28:
323:(natural springs tank). However, George Michell and Carol Bolon questioned this assumption. Bolon proposed that it may have been near an old temple that exists near the cliff (hill top) about a kilometer away. The problem with this suggestion is that the architecture and artwork at the cliff temple is far more crude than the remarkable finish of the Mahakuta pillar, making it likely that the cliff temple is considerably more older. According to Gary Tartakov, the temple now called Bananti Gudi is more likely site where the pillar used to be. This small two-level historic Dravida architecture temple is more consistent with the chronology, iconography and the pillar artwork, as well much closer to where Fleet found the pillar in 1880–81.
217:
886:"impossible to believe", states Sircar, that Kirtivarman I even invaded all the kingdoms mentioned in this inscription because they are so far from the Badami-region in different directions. Furthermore, other inscriptions of this same dynasty, including one issued during the rule of his own son Pulakesin II contradict this wildly exaggerated claims. Thus, many parts of this inscription cannot be taken at face value or being even partially true, but reflect mere "imagination" and "fabrication" by the beneficiary of the gift and his scribe.
158:
775:
Henry
Cousens stated that the fine, fluted Mahakuta pillar suggests that construction techniques were fairly advanced, and therefore likely went with the advanced Mahakutesvara temple near where it was found. George Michell and others questioned this, and suggested that the pillar may be referring to an older temple with the same name, one mentioned by Fleet and Cousens in their footnotes of 1880s publications. In the late 1970s, Carol Bolon identified two temples, one named
189:
196:
203:
165:
1399:
1375:
857:).} However, scholars generally dismiss much in this inscription as fiction or exaggeration. These claims are unreliable, states K.V. Ramesh, as they not supported by inscriptions, texts and later records found in and away from Early Western Chalukya region. According to Ramesh, Kirtivarman may have conquered only the
897:
According to
Tratakov, for Indian architecture historians, the Mahakuta pillar is an important monument. It helps set a chronology for the innovations and creativity in the Tungabhadra cradle of Indian art. Along with about 30 ruins of Hindu temples that exist in Mahakuta, and numerous more in nearby
885:
inscriptions, such as the one in the
Mahakuta pillar, mix historical truths with too much fabrication in their attempt to flatter and eulogize their rulers for the gifts they received in turn. These exaggerations and allegations limit their historical value and must be used with a lot of care. It is
422:
Fleet discusses alternate dates ranging between 595 CE and 602 CE, largely based on other inscriptions and texts, preferring 602 CE. Other scholars use a combination of inscriptions and texts to determine a different reference year. Thus, KR Ramesh dates it to 595–596 CE, while Carol Bolon dates it
595:
A useful list of dynasties in 6th-century
Greater India; also valuable are the listed normative values expected in Indian kings; later scholars dismiss the "crushing", "hostile kings" and such claims as poetic exaggeration, unreliable and a hagiographic myth; this analysis is based on other Badami
395:
Lines 13–14 of the inscription allude to the date of the inscription, as "the fifth glorious year, of the constantly augmenting reign of
Mangalesha, in the current Siddharatha (samvatsara) on the full moon tithi of the month Vaisakha". Scholars have interpreted this in different ways because there
774:
At first blush, the pillar was linked to the temple it was found near, namely the
Mahakutesvara temple. However, this is a fairly sophisticated form of Dravida architecture. It led to theories that the Dravida architecture was quite advanced by 602 CE. The colonial era archaeologist and historian
526:
The Vedic rituals in vogue in 6th-century are mentioned, establishing that Vedic culture was well established in
Karnataka by the 6th-century, that Pulikesin I and Badami Chalukya dynasty kings were Hindus; Fleet's translation and interpretation on Hiranyagarbha descent has been disputed by later
331:
The
Mahakuta pillar is made of fine grained, deep red sandstone. It is about 14.5 feet (4.4 m) tall, 22 inches (560 mm) in diameter and has sixteen facets. An inscription is engraved on it in Sanskrit language and Old Kannada script winding up from the base over a length of 38 inches
729:
Affirms that temple chariot tradition for idol-procession was already in vogue by the 6th-century; also mentions the existence of a
Makutesvara temple by c. 600 CE (must be the older version near the hill top, not the one with same name built in late 7th-century, see discussion below);
770:
The
Mahakuta pillar and its date is important as it helps date other dynasties mentioned, the chronology of kings within the Early Western Chalukya dynasty, how and when the different temple architecture styles evolved in Badami-Mahakuta-Pattadakal-Aihole region of Karnataka.
396:
are several Hindu calendars and it is not obvious which one to apply here. Furthermore, the inscription uses the start of Mangalesha's reign as reference and it is unclear what that reference year should be. According to Fleet, there are three possible dates:
894:(early 6th-century) for the construction of the early temples in this region and the Mahakutesvara temple. Similarly, it is another source for establishing the use of Sanskrit and the popular epithets in 6th-century for eulogized kings.
889:
According to Harle, there may be some useful information in the Mahakuta pillar. For example, given the controversies and disagreements on relative chronology of Dravida architecture, the Mahakuta pillar "probably" provides a
783:(larger temple near the Mahakuta natural springs tank, likely completed in the second half of the 7th-century, close to 685 CE). Bolon's chronology fits better with generally accepted chronology of Dravida architecture.
374:
victory pillar) in the inscription. The inscription shows no signs of mutilation, only natural erosion over nearly 1,400 years. The scribe identifies the end of each line by repeating or double-repeating an
228:
386:
This is a "Saiva inscription", states Fleet. The pillar's primary aim is to declare the gift of an additional ten villages to the Shiva temple called Makutesvaranatha, one that already existed in 602 CE.
332:(970 mm). The inscription consists of sixteen lines, each spirally wrapped around the sixteen faces averaging four letters per face. The pillar has no base molding. It is topped with a small
300:
The pillar was found in the 19th-century lying on the ground near the ruins of Mahakutesvara temple, one of the 7th-century group of temples at the Mahakuta natural springs (
817:
Some of the conquests, wars and attacks mentioned in the Mahakuta pillar inscription has been used as a reliable record. The inscription states, for example, that
1615:
690:
More references to Hindu legends; The king Buddha mentioned is not to be confused with one who founded Buddhism; this is Buddharaja of the Kalachuri dynasty.
431:
The sixteen lines of the inscription on the Mahakuta pillar was first translated by John Fleet and published in 1889. His translation is given below:
1625:
571:
commencing with those of Vanga, Anga, Kalinga, Vatttura, Magadha, Madraka, Kerala, Gangs, Mushaka, Pandya, Dramila, Choliya, Aluka, and Vaijayanti,
379:(letter). The Sanskrit is not perfect in the classical sense, but of a good quality with occasional mistakes. The composers tried to create metric
27:
319:
The historical location of the Mahakuta pillar has been unclear. Henry Cousens and early scholars presumed that it was always near the Mahakuta
1595:
1620:
350:
is the modern era name of the site where this pillar was found. Its earlier name, as stated in lines 9–10 of the inscription was
798:. The inscription does not mention the word Pulakeshin I, Line 4 of the inscription confirms that Pulakeshin I was also called
1630:
1542:
1521:
1497:
1476:
1455:
1421:
1323:
1600:
945:
the village Kesuvolala mentioned in these lines is – based on other inscriptions found in this region – same as the famous
936:
The Early Western Chalukyan kings were also patrons of Vaishnavism and Jainism, given the Deccan temples they helped build.
499:
from (him who was) a very receptacle of brilliance, energy, valour, memory, intellect, splendour, polity, and refinement,
119:
67:
269:, is a deep red sandstone pillar with an early 7th-century inscription of Early Western Chalukya era. It was found near
308:. Its significance was re-discovered by colonial era archaeologists and scholars in the 1880s. The pillar was moved to
786:
According to the Mahakuta pillar inscription, the dynasty commenced with Jayasimha I, followed by Ranaraga. Then came
1610:
313:
635:
he is possessed of fortune, just as the god) Vasudeva (Krishna) is possessed of (his wife, the goddess) Sri ;
1386:
John F Fleet (1890). "Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions No. 185 - Mahakuta Pillar Inscription of Mangalesa".
666:(and), with an eager desire to set up a pillar of victory of (his) prowess on the bank of (the river) Bhagirathi,
898:
sites of Badami, Aihole and others, it helps fix the relative decades and century for innovations that unfolded.
157:
515:
after celebrating the agnishthoma, agnichayana, vajapeya, bahusuvarna, paundarika, and ashvamedha-sacrifices;
1605:
1447:
Aspects of Indian Art: Papers Presented in a Symposium at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, October, 1970
548:
whose choice feet were rubbed and scrubbed by the jeweled diadems of hostile kings (bowing down before him);
464:
who are possessed of unrepulsed energy, strength, intellect, splendour, heroism, firmness, and vigour ;
619:
who has exterminated (other) lion-like kings with the majesty and vigour and speed of (his) forearm ;
519:
who was good to Brahmins ; who was a speaker of the truth ; (and) who never broke (his) promises.
637:
like Mandhatri, he is possessed of fame ; in intellect he is equal to Brihaspati and Usanas ;
195:
188:
629:
What need is there to say much more ? He is as difficult of assault as (the god) Mahendra ;
1590:
918:
was detached but near it; now, at the Vijayapura museum, it is displayed together in a restored form.
270:
585:
who is a, king resembling a group of water-lilies, being an object of desire to crowds of warriors,
340:
is about 19 inches (480 mm) tall and 32.5 inches (830 mm) in diameter. On the top of this
611:
and is the abode of (the goddess) 'Sri ; who is as pleasing as a group of water-lilies ;
517:
who was descended from Hiranyagarbha (Brahman); who accepted the admonitions of the elders ;
631:
like Rama, he has never been conquered ; he is as liberal as Sibi, the son of Ugnara ;
540:
there were born two sons, whose virtuous qualities resembled those of Balabhadra and Vasubhadra.
705:
And (therefore) this property, which at (their) own idol-procession was assigned by our father
609:
is surrounded by female bees, is full of blossoms, is caused to expand by the rays of the sun,
1468:
The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India
623:
in (arranging) peace and war, in encamping and in moving forward, in attacking in the rear,
596:
Chalukya inscriptions, texts and the evidence from other parts of 6th and 7th-century India
583:
who is endowed with polity, refinement, knowledge, liberality, kindness, and civility ;
914:
At the time of its re-discovery in the 1880s, the pillar was lying on the ground, and this
876:
779:(elder temple near the hill top nearby, likely completed between 565–602 CE) and the other
281:, it is an important and partly disputed source of historic information about the times of
558:
Reference to Vasudeva and Krishna-legends; again a mention of Vedic rituals for the kings
538:
Of him, whose mind delighted in religion, (and) whose majesty resembled that of Vasudeva,
8:
715:
in the current Siddhartha (sarkivatsara), on the full-moon day of (the month) Vailiakha,
709:— supplement it, by (bestowing the) enjoyment of the ten villages headed by Sriyambataka,
400:
if they were using the southern Luni-solar calendar in the early 7th century, this gives
305:
664:(and) having conquered king Buddha, (and) having taken possession of all his substance,
1569:
1350:
546:
who was endowed with sovereignty acquired by the strength and prowess of his own arm;
501:
there was born one who was possessed of an auspicious name, the king called Ranaraga,
277:, Karnataka, India. Inscribed with 16 lines of Sanskrit in Old Kannada script by king
1538:
1517:
1493:
1472:
1451:
1417:
1319:
672:
calls (to his presence) the royal lady named Durlabha(devi), his own father's wife ,
589:
being enlightened by (his) excellent religious merit, and being the abode of majesty,
411:
524 in the southern calendar, the equivalent of April 602 CE (per the Vaisakha month)
301:
927:
For a photo of the Mahakuta pillar, see Figure 1 on page 259 of Bolon's publication.
1561:
1342:
745:
whosoever at any time possesses the earth, to him belongs at that time the reward.
639:
he is as profound as the ocean ; in endurance he is equal to the earth ;
250:
751:(but) the confiscator of a grant, and he who assents (to an act of confiscation),
621:(and) who is well skilled in counsel, in (the selection of) spies and messengers,
1552:
Gary Tartakov (1980). "The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone".
1532:
1511:
1487:
1466:
1445:
1411:
1313:
507:
Of that king, possessed of virtuous qualities resembling (those of his father),
344:
is a carved box with flower decoration on the sides and lotus palmette corners.
544:
which was rendered illustrious by a multitude of most excellent virtues ;
713:
Accordingly, in the fifth glorious year of (his) constantly augmenting reign,
1584:
1403:
1379:
834:
818:
791:
749:
The giver of land enjoys happiness in heaven for sixty thousand years ;
651:
kings such as Rama; the Sibi legend is also found in Buddhist and Jain texts
607:
just as the group of water-lilies is an object of desire to crowds of birds,
569:
When he, having acquired victory by crushing the array of many hostile kings
134:
121:
82:
69:
711:(.... lost ....), Vrihimukhagrama, Kesuvolala, Kendoramanya, and Nandigrama.
550:(and) whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed
485:
The allegorical references are to the Vedic legends in the Hindu tradition.
787:
662:
And he, — having set (his) heart upon the conquest of the northern region,
476:
who, like (the god) Maghavan (Indra), was possessed of virtuous qualities,
289:
474:
there was born a king, the illustrious Jayasingha the chief of favorites,
743:
The earth has been enjoyed by many kings, commencing with Sagara ;
670:
there should be set up the prowess" of a pillar of victory of religion,
647:
The king is compared to many of the famous Hindu legends about mythical
503:
who by (his) fondness for war elicited the affection of his own people,
1573:
1354:
946:
846:
795:
627:
and in the apportioning of honours among country-people and townsfolk.
579:
who meditates on the feet of gods, Brahmins, and spiritual preceptors;
575:
the king who has the appellations of Uru-Ranavikranta, and Mangalesha,
304:). The site is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east from the historic
278:
1431:
George Michell (1973). "Dating the Mahakutesvara Temple at Mahakuta".
617:(that displays itself) in the multitude of the faces of (his) enemies,
513:
whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed
881:
587:
being surrounded by young damsels, being full of charming qualities,
542:
The elder (was) he who was fond of (his) name of Paru-Ranaparakrama,
106:
1565:
1537:. Epigraphy, Palaeography, Numismatics Series. Motilal Banarsidass.
1346:
581:
who is the fall-moon of the sky which is the race of the Chalukyas;
1277:
1177:
862:
854:
625:
in the invasion of territories, in the construction of fortresses,
613:
whose heroism has for (its) faultless eye (his) servants the spies
468:
who have kindled the sacrificial fire according to due rite ;
285:
102:
1506:
K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi
615:
who are intent upon scorching up the whole aggregate of the fear,
407:
the mean-sign system of the southern Hindu calendar this would be
1402:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1378:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1029:
1027:
309:
1289:
1143:
1141:
1002:
1000:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
674:
who is fit and worthy to follow (his) lead in the matter ;
497:
Resembling him in virtuous qualities and heroism and affluence,
478:(and) who in affluence resembled (the god) Vaigravana (Kubera).
358:
as the local vernacular alternate. This is not a mistake of the
1362:
John F Fleet (1881). "Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions".
1012:
868:
858:
850:
838:
830:
822:
668:
having determined in (his) mind that in the first place indeed
282:
274:
1189:
1024:
472:(and) who generate the religious merit of many pious actions,
1225:
1138:
997:
962:
842:
826:
552:
after celebrating the bahusuvarna and agnishthoma sacrifices.
509:
the dear son (was) the king who had the names of Satyasraya,
1489:
The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India
1114:
1092:
1090:
717:(in commemoration of the grant of the villages in question)
573:
had ascended to the skies, there was (his) younger brother,
511:
the favourite of fortune and of the earth, and Ranavikrama;
470:
who gratify supplicants according to (their) desires ;
462:— who are of the Manavya gotra; who are Haritiputras ;
1513:
Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India
1333:
Carol Bolon (1979). "The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples".
1075:
985:
829:
and nearby region), Madraka, Kerala (Southwest coastline),
1255:
1253:
1201:
1165:
1126:
1102:
1051:
1153:
1087:
1063:
1039:
633:
like Yudhishthira, he is faithful to his promises ;
1312:
Gary Tartakov (1985). Fredrick Asher; G.S. Gai (eds.).
1250:
753:
shall dwell for the same number of years in hell !
703:
in the idol-procession of the temple of (Our) own god.
460:
Om ! Hail ! In the lineage of the Chalukyas,
383:, but lines such as 3 and 4 are not in accurate meter.
366:
as the name of the temple. The pillar itself is called
1213:
759:
Affirms the expansion of an older grant to the temple
1265:
747:(of this grant that is now made, if he continue it)!
680:(and) whose body has been purified by participating,
676:
who, like Damayanti, was a most devoted wife ;
577:
and chief of favorites of fortune and of the earth;
362:(scribe), because lines 13–14 repeat this term with
1315:
Indian Epigraphy: Its Bearing on the History of Art
466:who meditate on the feet of (their) parents ;
707:and elder brother to (the god) Makutesvaranatha,
684:and informs (her) of this (assignment of authority
682:in the rewards of a variety of religious actions,
741:And it has been said in the writings of religion,
678:who was the ornament of the Batpura family ;
414:the northern Luni-solar calendar gives a date in
1582:
1364:Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research
821:conquered many kingdoms such as Vanga, Kalinga (
32:Early Western Chalukya inscription of Mangalesa
1430:
1132:
701:The wealth of the Kalatsuri has been expended
505:and-caused vexation of mind to (his) enemies.
426:
1616:Buildings and structures in Bagalkot district
1551:
1409:
1311:
1295:
1195:
1120:
1018:
825:and nearby regions), Anga, Vattura, Magadha (
1410:Nayak, B.U.; Ghosh, N.C.; Rao, S.R. (1992).
1385:
1361:
1231:
1207:
1147:
1108:
1096:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1033:
991:
872:and he dismisses the rest as exaggeration.
1332:
1183:
1171:
1045:
1006:
979:
288:, the dynasty, and his influential father
26:
1626:Tourist attractions in Bagalkot district
1485:
1444:J Harle (1972). Pratapaditya Pal (ed.).
1413:New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology
1219:
1464:
1443:
1283:
1271:
641:(and) he is the ornament of the earth.
1583:
1530:
1509:
1259:
1159:
312:about 1920, and is now housed in the
1596:Monuments and memorials in Karnataka
861:in coastal Karnataka, the Banavasi
13:
1471:. University of California Press.
14:
1642:
336:with thirty six deep flutes. The
314:Archaeological Museum, Vijayapura
235:Location of Mahakuta, near Badami
1397:
1373:
723:(column of victory of religion).
215:
201:
194:
187:
164:
163:
156:
1305:
1237:
939:
930:
765:
433:
271:Mahakuta group of Hindu temples
116:Gol Gumbaz Museum, Vijayapura (
1621:Sanskrit inscriptions in India
1492:. Philosophia Antiqua. Brill.
921:
908:
527:scholars such as D.C. Sircar.
326:
1:
955:
1631:Badami Chalukya inscriptions
435:Mahakuta pillar inscription
267:Mangalesa Dharma Jayastambha
7:
1601:Monumental columns in India
1318:. Oxford University Press.
1286:, p. 158 with note 86.
1121:Nayak, Ghosh & Rao 1992
447:
427:Inscription and translation
295:
21:Mahakuta pillar Inscription
10:
1647:
439:
254:
223:Mahakuta group of temples
151:
112:
98:
61:
53:
45:
37:
25:
20:
1611:7th-century inscriptions
1186:, pp. 254–256, 267.
901:
1516:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1486:Schastok, S.L. (1985).
390:
135:16.827048°N 75.735603°E
83:15.932953°N 75.722656°E
306:cave temples of Badami
1531:Sircar, D.C. (1996).
879:, historic texts and
806:valorous in war) and
1606:Kannada inscriptions
1465:Pollock, S. (2006).
1416:. Aditya Prakashan.
877:Dineshchandra Sircar
849:and nearby), Aluka (
841:, Dramila, Choliya (
140:16.827048; 75.735603
88:15.932953; 75.722656
1510:Sircar, D. (1971).
1298:, pp. 139–142.
1245:Chalukyas of Vatapi
1162:, pp. 164–165.
1133:George Michell 1973
1036:, pp. 102–104.
1021:, pp. 145–146.
1009:, pp. 253–256.
982:, pp. 253–255.
719:he has set up this
436:
131: /
79: /
1296:Gary Tartakov 1985
1196:Gary Tartakov 1980
1019:Gary Tartakov 1985
892:terminus ante quem
853:) and Vaijayanti (
814:home of truth).}
790:who had two sons,
781:Hosa Mahakutesvara
777:Hire Mahakutesvara
721:Dharma Jayastambha
434:
368:Dharma Jayastambha
41:Deep red sandstone
1544:978-81-208-1166-9
1523:978-81-208-2790-5
1499:978-90-04-06941-1
1478:978-0-520-93202-9
1457:978-90-04-03625-3
1423:978-81-85689-12-8
1325:978-0-8364-1356-4
1262:, pp. 25–26.
1234:, pp. 14–15.
1232:John F Fleet 1890
1208:John F Fleet 1890
1198:, pp. 94–99.
1150:, pp. 18–21.
1148:John F Fleet 1890
1109:John F Fleet 1890
1097:John F Fleet 1890
1082:John F Fleet 1890
1070:John F Fleet 1890
1058:John F Fleet 1890
1034:John F Fleet 1881
992:John F Fleet 1890
763:
762:
754:
724:
685:
642:
590:
553:
521:
480:
302:Bagalkot district
257:), also known as
244:
243:
1638:
1591:Chalukya dynasty
1577:
1548:
1534:Indian Epigraphy
1527:
1503:
1482:
1461:
1440:
1427:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:Indian Antiquary
1377:
1376:
1371:
1358:
1341:(2/3): 253–268.
1329:
1299:
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1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:Carol Bolon 1979
1181:
1175:
1172:Carol Bolon 1979
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1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1136:
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1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
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1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1046:Carol Bolon 1979
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1007:Carol Bolon 1979
1004:
995:
994:, pp. 7–16.
989:
983:
980:Carol Bolon 1979
977:
949:
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
912:
740:
700:
661:
606:
568:
537:
495:
458:
437:
364:Makutesvaranatha
256:
230:
224:
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212:
205:
204:
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177:Mahakuta (India)
167:
166:
160:
146:
145:
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136:
132:
129:
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113:Present location
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1566:10.2307/3250008
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1404:public domain
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1335:Artibus Asiae
1331:
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1274:, p. 65.
1273:
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1246:
1243:K.V. Ramesh,
1240:
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1221:
1220:Schastok 1985
1216:
1210:, p. 14.
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875:According to
873:
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864:
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840:
837:and nearby),
836:
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819:Kirtivarman I
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259:Makuta pillar
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16:
1560:(1): 39–99.
1557:
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1436:
1433:Oriental Art
1432:
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1314:
1306:Bibliography
1291:
1284:Pollock 2006
1279:
1272:J Harle 1972
1267:
1244:
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1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
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1077:
1072:, p. 8.
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788:Pulakeshin I
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766:Significance
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290:Pulakeshin I
266:
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255:ಮಹಾಕೂಟ ಸ್ತಂಭ
246:
245:
15:
1260:Sircar 1996
1160:Sircar 1971
867:Mauryas of
833:, Mushaka (
808:Satyashraya
800:Ranavikrama
443:Translation
423:to 602 CE.
416:saka samvat
327:Description
138: /
86: /
1585:Categories
1370:: 102–104.
956:References
947:Pattadakal
847:Tamil Nadu
796:Mangalesha
279:Mangalesha
126:75°44′08″E
123:16°49′37″N
74:75°43′22″E
71:15°55′59″N
62:Discovered
1450:. Brill.
882:prashasti
321:pushkarni
107:Karnataka
865:and the
863:Kadambas
855:Banavasi
360:lipikara
348:Mahakuta
296:Location
286:Chalukya
171:Mahakuta
103:Mahakuta
49:Sanskrit
38:Material
1574:3250008
1394:: 7–20.
1355:3249519
1247:, pp 50
916:amalaka
835:Malabar
649:dharmic
381:shlokas
354:, with
342:amalaka
338:amalaka
334:amalaka
310:Bijapur
251:Kannada
54:Created
46:Writing
1572:
1541:
1520:
1496:
1475:
1454:
1420:
1353:
1322:
869:Konkan
859:Alupas
851:Alupas
839:Pandya
831:Gangas
823:Odisha
735:15–16
695:13–14
656:11–12
448:Notes
440:Lines
409:samvat
402:samvat
377:aksara
372:dharma
356:Magada
352:Makuta
283:Badami
275:Badami
211:6miles
57:602 CE
1570:JSTOR
1351:JSTOR
902:Notes
843:Chola
827:Bihar
601:9–10
273:near
99:Place
1539:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1439:(2).
1418:ISBN
1320:ISBN
812:lit.
804:lit.
794:and
563:7–8
532:5–6
490:3–4
453:1-2
391:Date
209:10km
1562:doi
1437:XIX
1343:doi
418:525
404:522
265:or
1587::
1568:.
1558:42
1556:.
1435:.
1396:,
1392:19
1390:.
1372:,
1368:10
1366:.
1349:.
1339:41
1337:.
1252:^
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253::
105:,
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1426:.
1406:.
1382:.
1357:.
1345::
1328:.
1135:.
810:(
802:(
370:(
249:(
147:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
