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639:-makara as both decorative and symbolic elements of temple architecture. Kala is the giant head, often took place on the top of the entrance with makaras projected on either sides of kala's head flanking the portal or projecting on top corner as antefixes. Kala-makara theme also can be found on stairs railings on either sides. On upper part of stairs, the mouth of kala's head projecting makara downward. The intricate stone carving of twin makaras flanking the lower level of stairs with its bodies forming the stair's railings. These types of stairs decorations can be observed in
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form of makara. However, it is different in some ways such as, "display of lions fore paws, a horse's mane, the gills and tendrils of a fish, and the horns of a deer or dragon. From its once simple fishtail, sometimes feathered, now emerges as a complex spiraling floral pattern known as makara-tail
522:
describes Makara as a mythical animal with the body of a fish, trunk of an elephant, feet of a lion, eyes of a monkey, ears of a pig, and the tail of a peacock. A more succinct explanation is provided: "An ancient mythological symbol, the hybrid creature is formed from a number of animals such that
222:
It is generally depicted as half terrestrial animal in the frontal part (stag, deer, or elephant) and half aquatic animal in the hind part (usually of a fish, a dolphin, or a snake, though sometimes a peacock or even a floral tail is depicted). Though Makara may take many different forms throughout
623:, Makara was shown as a fifth stage of development, symbolized in the form of an elephant head and body with an elaborately foliated fish tail. Most myths maintain this symbolism of this stage in the evolution of life. (Note makara in fifth row of animistic carvings in temple wall at right.)
578:
and half fish. These elements are variously joined to form one of the most common recurring themes in Indian temple iconography. In Indian art, the makara finds expression in the form of many motifs, and has been portrayed in different styles. Makara figures are placed on the entry points
690:. Makaras are usually part of the decorative carving on a lintel, tympanum, or wall. Makaras are usually depicted with another symbolic animal, such as a lion, naga or serpent, emerging from its gaping open mouth. Makara are a central design motif in the beautiful lintels of the
523:
collectively possess the nature of a crocodile. It has the lower jaw of a crocodile, the snout or trunk of an elephant, the tusks and ears of a wild boar, the darting eyes of a monkey, the scales and the flexible body of a fish, and the swirling tailing feathers of a peacock."
356:
sitting on a lotus is also a depiction in which she pulls the tongue of the elephant shaped makara is meant to project
Lakshmi's image as the goddess of prosperity, wealth and well being. It represents a necessary state of chaos before the emergence of a new state of order.
335:
can also decorate Shiva's ears. Its contemporary usage is as ornaments in the form of bracelets in hollow silver ware inlaid with jewels for eyes and ears, which is given as a wedding gift to the bride. Some traditional account also links the Makara to the
546:
In many temples, the depiction is in the form of half fish or seal with head of an elephant. It is also shown with head and jaws resembling a crocodile, an elephant trunk with scales of fish and a peacock tail. Other accounts identify it with
726:
uses this depiction extensively. In Newar architecture, its depiction is; "as guardian of gateways, the makara image appears on the curved prongs of the vast crossed-vajra that encompasses the four gateways of the two-dimensional
347:
Makara has been depicted typically as half mammal and half fish. In many temples, the depiction is in the form of half fish or seal with head of an elephant. It is also shown in an abstract, chimeric form with head and jaws of a
534:
because of its etymological roots. It is depicted with the forequarters of an elephant and the hindquarters as a fish tail. Crocodile was also a form which was used in the earlier days which was shown with human body.
1208:
570:(the 'Face of Glory'), and descends into the gaping jaws of another Makara. Varuna is also depicted as a white man sitting on the monster makara. As a marine monster, it is also shown with the head and legs of an
1162:
1189:
1031:
weapons which have makara symbolism are: axe, iron hook, curved knife, vajra, and ritual dagger, in all of which the theme is "emergence of the blade from the open mouth of the makara".
526:
Traditionally, a makara is considered to be an aquatic mythical creature. Makara has been depicted typically as half mammal and half fish. Some traditional accounts identify it with a
128:. Makara are considered guardians of gateways and thresholds, protecting throne rooms as well as entryways to temples; it is the most commonly recurring creature in Hindu and Buddhist
1371:
1291:
647:
temples. Makara's trunks are often describes as handling gold ornaments or spouting jewels, while in its mouth often projected Gana dwarf figures or animals such as lions or parrots.
731:. Of the three dimensional-mandala this crossed-vajra supports the whole structure of the mandala palace symbolizing the immovable stability of the vajra-ground on which it stands."
2188:
2258:
1410:
1143:
1387:
2044:
1976:
Indology's Pulse Arts in
Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta
1349:
1120:
1085:
1042:". It is also seen as water spouts at the source of a spring. The artistic carving in stone is in the form of identical pair of makaras flanked by two
555:. Others portray it as a fish body with an elephant's head. The tradition identifies the makara with water, the source of all existence and fertility.
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511:, the river goddess. A row of makara may run along the wall of a Hindu temple, act as the hand rail of a staircase, or form an arch above a doorway.
2310:
1250:
1224:
1535:
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Its symbolic representation in the form of a makara head at the corner of temple roofs is as water element which also functions as a "rainwater
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Stone sculptures of the mythological Makara and its ancient place in the iconography of
Hinduism and Buddhism are widely spread throughout
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3025:
2185:
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746:
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3020:
323:
552:
1097:
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2139:
2105:
2078:
2000:
1954:
1924:
1813:
1773:
1671:
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1363:
1326:
794:. Since ancient time, easterners believe that Makara is one of watery creatures and even from the pre-era of the field of
3015:
3055:
3000:
2016:
VIENNOT, Odette (1958). "Le Makara dans la Décoration des
Monuments de l'Inde Ancienne : Positions et Fonctions".
1706:
1307:
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Makara disgorging a lion-like creature on corner of a lintel on one of the towers) surrounding the central pyramid at
2417:
2396:
2216:
2206:
1733:
1630:
434:
99, is "Makaradhvaja", meaning "he whose banner or standard is the crocodile". A pillar capital with the effigy of a
2482:
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face. Such depictions are also seen at the entrance of wooden doorways as the top arch and also as a torana behind
3045:
2285:
3040:
3030:
1694:
235:
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is also known as 'Makara-Ketu' which means "having the makara for an emblem". It is the tenth sign of the
3005:
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1173:
2386:
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1257:
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469:
207:
129:
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or archway around a deity. The arch emerges up from the jaws of one Makara, rises to its peak, the
389:
83:
1914:
1723:
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the symbol of prosperity and self-sufficiency so they were not hesitant in portraying the sign of
710:, carvings of makaras disgorging other monsters were installed on many of the buildings' corners.
616:
3035:
2095:
203:
20:
574:, and the body and tail of a fish. A makara made in iron shows the monster in the form of half
1661:
1620:
1554:
2129:
2068:
1990:
1944:
1763:
1580:
1427:
814:
gained a distinctive position in the
Sinhala Buddhist culture - a special place not given in
373:
106:
2960:
2768:
2437:
Perera, ADTA (Sep–Oct 1975). "Makara - crafted with mattock (ගල් කටුවෙන් පණ ගැන්වූ මකරා)".
933:
1805:
8:
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1150:
913:
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484:
228:
121:
423:
2025:
1516:
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508:
64:
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2413:
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2135:
2101:
2074:
1996:
1950:
1920:
1809:
1769:
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1626:
1586:
1560:
1508:
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519:
443:
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244:
117:
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2042:
Visible in the back of the image entitled "Lion capital – Udayagiri – 5th century":
655:
2753:
1500:
1177:
1002:
768:
548:
224:
211:
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of
Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu. Two makaras are shown on either end of the arch.
591:, a world heritage site. It is found guarding the entrances to royal thrones (see
33:
3050:
2979:
2708:
2693:
2517:
2192:
1854:
1798:
1127:
978:
881:
790:
The Makara is widely used in Sri Lankan
Buddhist architecture, often depicted on
531:
394:
249:
98:
94:
2451:
2607:
1393:
1104:
1073:
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807:
407:
239:
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as both has body parts (example: jaws, meat etc.) which are stated to possess
2994:
2944:
2505:
1512:
1437:
1215:
515:
337:
2368:
Lewis, John Penry; Senaveratna, John M.; Bell, Harry
Charles Purvis (1922).
598:
1298:
1260:
944:
795:
755:
735:
707:
691:
687:
664:
2649:
2474:
2445:(1–2). Colombo: Religious Division of Department of Cultural Affairs: 6–7.
1891:"My Husband and Other Animals - The beast within File:Makara Halebidu.jpg"
316:
was the god of heaven, Varuna (the Vedic water god) became the God of the
267:
is made up of body parts of six or seven animals such as the trunk of the
136:
or as a spout attached to a natural spring. Makara-shaped earrings called
2937:
2912:
2853:
2627:
2509:
1622:
A Sanskrit-English dictionary: etymologically and philologically arranged
1432:
1355:
823:
719:
636:
620:
603:
500:
452:
341:
2029:
827:(dragon balustrade) is another kind of stone carvings which portray the
2919:
2848:
2562:
1542:(Revised and enlarged ed.). Poona: Prasad Prakashan. p. 1218.
1520:
1442:
1401:
1333:
1169:
1069:
1052:
803:
567:
372:, called rāśi in Sanskrit, which is equivalent to the zodiacal sign of
1946:
Costumes and
Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum
1663:
The
Mythical Creatures Bible: The Definitive Guide to Legendary Beings
538:
383:
223:
Hindu culture, in the modern world, its form is always related to the
55:
2907:
2838:
2728:
2671:
2587:
1556:
The Mādhavanidāna and Its Chief Commentary, Chapters 1-10, Parts 1-10
1378:
1314:
1279:
1238:
1200:
1023:
989:
were used by them, to indicate their connection to ancient Hindu god
970:
885:
877:
776:
644:
640:
527:
492:
431:
427:
419:
403:
349:
272:
253:
1971:
1504:
398:
The Makara, as the one found on a pillar capital at the site of the
327:
Celadon green-blue glazed pottery ewer, molded as Makara dragon-fish
2974:
2930:
2902:
2872:
2858:
2778:
2738:
2723:
2582:
2525:
1852:
1341:
1264:
1135:
1039:
966:
862:
831:(dragon). These artworks used to decorate the entrance of Buddhist
815:
695:
683:
668:
571:
563:
488:
457:
447:
439:
365:
361:
268:
188:
157:
133:
2186:
Dhunge Dhara: A Case Study of the Three Cities of Kathmandu Valley
2173:
Images of the gods: Khmer mythology in Cambodia, Thailand and Laos
870:. Over the head of the gatekeeper carved in there, the figures of
551:
having striking resemblances with the latter, now found mainly in
479:
320:
and rode on makara, which was called "the water monster vehicle".
2924:
2897:
2758:
2733:
2713:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2592:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2552:
1337:
1035:
951:
840:
836:
784:
728:
559:
542:
Row of Makara in base of Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka
353:
288:
214:
it is called the "chu-srin", and also denotes a hybrid creature.
198:
and several German scientists argued that makara is based on the
1377:
Makara pandol over the image of Buddha in Dambulla cave temple,
1359:
1043:
2868:
2863:
2828:
2816:
2806:
2773:
2763:
2698:
2617:
2597:
2535:
2530:
1447:
1196:
1057:
1047:
990:
973:, who both share similar origin and were collectively known as
962:
947:
925:
905:
832:
791:
780:
772:
699:
679:
660:
588:
580:
504:
369:
199:
177:
153:
145:
125:
113:
102:
60:
2388:
Fisheries in Sri Lanka: anthropological and biological aspects
2892:
2811:
2743:
2703:
2688:
2612:
2577:
2540:
1318:
1283:
1181:
1154:
1112:
1108:
1018:
1006:
917:
909:
723:
703:
584:
558:
In a Hindu temple, the Makara often serves as the structural
313:
309:
284:
276:
172:
149:
141:
352:, an elephant trunk with scales of fish and a peacock tail.
2843:
2783:
2748:
2718:
2658:
2632:
2622:
2602:
2547:
1836:
The Asian Civilisations Museum A-Z Guide to its Collections
1242:
901:
575:
377:
292:
1618:
1080:
Makara sculptures throughout South Asia and Southeast Asia
783:
in temple architecture and objects of prestige such as in
1231:
674:
Makaras are also a characteristic motif of the religious
317:
280:
210:
may also have contributed to the image of the makara. In
2237:"Lankatilaka Vihara: Magnificent edifice of Gampola era"
1582:
Animals in Stone:Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time
1491:
Darian, Steven (1976). "The Other Face of the Makara".
734:
Most spouts of old Nepalese drinking fountains (called
331:
Vishnu's earrings are shown in the form of Makara; but
1938:
1936:
961:
The Makara has also been used as a clan symbol by the
88:
2155:
1859:. Archaeological Institute of America. pp. 41–43
1795:
1416:
One of the ribs of a vajra, Ashok Stupa, Patan, Nepal
775:, an important figure in Sinhala Buddhist culture in
456:
too, the Makara is associated with Krishna's son and
2367:
2045:"Gujari Mahal State Archaeological Museum – Gwalior"
1992:
Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara
610:
160:, who has no dedicated temples and is also known as
1933:
1666:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 136–.
384:
Middle kingdoms iconography - Pradyuma Makaradhvaja
2070:Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara
1838:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2003, p. 300.
1797:
1297:Hiti Manga in the Balaju Water Garden. Almost all
460:, the God of Love, suggesting they are identical.
2093:
1625:, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, p. 771,
1465:
943:has been carved to the handle of a temple key of
474:
140:are sometimes worn by Hindu deities, for example
2992:
1468:"Makara, Makāra, Mākara, Mākāra: 44 definitions"
1091:Kaushambi Makara pillar capital, 2nd century BCE
843:. There are two balustrades at main entrance of
592:
2384:
2170:
1076:. Examples from ten countries are shown below:
996:
977:. Since at least 14 century AD, they have used
583:) of several Buddhist monuments, including the
2195:by Riddhi Pranhan, Ancient Nepal 116-118, 1990
2121:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1606:"Jain Studies in Germany (Part 2) @ HereNow4U"
1063:
217:
156:. Makara is also the insignia of the love god
2490:
2127:
2100:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 37, 41, 44.
912:or bodi. Precious examples for the above are
1895:The Hindu, ARTS » HISTORY & CULTURE
1888:
1853:Archaeological Institute of America (1970).
1789:
1768:. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 77–.
1659:
1579:van der Geer, Alexandra Anna Enrica (2008),
1578:
32:
2504:
2179:
1841:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1728:. Asian Educational Services. p. 163.
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1533:
191:word which means "sea-animal, crocodile".
2497:
2483:
2371:The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register
2234:
2087:
1919:. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. A-222.
1552:
1027:as a weapon of strength and tenacity. The
866:(guardstone) has given a highest place to
602:The Makara Thoranam above the door of the
495:. Note Makara standing vertical at corner.
463:
450:, is also attributed to Pradyumna. In the
2424:The Illustrated Book of Signs and Symbols
1540:The Practical Sanskrit–English dictionary
1278:Makara and Kirtimukha at Hindu temple in
981:in their ceremonies. Clan titles such as
904:gateway to the religious places, such as
888:with elephant/fish head and peacock tail.
741:
626:
2449:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1972:"Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art"
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1765:The handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols
1742:
1693:
1644:
876:
745:
654:
597:
537:
478:
393:
322:
303:
171:
54:
2073:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
2015:
1995:. Oxford University Press. p. 24.
1612:
920:. Examples for the arched gateway with
849:in Kandy and they are sometimes called
713:
2993:
2436:
2204:
2164:
2134:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 36–.
2066:
1988:
1721:
1490:
553:Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
2478:
2230:
2228:
2055:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1942:
1907:
1871:
1364:National Museum of Vietnamese History
1362:emerging from mouth of Makara at the
1230:Nagas emerging from Makara mouths at
750:Dragon Balustrade at the entrance to
164:, "one whose flag depicts a makara".
2283:
892:Sinhala Buddhist artists considered
650:
2450:Schokman, Derrick (12 April 2003).
2410:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
1949:. Mittal Publications. p. 13.
1619:Sir Monier Monier-Williams (2005),
1046:(snake gods) along with a crown of
1021:iconography, it is depicted in the
635:is notable with the application of
418:appears to have been the symbol of
132:, and also frequently appears as a
13:
3026:Non-human races in Hindu mythology
2225:
2131:Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic
2094:K. Krishna Murthy (October 1985).
1256:Makara from the 7th century CE at
802:has been depicted both in work of
14:
3067:
2470:
2357:. Sri Lak-Indo Study Group. 1976.
2341:. Sri Lak-Indo Study Group. 1976.
2235:Wijesinghe, Mahil (19 Feb 2017).
1762:Robert Beer (10 September 2003).
611:Medieval South Indian iconography
202:instead, based on his reading of
93:) is a legendary sea-creature in
2648:
2439:Religious News (ශාසන ප්රවෘත්ති)
1970:Gupta, Vinay K. (January 2019).
1466:www.wisdomlib.org (2009-04-12).
1409:
1386:
1370:
1348:
1325:
1306:
1290:
1271:
1249:
1223:
1207:
1188:
1161:
1142:
1119:
1096:
1084:
2430:
2378:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2303:
2277:
2251:
2198:
2175:, River Books, pp. 209–210
2067:Austin, Christopher R. (2019).
2036:
2009:
1989:Austin, Christopher R. (2019).
1829:
1715:
1553:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1974),
503:, Makara is represented as the
234:According to an art historian,
124:, and of the god of the ocean,
116:(vehicle) of the river goddess
101:, Makara is equivalent to the
3021:Mythological aquatic creatures
2097:Mythical animals in Indian art
1796:George Mason Williams (2003).
1687:
1598:
1572:
1559:, Brill Archive, p. 484,
1546:
1527:
1484:
1459:
738:) have the shape of a makara.
475:Universal frequent occurrences
414:From the 2nd century BCE, the
364:, the god of love and desire.
298:
252:, possibly after contact with
242:might have been influenced by
1:
2313:. Tom Allwood. Archived from
1660:Brenda Rosen (3 March 2009).
1453:
1195:Makara stairs adornment from
818:artwork in other countries.
686:which was the capital of the
360:Makara is also the emblem of
263:In Sinhalese ancient artwork
2385:Sivasubramaniam, K. (2009).
2261:. Lanka Nest. Archived from
2239:. Sunday Observer. p. 1
2208:The Rough Guide to Sri Lanka
2205:Guides, Rough (2015-11-02).
2128:W. J. Wilkins (March 2004).
1725:Sinhalese English Dictionary
997:Tibetan Buddhist iconography
853:because of the shape of the
167:
40:Makara at the Konarak temple
7:
1889:Janaki Lenin (2011-01-14),
1800:Handbook of Hindu mythology
1421:
1301:in Nepal depict this Makara
1064:Distribution of iconography
238:, depictions of Makara and
218:Physical features of makara
176:A crocodile-like Makara as
89:
16:Hindu mythological creature
10:
3072:
3016:Tibetan Buddhist practices
916:and Lankatilaka Temple in
467:
430:in literature, such as in
387:
283:, extruding teeth of wild
18:
3056:South Asian river dolphin
3001:Hindu legendary creatures
2970:
2881:
2799:
2657:
2646:
2516:
2311:"Tom Allwood Photography"
1943:Ayyar, Sulochana (1987).
1214:Makara sculptures at the
483:Row of Makara in base of
426:. One of the epithets of
208:South Asian river dolphin
78:
63:(vehicle) of the goddess
45:
31:
2954:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
2426:by Miranda Bruce-Mitford
2211:. Rough Guides Limited.
2171:Vittorio Roveda (2005),
1897:, Kasturi & Sons Ltd
470:Hindu temple iconography
390:Middle kingdoms of India
287:, the tail plume of the
194:Josef Friedrich Kohl of
1003:Tibetan Buddhist format
633:temples of ancient Java
464:Later Hindu iconography
206:of Sūryaprajñapti. The
21:Makara (disambiguation)
3046:Capricorn in astrology
2420:) by Anna Dallapiccola
2391:. Kumaran Book House.
2161:Wilkins (2004)", p.373
1199:temple, Central Java,
1126:Makara on lintel from
1050:, which is called the
889:
759:
742:Sri Lankan iconography
671:
627:Indonesian iconography
607:
543:
496:
411:
328:
181:
112:Makara appears as the
67:
37:
3041:Mythological monsters
2452:"The Kusta Raja Gala"
2284:Fernando, Kishani S.
1804:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1701:. Thames and Hudson.
1585:, Brill, p. 64,
1428:Capricorn (astrology)
1172:protecting portal of
880:
851:Gajasinha balustrades
749:
658:
601:
541:
482:
402:, is associated with
397:
326:
304:Vedic era iconography
175:
58:
36:
3031:Mythological hybrids
2259:"Discover Sri Lanka"
1534:Apte, V. S. (1957).
1005:it evolved from the
934:Dambulla cave temple
846:Lankatilaka Viharaya
779:. It is depicted on
714:Nepalese iconography
19:For other uses, see
2265:on 12 December 2013
1722:Clough, B. (1997).
1332:Makara with Nagas,
1174:Chennakesava Temple
1151:Northern Qi Dynasty
914:Temple of the Tooth
752:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
530:, specifically the
485:Hoysaleswara Temple
438:crocodile found at
406:. 2nd century BCE.
196:Würzburg University
28:
3006:Legendary reptiles
2317:on 25 October 2009
2191:2021-03-22 at the
1699:The Greeks in Asia
924:over the image of
890:
882:Karava Makara flag
760:
694:group of temples:
676:Khmer architecture
672:
608:
544:
514:The leading Hindu
497:
412:
329:
182:
130:temple iconography
68:
38:
26:
2988:
2987:
2141:978-0-7661-8881-5
2107:978-0-391-03287-3
2080:978-0-19-005411-3
2002:978-0-19-005412-0
1956:978-81-7099-002-4
1926:978-81-8424-568-4
1815:978-1-57607-106-9
1775:978-1-932476-03-3
1673:978-1-4027-6536-0
1592:978-90-04-16819-0
1566:978-90-04-03892-9
1472:www.wisdomlib.org
1218:Temple, Indonesia
1132:Kampong Thom City
987:Varunakulasuriyan
950:built in 1344 in
651:Khmer iconography
520:Ganapati Sthapati
444:Heliodorus pillar
400:Heliodorus pillar
180:'s animal vehicle
87:
53:
52:
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3011:Fish in Buddhism
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2051:. 15 April 2019.
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900:in the entrance
549:Gangetic dolphin
516:temple architect
424:Vāsudeva Krishna
291:and feet of the
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95:Hindu mythology
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1916:Indian History
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271:, jaws of the
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240:Chinese Dragon
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2854:Gramadevatas
2788:
2637:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
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2438:
2431:Bibliography
2423:
2409:
2387:
2380:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2290:Daily Mirror
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2207:
2200:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2130:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
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1894:
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1855:
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1149:Makara from
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982:
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960:
945:Gadaladeniya
940:
939:A figure of
938:
930:Ridi iharaya
929:
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893:
891:
874:can be seen.
871:
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736:dhunge dhara
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688:Khmer Empire
673:
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617:medieval era
614:
593:Distribution
557:
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513:
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2849:Kuladevatas
2628:Vishvakarma
2354:Kurukshetra
2338:Kurukshetra
1856:Archaeology
1433:Dashavatara
1168:Makara and
1060:'s images.
758:, Sri Lanka
621:South India
604:Garbhagriha
501:iconography
453:Mahabharata
342:aphrodisiac
312:times when
299:Iconography
2995:Categories
2920:Upanishads
2839:Gandharvas
2563:Dattatreya
2456:Daily News
2147:17 January
2113:17 January
2024:(3): 184.
1901:2011-01-14
1863:17 January
1821:17 January
1781:17 January
1679:17 January
1638:2011-01-22
1477:2022-10-13
1454:References
1443:Shachihoko
1402:Edo period
1334:Wat Suthat
1299:stone taps
1170:Kirtimukha
1103:Makara at
1070:South Asia
1053:kirtimukha
1012:makaraketu
824:Makaragala
804:literature
682:region of
568:Kirtimukha
468:See also:
388:See also:
2859:Rakshasas
2729:Mahavidya
2672:Saraswati
2659:Goddesses
2588:Kartikeya
1513:0004-3648
1379:Sri Lanka
1315:Bhaktapur
1280:Kathmandu
1239:Vientiane
1201:Indonesia
1024:Vajrayana
975:Kurukulam
971:Sri Lanka
967:Karaiyars
886:Sri Lanka
777:Sri Lanka
771:term for
645:Prambanan
641:Borobudur
528:crocodile
499:In Hindu
493:Karnataka
442:near the
432:Harivamsa
428:Pradyumna
422:, son of
420:Pradyumna
404:Pradyumna
380:symbol).
374:Capricorn
350:crocodile
273:crocodile
254:silk-road
204:Jain text
168:Etymology
107:Capricorn
84:romanized
2975:Hinduism
2931:Ramayana
2873:Yakshini
2779:Shashthi
2739:Matrikas
2724:Mahadevi
2526:Trimurti
2461:18 March
2321:18 March
2295:14 March
2269:16 March
2189:Archived
2030:43484068
1697:(2015).
1422:See also
1400:design.
1342:Thailand
1265:Malaysia
1235:ThatPhun
1136:Cambodia
1130:temple,
1040:gargoyle
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863:Muragala
841:Bo trees
816:Buddhist
785:kastanes
696:Preah Ko
684:Cambodia
669:Cambodia
595:below).
572:antelope
564:thoranam
560:bookends
489:Halebidu
458:Kamadeva
448:Vasudeva
440:Besnagar
366:Kamadeva
362:Kamadeva
269:elephant
189:Sanskrit
158:Kamadeva
134:gargoyle
75:Sanskrit
2925:Puranas
2913:Atharva
2882:Texts (
2869:Yakshas
2864:Vahanas
2834:Dikpāla
2807:Apsaras
2759:Rukmini
2734:Matangi
2682:Parvati
2677:Lakshmi
2667:Tridevi
2593:Krishna
2573:Hanuman
2568:Ganesha
2558:Chandra
2553:Ashvins
2243:11 July
1521:3250095
1338:Bangkok
1019:Tibetan
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963:Karavas
952:Diggala
857:there.
837:temples
792:toranas
781:toranas
769:Sinhala
767:is the
729:mandala
722:art of
678:of the
615:In the
581:Toranas
354:Lakshmi
308:During
289:peacock
212:Tibetan
122:Narmada
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46:Country
3051:Varuna
2829:Devata
2822:Danava
2817:Daitya
2812:Asuras
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898:Makara
894:Makara
872:Makara
868:Makara
855:Makara
833:stupas
829:Makara
812:Makara
800:Makara
773:dragon
764:Makara
702:, and
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680:Angkor
665:Roluos
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589:Sanchi
532:Mugger
505:vahana
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416:Makara
370:Zodiac
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200:dugong
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154:Chandi
152:, and
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114:vahana
103:Zodiac
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71:Makara
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27:Makara
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2893:Vedas
2744:Radha
2709:Ganga
2704:Durga
2694:Bhumi
2689:Aditi
2613:Surya
2578:Indra
2541:Shiva
2510:texts
2026:JSTOR
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1536:"मकर"
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1044:Nāgas
1036:spout
918:Kandy
910:stupa
884:from
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704:Lolei
585:stupa
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310:Vedic
285:swine
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245:Kētos
187:is a
150:Surya
142:Shiva
118:Ganga
105:sign
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2961:more
2903:Sama
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2790:more
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