537:
813:
the lines of communication to imperial defense factories, from the transmission of messages to the command of the civil service bureaux, to prevent rebellion, to control the administration and apply the laws: sore points for the late ancient State, and for this reason a subject of great concern to the central government and, what’s more if one thinks about it, the reason for the very frequent orders concerning the collective responsibility of government departments. The presence of agents in rebus, who through long familiarity with administrative functioning, we're experts in jobs of varying responsibilities must have guaranteed the efficient carrying out of technical work, administrative surveillance and political control,“ p. 71
1098:
95:
3259:
1084:
812:
Giardina “the agentes in rebus were part of a widespread system of control. There were various sectors of the government that they operated as guarantees of political security. These sectors covered all vital nerve tissue bundles (“ganglia”) (or focuses of strength metaphorically) of the State from
281:
through the secretariats from other ministries such as the prefectures, the
Treasury ('res summa, from 319 the Sacrae Largitions,') and the Crown Estates ('res privata'), though higher officials and military officers always had the right and duty to communicate with the emperors if the matter was
894:
A. Piganiol, L’empire chretien (325-395), 1947, p. 321 “lui-meme ne depend pas des prefets du pretoire, mais directemente du prince; le prefet ne peut intercepter ses rapports, et c’est au prince, non pas au prefets, qu’on fait appel des decisions judicaires du vicaire,” p.
337:, without the praetorian prefect's involvement, and vetted all business coming in and going out of the office and countersigned all documents. A law of 387 forbids the legal staffs of the prefects and vicars from instituting legal proceedings without the
481:
The office survived as a bureaucratic function in the eastern half of the Roman Empire, but during the late 7th or the 8th century, most of the office's administrative functions were removed, and it was converted into the dignity of
276:
became a kind of "Minister of
Internal Security, Administrative Oversight and Communications". The holders of the office were the emperor's chief watchdogs. Almost all routine business was channeled to the office of the
194:, because they were notes made by the emperor on documents presented to him, and also handled replies to petitions to the emperor. The second handled correspondence with foreign potentates and with the
627:
recorded the presence of 24. The rank continued in existence thereafter, but lost increasingly in importance. In the late 10th and 11th centuries, it was often held in combination with the title of
1428:
667:; Gianfranco Purpura agrees with E. Stein and Blum that the reassignment took place sometime between 341–346; but William G. Sinnigen dates it to the reign of Constantine, citing
2138:
2371:
198:
and the cities, the third dealt with appeals from lower courts and petitions from those involved in them, and the fourth handled the documents issued in
1351:
1261:
3247:
1601:
1502:
2935:
1512:
1445:
1460:
1455:
1060:
2536:
1522:
1497:
3296:
2887:
2870:
1527:
1507:
3301:
2586:
2432:
2404:
2048:
2040:
1517:
1450:
1114:
The Office of the Grand
Chamberlain in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires. Two Studies in Later Roman and Byzantine Administration
412:
In the course of time, the office also took over the coordination of foreign affairs (already in the late 4th century, the official
2782:
2143:
592:. From the reign of Michael III on, the title was conferred on more holders, effectively becoming a court rank, the highest in the
2631:
536:
3111:
2636:
331:
was a key position: his role was to control the staff, not to do paperwork; he composed confidential reports directly for the
208:, a corps of trusted messengers who also functioned in a bureaucratic role as monitors of the imperial administration, to the
3035:
1795:
1788:
1344:
1205:
1184:
593:
2787:
2646:
1934:
1778:
3116:
2529:
3217:
1783:
1250:
1229:
1161:
363:
2280:
1337:
3286:
3252:
3074:
1606:
1374:
803:
Giardina, Andrea, Aspetti della burocrazia nel basso Impero, Edizioni dell Ateneo & Bizzarri, 1977, pp. 45-93
1127:
The
Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
145:), but was probably created sometime soon after 312–13, probably as part of an effort to limit the power of the
3222:
3212:
3084:
3005:
2823:
2691:
2263:
2207:
2128:
1995:
1320:
1152:
327:, and by extension the emperor, on-the-spot "watchdogs" over the upper echelons of the administration, as the
3291:
3079:
3069:
2984:
2739:
2524:
1959:
588:"), and who was again one of the senior ministers of the state (without specific functions) and head of the
527:, who supervised the Public Post and foreign affairs, while the imperial bodyguard was transformed into the
442:, who held the position from 539 to 565 and undertook numerous diplomatic missions in this role for Emperor
3153:
3121:
3025:
2734:
2706:
2514:
2053:
2877:
2519:
2366:
2123:
1874:
873:
Palme, Bernhard, ‘Die
Officia der Statthalter in der Spatantike,’ Antiquite Tardive, 7, 1999, pp. 108-110
1219:
3197:
3143:
2882:
2754:
2744:
2444:
2324:
2202:
2133:
2021:
1990:
1833:
1773:
259:
202:
and the translation of Latin documents into Greek. Constantine also transferred the supervision of the
3057:
2581:
2437:
2222:
2113:
2000:
2356:
2108:
1595:
1474:
3262:
2686:
2412:
2232:
2118:
1103:
320:
75:. In Byzantium, the office was eventually transformed into a senior honorary rank, simply called
116:
regiments, and assorted arms and armour attesting the office's control of the imperial arsenals.
3187:
2777:
2619:
2063:
1869:
1843:
1838:
1611:
1587:
1583:
1550:
253:
247:
2905:
2759:
1949:
1859:
1823:
1708:
1438:
1433:
523:
135:
57:
557:
3148:
3131:
2952:
2711:
2676:
2559:
2496:
2491:
2026:
1969:
624:
613:
458:
431:
344:
s permission or order (as an additional means of determining the validity of a legal suit.
316:
94:
166:. He was also appointed head of the palatine secretariats, divided into four bureaux, the
8:
2058:
1974:
1964:
1591:
1579:
1466:
1194:
Kelly, Christopher (2006). "Bureaucracy and
Government". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.).
1125:
1089:
439:
1280:
Sinnigen, William G. (1962). "Three
Administrative Changes ascribed to Constantius II".
3136:
3126:
3000:
2671:
2554:
2471:
2334:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1636:
1402:
1297:
1215:
1173:
958:
669:
529:
506:
387:
146:
107:
68:
3258:
3192:
3097:
3030:
3010:
2978:
2910:
2897:
2818:
2813:
2564:
2329:
2179:
1698:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1316:
1246:
1225:
1201:
1180:
1157:
1147:
909:
454:
162:
3062:
2855:
2803:
2749:
2716:
2666:
2459:
2449:
2227:
1915:
1807:
1730:
1713:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1575:
1360:
1289:
634:
589:
348:
223:
The office rose quickly in importance: initially ranked as a regimental commander,
204:
72:
131:), the office can first be definitely traced to the year 320, during the reign of
3207:
3040:
3020:
3015:
2970:
2960:
2920:
2915:
2865:
2860:
2641:
2247:
2164:
2159:
1899:
1889:
1725:
1719:
1703:
1681:
1671:
1656:
1310:
1240:
1195:
495:
291:
263:). In order of precedence in 372 they ranked in the highest of senatorial ranks,
3045:
2925:
2658:
2417:
2311:
2297:
2096:
1800:
1555:
1135:
664:
660:
304:
199:
195:
48:
1069:, "Magister officiorum" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1267; "Vestes" (A. Kazhdan), p. 2162.
505:), however, the full former title was remembered: his powerful father-in-law,
3280:
2965:
2842:
2808:
2546:
2481:
2454:
2339:
1954:
1894:
1140:
The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and
Administrative Survey
653:
A. E. R. Boak and James E. Dunlap date the change of the jurisdiction to the
633:. From the late 11th century it was considerably devalued, especially in the
604:
308:
265:
132:
2726:
2701:
2681:
2486:
2464:
2319:
1567:
1562:
1396:
462:
417:
241:
1329:
3227:
3202:
2696:
2506:
2273:
1879:
1864:
564:
552:
470:
443:
828:
112:: the codicil of his office on a stand, shields with the emblems of the
2501:
2361:
2351:
2184:
2174:
1884:
1121:
438:
s supervision. One of the most important incumbents of this office was
413:
121:
1301:
3050:
2930:
2422:
2290:
2237:
2169:
409:
and was ordered to bring them up to full strength and effectiveness.
405:
312:
973:
430:
records the presence of four secretaries in charge of the so-called
2576:
2476:
2427:
2285:
2217:
2005:
1293:
598:
466:
352:
285:
In a move that further strengthened the authority and power of the
225:
1221:
The
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527
289:, sometime in the early 340s he was made inspector-general of the
2942:
2828:
2769:
2268:
2242:
1920:
120:
Although some scholars have supported its creation under
Emperor
2571:
2346:
2212:
629:
546:
876:
785:
773:
686:
608:) of Philotheos, written in 899, implies the existence of 12
510:
347:
The office's powers were further enhanced in the eastern (or
235:
67:) was one of the most senior administrative officials in the
28:
509:, is recorded once again as "master of the divine offices" (
269:, behind the prefects, urban prefects and highest generals.
2850:
245:
was one of the top four palatine officials (along with the
985:
840:
1269:
Annali del Seminario Giuridico dell'Università di Palermo
816:
857:
855:
761:
403:
was made inspector-general of the border army units or
81:(μάγιστρος), until it disappeared in the 12th century.
1179:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
703:
701:
307:
governors: the praetorian prefects, the vicars of the
220:
as they were also known, gave the office great power.
1048:
1038:
1036:
1021:
997:
190:. The first bureau handled imperial decisions called
153:) the Roman emperor's chief administrative official.
1079:
936:
852:
751:
749:
637:, and disappeared entirely by the mid-12th century.
734:
698:
494:, μαγίστρισσα). At least until the time of Emperor
295:, the State Post. Perhaps at the same time, senior
62:
16:
Senior administrative officials in the Roman Empire
1312:The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People
1172:
1033:
1009:
1197:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine
746:
602:in the mid-10th century. The List of Precedence (
160:was first given command of the palace guard, the
3278:
1156:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1720:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1345:
731:, "Magister officiorum" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1267
1359:
654:
516:
421:
385:
379:
332:
105:
99:
32:
21:
1352:
1338:
1214:
1111:
991:
822:
384:. These last changes are reflected in the
351:) half of the Empire in 395, when Emperor
1224:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1200:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1279:
1262:"I curiosi e la schola agentum in rebus"
861:
535:
515:). In his administrative functions, the
229:, by the end of Constantine's reign the
93:
84:
2608:
1308:
1259:
1027:
846:
426:for this reason), and in the East, the
3279:
1238:
1112:Boak, A. E. R.; Dunlap, J. E. (1924).
692:
303:) of the staffs of the most important
3176:
2607:
2392:
2084:
1751:
1372:
1333:
1193:
1170:
1134:
979:
953:
951:
942:
882:
834:
791:
779:
767:
740:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
707:
366:of some of its jurisdiction over the
2393:
1120:
1054:
1042:
1015:
1003:
755:
612:, while during the reign of Emperor
89:
2095:
1242:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395
574:) there seem to have been only two
476:
453:). The office was also retained in
13:
1245:. London and New York: Routledge.
1153:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1130:. London: Oxford University Press.
948:
713:
14:
3313:
3297:Latin political words and phrases
3218:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1315:. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill.
1282:The American Journal of Philology
1116:. New York and London: Macmillan.
392:, a list of all offices compiled
364:Praetorian Prefecture of the East
3302:Byzantine administrative offices
3257:
1096:
1082:
578:, the senior of whom was termed
1607:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1429:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1146:
1066:
916:
898:
888:
867:
806:
728:
647:
618:
569:
500:
488:(Greek: μάγιστρος, female form
448:
357:
140:
126:
71:and the early centuries of the
2692:Great Palace of Constantinople
2433:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1752:
797:
596:until the introduction of the
420:were under the control of the
399:. In the year 443 the eastern
188:scrinium epistolarum Graecarum
1:
1175:Ruling the Later Roman Empire
680:
393:
374:) and the imperial arsenals (
3154:University of Constantinople
2735:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2085:
1885:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1574:Byzantine successor states (
1260:Purpura, Gianfranco (1973).
929:12, 21 1; 6 (399); 8 (435) =
640:
521:was replaced chiefly by the
512:μάγιστρος τῶν θείων ὀφφικίων
98:The insignia of the Eastern
7:
2824:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1880:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1875:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1373:
1171:Kelly, Christopher (2004).
563:Until the reign of Emperor
239:and member of the imperial
63:
10:
3318:
3213:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3177:
1834:Comes sacrarum largitionum
1142:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1075:
925:6, 28, 4 (387); 6 (399) =
837:, Vol. I, pp. 128-29, 369.
511:
461:, and was held by eminent
323:. The placements gave the
260:comes sacrarum largitionum
170:, each under a respective
3240:
3183:
3172:
3093:
2993:
2951:
2896:
2841:
2796:
2783:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2768:
2725:
2657:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2603:
2545:
2403:
2399:
2388:
2310:
2256:
2195:
2152:
2104:
2091:
2080:
2039:
2014:
1983:
1942:
1933:
1908:
1852:
1816:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1620:
1536:
1483:
1414:
1385:
1381:
1368:
1239:Potter, David S. (2004).
378:) and handed them to the
299:were appointed as heads (
196:provincial administration
52:
2357:Droungarios of the Fleet
695:, pp. 371, 670–671.
584:(πρωτομάγιστρος, "first
212:. Control of the feared
2871:Early Byzantine mosaics
2233:Domestic of the Schools
1309:Tougher, Shaun (1997).
1104:Byzantine Empire portal
3287:Positions of authority
3188:Byzantine commonwealth
1950:Praetorian prefectures
1870:Logothetes tou genikou
1844:Quaestor sacri palatii
1839:Comes rerum privatarum
1612:Fall of Constantinople
1551:Sack of Constantinople
982:, Vol. I, pp. 203-369.
823:Boak & Dunlap 1924
655:
560:
517:
457:after the fall of the
422:
386:
380:
333:
254:comes rerum privatarum
248:quaestor sacri palatii
117:
106:
100:
64:magistros tōn offikiōn
53:μάγιστρος τῶν ὀφφικίων
22:
2888:Komnenian renaissance
2883:Macedonian period art
2788:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2760:Walls of Thessaloniki
1860:Logothetes tou dromou
1475:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1439:Valentinianic dynasty
1434:Constantinian dynasty
673:, 1, 6, 8 in support.
623:), the western envoy
539:
524:logothetēs tou dromou
136:Constantine the Great
97:
85:History and functions
3292:Ancient Roman titles
3085:Units of measurement
2819:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2712:Pammakaristos Church
2560:Corpus Juris Civilis
2511:Missionary activity
1970:Exarchate of Ravenna
1796:Imperial bureaucracy
625:Liutprand of Cremona
614:Nikephoros II Phokas
459:Western Roman Empire
432:Bureau of Barbarians
370:, the palace guard (
315:of the provinces of
180:scrinium epistularum
151:praefectus praetorio
104:as displayed in the
2609:Culture and society
2472:Ecumenical councils
1975:Exarchate of Africa
1965:Quaestura exercitus
1829:Magister officiorum
1824:Praetorian prefects
1467:Byzantine Dark Ages
1216:Martindale, John R.
1090:Ancient Rome portal
849:, pp. 181–183.
770:, pp. 206–208.
656:magister officiorum
594:Byzantine hierarchy
518:magister officiorum
440:Peter the Patrician
423:magister officiorum
381:magister officiorum
334:magister officiorum
184:scrinium libellorum
101:magister officiorum
23:magister officiorum
3026:Flags and insignia
2672:Baths of Zeuxippus
2555:Codex Theodosianus
2445:Oriental Orthodoxy
1403:Later Roman Empire
1148:Kazhdan, Alexander
1122:Bury, John Bagnell
959:Notitia Dignitatum
923:Codex Theodosianus
905:Codex Theodosianus
670:Codex Theodosianus
561:
558:Hervé Frankopoulos
507:Stylianos Zaoutzes
388:Notitia Dignitatum
282:important enough.
147:praetorian prefect
118:
108:Notitia Dignitatum
69:Later Roman Empire
3274:
3273:
3236:
3235:
3193:Byzantine studies
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
2979:Alexander Romance
2837:
2836:
2814:Nea Moni of Chios
2677:Blachernae Palace
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2565:Code of Justinian
2413:Eastern Orthodoxy
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2306:
2305:
2180:Scholae Palatinae
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2041:Foreign relations
2035:
2034:
1929:
1928:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1542:(1204–1453)
1207:978-0-52-152157-4
1186:978-0-67-401564-7
1057:, pp. 32–33.
1006:, pp. 29–32.
931:Codex Justinianus
927:Codex Justinianus
910:Codex Justinianus
794:, Vol. I, p. 378.
782:, Vol. I, p. 333.
455:Ostrogothic Italy
372:Scholae Palatinae
176:scrinium memoriae
163:Scholae Palatinae
90:Late Roman Empire
61:
42:Master of Offices
3309:
3261:
3174:
3173:
3117:Imperial Library
3063:Byzantine Greeks
2804:Daphni Monastery
2755:Panagia Chalkeon
2750:Hagios Demetrios
2717:Prison of Anemas
2667:Basilica Cistern
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2460:West Syriac Rite
2450:Alexandrian Rite
2401:
2400:
2394:Religion and law
2390:
2389:
2325:Maritime themata
2281:Palaiologan army
2134:Military manuals
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2081:
1940:
1939:
1916:Megas logothetes
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1622:By modern region
1543:
1490:
1489:(717–1204)
1421:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1361:Byzantine Empire
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1305:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1235:
1211:
1190:
1178:
1167:
1143:
1131:
1117:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
955:
946:
940:
934:
920:
914:
902:
896:
892:
886:
885:, Vol I, p. 128.
880:
874:
871:
865:
859:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
810:
804:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
744:
738:
732:
726:
711:
705:
696:
690:
674:
658:
651:
635:Komnenian period
622:
620:
590:Byzantine Senate
573:
571:
520:
514:
513:
504:
502:
477:Byzantine Empire
452:
450:
425:
398:
395:
391:
383:
361:
359:
343:
336:
205:agentes in rebus
144:
142:
130:
128:
111:
103:
73:Byzantine Empire
66:
56:
54:
46:
43:
40:
37:
34:
25:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3232:
3208:Cyrillic script
3179:
3160:
3105:
3089:
2989:
2971:Digenes Akritas
2947:
2892:
2833:
2797:Other locations
2792:
2764:
2721:
2653:
2642:Cross-in-square
2610:
2591:
2541:
2395:
2376:
2302:
2252:
2248:Varangian Guard
2191:
2165:East Roman army
2160:Late Roman army
2148:
2087:
2068:
2031:
2010:
1979:
1925:
1904:
1900:Epi ton deeseon
1890:Epi tou eidikou
1848:
1812:
1754:
1735:
1722:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1602:Palaiologan era
1544:
1541:
1532:
1503:Nikephorian era
1491:
1488:
1479:
1422:
1420:(330–717)
1419:
1410:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1323:
1264:
1253:
1232:
1208:
1187:
1164:
1136:Jones, A. H. M.
1102:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:, p. 1257.
992:Martindale 1980
990:
986:
978:
974:
956:
949:
941:
937:
921:
917:
907:6, 28 4 (387 =
903:
899:
893:
889:
881:
877:
872:
868:
860:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
811:
807:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
747:
739:
735:
727:
714:
706:
699:
691:
687:
683:
678:
677:
652:
648:
643:
617:
568:
499:
496:Leo VI the Wise
479:
447:
396:
368:cursus publicus
362:) stripped the
356:
341:
292:cursus publicus
139:
125:
92:
87:
44:
41:
38:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Byzantine Bath
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2659:Constantinople
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Byzantine Rite
2409:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:Grand domestic
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:Komnenian army
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Military units
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Battle tactics
2105:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:Medieval Greek
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:Fourth Crusade
1547:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Macedonian era
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:Theodosian era
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1294:10.2307/292919
1288:(4): 369–382.
1277:
1257:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1218:, ed. (1980).
1212:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1168:
1162:
1150:, ed. (1991).
1144:
1132:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
947:
945:, p. 208.
935:
915:
897:
887:
875:
866:
851:
839:
827:
815:
805:
796:
784:
772:
760:
745:
743:, p. 188.
733:
712:
710:, p. 189.
697:
684:
682:
679:
676:
675:
665:A. H. M. Jones
661:Constantius II
645:
644:
642:
639:
621: 963–969
581:prōtomagistros
572: 842–867
503: 886–912
478:
475:
463:Roman senators
451: 527–565
360: 395–408
143: 306–337
129: 284–305
91:
88:
86:
83:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Encyclopedias
3110:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Hellenization
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:Everyday life
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:Acritic songs
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Hosios Loukas
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Monophysitism
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Armenian Rite
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2372:Naval battles
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Protasekretis
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Komnenian era
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:Heraclian era
1459:
1457:
1456:Justinian era
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1252:0-415-10057-7
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1231:0-521-20159-4
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1163:0-19-504652-8
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 32.
1044:
1039:
1037:
1030:, p. 99.
1029:
1024:
1018:, p. 30.
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
976:
969:
965:
961:
960:
954:
952:
944:
939:
932:
928:
924:
919:
912:
911:
906:
901:
891:
884:
879:
870:
863:
862:Sinnigen 1962
858:
856:
848:
843:
836:
831:
825:, p. 34.
824:
819:
809:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
758:, p. 75.
757:
752:
750:
742:
737:
730:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
709:
704:
702:
694:
689:
685:
672:
671:
666:
662:
657:
650:
646:
638:
636:
632:
631:
626:
615:
611:
607:
606:
605:Klētorologion
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
566:
559:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
519:
508:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:
402:
390:
389:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
354:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
283:
280:
275:
270:
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:sacra scrinia
165:
164:
159:
154:
152:
148:
137:
134:
133:Roman emperor
123:
115:
110:
109:
102:
96:
82:
80:
79:
74:
70:
65:
59:
50:
30:
26:
24:
2977:
2745:Hagia Sophia
2727:Thessalonica
2702:Hagia Sophia
2682:Chora Church
2620:Architecture
2497:Great Schism
2487:Paulicianism
2465:Miaphysitism
2320:Karabisianoi
1828:
1624:or territory
1584:Thessalonica
1568:Latin Empire
1563:Frankokratia
1538:
1498:Isaurian era
1485:
1416:
1401:
1397:Roman Empire
1387:
1311:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1241:
1220:
1196:
1174:
1151:
1139:
1126:
1113:
1062:
1050:
1028:Tougher 1997
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
968:Pars Orient.
967:
963:
957:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
904:
900:
890:
878:
869:
847:Purpura 1973
842:
830:
818:
808:
799:
787:
775:
763:
736:
688:
668:
649:
628:
609:
603:
597:
585:
580:
579:
575:
562:
556:of the East
551:
545:
541:
540:Seal of the
528:
522:
490:
489:
484:
483:
480:
435:
427:
418:interpreters
411:
404:
400:
375:
371:
367:
346:
338:
328:
324:
300:
296:
290:
286:
284:
278:
273:
271:
264:
258:
252:
246:
242:consistorium
240:
234:
230:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
203:
192:annotationes
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
155:
150:
119:
113:
77:
76:
20:
18:
3228:Megali Idea
3203:Byzantinism
2906:Agriculture
2697:Hagia Irene
2530:Kievan Rus'
2507:Mount Athos
2330:Cibyrrhaeot
2274:Vestiaritai
2129:Mercenaries
2006:Catepanates
1865:Sakellarios
1784:Family tree
1709:Mesopotamia
1528:Angelid era
1508:Amorian era
693:Potter 2004
565:Michael III
553:stratēlatēs
491:magistrissa
471:Cassiodorus
444:Justinian I
414:translators
218:magistriani
3281:Categories
3223:Third Rome
3149:University
3132:Philosophy
3122:Inventions
2985:Historians
2953:Literature
2936:Varangians
2778:San Vitale
2707:Hippodrome
2687:City Walls
2587:Mutilation
2582:Hexabiblos
2502:Bogomilism
2492:Iconoclasm
2362:Megas doux
2352:Greek fire
2335:Aegean Sea
2208:Kleisourai
2185:Excubitors
2175:Bucellarii
2027:Despotates
1996:Kleisourai
1935:Provincial
1779:Coronation
1753:Governance
1518:Doukid era
1451:Leonid era
1322:9004108114
1275:: 165–275.
980:Jones 1964
943:Kelly 2004
913:12, 21, 1)
883:Jones 1964
835:Jones 1964
792:Jones 1964
780:Jones 1964
768:Kelly 2006
741:Kelly 2006
708:Kelly 2006
681:References
663:, as does
434:under the
397: 400
313:proconsuls
311:, and the
305:provincial
122:Diocletian
3051:Octoechos
2931:Silk Road
2423:Hesychasm
2291:Paramonai
2238:Hetaireia
2170:Foederati
2059:Diplomacy
2054:Diplomats
1960:Provinces
1789:Empresses
1592:Trebizond
1388:Preceding
1055:Bury 1911
1043:Bury 1911
1016:Bury 1911
1004:Bury 1911
964:Pars Occ.
933:12, 21, 4
756:Bury 1911
641:Footnotes
610:magistroi
586:magistros
576:magistroi
542:magistros
485:magistros
436:magister'
406:limitanei
349:Byzantine
301:Principes
266:illustres
78:magistros
58:romanized
3144:Scholars
3137:Rhetoric
3127:Medicine
3102:Learning
3001:Calendar
2878:Painters
2577:Basilika
2515:Bulgaria
2477:Arianism
2428:Hayhurum
2405:Religion
2367:Admirals
2286:Allagion
2218:Droungos
2124:Generals
2086:Military
2049:Treaties
1955:Dioceses
1774:Emperors
1687:Sardinia
1667:Dalmatia
1647:Bulgaria
1637:Anatolia
1596:Theodoro
1590: /
1586: /
1578: /
1138:(1964).
1124:(1911).
599:proedros
467:Boethius
465:such as
401:magister
376:fabricae
353:Arcadius
339:princeps
329:princeps
325:magister
309:dioceses
287:magister
279:magister
274:magister
231:magister
226:tribunus
210:magister
186:and the
172:magister
158:magister
3253:Outline
3198:Museums
3098:Science
3075:Slavery
3031:Gardens
3011:Cuisine
2943:Dynatoi
2911:Coinage
2898:Economy
2866:Mosaics
2829:Mystras
2770:Ravenna
2632:Secular
2520:Moravia
2269:Pronoia
2243:Akritai
2228:Tagmata
2203:Themata
2144:Revolts
2114:Battles
2022:Kephale
1991:Themata
1921:Mesazon
1763:Central
1699:Maghreb
1652:Corsica
1642:Armenia
1632:Albania
1375:History
1076:Sources
966:IX and
530:tagmata
428:Notitia
297:agentes
214:agentes
114:Scholae
60::
36:
3263:Portal
3178:Impact
3058:People
3006:Cities
2856:Enamel
2637:Sacred
2572:Ecloga
2438:Saints
2347:Dromon
2223:Bandon
2213:Tourma
2196:Middle
2119:Beacon
2001:Bandon
1984:Middle
1853:Middle
1808:Senate
1731:Thrace
1714:Serbia
1692:Sicily
1677:Greece
1662:Cyprus
1580:Epirus
1576:Nicaea
1486:Middle
1363:topics
1319:
1302:292919
1300:
1249:
1228:
1204:
1183:
1160:
630:vestēs
550:, and
547:vestēs
321:Achaea
317:Africa
233:was a
182:, the
178:, the
174:: the
3248:Index
3080:Death
3070:Women
3041:Music
3021:Dress
3016:Dance
2961:Novel
2921:Trade
2916:Mints
2861:Glass
2851:Icons
2647:Domes
2525:Serbs
2340:Samos
2153:Early
1943:Early
1817:Early
1726:Syria
1704:Malta
1682:Italy
1672:Egypt
1657:Crete
1588:Morea
1417:Early
1298:JSTOR
1273:XXXIV
1265:(PDF)
342:'
236:comes
216:, or
200:Greek
49:Greek
29:Latin
3046:Lyra
2926:silk
2537:Jews
2312:Navy
2257:Late
2097:Army
2064:Wars
2015:Late
1909:Late
1539:Late
1317:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1158:ISBN
895:354.
469:and
416:and
319:and
272:The
257:and
156:The
33:lit.
19:The
2843:Art
2547:Law
1290:doi
1067:ODB
970:XI.
729:ODB
659:to
3283::
1296:.
1286:83
1284:.
1271:.
1267:.
1035:^
962:,
950:^
854:^
748:^
715:^
700:^
619:r.
570:r.
544:,
533:.
501:r.
473:.
449:r.
394:c.
358:r.
251:,
141:r.
127:r.
55:,
51::
47:;
31:;
1598:)
1594:–
1582:–
1469:"
1465:"
1353:e
1346:t
1339:v
1325:.
1304:.
1292::
1255:.
1234:.
1210:.
1189:.
1166:.
864:.
616:(
567:(
498:(
446:(
355:(
149:(
138:(
124:(
45:'
39:'
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
