2500:
2692:, but in a way that is different from the vinayas of the Sthavira branch. According to this study, the earliest vinaya material common to all sects simply depicts Devadatta as a Buddhist saint who wishes for the monks to live a rigorous lifestyle. This has led Ray to regard the story of Devadatta as a legend produced by the Sthavira group. However, upon examining the same vinaya materials, Bhikkhu Sujato has written that the portrayals of Devadatta are largely consistent between the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya and the other vinayas, and that the supposed discrepancy is simply due to the minimalist literary style of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya. He also points to other parts of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya that clearly portray Devadatta as a villain, as well as similar portrayals that exist in the Lokottaravādin
2107:
1254:
891:
770:
575:
583:
2177:, because they did not personally hear the Buddha proclaim the Greater Vehicle. Among those who believed these sutras, there were some who did so because they had personally heard the Buddha proclaim the Greater Vehicle and therefore believed these sutras; others believed them, because it can be known through logical analysis that there is this principle ; and some believed them because they believed their masters. Those who did not believe did so because these sutras were self-made and because they were not included in the five
1389:
1315:
879:
6771:
1653:
6782:
2789:
2288:
4180:
4167:
2522:
47:
4078:"Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins"; Charles Prebish. Volume I of the Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions Series. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975, 156 pages. First Indian Edition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996. (This is only a translation of a small part of the Vinayas, on its own it is nearly useless.)
4157:
2440:, it is "clearly" the case that the Mahāyāna teachings originally came from the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as
2263:. Guang Xing states, "several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." These Mahāsāṃghikas had two famous monasteries near Amarāvati and the Dhānyakaṭaka, which gave their names to the schools of the Pūrvaśailas and the Aparaśailas. Each of these schools had a copy of the
632:, and it is explained that the schism resulted from the majority (Mahāsaṃgha) refusing to accept the addition of rules to the Vinaya by a smaller group of elders (Sthaviras). The Mahāsāṃghikas therefore saw the Sthaviras as being a breakaway group which was attempting to modify the original Vinaya and to make it more strict.
2657:
There are also fewer stories in general in the Vinaya of the subsidiary school, the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda, and many of them give the appearance of badly connected obvious interpolations, whereas in the structure of the
Sthavira recensions the stories are integrated into the whole scheme. In the
2490:
in the 7th century CE, the Mahāsāṃghika schools had essentially disappeared, and instead these travelers found what they described as "Mahāyāna." The region occupied by the Mahāsāṃghika was then an important center for Mahāyāna
Buddhism. Bareau has proposed that Mahāyāna grew out of the Mahāsāṃghika
1364:
A doctrine ascribed to the Mahāsāṃghikas is, "The power of the tathāgatas is unlimited, and the life of the buddhas is unlimited." According to Guang Xing, two main aspects of the Buddha can be seen in Mahāsāṃghika teachings: the true Buddha who is omniscient and omnipotent, and the manifested forms
1301:
Similarly, the idea that the lifespan of a Buddha is limitless is also based on very ancient ideas. The Mahāparinirvānasūtra states that the Buddha's lifespan is as long as an eon (kalpa) and that he voluntarily chose to give up his life. Another early source for the Mahāsāṃghika view that a Buddha
2722:
in 416 CE, and the completed translation is 40 fascicles in length. According to Faxian, in
Northern India, the vinaya teachings were typically only passed down by tradition through word of mouth and memorization. For this reason, it was difficult for him to procure manuscripts of the vinayas
2185:
Paramārtha also wrote about the origins of the Bahuśrutīya sect in connection with acceptance of Mahāyāna teachings. According to his account, the founder of the Bahuśrutīya sect was named Yājñavalkya. In Paramārtha's account, Yājñavalkya is said to have lived during the time of the Buddha, and to
1293:
parallel version is the most prominent evidence for the ancient source of the Mahāsāṃghika view of the Buddha. The sutra mentions various miracles performed by the Buddha before his birth and after. While the Pāli sutta uses the term bodhisattva for the Buddha before his birth, the
Chinese version
612:
Some
Buddhist historical sources mention that the cause for schism was a dispute over vinaya (monastic rule), mainly the desire of certain Sthaviras (elders) to add extra rules to make the vinaya more rigorous. Other sources, especially Sthavira sources like those of the Sarvastivada school, argue
2582:
The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya recension is essentially very similar to the other recensions, as they all are to each other. The Mahāsāṃghika recension differs most from the other recensions in structure, but the rules are generally identical in meaning, if the
Vibhangas (explanations) are compared. The
2087:
and Mahāyāna teachings. In the 6th century CE, Bhāvaviveka speaks of the Siddhārthikas using a Vidyādhāra Piṭaka, and the Pūrvaśailas and Aparaśailas both using a
Bodhisattva Piṭaka, all implying collections of Mahāyāna texts within the Mahāsāṃghika schools. During the same period, Avalokitavrata
1724:
Dessein also mentions that the school probably also had a
Bodhisattvapiṭaka, which included material that "in all likelihood consisted of texts that formed part of the early development of the bodhisattva path as an alternative career to that of the arhant, perhaps serving as a foundation for the
4064:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: a comparative study based on the Sūtrāṅga portion of the Pali Saṃyutta-Nikāya and the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama", Choong Mun-Keat, Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2000. (Contains an account of Master Yin-Shun's theory that the Samyukt'Agama is the oldest
2675:
three = six in the Ma-L) seems to better represent what would be expected of a root formulation which could lead to the variety of confused formulations we see (presumably later) in the other recensions. The formulation of this rule (as an example) also reflects a semi-parallel formulation to a
1449:
also taught that the
Bodhisattva was subject to the law of karma. If one attained arhathood, he was free of the karmic law; and once the arhat died, he entered nirvāṇa never to return to the world of saṃsāra. But living in the cycle of saṃsāra, the Bodhisattva was bound to the law of karma. In
2198:
In the Mahāsāṃghika school this Arhat recited completely the superficial sense and the profound sense. In the latter, there was the sense of the Mahāyāna. Some did not believe it. Those who believed it recited and retained it. There were in the Mahāsāṃghika school those who propagated these
1876:
and studied Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma with them for several months. On the basis of textual evidence as well as inscriptions at Nāgārjunakoṇḍā, Joseph Walser concludes that at least some Mahāsāṃghika sects probably had an abhidharma collection, and that it likely contained five or six books.
635:
Scholars have generally agreed that the matter of dispute was indeed a matter of vinaya, and have noted that the account of the Mahāsāṃghikas is bolstered by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the
Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya.
2193:
According to Paramārtha, the Bahuśrutīya school was formed in order to fully embrace both "conventional truth" and "ultimate truth." Bart Dessein links the Bahuśrutīya understanding of this full exposition to the Mahāyāna teachings. In his writings, Paramārtha also indicated as much:
1470:
use the principle of contemporaneous bodhisattvas to demonstrate the necessity of contemporaneous buddhas throughout the ten directions. It is thought that the doctrine of contemporaneous buddhas was already old and well established by the time of early Mahāyāna texts such as the
647:
Regarding the issue with Mahadeva's doctrine, this seems to have been a later doctrinal dispute within the Mahāsāṃghika community (which happened after the schism). The followers of Mahadeva seem to have been the precursors of the southern Mahāsāṃghika sects, like the Caitikas.
2139:, and were divided over whether the Mahāyāna teachings should be incorporated formally into their Tripiṭaka. According to this account, they split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of these Mahāyāna texts.
2491:
schools, and the members of the Mahāsāṃghika schools also accepted the teachings of the Mahāyāna. Additionally, the extant Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was originally procured by Faxian in the early 5th century CE at what he describes as a "Mahāyāna" monastery in Pāṭaliputra.
2466:
has stated that there can be found Mahāyāna ontology prefigured in the Mahāsāṃghika schools, and has offered an array of evidence to support this conclusion. Bareau traces the origin of the Mahāyāna tradition to the older Mahāsāṃghika schools in regions such as
639:
Modern scholarship therefore generally agrees that the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya is the oldest. According to Skilton, future historians may determine that a study of the Mahāsāṃghika school will contribute to a better understanding of the early Dhamma-Vinaya than the
1520:) which held that a moment of consciousness (citta) can be aware of itself as well as its intentional object. This doctrine arose out of their understanding of the Buddha's enlightenment which held that in a single moment of mind the Buddha knew all things.
1793:) Buddha, who across his countless past lives developed various abilities such as omniscience (sarvajñana), the lack of any need for sleep or food and being born painlessly without the need for intercourse. The text shows strong parallels with the Pali
2758:
region and further south. In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and Dao'an (654–717). In the early 8th century, Dao'an gained the support of
2190:. After Yājñavalkya emerged from this samādhi 200 years later, he discovered that the Mahāsāṃghikas were teaching only the superficial meaning of the sūtras, and therefore founded the Bahuśrutīya sect in order to expound the full meaning.
2479:, and so on. He then cites the Bahuśrutīyas and Prajñaptivādins as sub-sects of the Mahāsāṃghika that may have played an important role in bridging the flow of Mahāyāna teachings between the northern and southern Mahāsāṃghika traditions.
1687:
Of these texts, their Vinaya was translated into Chinese by Buddhabhadra and Faxian between 416 and 418 CE in the Daochang Monastery in Nanjing, capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In this text, their Abhidharma is defined as "the
1505:) belongs to the Mahāsāṃghikas. Every branch of these clearly drew the distinction between the mundane and the ultimate, came to emphasize the non-ultimacy of the mundane and thus facilitated the fixing of attention on the ultimate.
2662:
rules also, the phrasing (though generally identical in meaning to the other recensions) often appears to represent a clearer but less streamlined version, which suggests it might be older. This is particularly noticeable in the
1696:). This suggests that the early Mahāsāṃghikas rejected the abhidharmic developments that occurred within Sarvāstivāda circles. As is the case with their Vinayapiṭaka, also their Sutrapiṭaka seems to have consisted of five parts (
4075:, Taipei, Taiwan: the Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 2006. (Gives further evidence for the Anga-theory of Master Yin-Shun and the theory that the Samyukta-/ Samyutta- is the oldest organising principle.)
1354:) being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering a question, and always in meditation (
2168:
In this school, there were some who believed these sutras and some who did not. Those who did not believe them ... said that such sutras are made by man and are not proclaimed by the Buddha, ... that the disciples of the
2433:, some scholars of Buddhism have looked to the Mahāsāṃghika as the originators of Mahāyāna Buddhism. According to Akira Hirakawa, modern scholars often look to the Mahāsāṃghikas as the originators of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
1491:) truth. For the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism, the final and ultimate meaning of the Buddha's teachings was "beyond words," and words were merely the conventional exposition of the Dharma. K. Venkata Ramanan writes:
2412:
during the second half of the 2nd century CE, in a Mahāsāṃghika environment, probably in one of their centres along the western coastal region such as Karli, or perhaps, though less likely, the Amaravatī-Dhanyakaṭaka
1310:
states that the Buddha had way more knowledge than what he taught to his disciples. The Mahāsāṃghikas took this further and argued that the Buddha knew the dharmas of innumerable other Buddhas of the ten directions.
3382:
Buddhist Philosophy and Meditation Practice: Academic Papers Presented at the 2nd IABU Conference Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Main Campus Wang Noi, Ayutthaya, Thailand, 31 May–2 June 2012
4058:"Vinaya-Matrka — Mother of the Monastic Codes, or Just Another Set of Lists? A Response to Frauwallner's Handling of the Mahasamghika Vinaya"; Shayne Clarke. Indo-Iranian Journal 47: 77-120, 2004.
1016:), they possess nothing impure and are entirely provided with organs and members, rather than developing gradually. When they enter a womb, Bodhisattvas also take on the appearance of a white elephant.
2212:
Some early Mahāyāna sūtras reference wealthy female donors and provide evidence that they were developed in the Āndhra region, where the Mahāsāṃghika Caitika groups were predominant. The Mahāyāna
1225:
Material things last a long time and so go through transformation (as milk turns into curds), but mental factors and consciousnesses do not because they have a swift production and cessation.
4061:"A Survey of Vinaya Literature"; Charles Prebish. Originally, Volume I of The Dharma Lamp Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Jin Luen Publishing House, 1994, 157 pages. Now published by Curzon Press.
1464:, which describes the doctrines of the Mahāsāṃghikas. These two concepts of contemporaneous bodhisattvas and contemporaneous buddhas were linked in some traditions, and texts such as the
3822:
2199:
teachings, and others who did not propagate them. The former formed a separate school called "Those who have heard much" (Bahuśrutīya). It is from this school that there has come the
818:, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. The symbols sewn on the robes were the
1450:
contrast to this school the Mahāsāṃghika held that the Bodhisattva has already sundered karmic bondage and, therefore, is born in durgati out of his own free will, his deep vow (
3141:
1495:
The credit of having kept alive the emphasis on the ultimacy of the unconditioned reality by drawing attention to the non-substantiality of the basic elements of existence (
1430:, it is stated, "The Buddha knows all the dharmas of the countless buddhas of the ten directions." It is also stated, "All buddhas have one body, the body of the Dharma."
799:, contains a very similar passage corroborating this information. In both sources, the Mahāsāṃghikas are described as wearing yellow robes. The relevant portion of the
1460:
The concept of many bodhisattvas simultaneously working toward buddhahood is also found among the Mahāsāṃghika tradition, and further evidence of this is given in the
1426:
Like the Mahāyāna traditions, the Mahāsāṃghikas held the doctrine of the existence of many contemporaneous buddhas throughout the ten directions. In the Mahāsāṃghika
2080:
1549:) and so forth to apprehend, thus awareness can apprehend itself as well as others. This is like a lamp that can illuminate itself and others owing to its nature (
2746:
In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in
2381:. The Śātavāhana rulers gave rich patronage to Buddhism, and were involved with the development of the cave temples at Karla and Ajaṇṭā, and also with the Great
1811:
1465, p. 900b), translated into Chinese between 317 and 420, is a Mahasamghika Vinaya work which also provides a history of early Buddhism and its schisms.
609:
and Charles S. Prebish, the best date for the first schism and the creation of the Mahāsāṃghika as a separate community is 116 years after the Buddha's nirvana.
4055:"The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature"; Frauwallner, Serie Orientale Roma, 8. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
2723:
that were used in India. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was reputed to be the original vinaya from the lifetime of the Buddha, and "the most correct and complete."
1597:
are produced which soil it that it is said to be defiled. But these defilements, not being of the original nature of the mind, are called adventitious." The
807:
The Mahāsāṃghika school diligently study the collected sūtras and teach the true meaning, because they are the source and the center. They wear yellow robes.
3179:
Xing, Guang. An Enquiry into the Origin of the Mahasamghika Buddhology Authors. The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies, 2004, n. 5, p. 41-51.
1181:) which serves as the support (dsraya) for eye-perception and the other sensory perceptions, like the root of the tree is the principle of the leaves, etc.
4921:
1330:
to the Mahāsāṃghikas (Ekavyāvahārika, Lokottaravāda, and Kukkuṭika), twenty concern the supramundane nature of buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the
1483:
The Mahāsāṃghikas held that the teachings of the Buddha were to be understood as having two principal levels of truth: a relative or conventional (Skt.
5836:
4311:
2135:
with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. He states that 200 years after the parinirvāṇa of the Buddha, much of the Mahāsāṃghika school moved north of
2718:
in the early 5th century CE at a Mahāyāna monastery in Pāṭaliputra. This vinaya was then translated into Chinese as a joint effort between Faxian and
2331:
with the Mahāsāṃghikas, and concludes that the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region were responsible for the inception of the Tathāgatagarbha doctrine.
2610:(Matrix) which is also found embedded in the Vinayas of several of the Sthavira schools, suggesting that it is presectarian. The sub-sections of the
2309:
2131:, wrote about a special affiliation of the Mahāsāṃghika school with the Mahāyāna tradition. He associates the initial composition and acceptance of
2036:
4101:"Saiksa-dharmas Revisited: Further Considerations of Mahasamghika Origins"; Charles Prebish. History of Religions, 35, 3 (February, 1996), 258–270.
5840:
2346:
6064:
3829:
2243:
with patronage of Mahāyāna sūtras. Epigraphic evidence at Nāgārjunikoṇḍa also provides abundant evidence of royal and wealthy female donors.
1569:
also discusses this theory, and cites the sutra passage which the Mahāsāṃghikas drew on to defend it. The passage is quoted by Vasumitra as:
4092:"The Pratimoksa Puzzle: Fact Versus Fantasy"; Charles Prebish. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94, 2 (April–June, 1974), 168–176.
594:. Traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous, but it is agreed that the overall result was the first schism in the
4281:
3977:
773:
A Chinese Buddhist monk in a yellow robe. Chinese Buddhist monks often use the same color robes that some Mahāsāṃghika sects used in India.
3083:
2606:
of the Sthavira derived schools. However, their structure is simpler, and according to recent research by Clarke, the structure follows a
1524:
3427:
Dessein, Bart (2009). "The Mahāsāṃghikas and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism: Evidence Provided in the *"Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣāśāstra"".
4389:
613:
that the main cause was a doctrinal issue. They blame a figure named Mahadeva with arguing for five divisive points, four of which see
4124:
4146:
883:
4095:"A Review of Scholarship on the Buddhist Councils"; Charles Prebish. Journal of Asian Studies, XXXIII, 2 (February, 1974), 239–254.
1466:
1350:, expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power (
427:
1860:
However, other sources indicate that there were such collections of abhidharma. During the early 5th century, the Chinese pilgrim
695:
subschool itself claimed to be of the 'Middle Country', i.e. Ganges Basin region in the north of India. The Mahāsāṃghikas and the
6656:
6108:
6311:
4291:
4098:"Theories Concerning the Skandhaka: An Appraisal"; Charles Prebish Journal of Asian Studies, XXXII, 4 (August, 1973), 669–678.
2543:
1303:
620:
Andrew Skilton has suggested that the problems of contradictory accounts about the first schism are solved by the Mahāsāṃghika
2671:
in general in all the recensions. Yet the formulation of certain rules which seem very confused in the other recensions (e.g.
3103:
2499:
1898:
work by a figure known as Harivarman (250–350). Some scholars including A.K. Warder, attribute the work to the Mahāsāṃghika-
4474:
4316:
3472:
2350:, indicates that these texts were first circulated in South India and then gradually propagated up to the northwest, with
1756:(337–422 CE) contains proto-Mahayana elements and "reflects the nascent formation of the Mahāyāna Dharma teachings."
6651:
1839:, Volume 17, text No. 807) is a text preserved in some Sanskrit fragments as well as in Tibetan and Chinese translation.
715:
6548:
6098:
4193:
3520:
Tse-fu Kuan. (2013). Legends and Transcendence: Sectarian Affiliations of the Ekottarika Āgama in Chinese Translation.
1422:
His body does not grow tired, ill or old, and is not affected by cold or heat, it only appears to have these qualities.
2583:
features of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya recension which suggest that it might be an older redaction are, in brief, these:
2325:, along with four major arguments for this association. Anthony Barber also associates the earlier development of the
1671:(Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya) provides some insight into the format of this school's textual canon. They appear to have had a
4394:
2998:
2763:, and an imperial edict was issued that the saṃgha in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.
2569:
6641:
2551:
2088:
speaks of the Mahāsāṃghikas using a "Great Āgama Piṭaka," which is then associated with Mahāyāna sūtras such as the
1019:
Bodhisattvas, because they want to help beings become perfect, make vows to be reborn in bad destinations (durgati).
6326:
6071:
1046:
There are no indeterminate (avyakrta) things (dharma), that is, there are no dharmas that are neither good nor bad.
517:) represents the oldest Buddhist monastic source. While the Mahāsāṃghika tradition is no longer in existence, many
4118:
2650:
represents the earliest collection among the Nikayas / Agamas, and this may well imply that it is also the oldest
2417:
In the 6th century CE, Paramārtha wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas revere the sūtras which teach the Tathāgatagarbha.
1988:
Manuscripts and fragments that have survived from this monastery's collection include the following source texts:
1906:
work. Chinese sources mention that he was initially a Sautrantika teacher who later lived with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
6817:
6718:
6708:
4537:
2731:
Although Faxian procured the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya in India and had this translated into Chinese, the tradition of
3543:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
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6663:
6316:
6118:
6009:
5954:
4527:
2547:
2336:
6633:
6331:
6014:
4306:
4139:
6216:
6088:
6059:
5761:
420:
4086:
4052:
Mahasamghika and Mahasamghika-Lokuttaravadin Vinayas in Chinese translation; CBETA Taisho digital edition.
2852:
2676:
closely related rule for Bhiksus which is found in a more similar form in all the Vinayas (Pc64 in Pali).
1400:
The Mahāsāṃghika Lokānuvartanā sūtra makes numerous supramundane claims about the Buddha, including that:
56:
5907:
5816:
5286:
4931:
4444:
4339:
1393:
5451:
85:
6756:
6236:
5712:
5198:
4321:
4154:
3608:
Lin, Qian. Mind in Dispute: The Section on Mind in Harivarman’s *Tattvasiddhi, University of Washington
2396:
and related texts, Stephen Hodge estimates a compilation period between 100 CE and 220 CE for the
2327:
1103:
The self-presence of mind is bright. It is soiled (i.e. darkened) by adventitious secondary defilement.
5646:
2062:
624:, which is the earliest surviving account of the schism. In this account, the council was convened at
6646:
6459:
6449:
6321:
5304:
4884:
4645:
4620:
2760:
2719:
1115:
602:
and the Mahāsāṃghika nikāya, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was.
4670:
2321:
schools). Wayman has outlined eleven points of complete agreement between the Mahāsāṃghikas and the
2106:
1974:
890:
6751:
6103:
5917:
5895:
5888:
5791:
5324:
4944:
4760:
4705:
4326:
4132:
3142:
Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable, The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines
2532:
2774:
2255:
teachings were first developed by the Caitika subsect of the Mahāsāṃghikas. They believe that the
2186:
have heard his discourses, but was in a profound state of samādhi during the time of the Buddha's
1413:
He did not really suffer and struggle to attain enlightenment for six years, this was just a show.
6812:
6688:
6668:
5999:
5979:
5736:
5466:
4710:
2536:
1864:
is said to have found a Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma at a monastery in Pāṭaliputra. Furthermore, when
1825:(Taishō Tripiṭaka 125) to belong to the Mahāsāṃghika school, though this is still up for debate.
722:. This Caitika branch included the Pūrvaśailas, Aparaśailas, Rājagirikas, and the Siddhārthikas.
591:
495:
413:
27:
3981:
2711:
2460:, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra."
2385:
at Amarāvati. During this time, the Śātavāhana Dynasty also maintained extensive links with the
1930:
1836:
1808:
1342:
In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence (
1298:. This points to the idea that the Buddha was already awakened before descending down to earth.
521:
look to the Mahāsāṃghika tradition as an early source for some ideas that were later adopted by
6698:
6538:
6206:
6176:
5949:
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5741:
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3473:
Mahāsāṃghika and Mahāyāna: An Analysis of Faxian and the Translation of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya
2807:
1253:
930:
According to this source, some of the key doctrines defended by Indian Mahāsāṃghikas include:
923:, Ch: 異部宗輪論) of Vasumitra (a Sarvāstivāda scholar, c. 2nd century CE), which was translated by
487:
475:
246:
237:
200:
5028:
1416:
He never gets hungry, he only manifests this in order to allow others to gain merit by giving.
769:
574:
6703:
6673:
6254:
6186:
6019:
5934:
5929:
5853:
5848:
5766:
4296:
3491:
2002:
1958:
1322:, India. The Buddha statue is flanked by bodhisattvas Padmapani (left) and Manjushri (right).
1176:
5319:
1970:
6726:
6693:
6678:
6196:
6093:
6039:
5924:
5863:
5831:
5826:
5811:
5796:
5786:
5751:
5664:
5356:
5279:
4582:
4522:
4271:
4238:
4188:
3095:
1962:
176:
64:
6566:
5181:
5050:
4976:
4852:
4590:
3145:, pp. 97-101. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
1005:
The Buddhas remain in all directions. There are Buddhas everywhere in the four directions.
8:
6533:
6412:
6246:
6221:
6211:
6171:
6148:
6031:
6004:
5964:
5883:
5873:
5801:
5728:
5159:
5016:
4797:
4775:
4727:
4547:
4347:
4203:
4183:
2802:
2157:
1077:
700:
256:
156:
151:
4507:
4434:
4112:
3054:
2178:
2007:
1752:
Zhan Ru also notes that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (Chinese: Mohe Sengqi Lü) translated by
1733:
According to Zhihua Yao, the following Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya texts are extant in Chinese:
80:
6596:
6501:
6343:
6306:
6301:
6231:
6181:
6128:
6123:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5959:
5944:
5939:
5878:
5858:
5821:
5746:
5551:
5252:
5176:
5054:
4996:
4837:
4737:
4665:
4640:
4286:
4216:
3511:
Lamotte, Etienne, History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era, p. 189.
3436:
2378:
2377:
and related texts, seems to indicate a region in southern India during the time of the
2217:
1356:
1206:
843:
726:
582:
278:
6395:
3380:
Skorupski, Tadeusz. “Consciousness and Luminosity in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism.” In
2236:
1637:
The sphere of neither identification nor nonidentification (naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana)
1286:
855:
785:
came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes (Skt.
599:
491:
381:
331:
295:
6774:
6736:
6432:
6417:
6380:
6365:
6138:
6054:
5969:
5806:
5771:
5756:
5483:
5473:
5154:
5001:
4986:
4857:
4780:
4700:
4635:
4567:
4454:
4211:
3532:
3099:
2994:
2259:
originated amongst the southern Mahāsāṃghika schools of the Āndhra region, along the
2094:
1676:
1640:
The own-nature of the members of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpādāṅgasvabhāva)
1545:). Schools like Mahāsāṃghika hold the following view: It is the nature of awareness (
1497:
1434:
1054:
1023:
975:
787:
595:
449:
223:
218:
5718:
4512:
4412:
2358:
gives a more detailed account by mentioning the points of distribution as including
2317:
in the 3rd century as a product of the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region (i.e. the
1993:
1258:
867:
374:
356:
324:
90:
6422:
6375:
6370:
6226:
6191:
6166:
6161:
5912:
5868:
5781:
5456:
5112:
5105:
4889:
4879:
4765:
4429:
4301:
3528:
3476:
3317:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3301:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3262:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3219:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3127:(Ecole Fransaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955), Chapitre I 'Les Mahasanghika', pp. 55-74.
3091:
2732:
2076:
1899:
1887:
1516:
1441:) in order to help liberate other sentient beings. As described by Akira Hirakawa:
815:
681:
553:
503:
453:
351:
273:
115:
5501:
2654:
too. (N.B. this does not necessarily say anything about the age of the contents).
2153:
1766:
863:
696:
692:
530:
308:
261:
6786:
6731:
6683:
6611:
6481:
6279:
6259:
6201:
6113:
5776:
5674:
5521:
5257:
5240:
5225:
5203:
4755:
4625:
4459:
4439:
3621:
3330:
Echoes from an Empty Sky: The Origins of the Buddhist Doctrine of the Two Truths.
2812:
2794:
2476:
2314:
2240:
2132:
1966:
1452:
617:
as a lesser kind of spiritual attainment (which still has ignorance and desire).
5531:
4685:
4675:
4049:"Arya-Mahasamghika-Lokuttaravadin Bhiksuni-Vinaya"; edited by Gustav Roth, 1970.
3246:
Xing, Guang, The Lokānuvartanā Sūtra, Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol IV, 2006.
2463:
1501:
1410:
His body and mouth does not get dirty, he only makes a show of cleaning himself.
502:. The Mahāsāṃghika nikāya developed into numerous sects which spread throughout
363:
6741:
6444:
6294:
6076:
5656:
5636:
5556:
5245:
5235:
5169:
5006:
4492:
4355:
4121:(input by Abhisamacarika-Dharma Study Group, Taisho University); GRETIL Archive
4072:
3973:
3415:
Buddhist Sects of the Small Vehicle (Les Sectes Bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule),
2769:
was ordained in the Mahāsāṃghika lineage. However, because the Tibetan Emperor
2639:
2441:
2409:
2252:
2170:
1820:
1782:
1437:, and are born out of their own free will into lower states of existence (Skt.
1404:
He was not produced through union of father and mother, but magically produced.
1388:
1372:
1314:
1290:
974:
The Buddha’s heart never tires of converting living beings by awakening faith (
734:
719:
711:
141:
2449:
2408:), or a major portion of it, together with related texts were compiled in the
1903:
1615:(phenomena, realities) which were unconditioned or unconstructed (asaṃskṛta):
1599:
1433:
In the view of Mahāsāṃghikas, advanced bodhisattvas have severed the bonds of
1269:
The Mahāsāṃghikas advocated the transcendental and supramundane nature of the
346:
6801:
6511:
6360:
5669:
5571:
5429:
5230:
5208:
5144:
4815:
4610:
4605:
4497:
4166:
2986:
2904:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 8: Buddhist Philosophy 100-350 AD.
2736:
2487:
2386:
2363:
2304:
2260:
2221:
2174:
2143:
2083:
in their canon, and Paramārtha wrote that the Bahuśrutīyas accepted both the
2028:
2020:
1407:
His feet never touch the ground or get dirty, his footprints are only a show.
999:
730:
669:
542:
445:
388:
338:
186:
70:
4969:
4959:
4331:
3480:
1765:(Sanskrit for "Great Event" or "Great Story") is the most well known of the
1365:
through which he liberates sentient beings through his skillful means (Skt.
482:. They were one of the two original communities that emerged from the first
6601:
6586:
6556:
6506:
6496:
6338:
6133:
5626:
5461:
5339:
5127:
5122:
4949:
4820:
4695:
4156:
2740:
2685:
2504:
2426:
2276:
2148:
1982:
1881:
1869:
1680:
1446:
1347:
1262:
984:
The Tathagata answers questions without thinking (or reflecting on things).
899:
851:
831:
819:
749:
745:
738:
665:
315:
100:
46:
5384:
5369:
5329:
5026:
4690:
4266:
2694:
2307:
doctrines, writes that it has been determined that the composition of the
1761:
1063:
146:
110:
6571:
6400:
5541:
5526:
5309:
5117:
5045:
4825:
4655:
4557:
4404:
4276:
4082:
3776:
Power, Wealth and Women in Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra
2751:
2659:
2457:
2437:
2359:
2296:
2292:
2225:
2187:
1957:, and this monastery site has since been rediscovered by archaeologists.
1954:
1851:
was not accepted as canonical by the Mahāsāṃghika school. The Theravādin
1786:
1661:
1657:
1619:
Cessation obtained through discriminative cognition (pratisaṃkhyānirodha)
1377:
1319:
1274:
1009:
903:
895:
753:
677:
625:
606:
538:
514:
300:
161:
6561:
5021:
3440:
2453:
2203:. That is why there is a mixture of ideas from the Mahāyāna found there.
6516:
6474:
6350:
6156:
6081:
5695:
5679:
5641:
5621:
5516:
5491:
5399:
5334:
5314:
5060:
4991:
4862:
4745:
4715:
4650:
4600:
4258:
4248:
4221:
2120:
1895:
1848:
1612:
1565:), but it can be contaminated by adventitious defilements. Vasumitra's
1382:
1270:
935:
878:
563:
534:
526:
95:
5536:
4532:
3961:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
3948:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
3919:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
2626:
means a section or chapter in a collection organised by subject; the '
2287:
1789:. It is considered a primary source for the notion of a transcendent (
1778:
1652:
1643:
The own-nature of the members of the holy path (ārya-mārgāṅgasvabhāva)
1514:
Some Mahāsāṃghikas held a theory of self-awareness or self-cognition (
533:", "transcendentalism"), the idea that there are many contemporaneous
6491:
6464:
5631:
5506:
5218:
5134:
5011:
4901:
4874:
4867:
4830:
4787:
4750:
4517:
4482:
4449:
4424:
4379:
3828:. lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS. Archived from
3823:"On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters"
2747:
2689:
1978:
1969:, have been discovered at the site, and these are now located in the
1853:
1039:) faculties consist of balls of flesh, therefore only consciousness (
782:
741:, "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."
641:
499:
368:
181:
6264:
5100:
4954:
4720:
4502:
4371:
4363:
2598:
sections of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya are generally equivalent to the
2521:
1774:
1622:
Cesation due to absence of a productive cause (apratisaṃkhyānirodha)
1611:
According to Vasumitra, the Mahāsāṃghikas held that there were nine
471:
166:
6781:
6621:
6576:
6521:
6486:
6390:
6049:
5616:
5611:
5561:
5496:
5414:
5379:
5374:
5035:
4906:
4894:
4805:
4464:
4161:
4022:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
3789:
The Buddha Nature: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna.
3417:
Translated from the French by Gelongma Migme Chodron (2005), p. 56.
2788:
2770:
2706:
The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is extant in the Chinese Buddhist Canon as
2483:
2084:
1942:
1865:
1585:) that defile it. The self substance of the mind is eternally pure.
1295:
924:
673:
546:
522:
518:
268:
38:
5606:
5596:
5581:
5404:
5274:
4542:
2766:
811:
The lower part of the yellow robe was pulled tightly to the left.
171:
6526:
6469:
6454:
5601:
5591:
5566:
5441:
5436:
5394:
5364:
5296:
5262:
5149:
5090:
5085:
4939:
4842:
4680:
4630:
4417:
4243:
3935:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3758:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3732:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3672:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3659:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3646:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3585:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3559:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2445:
2404:
here are strong grounds based on textual evidence that the MPNS (
2367:
2351:
2318:
2268:
1981:
script, while others are in Sanskrit and written in forms of the
1873:
1857:, for example, records that the Mahāsāṃghikas had no abhidharma.
1035:
988:
915:
An important source for the doctrines of the Mahāsāṃghika is the
859:
847:
778:
707:
661:
657:
285:
208:
121:
105:
75:
5213:
4981:
4087:"Mahasamghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism"
3616:
3614:
1193:
494:). This schism is traditionally held to have occurred after the
6606:
6591:
6427:
6289:
6269:
6044:
5706:
5586:
5576:
5511:
5139:
5095:
5080:
5070:
5040:
4964:
4847:
4615:
4487:
4231:
4226:
3695:
3693:
3553:
3551:
3549:
2755:
2715:
2472:
2468:
2271:. Guang Xing also assesses the view of the Buddha given in the
2136:
2124:
1950:
1946:
1861:
1770:
1753:
1672:
1129:
The past and the future have no substantial existence (dravya).
1068:) can commit all misdeeds, except for the irremediable crimes (
950:
685:
629:
510:
483:
463:
213:
3024:
3022:
2216:, for example, gives a prophecy about a royal princess of the
1909:
The Chinese canon also includes a sutra commentary called the
1529:
explains the doctrine of self-reflexive awareness as follows:
6746:
6581:
6439:
6405:
6385:
6355:
6284:
5701:
5546:
5424:
5419:
5389:
5344:
5191:
5186:
5065:
4770:
4595:
4562:
4552:
3929:
3927:
3611:
3564:
3311:
3309:
2853:
Mahāsāṃghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism
2777:
order would be permitted in Tibet, he did not ordain anyone.
2430:
2382:
2334:
According to Stephen Hodge, internal textual evidence in the
2128:
1590:
1367:
1334:, these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all
1278:
1133:
1089:
943:
614:
479:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3690:
3546:
2110:
Sculpture of the Buddha from Mathura. 5th or 6th century CE.
1769:
branch of the Mahāsāṃghika school. It is a preface to their
1419:
He does not really produce human waste, this is only a show.
795:(Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the
498:, which occurred at some point during or after the reign of
6616:
5409:
5075:
4572:
3019:
1631:
The sphere of unlimited consciousness (vijñānānantyāyatana)
1603:(III, 3) also cites this idea as a thesis of the Andhakas.
987:
Buddhas never say a single word because they are always in
3924:
3306:
3187:
3185:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2638:. Scholars such as Master Yin Shun, Choong Moon Keat, and
1743:
Sphutartha Srighanacarasamgrahatika, Abhisamacarika-Dharma
590:
Most sources place the origin of the Mahāsāṃghikas to the
578:
Drawing on the entrance to the Great Chaitya Cave at Karli
6274:
4810:
3706:
3064:
3062:
2991:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
2754:), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the
4119:
Abhisamacarikadharma of the Mahasamghika-Lokottaravadins
4089:; History of Religions, 16, 3 (February, 1977), 237–272.
1842:
1381:), while the essential real Buddha was equated with the
660:, but they also maintained important centers such as in
3182:
2961:
1819:
Some scholars such as Yao and Tse Fu Kuan consider the
791:) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called
699:
subschool also had centres in the Gandhara region. The
3059:
2743:
Vinaya was the most common vinaya tradition in China.
921:
The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines
2279:
estimates that this sūtra originated around 100 BCE.
2251:
A number of scholars have proposed that the Mahāyāna
1557:
Some Mahāsāṃghikas also held that the mind's nature (
991:, but beings rejoice, thinking that they utter words.
2930:
Light of Liberation: A History of Buddhism in India.
2784:
2291:
Cave complex associated with the Mahāsāṃghika sect.
1375:
was merely one of these transformation bodies (Skt.
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3082:Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2017-07-20),
1965:of texts in this monastery's collection, including
1338:in a single moment of the mind. Yao Zhihua writes:
814:According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of
3640:
3638:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3256:
3254:
3252:
2857:History of Religions Volume 16, Number 3Feb., 1977
1475:, due to the clear presumptions of this doctrine.
656:The original center of the Mahāsāṃghika sects was
3155:
3153:
3151:
2885:
2883:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2688:, the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya mentions the figure of
1725:later developments of the bodhisattva doctrine".
1628:The sphere of unlimited space (ākāśānantyāyatana)
949:All words spoken by Tathagatas turn the wheel of
6799:
3904:
3206:The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine.
1593:adds the following: "It is because afflictions (
1392:Sketch of the interior of Ajanta cave no. 19 by
967:) and lifespan (ayus) of a Buddha is unlimited (
525:. Some of these ideas include the view that the
3899:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3802:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3745:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3701:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3685:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3635:
3280:
3249:
3232:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3070:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
2943:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
2503:Cave temple associated with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
1998:of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda (MS 2382/269)
3148:
2880:
2860:
2667:, which has not been as well preserved as the
1509:
1346:), lack of defilements, all of his utterances
956:Buddhas teach all dharmas with a single sound.
846:(1290–1364) wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas used
4140:
3604:
3602:
3475:(Chin. Mohe Sengqi Lü)*, Peking University.
2956:Society and Religion: From Rgveda to Puranas.
2714:1425). The vinaya was originally procured by
2482:André Bareau also mentions that according to
541:throughout the universe, the doctrine of the
457:
421:
4922:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3860:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3847:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3275:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3139:Willemen, Charles; Tsukamoto Keisho (2004).
3081:
3030:Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows
2400:. Hodge summarizes his findings as follows:
2239:, and Alex and Hideko Wayman, associate the
1487:) truth, and the absolute or ultimate (Skt.
1302:was a transcendent being is the idea of the
3770:
3768:
3766:
2739:Vinaya instead. At the time of Faxian, the
2550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2146:sect did not accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as
2101:
1886:("the treatise that accomplishes reality";
1478:
1326:Of the 48 special theses attributed by the
1248:
910:
4147:
4133:
3599:
1902:, however others disagree and see it as a
1606:
873:
759:
729:. The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower
543:inherent purity and luminosity of the mind
509:Some scholars think that the Mahāsāṃghika
428:
414:
3807:
3522:Journal of the American Oriental Society,
2679:
2570:Learn how and when to remove this message
2282:
2114:
2070:
1936:
1634:The sphere of emptiness (ākiñcanyāyatana)
1371:). For the Mahāsāṃghikas, the historical
488:original pre-sectarian Buddhist tradition
4033:Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter.
3763:
3125:Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule
2498:
2286:
2105:
1651:
1387:
1313:
1252:
1149:) and it is not consecutive to thought (
889:
877:
768:
581:
573:
552:), the doctrine of reflexive awareness (
6109:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3978:"Santipada: Why Devadatta Was No Saint"
3596:Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism, page 398.
3426:
2160:sect did accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as
756:are associated with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
6800:
6312:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4068:, by a student of Prof. Rod Bucknell.)
3460:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3369:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3356:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3193:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.
3043:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.
2985:
2701:
1581:). It is the adventitious impurities (
672:were situated in eastern India around
529:was a fully transcendent being (term "
4128:
3820:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3242:
3240:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3135:
3133:
1945:visited a Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda
1843:Abhidharma treatises and commentaries
1306:of a Buddha's body. Furthermore, the
1053:) one has abandoned all the fetters (
3096:10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001
3088:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2548:adding citations to reliable sources
2515:
2420:
2303:Brian Edward Brown, a specialist in
2275:as being that of the Mahāsāṃghikas.
2075:Within the Mahāsāṃghika branch, the
1929:. (分別功徳論) in the 25th volume of the
1781:tales, stories of past lives of the
1567:Nikayabheda-dharmamati-chakra-sastra
725:Finally, Madhyadesa was home to the
586:Karli Chaitya section in perspective
448:: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀁𑀖𑀺𑀓, "of the Great
4113:The Mahavastu (English translation)
2932:Dharma Publishing, 1992. p. 242-243
2922:
2618:rather than Skandhaka / Khandhaka.
2494:
2220:who will live in Āndhra, along the
2016:, a sūtra from the Āgamas (MS 2376)
1933:Series (No. 1507, pp. 30–52).
1084:Since they do not know everything (
981:The Buddha does not sleep or dream.
13:
6099:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4115:, including footnotes and glossary
3972:
3485:
3447:
3402:
3374:
3237:
3166:
3130:
2850:Nattier, Jan; Prebish, Charles S.
2354:being the other major center. The
2273:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2265:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2257:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2207:
2152:("word of the Buddha"), while the
1473:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
953:and none of their words are false.
14:
6829:
4105:
4009:Travels of Fa-hian, or Fo-kwŏ-ki.
2974:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
2837:
2511:
2246:
1192:) and do not carry karmic seeds (
1075:All sutras uttered by Buddha are
777:Between 148 and 170 CE, the
6780:
6770:
6769:
6327:Thai temple art and architecture
6072:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4312:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4178:
4165:
4155:
3897:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
3572:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
3533:10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.4.0607
3397:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism,
3161:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
3014:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
2941:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
2787:
2520:
2228:, seven hundred years after the
2056:Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodana Sūtra
2050:Sarvadharmapravṛttinirdeśa Sūtra
1236:) and, depending on the object (
1132:There is no intermediate state (
1043:) sees forms, hears sounds, etc.
884:descent from Trāyastriṃśa heaven
703:are not known from later times.
45:
4179:
4043:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3966:
3953:
3940:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3800:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3794:
3781:
3750:
3743:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3737:
3724:
3699:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3683:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3677:
3664:
3651:
3590:
3577:
3537:
3514:
3505:
3502:Williams (1989/2007), pp. 18–19
3496:
3465:
3420:
3389:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3267:
3230:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3224:
3211:
3198:
3117:
3075:
3068:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3048:
3035:
3006:
2979:
2342:Mahābherihāraka Parivarta Sūtra
1728:
1667:According to Bart Dessein, the
1589:The commentary to Vasumitra by
1175:There is a root-consciousness (
1168:) and disjointed from thought (
1110:) are neither consciousnesses (
994:In a single moment of thought (
6317:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6119:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5199:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4390:Places where the Buddha stayed
3622:"Schøyen Collection: Buddhism"
3090:, Princeton University Press,
2948:
2935:
2909:
2896:
2891:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2875:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2832:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2824:
2406:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2398:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2394:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2392:Using textual evidence in the
2375:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2347:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1973:. Some manuscripts are in the
1656:The Great Chaitya Hall at the
1081:("of plain or clear meaning").
1026:are known in a single moment (
1:
6332:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
4020:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
2818:
2164:. Paramartha's report states:
1834:fóshuō nèi zàng bǎi bǎo jīng,
1573:The self-nature of the mind (
1257:Depiction of the bodhisattva
1244:), it can contract or expand.
1232:) penetrates the whole body (
1184:The current consciousnesses (
1122:), and are devoid of object (
1022:The different aspects of the
764:
550:prakṛtiś cittasya prabhāsvarā
6089:Buddhism and the Roman world
6065:Decline of Buddhism in India
6060:History of Buddhism in India
4160: Topics in
2658:formulations of some of the
2596:Bhiksu-abhisamacarika-dharma
2079:are said to have included a
2058:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2052:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2046:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2040:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2032:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2385)
2024:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2385)
1735:Mahāsāṃghika bhiksuni-vinaya
1541:) can apprehend themselves (
1049:When one enters certainty (
826:) and the conch shell (Skt.
651:
7:
5287:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5027:
2780:
2310:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
2142:Paramārtha states that the
2037:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
1847:According to some sources,
1832:(Chinese: 佛説内藏百寶經, pinyin:
1533:Some allege that the mind (
1510:Self-awareness and the mind
1281:. Xing also notes that the
1100:), who are saved by others.
837:
10:
6834:
6237:The unanswerable questions
4071:"History of Mindfulness";
2773:had decreed that only the
2735:eventually settled on the
1941:The Chinese Buddhist monk
1872:, he met two Mahāsāṃghika
1222:) evolve at the same time.
998:), Buddhas comprehend all
882:Depiction of the Buddha's
569:
6765:
6717:
6632:
6547:
6322:Buddhist temples in Korea
6245:
6147:
6030:
5727:
5655:
5482:
5355:
5295:
4930:
4885:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4796:
4788:Three planes of existence
4736:
4581:
4473:
4403:
4395:Buddha in world religions
4257:
4202:
4174:
2761:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
2726:
2614:sections are also titled
2373:The language used in the
2235:Several scholars such as
1814:
1561:) is fundamentally pure (
1537:) and mental activities (
1467:Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa
1277:, and the fallibility of
886:, second half 3rd century
714:region and especially at
458:
6104:Persecution of Buddhists
5325:Four stages of awakening
4706:Three marks of existence
4292:Physical characteristics
3399:p. 90. Sarup & Sons.
3395:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
2993:, Santipada, p. i,
2102:Relationship to Mahāyāna
1647:
1479:Mundane and supramundane
1462:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1332:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1328:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1249:Buddhas and bodhisattvas
946:and the mundane natures.
917:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
911:List of doctrinal tenets
744:The cave temples at the
710:branch was based in the
688:, Andhra, and Gandhara.
566:or pure conceptualism).
470:) was a major division (
5467:Ten principal disciples
4350:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4035:The Spread of Buddhism.
3821:Hodge, Stephen (2006).
3481:10.15239/hijbs.02.01.10
3343:Nāgārjuna's Philosophy.
2945:SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.
2123:, a Buddhist monk from
2119:In the 6th century CE,
1607:Unconditioned realities
1289:along with its Chinese
1205:) and the defilements (
1188:) can be simultaneous (
963:), supernatural power (
874:Doctrines and teachings
760:Appearance and language
733:, including Amarāvati,
592:Second Buddhist council
496:Second Buddhist council
6818:Early Buddhist schools
6177:Buddhism and democracy
5690:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5685:Chinese Buddhist canon
4917:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4912:Early Buddhist schools
2808:Early Buddhist schools
2680:Depiction of Devadatta
2673:Bhikkhuni Sanghadisesa
2630:-principle', like the
2508:
2415:
2300:
2283:Buddha-nature doctrine
2205:
2183:
2115:Acceptance of Mahāyāna
2111:
2071:Bodhisattva collection
1959:Birch bark manuscripts
1949:in the 7th century at
1937:Manuscript collections
1773:and contains numerous
1722:
1664:
1587:
1555:
1507:
1458:
1397:
1362:
1348:preaching his teaching
1323:
1318:Cave 1, Ajaṇṭā Caves,
1304:thirty-two major marks
1266:
1218:) and its maturation (
907:
894:The Buddha flanked by
887:
842:The Tibetan historian
832:Eight Auspicious Signs
809:
793:Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi
774:
587:
579:
558:) and the doctrine of
476:early Buddhist schools
247:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
238:Early Buddhist schools
201:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6187:Eight Consciousnesses
4297:Life of Buddha in art
3996:Bodhisattva Precepts.
3787:Brown, Brian Edward.
3413:Bareau, André (1955)
3341:Ramanan, K. Venkata.
2642:have argued that the
2502:
2402:
2328:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
2290:
2241:Āndra Ikṣvāku dynasty
2196:
2166:
2109:
2003:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1963:palm-leaf manuscripts
1685:
1655:
1571:
1531:
1493:
1443:
1391:
1340:
1317:
1256:
1160:) are indeterminate (
893:
881:
805:
772:
585:
577:
490:(the other being the
16:Early Buddhist school
6664:East Asian religions
6094:Buddhism in the West
5665:Early Buddhist texts
5280:Four Right Exertions
4746:Ten spiritual realms
4239:Noble Eightfold Path
4111:J. J. Jones (1949).
4081:Charles Prebish and
4007:Beal, Samuel (tr.).
3462:pp. 8-10. Routledge.
3429:The Eastern Buddhist
3367:Yao, Zhihua (2005).
3354:Yao, Zhihua (2005).
2652:organising principle
2544:improve this section
2313:occurred during the
2173:only believe in the
1283:Acchariyābbhūtasutta
1096:), who have doubts (
1092:who lack knowledge (
120:Tibetan EBTs in the
65:Early Buddhist Texts
6787:Religion portal
6534:Temple of the Tooth
6413:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5452:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4945:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4728:Two truths doctrine
4548:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4348:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3492:"Mahāvastu" (2008).
2803:Schools of Buddhism
2750:(the region around
2702:Chinese translation
2592:Bhiksuni-prakirnaka
2425:Since at least the
2029:Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra
2006:, a sutra from the
1883:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
1830:Lokānuvartanā sūtra
1801:Śariputraparipṛcchā
1428:Lokānuvartana Sūtra
1240:) and the support (
1062:"Stream enterers" (
1012:enter into a womb (
959:The material body (
801:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
797:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
622:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
157:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
6709:Western philosophy
6307:Dzong architecture
6129:Vipassana movement
6124:Buddhist modernism
5552:Emperor Wen of Sui
5320:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5253:Threefold Training
5055:Vipassana movement
4771:Hungry Ghost realm
4591:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4538:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4287:Great Renunciation
4282:Eight Great Events
4164:
3458:Zhihua Yao (2012)
2509:
2379:Śātavāhana Dynasty
2356:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
2337:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
2301:
2218:Śatavāhana dynasty
2112:
2081:Bodhisattva Piṭaka
2063:Śāriputrābhidharma
1971:Schøyen Collection
1675:in five parts, an
1665:
1526:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1398:
1324:
1267:
1211:) appear together.
1033:The five sensory (
938:are supramundane (
908:
888:
844:Buton Rinchen Drub
775:
588:
580:
209:Kingdom of Magadha
6795:
6794:
6433:Om mani padme hum
6139:Women in Buddhism
6055:Buddhist councils
5925:Western countries
5713:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5474:Shaolin Monastery
5051:Samatha-vipassanā
4661:Pratītyasamutpāda
4465:Metteyya/Maitreya
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4212:Four Noble Truths
4083:Janice J. Nattier
4037:2007. pp. 194-195
3963:1999. pp. 169-170
3804:2008. pp. 155-156
3778:2011. pp. 114-115
3703:2008. pp. 153-154
3587:2005. pp. 212-213
3570:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3204:Tanaka, Kenneth.
3159:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3105:978-0-691-15786-3
3028:Dudjom Rinpoche.
3012:Baruah, Bibhuti.
2954:Gadkari, Jayant.
2919:. 2000. p. 281-82
2889:Skilton, Andrew.
2873:Skilton, Andrew.
2830:Skilton, Andrew.
2588:Bhiksu-prakirnaka
2580:
2579:
2572:
2421:Views of scholars
2201:Satyasiddhiśāstra
2095:Daśabhūmika Sūtra
1975:Gāndhārī language
1145:) is not mental (
1024:four noble truths
523:Mahāyāna Buddhism
438:
437:
224:Buddhist councils
219:Moggaliputtatissa
6825:
6785:
6784:
6773:
6772:
6612:Sacred languages
6460:Maya Devi Temple
6423:Mahabodhi Temple
6227:Secular Buddhism
6192:Engaged Buddhism
5032:
4880:Tibetan Buddhism
4831:Vietnamese Thiền
4430:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4182:
4181:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3980:. Archived from
3970:
3964:
3957:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3933:Walser, Joseph.
3931:
3922:
3915:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3873:Indian Buddhism.
3869:
3863:
3858:Williams, Paul.
3856:
3850:
3845:Williams, Paul.
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3761:
3756:Walser, Joseph.
3754:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3730:Walser, Joseph.
3728:
3722:
3715:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3670:Walser, Joseph.
3668:
3662:
3657:Walser, Joseph.
3655:
3649:
3644:Walser, Joseph.
3642:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3618:
3609:
3606:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3583:Walser, Joseph.
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3557:Walser, Joseph.
3555:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3328:Buescher, John.
3326:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3278:
3273:Williams, Paul.
3271:
3265:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2928:Elizabeth Cook.
2926:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2858:
2848:
2835:
2828:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2775:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2733:Chinese Buddhism
2712:Taishō Tripiṭaka
2575:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2524:
2516:
2495:Vinaya recension
1931:Taisho Tripitaka
1837:Taishō Tripiṭaka
1805:Shelifu Wen Jing
1739:Pratimoksa-sutra
1692:in nine parts" (
1677:Abhidharmapiṭaka
1553:) of luminosity.
1265:, cave number 1.
1151:cittanuparivatti
1106:The tendencies (
816:Tibetan Buddhism
628:over matters of
461:
460:
430:
423:
416:
352:Mulasarvastivada
116:Śālistamba Sūtra
49:
32:
26:
21:
20:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6779:
6761:
6713:
6628:
6543:
6280:Ordination hall
6241:
6143:
6114:Buddhist crisis
6026:
5723:
5675:Mahayana sutras
5651:
5647:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5478:
5351:
5291:
5241:Bodhisattva vow
4926:
4792:
4732:
4691:Taṇhā (Craving)
4626:Five hindrances
4577:
4469:
4399:
4253:
4198:
4170:
4153:
4108:
4046:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3974:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3971:
3967:
3959:Ray, Reginald.
3958:
3954:
3946:Ray, Reginald.
3945:
3941:
3932:
3925:
3917:Ray, Reginald.
3916:
3905:
3896:
3892:
3886:Indian Buddhism
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3862:2004. pp. 181-2
3857:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3782:
3774:Osto, Douglas.
3773:
3764:
3760:2005. pp. 51-52
3755:
3751:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3719:Indian Buddhism
3716:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3390:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3345:1998. pp. 62-63
3340:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3319:2004. pp. 65-66
3314:
3307:
3298:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3234:2008. pp. 59-60
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3183:
3178:
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2927:
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2917:Indian Buddhism
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2861:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2813:Nikaya Buddhism
2795:Religion portal
2793:
2786:
2783:
2729:
2704:
2682:
2665:Bhiksuni-Vinaya
2632:Samyutta-Nikaya
2576:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2541:
2525:
2514:
2497:
2423:
2370:, and Kashmir.
2315:Īkṣvāku Dynasty
2305:Tathāgatagarbha
2285:
2249:
2237:Étienne Lamotte
2232:of the Buddha.
2214:Mahāmegha Sūtra
2210:
2208:Royal patronage
2133:Mahāyāna sūtras
2117:
2104:
2073:
2044:Pravāraṇa Sūtra
1967:Mahayana sutras
1939:
1845:
1817:
1731:
1669:Mohe sengzhi lu
1650:
1609:
1583:āgantukopakleśa
1577:) is luminous (
1512:
1481:
1456:) of salvation.
1394:James Fergusson
1251:
1170:cittavippayutta
1164:), not-caused (
1051:samyaktvaniyama
996:ekaksanikacitta
913:
876:
840:
767:
762:
727:Prajñaptivādins
654:
600:Sthavira nikāya
572:
560:prajñapti-matra
492:Sthavira nikaya
434:
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6344:Greco-Buddhist
6336:
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6295:Burmese pagoda
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5955:Czech Republic
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5637:B. R. Ambedkar
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5557:Songtsen Gampo
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5236:Eight precepts
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5014:
5009:
5007:Five Strengths
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4646:Mental factors
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4498:Mahamoggallāna
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4413:Avalokiteśvara
4409:
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4400:
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4392:
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4107:
4106:External links
4104:
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4096:
4093:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4073:Bhikkhu Sujato
4069:
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4059:
4056:
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4050:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4026:
4013:
4000:
3987:
3984:on 2013-12-16.
3965:
3952:
3939:
3923:
3903:
3890:
3888:. 2000. p. 313
3877:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3835:on 2013-06-14.
3806:
3793:
3780:
3762:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3721:. 2000. p. 267
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3545:
3536:
3527:(4), 607-634.
3513:
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3435:(1/2): 37–38.
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3129:
3123:Andre Bareau,
3116:
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3034:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2987:Sujato, Bhante
2978:
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2934:
2921:
2908:
2902:Potter, Karl.
2895:
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2817:
2816:
2815:
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2805:
2799:
2798:
2782:
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2728:
2725:
2708:Mohesengzhi Lü
2703:
2700:
2681:
2678:
2640:Bhikkhu Sujato
2636:Samyukta-agama
2578:
2577:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2512:Early features
2510:
2496:
2493:
2422:
2419:
2284:
2281:
2253:Prajñāpāramitā
2248:
2247:Prajñāpāramitā
2245:
2209:
2206:
2171:Lesser Vehicle
2158:Ekavyāvahārika
2116:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2090:Prajñāparamitā
2072:
2069:
2068:
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2017:
2011:
1999:
1938:
1935:
1844:
1841:
1822:Ekottara Āgama
1816:
1813:
1795:Mahakhandhaka.
1730:
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1405:
1373:Gautama Buddha
1308:Simpsapa sutta
1287:Majjhimanikāya
1250:
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1226:
1223:
1212:
1199:
1186:pavattiviññāna
1182:
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1116:mental factors
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856:Sthaviravādins
854:Sanskrit, the
852:Sarvāstivādins
839:
836:
830:), two of the
766:
763:
761:
758:
735:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā
731:Krishna Valley
720:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā
712:Coastal Andhra
701:Ekavyāvahārika
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86:Gandhāran EBTs
83:
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68:
61:
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55:
54:
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42:
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34:
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15:
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6549:Miscellaneous
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6539:Vegetarianism
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6367:
6364:
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6361:Buddha in art
6359:
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6015:United States
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5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Padmasambhava
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5484:Major figures
5481:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5430:Western tulku
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Five precepts
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Dhamma vicaya
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Buddhābhiṣeka
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Enlightenment
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Dhamma theory
4609:
4607:
4606:Buddha-nature
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Samantabhadra
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4011:1885. p. lxxi
4010:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3884:Warder, A.K.
3881:
3874:
3871:Warder, A.K.
3868:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3717:Warder, A.K.
3714:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3191:Yao, Zhihua.
3188:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3041:Yao, Zhihua.
3038:
3032:. 1999. p. 16
3031:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3002:
3000:9781921842085
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2972:Hino, Shoun.
2969:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2915:Warder, A.K.
2912:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:Dharmaguptaka
2734:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2684:According to
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:Bhiksu-Vinaya
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Pratisamyukta
2617:
2616:pratisamyukta
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2563:
2560:November 2018
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2529:This section
2527:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:According to
2434:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:Kuṣāṇa Empire
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:Vindhya Range
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:sect and the
2155:
2154:Lokottaravāda
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:Diamond Sutra
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:''lokottara''
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Vinaya Pitaka
1768:
1767:Lokottaravāda
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:Space (ākāśā)
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:cittasvabhāva
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:cittasvabhāva
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:Sarvāstivādin
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:), there are
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:), devoid of
941:
937:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
922:
918:
905:
901:
897:
892:
885:
880:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
835:
834:in Buddhism.
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
771:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:Lokottaravāda
694:
693:Lokottaravāda
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
645:
643:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
610:
608:
605:According to
603:
601:
597:
593:
584:
576:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:lokottaravada
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:monastic rule
512:
507:
505:
504:ancient India
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
451:
447:
443:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
412:
411:
409:
408:
390:
389:Dharmaguptaka
386:
385:
383:
379:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
340:
339:Dharmaguptaka
336:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:Prajñaptivāda
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:Lokottaravāda
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
233:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:
197:
196:
188:
187:Anāthapiṇḍika
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Mahākātyāyana
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
132:
131:
123:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
29:
23:
22:
19:
6808:Mahāsāṃghika
6727:Bodhisattvas
6647:Christianity
6642:Baháʼí Faith
6507:Dharmachakra
6497:Prayer wheel
6487:Prayer beads
6255:Architecture
6134:969 Movement
5918:Saudi Arabia
5896:Central Asia
5889:South Africa
5711:
5694:
5627:Panchen Lama
5532:Buddhapālita
5128:Satipatthana
5123:Mindful Yoga
5036:Recollection
4950:Brahmavihara
4821:Japanese Zen
4816:Chinese Chan
4776:Animal realm
4583:Key concepts
4405:Bodhisattvas
4217:Three Jewels
4065:
4044:Bibliography
4034:
4029:
4024:2010. p. 187
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3982:the original
3968:
3960:
3955:
3950:1999. p. 168
3947:
3942:
3934:
3921:1999. p. 426
3918:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3849:2004. p. 380
3846:
3841:
3830:the original
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3700:
3687:2008. p. 68.
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3625:. Retrieved
3592:
3584:
3579:
3574:2008. p. 437
3571:
3566:
3561:2005. p. 213
3558:
3539:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3487:
3467:
3459:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3315:Guang Xing.
3300:
3299:Guang Xing.
3277:2004. p. 182
3274:
3269:
3261:
3260:Guang Xing.
3231:
3226:
3218:
3217:Guang Xing.
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3160:
3140:
3124:
3119:
3109:, retrieved
3087:
3077:
3069:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3013:
3008:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2958:1996. p. 198
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2874:
2851:
2831:
2826:
2765:
2745:
2741:Sarvāstivāda
2730:
2720:Buddhabhadra
2707:
2705:
2693:
2686:Reginald Ray
2683:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:Patisamyutta
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2566:
2557:
2542:Please help
2530:
2505:Ellora Caves
2481:
2464:André Bareau
2462:
2435:
2427:Meiji period
2424:
2416:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2374:
2372:
2355:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2277:Edward Conze
2272:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2234:
2229:
2226:Dhānyakaṭaka
2213:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2167:
2162:buddhavacana
2161:
2149:buddhavacana
2147:
2141:
2118:
2093:
2089:
2077:Bahuśrutīyas
2074:
2066:(MS 2375/08)
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2010:(MS 2179/44)
2001:
1992:
1987:
1983:Gupta script
1940:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1900:Bahusrutiyas
1891:
1882:
1879:
1870:Dhānyakaṭaka
1859:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:bodhisattvas
1760:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:Vinaya texts
1723:
1718:Kṣudrakāgama
1717:
1714:Ekottarāgama
1713:
1710:Saṃyuktāgama
1709:
1706:Madhyamāgama
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1668:
1666:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1563:mulavisuddha
1562:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:svasaṃvedana
1515:
1513:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1399:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1307:
1300:
1291:Madhyamāgama
1282:
1275:bodhisattvas
1268:
1263:Ajaṇṭā Caves
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Tendencies (
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1013:
1010:Bodhisattvas
995:
968:
964:
960:
939:
929:
920:
916:
914:
900:Ajaṇṭā Caves
896:bodhisattvas
841:
827:
823:
820:endless knot
813:
810:
806:
800:
796:
792:
786:
776:
750:Ellora Caves
746:Ajaṇṭā Caves
743:
739:Jaggayyapeṭa
724:
705:
690:
655:
646:
638:
634:
621:
619:
611:
604:
598:between the
589:
559:
555:svasamvedana
554:
549:
539:bodhisattvas
508:
467:
462:;
442:Mahāsāṃghika
441:
439:
364:Vibhajyavāda
316:Sarvāstivāda
305:Vātsīputrīya
252:Mahāsāṃghika
251:
135:Early sangha
18:
6572:Dharma talk
6401:Asalha Puja
6197:Eschatology
6000:Switzerland
5980:New Zealand
5908:Middle East
5817:Philippines
5737:Afghanistan
5542:Bodhidharma
5527:Buddhaghosa
5447:Householder
5357:Monasticism
5310:Bodhisattva
5165:Prostration
5118:Mindfulness
5046:Anapanasati
5029:Kammaṭṭhāna
4826:Korean Seon
4766:Asura realm
4761:Human realm
4701:Ten Fetters
4656:Parinirvana
4558:Uppalavanna
4523:Mahākaccana
4508:Mahākassapa
4440:Kṣitigarbha
4435:Ākāśagarbha
4332:Suddhodāna
4277:Four sights
4204:Foundations
3937:2005. p. 40
3875:2000. p. 11
3747:2008. p. 61
3734:2005. p. 52
3674:2005. p. 51
3661:2005. p. 50
3648:2005. p. 53
3332:2005. p. 46
3303:2004. p. 66
3264:2004. p. 65
3221:2004. p. 53
3195:2005. p. 11
3163:2008. p. 48
3084:"Vasumitra"
3072:2008. p. 56
3016:2008. p. 47
2976:2004. p. 55
2906:2002. p. 23
2893:2004. p. 64
2877:2004. p. 48
2834:2004. p. 47
2660:pratimoksha
2458:Bhavaviveka
2450:Candrakīrti
2438:A.K. Warder
2360:South India
2293:Karla Caves
2261:Kṛṣṇa River
2230:parinirvāṇa
2222:Kṛṣṇa River
2188:parinirvāṇa
2127:in central
2014:Caṃgī Sūtra
1955:Afghanistan
1904:Sautrantika
1892:Chengshilun
1681:Sutrapiṭaka
1662:Maharashtra
1658:Karla Caves
1600:Kathāvatthu
1579:prabhāsvara
1396:(1808–1886)
1378:nirmāṇakāya
1178:mūlavijñāna
1135:antarabhava
754:Karla Caves
682:Bahuśrutīya
678:Pāṭaliputra
626:Pāṭaliputra
607:Jan Nattier
468:Dà zhòng bù
347:Sautrāntika
320:(Haimavata)
301:Pudgalavada
290:(Haimavata)
274:Bahuśrutīya
162:Mahakasyapa
6802:Categories
6689:Psychology
6669:Gnosticism
6657:Comparison
6652:Influences
6634:Comparison
6517:Bhavacakra
6475:Kushinagar
6450:Pilgrimage
6396:Māgha Pūjā
6351:Bodhi Tree
6167:Buddhology
6157:Abhidharma
6149:Philosophy
6082:Menander I
5950:Costa Rica
5901:Uzbekistan
5742:Bangladesh
5696:Dhammapada
5680:Pali Canon
5642:Ajahn Chah
5622:Dalai Lama
5522:Kumārajīva
5517:Vasubandhu
5492:The Buddha
5400:Zen master
5335:Sakadagami
5315:Buddhahood
5246:Pratimokṣa
5061:Shikantaza
5017:Meditation
4992:Deity yoga
4863:Madhyamaka
4756:Deva realm
4651:Mindstream
4601:Bodhicitta
4513:Aṅgulimāla
4380:Devadatta
4356:Yaśodharā
4259:The Buddha
4249:Middle Way
4066:collection
3998:2012. p. 7
3901:2008. p. 1
3791:2010. p. 3
3471:Zhan Ru .
3358:pp. 10-11.
3208:1990. p. 8
3111:2024-01-12
3045:2012. p. 9
2819:References
2612:Prakirnaka
2604:Skandhakas
2600:Khandhakas
2344:, and the
2297:Mahārāṣtra
2121:Paramārtha
1994:Prātimokṣa
1896:Abhidharma
1849:abhidharma
1785:and other
1702:Dīrghāgama
1489:paramārtha
1453:praṇidhāna
1383:Dharmakāya
1320:Mahārāṣtra
1294:calls him
1201:The path (
1124:analambana
1065:srotapanna
1028:ekaksanika
978:) in them.
904:Mahārāṣtra
898:. Cave 4,
868:Apabhraṃśa
765:Appearance
752:, and the
670:Kukkuṭikas
564:nominalism
562:(absolute
382:Mahīśāsaka
357:Vaibhāṣika
332:Mahīśāsaka
96:Abhidharma
91:Prātimokṣa
57:Scriptures
6757:Festivals
6737:Buddhists
6699:Theosophy
6502:Symbolism
6492:Hama yumi
6465:Bodh Gaya
6232:Socialism
6207:Evolution
6182:Economics
6020:Venezuela
5935:Australia
5930:Argentina
5854:Sri Lanka
5849:Singapore
5767:Indonesia
5729:Countries
5670:Tripiṭaka
5632:Ajahn Mun
5507:Nagarjuna
5502:Aśvaghoṣa
5385:Anagārika
5380:Śrāmaṇerī
5375:Śrāmaṇera
5370:Bhikkhunī
5330:Sotāpanna
5219:Passaddhi
5160:Offerings
5135:Nekkhamma
5012:Iddhipada
4932:Practices
4902:Theravada
4875:Vajrayana
4868:Yogachara
4838:Pure Land
4751:Six Paths
4738:Cosmology
4518:Anuruddha
4493:Sāriputta
4483:Kaundinya
4475:Disciples
4450:Vajrapāṇi
4302:Footprint
4267:Tathāgata
2748:Guanzhong
2695:Mahāvastu
2690:Devadatta
2531:does not
2442:Nāgārjuna
2175:Tripitaka
2144:Kukkuṭika
1979:Kharoṣṭhī
1947:monastery
1894:), is an
1854:Dīpavaṃsa
1807:, 舍利弗問經,
1762:Mahāvastu
1747:Mahavastu
1344:lokottara
1259:Padmapani
1228:Thought (
1214:The act (
1147:acetasika
1070:anantarya
1056:samyojana
1008:When the
940:lokottara
864:Saṃmitīya
783:An Shigao
716:Amarāvati
652:Geography
642:Theravāda
615:arhatship
500:Kalashoka
474:) of the
375:Kāśyapīya
369:Theravāda
325:Kāśyapīya
309:Saṃmitīya
296:Sthaviras
182:Devadatta
147:Sāriputta
111:Mahāvastu
71:Tripiṭaka
6775:Category
6704:Violence
6674:Hinduism
6622:Sanskrit
6577:Hinayana
6562:Amitābha
6522:Swastika
6391:Uposatha
6381:Holidays
6366:Calendar
6212:Humanism
6050:Kanishka
6040:Timeline
5864:Thailand
5832:Kalmykia
5827:Buryatia
5812:Pakistan
5797:Mongolia
5792:Maldives
5787:Malaysia
5752:Cambodia
5617:Shamarpa
5612:Nichiren
5562:Xuanzang
5497:Nagasena
5415:Rinpoche
5145:Pāramitā
4987:Devotion
4907:Navayana
4895:Dzogchen
4858:Nichiren
4806:Mahayana
4798:Branches
4676:Saṅkhāra
4425:Mañjuśrī
4382:(cousin)
4374:(cousin)
4342:(mother)
4334:(father)
4322:Miracles
4272:Birthday
4189:Glossary
4162:Buddhism
3441:26289538
2989:(2012),
2781:See also
2771:Ralpacan
2752:Chang'an
2710:(摩訶僧祗律;
2648:Samyukta
2644:Samyutta
2628:samyukta
2594:and the
2484:Xuanzang
2454:Āryadeva
2299:, India.
2137:Rājagṛha
2092:and the
2085:Hīnayāna
1996:Vibhaṅga
1943:Xuanzang
1868:visited
1866:Xuanzang
1745:and the
1690:sūtrānta
1679:, and a
1551:svabhāva
1543:svabhāva
1352:prabhāva
1296:Bhagavan
1162:abyakata
1141:Virtue (
1078:nītārtha
965:prabhava
961:rupakaya
925:Xuanzang
906:, India.
862:and the
838:Language
824:śrīvatsa
779:Parthian
680:and the
674:Vārāṇasī
644:school.
519:scholars
269:Gokulika
106:Avadanas
39:Buddhism
28:a series
6752:Temples
6732:Buddhas
6694:Science
6684:Judaism
6679:Jainism
6597:Lineage
6557:Abhijñā
6527:Thangka
6470:Sarnath
6455:Lumbini
6376:Funeral
6371:Cuisine
6247:Culture
6222:Reality
6172:Creator
6162:Atomism
6032:History
6005:Ukraine
5965:Germany
5884:Senegal
5874:Vietnam
5802:Myanmar
5602:Shinran
5592:Karmapa
5567:Shandao
5537:Dignāga
5462:Śrāvaka
5442:Donchee
5437:Kappiya
5395:Sayadaw
5365:Bhikkhu
5340:Anāgāmi
5297:Nirvana
5263:Samadhi
5150:Paritta
5091:Tonglen
5086:Mandala
5041:Smarana
5022:Mantras
4970:Upekkha
4940:Bhavana
4890:Shingon
4843:Tiantai
4696:Tathātā
4686:Śūnyatā
4681:Skandha
4671:Saṃsāra
4666:Rebirth
4641:Kleshas
4631:Indriya
4533:Subhūti
4418:Guanyin
4372:Ānanda
4364:Rāhula
4244:Nirvana
4184:Outline
3627:23 June
2552:removed
2537:sources
2477:Koñkana
2446:Dignaga
2413:region.
2368:Bharuch
2352:Kashmir
2323:Śrīmālā
2319:Caitika
2269:Prakrit
1890:: 成實論,
1874:bhikṣus
1779:Avadāna
1694:navāṅga
1613:dharmas
1502:śūnyatā
1485:saṃvṛti
1439:durgati
1357:samādhi
1336:dharmas
1285:of the
1271:buddhas
1190:sahabhu
1166:ahetuka
1158:anusaya
1108:anusaya
1098:kariksa
1041:vijñana
1036:indriya
1000:dharmas
989:samadhi
976:sraddha
944:asravas
936:Buddhas
860:Paiśācī
848:Prākrit
803:reads:
708:Caitika
662:Mathura
658:Magadha
570:History
535:Buddhas
486:of the
454:Chinese
286:Caitika
122:Kangyur
101:Jatakas
76:Nikayas
25:Part of
6747:Sutras
6742:Suttas
6607:Siddhi
6592:Koliya
6567:Brahmā
6482:Poetry
6428:Mantra
6418:Kasaya
6290:Pagoda
6270:Kyaung
6265:Vihāra
6260:Temple
6202:Ethics
6045:Ashoka
5995:Sweden
5990:Poland
5985:Norway
5975:Mexico
5960:France
5945:Canada
5940:Brazil
5879:Africa
5859:Taiwan
5822:Russia
5747:Bhutan
5707:Vinaya
5587:Naropa
5577:Saraha
5512:Asanga
5268:Prajñā
5177:Refuge
5140:Nianfo
5101:Tertön
5096:Tantra
5081:Ganana
5071:Tukdam
4997:Dhyāna
4965:Mudita
4960:Karuṇā
4853:Risshū
4848:Huayan
4781:Naraka
4721:Anattā
4716:Dukkha
4711:Anicca
4616:Dharma
4568:Channa
4503:Ānanda
4488:Assaji
4455:Skanda
4358:(wife)
4327:Family
4307:Relics
4232:Sangha
4227:Dharma
4222:Buddha
3994:Rulu.
3439:
3371:p. 15.
3102:
2997:
2756:Yangzi
2727:Legacy
2716:Faxian
2608:matika
2488:Yijing
2473:Kosala
2469:Odisha
2456:, and
2410:Deccan
2362:, the
2179:Agamas
2125:Ujjain
2008:Āgamas
1951:Bamyan
1862:Faxian
1815:Sutras
1809:Taisho
1783:Buddha
1775:Jātaka
1754:Faxian
1673:Vinaya
1595:kleśa)
1539:caitta
1498:dharma
1279:arhats
1242:asraya
1238:visaya
1220:vipaka
1216:karman
1120:caitta
1114:) nor
1094:ajñana
1090:Arhats
1014:garbha
969:ananta
951:Dharma
850:, the
828:śaṅkha
822:(Skt.
788:kāṣāya
748:, the
686:Kośala
668:. The
630:vinaya
596:Sangha
527:Buddha
511:Vinaya
484:schism
472:nikāya
464:pinyin
450:Sangha
446:Brahmi
214:Ashoka
167:Ānanda
81:Āgamas
37:Early
6719:Lists
6587:Kalpa
6582:Iddhi
6445:Music
6440:Mudra
6406:Vassa
6386:Vesak
6356:Budai
6302:Candi
6285:Stupa
6217:Logic
5970:Italy
5869:Tibet
5807:Nepal
5777:Korea
5772:Japan
5762:India
5757:China
5702:Sutra
5657:Texts
5607:Dōgen
5597:Hōnen
5582:Atiśa
5547:Zhiyi
5457:Achar
5425:Tulku
5420:Geshe
5405:Rōshi
5390:Ajahn
5345:Arhat
5305:Bodhi
5275:Vīrya
5192:Sacca
5187:Satya
5182:Sādhu
5170:Music
5113:Merit
5106:Terma
5066:Zazen
5002:Faith
4955:Mettā
4636:Karma
4596:Bardo
4563:Asita
4553:Khema
4543:Upāli
4528:Nanda
4366:(son)
4340:Māyā
4317:Films
4194:Index
3833:(PDF)
3826:(PDF)
3437:JSTOR
2767:Atiśa
2431:Japan
2383:Stūpa
2224:, in
2129:India
1716:and *
1698:āgama
1648:Texts
1591:Kuiji
1547:jñāna
1535:citta
1435:karma
1368:upāya
1230:citta
1208:kleśa
1203:marga
1112:citta
1086:sabba
866:used
858:used
781:monk
666:Karli
480:India
172:Upāli
67:(EBT)
6617:Pāḷi
6602:Māra
6512:Flag
5913:Iran
5837:Tuva
5782:Laos
5410:Lama
5258:Śīla
5226:Śīla
5214:Pīti
5204:Sati
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