695:), who were of foreign origin. Reasons for the divisions included the Afaqis' Shi'a beliefs, which were seen as heretical by the Deccanis, and their language: the Afaqis spoke Persian rather than Deccani. Mahmud, as he hailed from Persia and was likely Shi'a himself, was an Afaqi, so he faced many challenges. The conflict was largely depoliticized during the triumvirate's rule, but the collapse of the regency caused relations between the two parties to grow increasingly strained during Mahmud's fifteen-year supreme rule, and even more so following 1473 due to the drastic reforms issued by him which curtailed both noble factions' power. Plots arose among the Deccanis to remove him from power, and the nobles forged a treasonous document purportedly from him. This was in part motivated by the absence of
382:, as he too was a minor. When he was fourteen years of age, the triumvirate regency came to a forced end when Jahan Turk was ordered murdered by the queen mother herself. Jahan Turk had been a disturbing force in the Sultanate by giving the new nobility positions in place of the old aristocracy, thus favouring the former and alienating the latter, and had been disliked for his rumoured embezzling of funds from the royal treasury and abuse of power. Through his influence and insistence on having his way, Jahan Turk sent Mahmud to administer the frontier provinces of the kingdom, and as he was, according to historian
639:
307:. Political intrigues against Mahmud's family, instigated by a minister, Hajji Muhammad, and the commander of the Gilani forces, Syed Ali, succeeded in undermining the family's status, and at some point before 1440, both Mahmud and his brother, Shihabu'd-din Ahmad, left Gilan on the advice of their mother. Mahmud had three sons, Abdullah, Alaf Khan, Ali, and a brother who went to Mecca; the last of his three sons, Ali, was as well in the service of the Bahmani Sultanate and participated in a campaign against Vijayanagara, likely after Mahmud's death.
523:, then subordinate to Malwa. The Bahmanis had taken the citadel when two defenders deceived Yusuf Turk and murdered him, bringing the Khalji's forces down toward the city as a result, though a diverting of Mahmud's forces in the direction of the Khaljis's intimitaded him to retreat, ending the conflict with no clear victor. Its concluding treaty saw Kherla become a full territory of Malwa, while the Bahmanis retained all former lands, and reversed the diplomatic atmosphere of the two states to permanent friendship despite the past invasions.
449:
491:, in cooperation with the ruler of Khandesh and some other states, again invaded the Bahmani Sultanate. In the confrontation between the joint regency and the opposing side, an initial tactical advantage for the former turned into an unexpected defeat, and the Bahmani forces were forced to retreat. Following this, the court was temporarily moved to the second capital of Firozabad, and Mahmud Gawan ordered the queen to delegate
566:
administrative burden and the expansion of the
Sultanate's territory, both partly a result of his own prior actions. He also instituted reforms to set and standardise the payment and obligations of the nobles and to limit the provincial governor's control to the assignment of only one fort. These reforms would not be taken well by many of the nobles, whose power had been significantly curtailed.
723:
Mahmud's humble life and generous spending habits. Mahmud was ordered to be buried, though still in a small tomb disproportionate to the authority his rank had held. One year after the death of Mahmud, the Sultan also died at the age of 29. It was said that Mahmud haunted the Sultan during the last days of his life as he used to scream on his death bed that he was being killed by Mahmud.
669:. The complex stands at the centre of Bidar's old town, and was completed in 1472. The extensive library included a collection of 3,000 manuscripts, a large amount for the era. It was a three-storied building, each floor identical in structure, with two minarets, a mosque, library, labs, lecture halls and dormitories, which overlooked a courtyard with arches on either side. Historian
375:β and the foreigners, through the triumvirate's policy of appeasing these factions. It also deterred foreign invasions through its "unity of action" policy, which saw the regents consistently in agreement on the best course of action. This latter policy lasted until the death of Nizam Shah in 1463, and the cessation of it was the catalyst for increased factional strife.
390:(tarafs) of the Sultanate and given the title of prime minister by the queen mother in 1466, a title formerly held by Jahan Turk, ensuing Mahmud's supreme rule as the de facto ruler of the Sultanate. He was given the formal title of βLord of the habitors of the Globe, Secretary of the Royal Mansion, Deputy of the Realm", which he was addressed as in court documents.
352:, or chief minister following Ahmad Shah II's death. In Humayun Shah's accession speech, he states he appointed Mahmud as he fit the role of "one who should be clothed with the outward attributes of truth and good faith and who should inwardly be free from vices and vanity". In addition to his main role, he was given control of military affairs and was made
507:, whom Mahmud and the queen had asked for assistance, to the north, and Jahan Turk to the south. Mahmud Begada, going by way of Malwa through his insistence not to enter the Deccan, as he wished to be closer to his homeland in case of internal conflict, along with Mahmud Gawan, successfully forced Khalji of Malwa to flee to his home country by way of
546:, were two of the most prosperous ports of the Vijayanagara Empire. One of the objectives of the campaign had been to decrease the frequent piratical attacks on Muslim pilgrims, and the campaign's success, in addition ot granting the Bahmanis increased revenue in trade, was seen as a victory against such piracy.
342:, Mahmud Gawan was made a noble and given charge of 1,000 calvalrymen. and gave up his plans to travel onwards. In 1457, he was given charge of an elite formation of cavalry, and led the suppression of a minor rebellion of two family members of the sultan. Impressed with his military aptitude, Sultan
255:
in 1466. Following the triumvirate's breakup, in which his power had been throttled by its other members, he would exercise a great deal of authority over the
Bahmani kingdom in his supreme rule. During his reign, Mahmud enjoyed the trust and confidence of rulers, locals as well as that of foreign
565:
In 1473, following Mahmud's many campaigns and territorial acquisitions, he reorganised the tarafs out of both the new and old territory held by the state, increasing the number from four to eight, and distributing them equally among the
Deccanis and foreigners. This was done due to the increased
722:
did not believe Mahmud's assertion that the letter was forged, and in part a result of his drunken state, ordered him executed on 5 April 1481. The
Bahmani Sultanate fell into great disarray following his execution. The Sultan later regretted his ill-thought-out decision, in part by discovering
676:
The structure significantly deteriorated in the years following its inception. The building was damaged by a gunpowder explosion and thunder storm in 1696, which collectively rid it of half of the southern wing and half its front, and it was consistently neglected and left to decay through the
389:
The queen mother retired from political affairs with the dissolution of the triumvirate, furthering Mahmud Gawan's lack of diplomatic and intellectual competition. A ceremony was held soon after the triumvirate's dissolution, where he was entrusted with the general supervision of all provinces
386:, "the moderating element in the Triumvirate", the stability of the state quickly collapsed. Jahan Turk was able to greatly increase his power with the absence of Mahmud, becoming the de facto ruler, and the queen mother, who took issue with this, had him killed then in 1466.
256:
kingdoms, who had great respect for him. Amongst a factional conflict between the local (Deccanis) and foreign nobility (Afaqis), Mahmud was executed in April of 1481 on Sultan
Muhammad III's orders over a forged treasonous document by the Afaqis faction, headed by
538:. This campaign continued through 1472, where in it he sought to capture autonomous hill and sea forts which were hotspots for piracy and disruption in trade routes for the vital horse trade. In 1472, following a string of other victories, Mahmud captured
518:
A third invasion by the Khalji of Malwa was known to be looming in 1468, and in anticipation Mahmud Gawan led forces near
Khandesh, again in alliance with Gujarat. The main army of Berar, a Bahmani taraf, under the Bahmani general Yusuf Turk, besieged
370:
until his majority. This regency council consisted of Mahmud, the mother of Nizam Shah, and a noble named Jahan Turk. It worked well in depoliticizing the conflict between the two noble factions, the
Deccanis β those native to the
677:
elements. This neglect and its ruinous state caused the madrasa to become a public dumping ground for the people's filth and rubbish. The building later underwent a significant cleanup and renovation after being taken over by the
326:, the Bahmani capital, and then to travel to Delhi. He met first with the governor of Dabhol, and then traveled to Bidar. The Bahmani sultans of the era actively recruited Persians both as scholars and administrators, and Sultan
620:. These western contacts helped to make known the Deccan and Bahmani kingdom to the western and Islamic world, something which had been desirable for past Sultans but was expanded under Mahmud's ministership. Historian
703:, as Yusuf was one of Mahmud's closest companions and thus would inform him of any conspiracy against him beforehand. The treasonable documents presented by the critics of Mahmud were letters written to the
2198:
515:
attacks and attrition. Mahmud Khalji again invaded the following year, reaching
Fathabad, but was repelled by a force that included Mahmud Gawan, again with the assistance of Mahmud Begada.
314:
and Egypt, becoming a successful merchant, in horses as well as other goods, and taking opportunities for study in Cairo and
Damascus. He was offered ministerial positions in the courts of
715:, which appeared to have been written by Mahmud. The letters said that the people were dismayed by the wretchedness of the Sultan, and invited Purushottamadeva to invade the kingdom.
550:
of
Vijayanagara a month later tried to send forces to reclaim his losses in the Konkan, and attempted to lay siege to Goa, but was deterred by an army led by Mahmud alongside
673:
describes it as an "extraordinary place", with "arches and colorful glazed tiles recalling Timurid Central Asia, and its minaret and domes reminiscent of Mamluk Egypt".
584:, in which the Sultan addressed him as βSpreader of the Board of kindness and goodness, the Right Hand of the Bahmani State, Trustee of the Religion of Muhammad",
767:
Mahmud Gawan had a rank of 1,000, which corresponded to the revenue he was expected to raise and the number of horsemen he was required to maintain for the crown.
303:, and his father's name was Jalalu'd-din Muhammad. Mahmud's family was of high rank, and according to his own account had included viziers in the city of
558:
in the first known use of gunpowder in the Deccan. By exploiting the fort's defenses with mines and other explosives, he successfully took the city. The
2333:
421:
Mahmud Gawan took part in and led many campaigns and enlarged the state to an extent never achieved before, with the Sultanate stretching from the
511:, as the way north to Malwa was blocked by the Bahmani and Gujarati forces. In his flight, Khalji's already wounded army was nearly eradicated by
275:, which resulted in the Bahmani Sultanate reaching its greatest territorial extent under his reign. Mahmud is notable for his construction of the
562:
of Belgaum, in exchange for keeping his life, agreed to let his city be annexed to Mahmud, while retaining his position as overseer of the fort.
499:
after seventeen days, but was forced into raising the siege not long after by the threat of the advancing joint army of Mahmud's and the king of
480:. Mahmud, in addition with the other triumvirs and Nizam Shah himself, led an army against the Gajapatis and pushed them back from Bidar.
2253:
227:, the Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate, and given an officer position. Upon his accession to the throne, Mahmud was made chief minister (
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393:
Mahmud Gawan's foreign policy caused a drastic shift in the diplomatic atmosphere of South India; he temporarily allied his state with
727:, a Deccani who was one of the chief architects of the plan to have Mahmud executed, succeeded him as prime minister after his death.
405:
around 1468, with mutual envoys sent despite three past invasions of the kingdom by Khalji. He also strengthened diplomatic ties with
2059:
580:, included correspondence between many heads of state of the era, who greatly respected him. This included correspondence with
1952:
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in 1492. Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder of the Bijapur Sultanate, was likely himself a former Georgian slave of Mahmud Gawan.
495:, the fort protecting the capital, to a high-ranking Deccani noble. Khalji began laying siege to Bidar, and advanced to the
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There existed a divide between the two factions of the Deccanis, who were of local origin, and the Afaqis (alternatively
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468:, saw the Bahmani Sultanate as weak, which was typical in the presence of a regency. The Gajapati Emperor,
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Mahmud Gawan wrote poetry and letters, of which 148 are surviving. His collection of letters, called the
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Mahmud Gawan was born in 1411, in the village of Gawan to a family of imperial ministers of a kingdom in
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Mahumd Gawan led many campaigns against and defended against the Sultanate's neighbors, including the
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After emigrating from a small kingdom in Persia in 1453, Mahmud was appointed a high-ranking noble by
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ruler as prime minister from 1466 until his death in 1481. Mahmud Gawan, from the village of Gawan in
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299:, in northern Persia. His name at birth was Imadu'd-din Mahmud, according to the Persian historian
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and Iraq during these years, but declined them. In 1453, aged 42, he came to the port of
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itself", and corresponded with and invited to the Deccan many other poets, including
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took him into his service upon Ahmad Shah II's death in 1459 and appointed him as
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196:(1411β1481) was a Persian statesman who served as the chief minister, or
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The disorder caused by Mahmud's death led to the independence of the
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calls him "one of the most prominent Persian writers of the period."
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243:. He would rule as chief minister until the breakup of the five-year
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under his rule. This was accomplished through the annexation of the
2061:
India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent
1944:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives
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A map depicting the states of southern India in the 15th century
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of the Bahmani Sultanate as the center of learning in the
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in February 1472. Goa, in addition to the also captured
2088:. Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan.
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Mahmud embarked on a successful campaign against the
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554:. Mahmud and his forces attacked and laid siege to
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608:, in which his dominions were called the "envy of
476:and reached as far as ten miles from the capital,
338:After introducing himself to the Bahmani court of
287:in 1472 which emulated another college in Persia.
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681:in 1914 in an effort to improve its appearance.
2085:The Bahmanis of the Deccan β An Objective Study
2008:Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D.
1976:. University of California Press. p. 146.
397:around 1470, and established a friendship with
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413:helped win these conflicts with Malwa.
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2053:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 445.
1973:India in the Persianate Age, 1000β1765
1920:History of Medieval India 800β1700 A.D
233:) with the title Prince of Merchants (
16:Persian statesman and poet (1411β1481)
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2104:Mahmud Gawan: The Great Bahmani Wazir
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1941:(2008). "Mahmud Gawan (1411β1481)".
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685:DeccaniβAfaqi conflict and execution
483:A year later, in 1462, the ruler of
2126:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 25.
13:
2189:
14:
2492:
2476:People from the Bahmani Sultanate
1997:Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2
2206:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2171:Bidar, Its History and Monuments
2058:von Pochhammer, Wilhelm (2005).
2022:. Adam Publishers. p. 269.
2005:Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980).
530:in 1469, conquering the city of
761:
2214:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
2101:Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1942).
2019:History of Islam (2 Vols. Set)
1947:. Cambridge University Press.
679:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
2000:. Cambridge University Press.
749:
645:was built by Mahmud Gawan, a
433:, the easternmost portion of
774:
742:Sultanates in 1490, and the
330:received Mahmud favourably.
7:
2461:15th-century Iranian people
2174:. Oxford University Press.
691:
576:
362:
360:and "Prince of Merchants" (
348:
235:
229:
151:
143:
10:
2497:
2456:Iranian emigrants to India
2451:People from Gilan province
2319:Muhammad Shah III Lashkari
1970:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
1907:
631:
474:invade the Bahmani kingdom
290:
253:Muhammad Shah III Lashkari
2385:
2332:
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2123:The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar
2107:. Kitabistan, Allahabad.
333:
171:
132:
116:
104:
96:
83:
76:
66:
58:
54:1466 – 5 April 1481
50:
39:
30:
23:
2481:Executed prime ministers
2405:Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I
2150:. Variorum. p. 75.
754:
120:5 April 1481 (age 69β70)
2367:Jama Mosque, Kalaburagi
2324:Mahmood Shah Bahmani II
2064:. Allied. p. 219.
614:Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi
2395:Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk
2314:Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III
2304:βAlauβd-din Ahmad Shah
2279:Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
2212:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2120:Shyam, Radhey (1966).
665:which is known as the
654:
453:
2377:Solapur Bhuikot Killa
2362:Jama Mosque, Golconda
2294:Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah
2080:Sherwani, Haroon Khan
657:Mahmud Gawan built a
641:
451:
417:Campaigns and reforms
225:Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah
212:, was well-versed in
155:(Prince of Merchants)
2372:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
2196:Flatt, Emma (2015).
2142:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
1923:. Orient BlackSwan.
973:, p. 65, n. 14.
667:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
643:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
634:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
628:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
622:Haroon Khan Sherwani
384:Haroon Khan Sherwani
277:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
1804:, pp. 337β338.
1780:, pp. 335β336.
1753:, pp. 333β334.
1702:, pp. 419β420.
1683:, pp. 296β297.
1606:von Pochhammer 2005
1482:, pp. 195β197.
1395:, pp. 309β310.
1337:, pp. 305β308.
1250:, pp. 280β283.
1202:, pp. 322β323.
1185:, pp. 284β286.
1170:, pp. 304β308.
1146:, pp. 295β296.
1122:, pp. 294β296.
1080:, pp. 291β292.
1063:, pp. 293β294.
1009:, pp. 257β258.
836:, pp. 276β277.
824:, pp. 146β148.
618:Jalal al-Din Davani
528:Vijayanagara Empire
265:Vijayanagara Empire
2202:. In Fleet, Kate;
2016:Hasan, M. (2002).
1557:, pp. 96β100.
1134:, p. 9, n. 3.
655:
570:Poetry and letters
454:
443:Khandesh Sultanate
2433:
2432:
2410:Malik Hasan Bahri
2299:Ahmad Shah I Wali
2263:Bahmani Sultanate
2050:The Mughul Empire
1954:978-0-521-71627-7
1939:Eaton, Richard M.
1792:, pp. 39β40.
1618:Subrahmanyam 1996
1581:, pp. 92β93.
997:, pp. 74β76.
949:, pp. 72β73.
910:, pp. 59β62.
889:, pp. 25β31.
877:, pp. 24β25.
848:, pp. 22β23.
725:Malik Hasan Bahri
720:Muhammad Shah III
349:Wakil-us-Sultanat
258:Malik Hasan Bahri
230:Walik-us-Sultanat
202:Bahmani Sultanate
191:
190:
144:Wakil-us-Sultanat
127:Bahmani Sultanate
71:Malik Hasan Bahri
45:Bahmani Sultanate
2488:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2201:
2185:
2161:
2137:
2116:
2097:
2075:
2054:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2012:
2001:
1987:
1966:
1934:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1352:, pp. 8β10.
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
804:
798:
768:
765:
709:Purushottamadeva
694:
671:Richard M. Eaton
602:Mamluk Sultanate
579:
460:, the rulers of
365:
351:
238:
232:
214:Islamic theology
154:
147:(chief minister)
146:
112:
92:
79:
21:
20:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2425:Yusuf Adil Shah
2381:
2328:
2284:Mohammed Shah I
2265:
2260:
2208:Rowson, Everett
2195:
2192:
2190:Further reading
2182:
2166:Yazdani, Ghulam
2158:
2134:
2072:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1984:
1955:
1931:
1915:Chandra, Satish
1910:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
807:
799:
782:
777:
772:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
744:Bidar Sultanate
697:Yusuf Adil Shah
687:
636:
630:
586:Abu Sa'id Mirza
572:
534:and the entire
470:Kapilendra Deva
419:
363:Malik-ut-Tujjar
336:
293:
273:Malwa Sultanate
269:Gajapati Empire
236:Malik-ut-Tujjar
187:
167:
152:Malik-ut-Tujjar
121:
111:Gawan, Biya-pis
110:
109:
87:
77:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:Quli Qutb Shah
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2204:KrΓ€mer, Gudrun
2199:"MaαΈ₯mΕ«d GΔvΔn"
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2162:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2117:
2098:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2045:Majumdar, R.C.
2041:
2028:
2013:
2011:Punthi Pustak.
2002:
1992:Haig, Wolseley
1988:
1982:
1967:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:, p. 445.
1890:
1878:
1866:
1864:, p. 422.
1854:
1852:, p. 269.
1842:
1840:, p. 421.
1830:
1818:
1816:, p. 192.
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1768:, p. 420.
1755:
1743:
1731:
1729:, p. 416.
1719:
1717:, p. 333.
1704:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1656:, p. 294.
1646:
1644:, p. 195.
1634:
1622:
1610:
1608:, p. 219.
1598:
1596:, p. 148.
1583:
1571:
1569:, p. 299.
1559:
1547:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1506:, p. 197.
1496:
1484:
1472:
1470:, p. 196.
1460:
1458:, p. 326.
1445:
1443:, p. 419.
1433:
1431:, p. 417.
1421:
1419:, p. 416.
1409:
1407:, p. 315.
1397:
1385:
1383:, p. 415.
1373:
1354:
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 305.
1315:
1313:, p. 304.
1303:
1301:, p. 303.
1291:
1289:, p. 286.
1279:
1277:, p. 413.
1267:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 279.
1228:
1226:, p. 330.
1216:
1214:, p. 296.
1204:
1187:
1172:
1160:
1158:, p. 308.
1148:
1136:
1124:
1109:
1107:, p. 292.
1097:
1082:
1065:
1050:
1048:, p. 276.
1038:
1036:, p. 147.
1023:
1021:, p. 258.
1011:
999:
987:
985:, p. 146.
975:
963:
951:
936:
924:
912:
891:
879:
867:
850:
838:
826:
805:
779:
778:
776:
773:
770:
769:
759:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
686:
683:
632:Main article:
629:
626:
594:Timurid Empire
590:Husayn Bayqara
571:
568:
437:, the city of
418:
415:
409:, whose ruler
335:
332:
292:
289:
204:from 1458 and
189:
188:
186:
185:
182:
179:
175:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
156:
148:
140:
139:Prime minister
136:
134:
130:
129:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
85:
81:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2493:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Qasim Barid I
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Bahmani Tombs
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2181:9788120810716
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2157:9780860785071
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:9788177647150
2067:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:9780520325128
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:9788125032267
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1898:Majumdar 1974
1894:
1888:, p. 11.
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 17.
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 39.
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1802:Sherwani 1946
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1778:Sherwani 1946
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:Sherwani 1946
1747:
1741:, p. 25.
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1715:Sherwani 1946
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:Sherwani 1946
1677:
1671:, p. 72.
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:Sherwani 1946
1650:
1643:
1642:Sherwani 1942
1638:
1632:, p. 59.
1631:
1626:
1620:, p. 75.
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:Sherwani 1946
1563:
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 67.
1544:
1539:
1537:
1530:, p. 92.
1529:
1524:
1518:, p. 66.
1517:
1512:
1505:
1504:Sherwani 1942
1500:
1494:, p. 22.
1493:
1492:Sherwani 1942
1488:
1481:
1480:Sherwani 1942
1476:
1469:
1468:Sherwani 1942
1464:
1457:
1456:Sherwani 1946
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1417:Sherwani 1946
1413:
1406:
1405:Sherwani 1946
1401:
1394:
1393:Sherwani 1946
1389:
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 71.
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:Sherwani 1946
1331:
1324:
1323:Sherwani 1946
1319:
1312:
1311:Sherwani 1946
1307:
1300:
1299:Sherwani 1946
1295:
1288:
1287:Sherwani 1946
1283:
1276:
1271:
1265:, p. 70.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:Sherwani 1946
1244:
1237:
1236:Sherwani 1946
1232:
1225:
1224:Sherwani 1946
1220:
1213:
1212:Sherwani 1946
1208:
1201:
1200:Sherwani 1946
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:Sherwani 1946
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:Sherwani 1946
1164:
1157:
1156:Sherwani 1946
1152:
1145:
1144:Sherwani 1946
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1120:Sherwani 1946
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:Sherwani 1946
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:Sherwani 1946
1074:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:Sherwani 1946
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:Sherwani 1946
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1019:Sherwani 1946
1015:
1008:
1007:Sherwani 1946
1003:
996:
995:Sherwani 1942
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
961:, p. 60.
960:
955:
948:
947:Sherwani 1942
943:
941:
934:, p. 25.
933:
932:Sherwani 1942
928:
922:, p. 63.
921:
916:
909:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
888:
887:Sherwani 1942
883:
876:
875:Sherwani 1942
871:
865:, p. 62.
864:
859:
857:
855:
847:
846:Sherwani 1942
842:
835:
834:Sherwani 1946
830:
823:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
803:, p. 65.
802:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
780:
764:
760:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
682:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
577:Riyazul-Insha
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:Mahmud Begada
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Mahmud Khalji
486:
481:
479:
475:
472:, saw fit to
471:
467:
463:
459:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Bay of Bengal
424:
414:
412:
411:Mahmud Begada
408:
404:
400:
399:Mahmud Khalji
396:
391:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
369:
364:
359:
355:
350:
345:
341:
340:Ahmad Shah II
331:
329:
328:Ahmad Shah II
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
231:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
183:
180:
177:
176:
174:
170:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
115:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:Mahmud Gilani
90:
86:
82:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
35:
34:
33:Amir of Amirs
29:
22:
19:
2400:Mahmud Gawan
2399:
2334:Architecture
2309:Humayun Shah
2289:Mujahid Shah
2211:
2170:
2146:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2060:
2049:
2035:21 September
2033:. Retrieved
2018:
2007:
1996:
1972:
1943:
1919:
1893:
1886:Yazdani 1947
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1814:Yazdani 1947
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1676:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1594:Chandra 2014
1579:Yazdani 1947
1574:
1562:
1555:Yazdani 1947
1550:
1528:Yazdani 1947
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1350:Yazdani 1947
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1132:Yazdani 1947
1127:
1100:
1095:, p. 9.
1093:Yazdani 1947
1041:
1034:Chandra 2014
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
927:
915:
882:
870:
841:
829:
822:Chandra 2014
763:
729:
717:
688:
675:
656:
573:
564:
552:Muhammad III
525:
517:
482:
455:
420:
395:Vijayanagara
392:
388:
380:Muhammad III
377:
344:Humayun Shah
337:
309:
294:
262:
241:Humayun Shah
222:
205:
194:Mahmud Gawan
193:
192:
97:Years active
31:
25:Mahmud Gawan
18:
2471:1481 deaths
2466:1411 births
2357:Haft Gumbaz
2352:Chor Gumbad
2347:Chand Minar
532:Kanjeeveram
423:Arabian Sea
283:) built in
245:triumvirate
84:Native name
59:Predecessor
2440:Categories
2133:8120826515
2029:8174350195
1874:Shyam 1966
1850:Hasan 2002
1826:Haque 1980
1790:Haque 1980
1739:Shyam 1966
1669:Eaton 2008
1630:Eaton 2008
1543:Eaton 2008
1516:Eaton 2008
1369:Eaton 2008
1263:Eaton 2008
983:Eaton 2019
971:Eaton 2008
959:Eaton 2008
920:Eaton 2008
908:Eaton 2008
863:Eaton 2008
801:Eaton 2008
750:References
736:Ahmadnagar
701:Daulatabad
548:Virupaksha
493:Bidar Fort
458:Nizam Shah
368:Nizam Shah
271:, and the
249:Nizam Shah
62:Jahan Turk
2387:Tarafdars
2220:1873-9830
1963:226973152
1862:Haig 1925
1838:Haig 1925
1766:Haig 1925
1727:Haig 1925
1700:Haig 1925
1441:Haig 1925
1429:Haig 1925
1381:Haig 1925
1275:Haig 1925
775:Citations
582:Mehmed II
466:Gajapatis
184:Alaf Khan
100:1458β1481
67:Successor
2210:(eds.).
2168:(1947).
2144:(1996).
2082:(1946).
2047:(1974).
1994:(1925).
1917:(2014).
705:Gajapati
509:Gondwana
354:tarafdar
316:Khurasan
312:Anatolia
301:Firishta
206:de facto
181:Abdullah
159:tarafdar
2271:Sultans
2113:5812186
2094:3971780
1908:Sources
732:Bijapur
718:Sultan
692:gharibs
659:madrasa
600:of the
598:Qaitbay
592:of the
556:Belgaum
501:Gujarat
497:citadel
425:to the
407:Gujarat
358:Bijapur
291:Origins
281:madrasa
218:Persian
200:of the
163:Bijapur
133:Offices
43:of the
2218:
2178:
2154:
2130:
2111:
2092:
2068:
2026:
1980:
1961:
1951:
1927:
738:, and
713:Orissa
651:Deccan
647:vizier
596:, and
544:Dabhol
536:Konkan
521:Kherla
464:, the
462:Orissa
435:Andhra
431:Konkan
373:Deccan
334:Career
320:Dabhol
267:, the
210:Persia
198:Peshwa
89:Khwaja
51:Tenure
41:Peshwa
2446:Bidar
755:Notes
740:Berar
707:king
663:Bidar
513:Gondi
485:Malwa
478:Bidar
403:Malwa
324:Bidar
305:Rasht
297:Gilan
285:Bidar
239:) by
172:Issue
123:Bidar
78:
2216:ISSN
2176:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2109:OCLC
2090:OCLC
2066:ISBN
2037:2020
2024:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1959:OCLC
1949:ISBN
1925:ISBN
616:and
606:Jami
588:and
560:raja
251:and
117:Died
108:1411
105:Born
711:of
661:in
610:Rum
540:Goa
439:Goa
401:of
356:of
178:Ali
161:of
2442::
1957:.
1758:^
1707:^
1688:^
1661:^
1586:^
1535:^
1448:^
1357:^
1342:^
1255:^
1190:^
1175:^
1112:^
1085:^
1068:^
1053:^
1026:^
939:^
894:^
853:^
808:^
783:^
734:,
503:,
487:,
445:.
216:,
125:,
2255:e
2248:t
2241:v
2222:.
2184:.
2160:.
2136:.
2115:.
2096:.
2074:.
2039:.
1986:.
1965:.
1933:.
653:.
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