:Kircher, Athanasius (1671).
1924:Huygens, Christiaan (1694).
1911:"letter to Lodewijk Huygens"
1766:Kircher, Athanasius (1645).
1311:Australia and New Zealand).
1234:Royal Albert Memorial Museum
823:slipping slides with masking
808:A stereopticon magic lantern
764:'s second edition (1739) of
321:
111:
7:
3347:. MIT Press/Leonardo Books.
2796:The Magic Lantern Society.
2637:. In Guynn, William (ed.).
2185:(in French). 25 March 1660.
1317:
1220:the slides for exhibition.
1180:
1076:to explain its principles.
607:François Dominique Séraphin
395:Thomas Rasmussen Walgensten
10:
3924:
2338:Ganter, Granville (2014).
1329:Projector (disambiguation)
1100:
941:
701:
496:In 1664 Parisian engineer
203:
18:
3898:Precursors of photography
3722:
3638:The Magic Lantern Society
3105:The Magic Lantern Gazette
2843:Hagley Museum and Library
2780:Beginsels Der Natuurkunde
2673:Inside the Camera Obscura
2522:The Magic Lantern Gazette
2466:Roberts, Phillip (2017).
2344:The New England Quarterly
2199:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
2029:The Magic Lantern Gazette
1968:The Magic Lantern Society
1769:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
1729:10.1017/S0007087405006709
1676:Snyder, Laura J. (2015).
1662:– via Academia.edu.
1135:to create his successful
798:Beginsels Der Natuurkunde
766:Beginsels Der Natuurkunde
735:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
579:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
550:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
537:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
525:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
349:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
299:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
287:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae
135:
3675:Cleveland Public Library
3671:Lantern Slide Collection
3616:Live Magic Lantern Shows
3262:www.stephenherbert.co.uk
1205:
762:Pieter van Musschenbroek
3569:logister.home.xs4all.nl
3551:www.magiclantern.org.uk
3242:The book of the lantern
3239:Hepworth, T.C. (1888).
2707:Leibniz and the Lantern
2633:Huhtamo, Erkki (2010).
2419:Talbot, Stuart (2006).
1391:Buddingh, Daan (2007).
746:Johann Christoph Weigel
644:The Elements of Zoology
605:In France in the 1770s
593:(after Edme Bouchardon)
462:Collegium Experimentale
426:Royal Danish Collection
59:, was an early type of
40:Magic lantern slide by
16:Type of image projector
3624:Film Institute Chennai
3371:Rossell, Deac (2001).
3301:U.S. Patent No. 93,594
3204:Rossell, Deac (1998).
3160:Heard, Mervyn (2006).
2760:Von Uffenbach (1753).
2704:Rossell, Deac (2002).
2611:Rossell, Deac (2005).
2303:Castle, Terry (1995).
2284:Rossell, Deac (2004).
2058:Rossell, Dean (2001).
2041:Rossell, Deac (2004).
2020:Rossell, Deac (2009),
1806:Rossell, Deac (2008).
1783:Golvers, Noël (1994).
1711:Vermeir, Koen (2005).
1632:Rossell, Deac (2002).
1339:Catadioptric telescope
1190:
1162:Etienne-Gaspard Robert
1143:Johann Georg Schröpfer
1137:
1116:
953:
875:
841:rack and pinion slides
809:
801:
683:
594:
573:
540:
528:
466:
391:
386:
336:
289:
171:and patented in 1850.
149:
108:
54:
44:
33:
3526:magiclanternshows.com
2647:10.4324/9780203841532
2552:Magic Lantern Society
1894:Huygens, Christiaan.
1265:Cantharellus cibarius
1188:
1110:
1090:William Friese-Greene
951:
866:
807:
800:(second edition 1739)
795:
681:
639:Carpenter and Westley
633:Mass slide production
591:Anne Claude de Caylus
588:
563:
539:- projection of Death
534:
522:
510:Balthasar de Monconys
454:
380:
334:
284:
277:Steganographic mirror
204:Further information:
147:
94:
42:Carpenter and Westley
39:
31:
3417:"What is Utsushi-e?"
3405:. 1843. p. 410.
3036:Timbs, John (1867).
2945:www.the-saleroom.com
2430:(88). Archived from
2357:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00418
1129:"physicist" Phylidor
993:Henry Langdon Childe
887:Henry Langdon Childe
724:Francesco Eschinardi
548:edition of his book
417:university of Leiden
373:Walgensten, the Dane
97:Willem 's Gravesande
3596:Harry Ransom Center
3245:. pp. 171–203.
3132:. 1842. p. 98.
2982:. 21 December 1844.
2882:"Fantoccini Slides"
2399:en.m.wikisource.org
1951:on 18 January 2008.
1789:De Zeventiende Eeuw
1634:"The Magic Lantern"
1213:Museum of Precinema
982:Paul de Philipsthal
363:Louis XIV of France
347:'s 1645 edition of
263:Constantijn Huygens
248: 1000 AD
3903:Italian inventions
3883:Display technology
3873:Precursors of film
3716:Precursors of film
3483:A Million Pictures
3285:Zahlen und quellen
3256:Herbert, Stephen.
2964:www.dickbalzer.com
2927:www.luikerwaal.com
2909:www.luikerwaal.com
2886:www.luikerwaal.com
2868:www.luikerwaal.com
2824:www.luikerwaal.com
2783:. p. 617+633.
2747:Light and Movement
2513:Koch, Joe (2009).
2437:on 7 October 2011.
2271:www.luikerwaal.com
2253:www.luikerwaal.com
1493:www.luikerwaal.com
1281:Chichorium intybus
1225:A Million Pictures
1191:
1117:
954:
910:Charles Wheatstone
876:
810:
802:
684:
595:
574:
545:Athanasius Kircher
541:
529:
512:, and sold one to
467:
392:
345:Athanasius Kircher
341:Christiaan Huygens
337:
327:Christiaan Huygens
316:Christiaan Huygens
294:Athanasius Kircher
290:
150:
119:Christiaan Huygens
109:
45:
34:
3860:
3859:
3757:Electrotachyscope
3747:Chronophotography
3435:"Taneita(Slides)"
3345:MediaArtHistories
3304:. 10 August 1869.
2958:Balzer, Richard.
2578:Stillwater Living
2449:Carpenter, Philip
1819:978-3-940769-00-8
1689:978-0-393-07746-9
977:interchangeably.
894:Astrometeoroscope
847:fantoccini slides
773:Edmé-Gilles Guyot
658:Waning popularity
415:, studied at the
216:Leonardo da Vinci
3915:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3586:magic-lantern.eu
3573:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3458:The Exeter Daily
3449:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3312:
3306:
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3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3096:Huhtamo, Erkki.
3093:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2860:
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2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2548:"Lantern Slides"
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2425:
2416:
2410:
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2359:
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2294:
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2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:. 22 August 2009
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:. 19 August 2009
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:. 6 October 2016
2107:picturegoing.com
2099:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2008:
2007:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:on 19 April 2018
1970:. Archived from
1959:
1953:
1952:
1947:. Archived from
1936:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1870:
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1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1292:
1276:
1260:
1249:Armillaria melea
1244:
1200:Karakuri puppets
1140:
944:Dissolving views
938:Dissolving views
873:
870:
668:slide projectors
516:in August 1666.
434:
410:
407:
403:
389:
339:Dutch scientist
259:Cornelis Drebbel
256:
253:
249:
246:
220:Cornelis Drebbel
212:Giovanni Fontana
105:Museum Boerhaave
57:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3893:History of film
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3837:Théâtre Optique
3807:Phenakistiscope
3718:
3713:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3501:thomasbloch.net
3494:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3446:
3439:www.f.waseda.jp
3433:
3432:
3428:
3421:www.f.waseda.jp
3415:
3414:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3320:cinematheque.fr
3314:
3313:
3309:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3250:
3237:
3233:
3218:
3202:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3100:
3094:
3083:
3078:. October 1874.
3072:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3005:
3001:
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2987:
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2835:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2484:10.15180/170707
2464:
2460:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2388:
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2242:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1760:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1674:
1667:
1652:
1630:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1568:Historic Camera
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1536:PhotoResearcher
1525:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1344:Henry Underhill
1320:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1208:
1183:
1174:
1105:
1099:
1086:
1052:
1020:
997:Adelphi Theatre
967:dissolving view
946:
940:
871:
817:slipping slides
790:
704:
676:
660:
635:
558:
490:
485:
483:Further history
449:
441:Claude Dechales
428:
408:
397:
383:Claude Dechales
375:
329:
324:
312:Martino Martini
279:
254:
247:
237:
208:
202:
177:
138:
114:
89:
81:slide projector
61:image projector
55:lanterna magica
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Magic lanterns
3875:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Phantasmagoria
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Megalethoscope
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Kaiserpanorama
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3737:Camera obscura
3734:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3589:
3581:
3580:External links
3578:
3575:
3574:
3556:
3538:
3513:
3496:Thomas Bloch.
3488:
3470:
3444:
3426:
3408:
3392:
3380:
3363:
3350:
3332:
3307:
3291:
3274:
3248:
3231:
3216:
3193:
3177:
3170:
3135:
3114:
3081:
3065:
3045:
3028:
3014:
2999:
2985:
2969:
2950:
2947:. 7 July 2016.
2932:
2923:"Chromatropes"
2914:
2891:
2873:
2855:
2829:
2802:
2786:
2769:
2752:
2737:
2713:
2696:
2682:
2662:
2655:
2625:
2620:Barockberichte
2590:
2564:
2539:
2505:
2458:
2440:
2411:
2386:
2350:(4): 709–746.
2330:
2315:
2295:
2276:
2258:
2240:
2222:
2208:
2188:
2172:
2159:pepysdiary.com
2146:
2133:pepysdiary.com
2120:
2094:
2076:
2050:
2033:
2009:
1985:
1954:
1939:Rendel, Mats.
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
1855:
1833:
1818:
1798:
1775:
1758:
1723:(2): 127–159.
1703:
1688:
1665:
1650:
1611:
1593:
1584:
1573:
1555:
1541:
1516:
1498:
1480:
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1441:
1410:
1383:
1374:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1336:
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1326:
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1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1207:
1204:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1155:Phantasmagoria
1151:Phantasmagorie
1103:Phantasmagoria
1101:Main article:
1098:
1097:Phantasmagoria
1095:
1085:
1082:
1056:phénakisticope
1051:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1019:
1016:
986:Witch of Endor
942:Main article:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
920:
913:
898:
890:
858:
857:
854:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
789:
786:
778:phantasmagoria
703:
700:
696:phantasmagoria
675:
672:
659:
656:
634:
631:
557:
554:
489:
488:Early adopters
486:
484:
481:
448:
445:
437:Laterna Magica
374:
371:
328:
325:
323:
320:
278:
275:
241:camera obscura
236:
235:Camera obscura
233:
201:
198:
176:
173:
137:
134:
113:
110:
88:
85:
73:camera obscura
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3920:
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3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3853:
3852:Zoopraxiscope
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Magic lantern
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Kinematoscope
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
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3721:
3717:
3710:
3705:
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3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3680:
3679:W. Ward Marsh
3676:
3672:
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3664:
3661:
3658:
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3653:
3651:
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3252:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:0-585-06234-X
3213:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3171:9781903000120
3167:
3163:
3156:
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3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
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3131:
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2679:. p. 44.
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2209:9788481218428
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2072:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
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1935:
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1912:
1905:
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1651:3-88243-856-8
1647:
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1521:
1512:
1511:De Luikerwaal
1508:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1484:
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1455:
1454:De Luikerwaal
1451:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
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1387:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Zoopraxiscope
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1286:
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1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1166:Fantasmagorie
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:Choreutoscope
1059:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
971:dioramic view
968:
964:
959:
950:
945:
932:
929:
925:
924:Cycloidotrope
921:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
865:
861:
855:
852:
851:jumping jacks
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:pulley slides
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
799:
794:
785:
781:
779:
774:
769:
767:
763:
758:
755:
749:
747:
742:
739:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
715:
712:
707:
699:
697:
692:
688:
680:
674:Moving images
671:
669:
665:
655:
651:
649:
648:Carl Linnaeus
645:
640:
630:
628:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
592:
587:
583:
580:
571:
567:
562:
553:
551:
546:
538:
533:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:Richard Reeve
502:
499:
494:
480:
477:
473:
464:
463:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
432:
427:
423:
418:
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396:
388:
384:
379:
370:
366:
364:
359:
353:
350:
346:
342:
333:
319:
317:
313:
309:
308:André Tacquet
304:
301:
300:
295:
288:
283:
274:
272:
269:'s 1657 book
268:
267:Gaspar Schott
264:
260:
242:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:Light sources
172:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
146:
142:
133:
131:
130:Stereopticons
126:
124:
120:
106:
102:
99:'s 1720 book
98:
93:
84:
82:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
50:
49:magic lantern
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
3888:Optical toys
3812:Praxinoscope
3781:
3732:Anorthoscope
3611:Thomas Bloch
3568:
3565:"LICHTBENDE"
3559:
3550:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3463:22 September
3461:. Retrieved
3457:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3390:. 1793-07-23
3387:
3383:
3373:
3366:
3361:flyer. 1790.
3358:
3353:
3344:
3341:Grau, Oliver
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:
3310:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3251:
3241:
3234:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3161:
3128:
3108:
3104:
3074:
3068:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3031:
3017:
3002:
2988:
2979:The Athenæum
2978:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2848:22 September
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2832:
2823:
2797:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2723:
2716:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2672:
2665:
2638:
2628:
2619:
2583:20 September
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2567:
2557:22 September
2555:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2525:
2521:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2432:the original
2427:
2414:
2404:17 September
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2347:
2343:
2333:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2213:. Retrieved
2198:
2191:
2181:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1967:
1957:
1949:the original
1944:
1934:
1919:
1913:(in French).
1904:
1898:(in French).
1889:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1836:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:(in Dutch).
1788:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1678:
1641:
1637:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1469:
1459:16 September
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1434:16 September
1432:. Retrieved
1427:
1423:
1413:
1403:16 September
1401:. Retrieved
1399:. No. 2
1396:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1313:
1308:Thomas Bloch
1304:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1192:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1087:
1078:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1041:
1027:galvanometer
1021:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
979:
974:
973:, or simply
970:
966:
955:
923:
917:Kaleidotrope
916:
901:
893:
880:
859:
846:
840:
834:
829:lever slides
828:
822:
816:
811:
797:
782:
770:
765:
759:
750:
743:
740:
732:
727:
719:Robert Hooke
716:
708:
705:
693:
689:
685:
661:
652:
643:
636:
627:Moses Holden
615:
604:
596:
575:
569:
549:
542:
536:
524:
514:Samuel Pepys
503:
498:Pierre Petit
495:
491:
468:
460:
457:Johann Sturm
436:
393:
367:
354:
348:
338:
305:
297:
291:
286:
270:
238:
209:
178:
169:Philadelphia
160:
158:
154:decalcomania
151:
139:
127:
115:
100:
77:
52:
48:
46:
25:
3832:Thaumatrope
3827:Stereoscope
3822:Shadow play
3777:Kinetoscope
3742:Chromatrope
3727:Alethoscope
3681:Collection.
1928:(in Dutch).
1133:Argand lamp
1122:necromantic
1074:Kinetoscope
1018:Experiments
882:Chromatrope
872: 1880
722:same year,
618:Henry Moyes
611:shadow play
568:in Sturm's
429: [
409: 1627
398: [
255: 1550
182:Argand lamp
167:in 1848 in
65:photographs
3908:Projectors
3867:Categories
3847:Zograscope
3817:Raree show
3357:Phylidor.
2800:. p. 21-22
2730:26 January
1528:Timby, Kim
1351:References
1147:Cagliostro
928:Spirograph
726:published
228:microscope
200:Precursors
161:hyalotypes
95:A page of
87:Technology
3797:Peep show
3792:Mutoscope
3762:Flip book
3752:Cosmorama
3531:28 August
3506:28 August
3325:28 August
2534:1059-1249
2528:(3): 26.
2500:164263399
2492:2054-5770
2379:28 August
2366:0028-4866
2325:252550734
2215:19 August
2165:28 August
2139:28 August
2113:28 August
2073:(1): 8–9.
1978:28 August
1875:cite book
1828:315395149
1753:143404000
1737:0007-0874
1698:892514232
1660:248511845
1113:L'Optique
1069:Greenwich
902:Eidotrope
771:In 1770,
717:In 1668,
322:Invention
224:telescope
206:projector
186:limelight
123:objective
112:Apparatus
3842:Zoetrope
3226:42636554
2622:(40/41).
2451:(1823).
2374:57561922
1996:(1674).
1530:(2016).
1318:See also
1296:Russell
1181:Utushi-e
958:dissolve
912:in 1866.
476:Augsburg
472:NĂĽrnberg
361:of King
358:Lodewijk
296:'s book
194:arc lamp
107:, Leiden
3594:at the
3267:19 July
3190:. 1874.
1745:4028694
1298:drimeia
1228:Europe.
975:diorama
963:Diorama
711:animate
702:History
566:Bacchus
413:Gotland
3224:
3214:
3168:
2653:
2532:
2498:
2490:
2372:
2364:
2323:
2313:
2206:
1826:
1816:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1696:
1686:
1658:
1648:
1115:(1867)
664:movies
572:(1677)
465:(1677)
390:(1674)
190:lumens
136:Slides
69:lenses
3101:(PDF)
3060:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2496:S2CID
2478:(7).
2435:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2370:S2CID
2063:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
2002:[
1846:(PDF)
1749:S2CID
1741:JSTOR
1640:[
1538:(25).
1217:Padua
1206:Today
906:Moiré
600:Savoy
433:]
402:]
3533:2017
3508:2017
3465:2022
3327:2017
3269:2016
3222:OCLC
3212:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3111:(4).
2850:2022
2732:2017
2651:ISBN
2585:2022
2559:2022
2530:ISSN
2488:ISSN
2406:2015
2381:2017
2362:ISSN
2321:OCLC
2311:ISBN
2217:2010
2204:ISBN
2167:2017
2141:2017
2115:2017
1980:2017
1881:link
1824:OCLC
1814:ISBN
1733:ISSN
1694:OCLC
1684:ISBN
1656:OCLC
1646:ISBN
1461:2022
1436:2022
1405:2022
1145:and
1061:The
922:the
915:the
900:the
892:the
879:the
226:and
218:and
47:The
3673:at
2643:doi
2480:doi
2352:doi
1725:doi
1430:(3)
1215:in
1196:Edo
3869::
3567:.
3549:.
3524:.
3481:.
3456:.
3437:.
3419:.
3318:.
3260:.
3220:.
3196:^
3138:^
3117:^
3109:18
3107:.
3103:.
3084:^
2962:.
2943:.
2925:.
2907:.
2894:^
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2866:.
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1966:.
1943:.
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245:c.
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1727::
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1407:.
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930:.
874:)
404:(
23:.
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