220:
20:
603:
211:. An intermediary position acknowledges Genoese priority, but insists the Majorcan school had an autonomous origin, at best "inspired", but not derived, from the Genoese. Recent research tends to lean towards the first interpretation, but at the same time curbing some of the more extreme Italian claims and recognizing distinctively Majorcan development.
192:. The earliest extant ones, from the first half of the 14th century, seem to have been constructed by Genoese cartographers, with Majorcan charts making their appearance only in the latter half of the century. As a result, many historians have argued that the Majorcan cartography derived from the Genoese, citing the mysterious figure of
170:
of
Christian academic tradition, the portolan was oriented towards the north, and focused on a realistic depiction of geographic distances with a degree of accuracy that is astounding, even by modern standards. Historians speculate that the portolan was constructed from the first-hand information of
725:
Jehuda
Cresques continued his father's traditions. He was forced to convert to Christianity in 1391. His new name was Jacobus Ribes. He was called "lo Jueu buscoler" (the map Jew), or "el jueu de les bruixoles" (the compass Jew). Jehuda was ordered to move to Barcelona, where he continued his work,
575:. These groups were not limited by the rules imposed by the Christian framework, and their maps were way ahead of their time. Professor Gerald Crone, who wrote books on medieval mapping, said of these cartographers, they "...threw off the bounds of tradition and anticipated the achievements of the
566:
The inhabitants of
Majorca were great navigators and cartographers. Their geographical knowledge was earned from their own experience and developed in a multicultural atmosphere. Muslim and Jewish merchants participated in extensive trade with Egypt and Tunisia, and in the 14th century they started
416:
Although some historians like to distinguish the
Italian maps as "nautical" and the Majorcan maps as "nautico-geographic", it is important to note that the Majorcan portolans did not sacrifice the essential nautical function of their portolans. Lift the entertaining illustrations, and the Majorcan
235:
Regardless of the exact origin, historians agree that the
Majorcans developed their own distinctive style or "school" of portolan cartography, which can be distinguished from the "Italian school". Both Italian and Majorcan portolan charts focus on the same geographic area, what is sometimes called
274:
The distinction between the
Majorcan and Italian school is one of style rather than range. Italian portolan charts were sparse and restrained, strictly focused on coastal detail, with the inland areas left largely or wholly empty, and the charts largely bereft of illustrations.
682:
In this town is the shrine of
Mohammed the Prophet of the Saracens, who come here on pilgrimages from every country. And they say that, having seen something so precious, they are no longer worthy of seeing anything more at all, and they blind themselves in honor of
579:". The maps they made were prized by the princes and rulers of the Spanish mainland and other countries. The maps made in Majorca were easy to recognize by their brightly colored illustrations of significant geographical features and portraits of foreign rulers.
586:
in 1339. Even in this early work, all the distinguishing features of the
Majorcan Cartographic School were present. Dulcert made precise, colorful drawings that showed all the topographical details including rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. The notes written in
644:
The first two leaves, forming the oriental portion of the
Catalan Atlas, illustrate numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval mappae mundi (Jerusalem located close to the center) and the travel literature of the time, notably
290:, contained a lot more inland detail and was replete with rich colorful illustrations, depicting cities, mountain ranges, rivers and some miniature people. Among the quintessential features replicated in almost all Majorcan charts:
148:
Majorcan cosmographers and cartographers experimented and developed their own cartographic techniques. According to some scholars (e.g. Nordenskiold), the
Majorcans were responsible for the invention (c. 1300) of the "normal
706:
You must know that those who wish to cross this desert remain and lodge for one whole week in a town named Lop, where they and their beasts can rest. Then they lay in all the provisions they need for seven
141:), in which Majorcan nautical, cartographic and mercantile expertise was often called upon. Majorcan merchants and seafarers spearheaded the attempt by the Aragonese crown to seize the newly discovered
886:
e.g. Caraci, 1959. More extreme claims were articulated earlier by Magnaghi (1909), who attempts to appropriate not only Dulcert, but Soler, Rosell and others, into the Italian pantheon.
730:. His maps were still made in Catalan (Majorca) traditions, and that's why he was called "Mestre Jacome de Malhorca". He was the first director of famous Nautical observatory at
773:
203:, that the surviving charts are misleading, that the earliest Genoese maps were just faithful copies of a conjectured prototype, now lost, composed around 1300 by an unknown
255:
As time and knowledge progressed, some cartographers stretched the geographic boundaries of the normal portolan to include a larger swathe of Atlantic ocean, including many
787:
745:
Another famous Jewish cartographer was Haym ibn Risch. He was forced to convert to Christianity and took the name Juan de Vallsecha. He was probably the father of
803:
761:. Another Jewish cartographer was Mecia de Vildestes. An outstanding map by Vildestes dated 1413 is proudly featured at the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.
465:
793:
182:
have laid claim for the invention of the portolan chart, and it is unlikely this will ever be resolved. Few charts have survived to the modern day. The
794:
447:
490:
Unlike in Italy, where the crafts of instrument-making and cartography were distinct, most of the Majorcan cartographers also worked as makers of
483:
1101:
477:
792:
1134:
1234:
Campbell, T. (2011) "A critical re-examination of early portolan charts with a reassessment of their replication and seaboard function" (
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800:
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164:
Portolan charts, which appeared rather suddenly after 1300, constitute a sharp departure from all earlier maps. Unlike the circular
687:
While the areas under Muslim control were marked with domes, Jerusalem was surrounded by tales from Old and New Testaments like the
1212:—Translation in English of the works of Riera i Sans and Gabriel Llompart on the Jewish Majorcan Map-makers of the Late Middle Ages
951:
94:, had a long history of seafaring. Muslim and Jewish merchants participated in extensive trade across the Mediterranean Sea with
1071:
The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary (The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World)
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525:. As a result, the school suffered heavily and eventually expired with the extension of force-conversion, expulsions and the
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796:
784:
114:. Ruled as an independent Muslim kingdom through much of the Early Middle Ages, Majorca came under Christian rule in 1231.
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797:
781:
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Magnaghi, A. (1909) "Sulle origini del portolano normale nel Medio Evo e della Cartografia dell'Europa occidentale", in
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worked on a special order. John I of Aragon advised the authorities that he needed to get a map, which would show the
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1079:
1069:
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Heinrich Winter (1947) "On the Real and the Pseudo-Pilestrina Maps and Other Early Portuguese Maps in Munich",
1286:
Winter, Heinrich (1958) "Catalan Portolan Maps and their place in the total view of cartographic development",
405:
Although the Italian school largely adhered to its sparse style, some later Italian cartographers, such as the
196:, possibly a Genoese immigrant working in Majorca in the 1330s, as the key intermediary in the transmission.
1255:
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1896) "Résumé of an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions",
1144:
Planets, Potions, and Parchments: Scientifica Hebraica from the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Eighteenth Century
662:. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified. The explanatory texts report customs described by
382:
Among the miniature people routinely found in many Majorcan maps are depictions of the traders on the
271:
in the east. The central focus on the Mediterranean remained throughout and the scale rarely changed.
200:
175:, and were geared for navigational use, in particular the plotting by compass of navigational routes.
651:
1215:
491:
74:. The Majorcan school is frequently contrasted with the contemporary Italian cartography school.
55:
722:. A few other Cresques maps were mentioned in inventories from Spain and France in late 1387.
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Anti-Jewish persecutions brought the end to the famous school of cartography at Majorca.
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portolan chart, made at the end of the 13th century (1275–1300), is the oldest surviving
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toyed with Majorcan themes, and introduced some of their features into their own maps.
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252:- the area frequently travelled by contemporary Mediterranean merchants and sailors.
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125:. This coincided with a period of Aragonese expansionism across the Mediterranean to
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lines that could be used to deduce exact sailing directions between any two points.
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106:. In the 14th century their commerce entered into the Atlantic, reaching as far as
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On the other hand, some scholars have embraced the hypothesis first forwarded by
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Campbell, T. (1987) "Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500".
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43:" is the term coined by historians to refer to the collection of predominantly
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Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress: held in London, 1895
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The Majorcan style, its beginnings already decipherable in the 1339 chart of
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633:, the Atlantic coast and the ocean itself. The map they made was named the
621:. The money he got for his appointment was used to build baths for Jews in
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Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions
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Later Italian school maps began to include a compass rose, but placed a
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The image of the caravan is accompanied by Marco Polo's travel account:
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has a blue dome and shows Muslim prayer. The text next to the image is:
153:". The portolan was a realistic, detailed nautical chart, gridded by a
1023:
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also known as, Cresques the Jew, was appointed as a Master of Maps and
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Most members of the Majorcan school, with the exception of Soler, were
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Portolan charts from S.XIII to S.XVI - Additions, Corrections, Updates
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Les cartes portolanes: la representació medieval d'una mar solcada.
1231:. Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 371–463.
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The most famous cartographers from the Majorcan school were Jews.
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replicated as often as possible, including covering the island of
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and the Catalan. Italian medieval cartographers came mostly from
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into the realms of the Crown of Aragon in the late 15th century.
494:- often appearing in civic records, as both master map-maker and
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maps are as nautically detailed and serviceable as the Italian.
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926:"hat" (^) as the northmark. Portuguese maps (from 1504) used a
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The riddle of the compass: the invention that changed the world
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as a court cartographer. Later, he was invited to Portugal by
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Major members of the Majorcan school of cartography include:
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749:, author of yet another famous mapamundi, one later used by
715:, even though he expelled all the Jews from France in 1394.
518:
498:("compass-maker"). Some were also amateur or professional
315:
1177:
Jewish topographies: visions of space, traditions of place
1243:
Italiani e Catalani nella primitiva cartografia medievale
1114:
774:
ca:Llista cronològica de cartògrafs portolans mallorquins
559:. Beside these two major schools, some maps were made in
44:
938:
936:
70:. The label is usually inclusive of those who worked in
767:
670:, also used the travel narratives of Moroccan explorer
1174:
Julia Brauch; Anna Lipphardt; Alexandra Nocke (2008).
325:
as a shepherd's crook, with the curve wrapping around
1147:. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 119–120.
933:
349:
colored with a Genoese shield (red cross on white).
121:until 1344, when it was permanently annexed to the
981:
979:
852:
1094:
753:. Gabriel also produced a very accurate maps of
1295:
1067:
976:
207:cosmographer, possibly with the involvement of
1269:, tr. Frances A. Bather, Stockholm: Norstedt.
1140:
740:
598:Catalan Atlas and Abraham and Jehuda Cresques
286:of 1375, attributed to Majorcan cartographer
259:, real and mythical, a longer stretch of the
171:mariners and merchants, possibly assisted by
145:in the Atlantic from the 1340s to the 1360s.
606:Marco Polo's caravan from the Catalan Atlas
227:that was created by Majorca's cartographer
66:in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries until
1040:
913:e.g. Pujades (2007); Campbell (1987; 2011)
432:(fl. 1339) - possibly a Genoese immigrant.
582:The first known Majorcan map was made by
539:can be divided in two major schools: the
930:as the northmark. See Winter (1947:p.25)
601:
356:also colored with a shield with a cross.
218:
18:
1044:The Jewish Contribution To Civilization
625:. In 1374 and 1375 Abraham and his son
1296:
1068:Clayton J. Drees (November 30, 2000).
398:seated on a gold mine and the ship of
850:
844:
1272:Pujades i Bataller, Ramon J. (2007)
768:Chronology of Majorcan cartographers
718:The Catalan Atlas is located now in
510:, frequently inserting astronomical
117:It retained its independence as the
859:. Orlando: Harcourt Books. p.
13:
1010:"The Majorcan Cartographic School"
14:
1320:
1203:
711:A Catalan Atlas was requested by
282:, and finding its epitome in the
214:
1265:Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1897)
1245:, Rome: 'Universita degli studi.
720:Bibliothèque nationale de France
336:as a chain of links or hillocks.
1252:, vol. 4, no.8, p. 115-80.
1074:. Greenwood. pp. 119–120.
652:Book of Marvels and the Travels
637:, and it is the most important
374:somewhere on the map, with the
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
444:("Jaume Riba"/"Jacobus Ribes")
294:scattered notes and labels in
62:associates that flourished in
31:depicted on a map. Notice the
1:
838:
641:map of the medieval period.
468:(1420s?) - moved to Portugal
248:coast up to the environs of
41:Majorcan cartographic school
7:
806:
563:, but no examples survive.
236:the "Normal Portolan": the
10:
1325:
1229:The History of Cartography
1221:
895:Nordenskiöld (1896, 1897).
741:Other Jewish cartographers
420:
359:the striped shield of the
77:
555:were made in Majorca and
68:the expulsion of the Jews
1047:. Harper. pp. 69–72
956:. Watts. p. 65,66.
521:, whether practicing or
263:coast to the south, the
1283:, vol. 4,p. 25-27.
1210:www.cresquesproject.net
851:Aczel, Amir D. (2001).
772:(Timeline derived from
735:at the age of discovery
311:depicted as a palm tree
56:navigational instrument
1309:Medieval Majorcan Jews
1304:History of cartography
1290:, Vol.11, p. 1-12
1141:B. Barry Levy (1990).
953:History of Cartography
709:
685:
666:. Cresques, who knew
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36:
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450:("Joan de Vallsecha")
345:the Canary island of
267:in the north and the
222:
86:, the largest of the
22:
1259:. London: J. Murray
567:doing business with
502:, with expertise in
492:nautical instruments
127:Sardinia and Corsica
16:Medieval naval group
1250:Memorie geografiche
1122:"The Catalan Atlas"
1102:"The Catalan Atlas"
1041:Cecil Roth (1940).
747:Gabriel de Vallseca
728:Henry the Navigator
713:Charles V of France
659:Sir John Mandeville
631:Strait of Gibraltar
591:described the map.
527:Spanish Inquisition
472:Gabriel de Vallseca
460:Mecia de Viladestes
388:trans-Saharan route
318:as a chicken's foot
1241:Caraci, G. (1959)
987:"Newberry Library"
608:
532:The production of
514:in their atlases.
407:Pizzigani brothers
233:
119:Kingdom of Majorca
37:
1154:978-0-7735-0791-3
870:978-0-15-600753-5
833:Rhumbline network
759:Mediterranean Sea
466:Jacomé of Majorca
411:Battista Beccario
378:set on the north.
238:Mediterranean Sea
201:A.E. Nordenskiöld
178:Both Majorca and
155:rhumbline network
58:-makers and some
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573:Netherlands
478:Pere Rosell
462:(fl. 1410s)
456:(fl. 1380s)
304:painted red
269:Caspian Sea
209:Ramon Llull
173:astronomers
167:mappa mundi
1298:Categories
1193:2010-04-28
1160:2010-04-28
1127:2010-04-28
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615:Compasses
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508:astronomy
504:astrology
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157:with
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