Malaysian Indians - Knowledge

1292: 1288:(28.4%), lawyers (26.8%), dentists (21%), veterinary surgeons (28.5%), engineers (6.4%), accountants (5.8%), surveyors (3.0%) and architects (1.5%). However, many Indians are also ranked amongst the most disadvantaged. In 1970, around 39% of Indians in Malaysia were ranked among the poorest of the country. Incidence of poverty (those in the lowest 40% of the national income distribution) in Malaysia was 27.3% Indians. Official figures suggest that the percentage of Indians living below the official poverty line has decreased from 39.2% in 1970 to 1.9% in 2002, but the figures have been criticised as inaccurate. It has been claimed around 40% of Indians are at the bottom rung of the income ladder in 2015. 2029: 653: 2080: 1275:, but Tamil schools on private lands are not eligible for full government grant. Although Tamil is used as the medium of instruction, Malay and English are taught as compulsory subjects. Tamil schools may range from single classroom where students of varying age and ability are taught by a single teacher, to large schools of a few hundreds students. In plantation estates the schools may be poorly staffed and equipped, and few of their students moved on to higher education. Those Indians who do well in schools are primarily from the urban middle classes. 365:

population close to 40% is now considered the B40 category. In the 1984 census, up to 38% of the nation's medical professional workforce consisted of Malaysian Indians, but this has been since been reduced. In 1970, the per-capita income of Malaysian Indians was 76% higher than that of the Malay majority. Despite attempts by the Malaysian government to redistribute wealth since the 1970s through institutionalized racial policy, by 2005 Malaysian Indians still earned a 27% higher per capita income than that of the dominant Malay community.

2424:, a British army officer, in 1845. In his log, Low recorded his disappointment of not finding a more spectacular ruin, expecting to find an ancient temple ruin. He documented what he made out to be "a group of seven inscriptions". The inscriptions were believed to be in pre-Pallava script and written in Sanskrit. They were attributed to the ancient Kingdom of Kadaaram, which flourished in northern Malaysia in the 5th to 6th centuries. However, according to J Laidlay, who translated the text in 1848, the inscription was in fact written in 385: 832: 2062: 848: 1486: 43: 2432:

times. The maritime Tamil significance in Sumatran and Malay Peninsula trading continued for centuries and borrowings into Malay from Tamil increased between the 15th and 19th centuries due to their commercial activities. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company was obliged to use Tamil as part of its correspondence. In Malacca and other seaports up to the 19th century, Malay terminology pertaining to book-keeping and accountancy was still largely Tamil.

864: 5068: 2000:. Trade contact with the Tamils predate the Islamic period (c. 570-632 AD), or the birth of Islam. Indonesians and Malays learned of Islam initially through Gujarati merchants and further developed on by the Arab traders. Most of the Indian Muslim community has been absorbed into the larger Malay community due to their common religious background, with a substantially high level of assimilation and intermarriage between the communities. In Malaysia, 1334: 6898: 2514:

airports. Indian doctors, chemists and veterinarians formed the bulk of medical personnel in Malaysia - their contributions still persist to present day. Indian civil servants formed the core of the civil service both pre- and post-independence. Indian teachers who were particularly fluent in the English language formed the backbone of Malaysian education, particularly in missionary schools. Indians also pioneered private education in Malaysia.

6922: 1646: 2099: 5699: 2044: 6910: 2015: 571: 1316:. The Sikhs and other Punjabis were initially recruited by the British to serve in the police and armed forces, and while in modern times these areas are now dominated by Malays, the descendants of Sikhs and other Punjabi are now found in every sphere of the economy, in particular as professionals, and in the mercantile and money-lending business. 744:. Hence the population fluctuated frequently with periods of immigration to Malaya and periods of exodus of people back to India. As early as 1901 the Indian population in the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States was approximately 120,000. By 1931 there were 640,000 Indians in Malaya and Singapore and they even outnumbered the native 2588:

had adverse impact on Non Malays including minority Malaysian Indians in Malaysia. Despite the fact that the average income of Malaysian Indians exceeds that of their Malay counterparts, there exists substantial portion of the community who are poor, with 40% of Malaysian Indians claimed to be at the

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There are also significant challenges in higher education opportunity for Indians due to an education system that favors the Bumiputera Malays. Racial discrimination in government school have been reported, with Indian students suffering the most due to their ethnicity, color of the skin, or beliefs.

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There is a close correspondence between the various ethnic and occupational divisions of the Malaysian community, and this is inevitably reflected in the Indian community's geographical distribution in Malaya. The South Indian Tamils were the majority throughout the country, on the rubber estates and

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Indians have contributed significantly to the building of Malaysia since the 19th century. The Indian workforce was instrumental in the clearing of land for infrastructure, established rubber plantations, built the roads, set up transmission lines as well as managed early Malayan railways, ports and

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An element needed to carry out commercial transactions is a common language understood by all parties involved in early trade. Historians such as J.V. Sebastian, K.T. Thirunavukkarasu, and A.W. Hamilton record that Tamil was the common language of commerce in Malaysia and Indonesia during historical

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From the 1990s to the present period, there has also been a much smaller wave of Indian nationals into Singapore and Malaysia to work in the construction and engineering industry, restaurants, the IT sector, teaching and finance with many taking up permanent residence in Singapore where they account

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in the 8th century their influence gradually spread down the peninsula. The ancient Indian Kalinga was located in southeastern India occupying modern day Orissa and northern Andhra Pradesh. In the 7th century an Indonesian kingdom was named Kalingga after the aforementioned Kalinga in India. Chinese

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report of 2006, Malaysian Indians also controlled only 1.2 percent of the corporate wealth in Malaysia, down from the previous figure of 1.5 percent. Although the Malaysian Indians are estimated at 9% of the population, they own just 2% of the national wealth due to racially discriminatory policies

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mainly occupied the subordinate administrative and technical positions in estates, positions they still dominate to this day. Also in the estates are the Malayalis who hold assistant and managerial positions. Few of these estates however are Indian-owned. Indians are also prominent in the transport

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procession carrying the image of the deity to and from the place adds to the color and gaiety of the festival. Crowds from all over the country throng to the cave, including people of all classes and groups. It is above all a day of penance, on which many vows are fulfilled. A 42.7m high statue of

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sect, which spread through their territories. However, central and northeastern Thailand continued to adhere to the Hinayana teachings of the Theravada sect, which had been introduced by missionaries sent by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. Another theory of the introduction of Buddhism

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There are considerable differences socially and economically between different groups of Indians in Malaysia. They form a significant part of the professional classes in Malaysia; in a census taken in 1999, Malaysian Indians were 15.5% of Malaysia's professional workforce. These include doctors

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Malaysia's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with a significant elite and a large low income group within its fold. Malaysian Indians large percentage of professionals per capita by constituting 15.5% of Malaysia's professionals in 1999 has been reduced with substantial

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The Pali verse 'Ye Dhamma... ' is a popular verse in Buddhism that explains the heart of Buddhism Philosophy i.e Dependant Origination. The Sanskrit version of the verse is called "Pratityasamutpada Hridaya Dharani" with Om added to the beginning of the Verse, and Svaha added at the end, thus

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are especially popular. Indian Malaysians have also contributed to the mainstream Malaysian entertainment industry. The Jayhawkers from Seremban led by one Joe Chelliah was the first non-Malay pop band with only Indian musicians that recorded popular commercial albums in Malay in the mid 1960s

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with thousands thought to have perished. As a result, the population of Indians in 1957 had only increased to 820,000. While immigration was a major factor for the increase in population until Independence, the population growth began falling after that as the white collar classes in the civil

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resulting in the popularity of curries in Malaysia. Indian restaurants are well received by Malaysians from all ethnic and religious backgrounds. They have become an important fixture in everyday Malaysian life and are the venue of choice for watching live televised football matches.

2604:. These factors in part have resulted in the migration of many highly skilled Malaysian Indians abroad, where Indian migrants are largely upwardly mobile. A survey in 2017 found that 42% of Malaysian Indians who had completed their secondary or tertiary education wanted to emigrate. 1303:

Many of the early South Indian immigrants such as the Tamils and Telugus worked in the agriculture sector, in particular as workers in plantations. In 1930, 60% of all Indians were in this sector, and by 1970, 45% of Indians were still involved in agriculture in Malaysia.

2162:, a large wooden decorated arch, as an act of penance. When deities are taken on procession from one shrine to another, they would be followed by a number of these voluntary kavadi-bearers. In other towns and estates, kavadis would be carried for other festivals like 1319:

Institutionalized racism in economic policy by the government is a key economic challenge for Indians. Many state governments have a no-bin policy which indirectly implies that if a non-Malay applies for anything it will be rejected. According to the

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Currently Malaysian Indians representation in Malaysian politics is inadequate given there are no full ministers in the current coalition government of Pakatan Harapan. The sole Indian minister V.Sivakumar was dropped as part of a cabinet reshuffle.

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as well as Bengalis from eastern India and Punjabis from western India. The Tamil migrants were primarily from Tamil Nadu. These workers were distinct from the commercial and educated group of urban Indians, who were often Tamils, Telugus, Malayali,

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at Nangur, being famous for his abilities as a warrior, and that the lake was placed under the protection of the members of the Manikkiramam (which according to K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, was a merchant guild) living in the military camp.

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are at least four centuries posterior to the Sanskrit inscriptions, from which the early Tamils themselves were patronizers of the Sanskrit language. The Cherok Tokun Ancient Inscriptions were first documented by Colonel

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bottom rung of the income ladder. Despite the obvious need of the poor, Malaysian Indians are not eligible for any of Malaysia's affirmative-action programmes, which are reserved for Malays and select indigenous people.

1741:. Meals of rice with various vegetable and meat dishes along with other condiments are served on banana leaves in restaurants for lunch and dinner, and also in Indian households during special occasions. Mutton ( 1953:

Hinduism is the most practiced religion amongst the Tamils, including both the major Hindu and Tamil pantheon of deities. Tamils of both Indian and Sri Lankan backgrounds practice Hinduism. Vast majority of the

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in the 19th and early 20th century. Some, after the Kangani system ended in the early 20th century, also paid for their own passage to Malaya. These migrant workers were primarily Tamils (around 80%), with some

2407:. The Ruler Raja Ganga fled from his empire into the forests with his queen and an infant heir. Raja Ganga left traces of hideout on a nearby hill in form of artefacts on stones. All these inscriptions, both 1584:. They generally pay tribute to the contributions of the Indian community to the nation and are well received by Indians of all faiths. The heart-warming Deepavali commercials by the state petroleum company 2145:

celebrations. The venue of the Kuala Lumpur celebrations is a picturesque shrine right inside a cave that lies many feet above the ground, and can only be approached by a steep climb. This place, known as

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A number of Malaysian Indian immigrants are found in Australia, and they tended to be highly qualified and speak English fluently and were therefore highly employable. There is also a small community of

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for nearly a quarter of the Singapore population. The unskilled labour mainly work in Indian restaurants. There are also foreign spouses from the Indian Subcontinent who are married to local Indians.

1476: 2629: 891:. Selangor is the state with the most number of Indians in terms of absolute number whereas Negeri Sembilan is the state with the highest proportion of Malaysian Indians making up the population. 633:

who were of mixed Samvedic Brahmin, Goan and Portuguese descent also arrived. Their children already intermarried with Malay population, losing their ethnic identities. British acquisition of

527:– light coasting boats for local traffic, larger vessels of a more complicated structure and greater carrying capacity, and lastly the big ocean-going vessels that made the voyages to Malaya, 2403:

of the 4th century AD, thus proclaiming the Buddhist character of the shrine near the find-spot (site I) of which only the basement survives. The inscriptions are on three faces in

601:) in 1511, the Portuguese government encouraged their explorers to bring their married Indian women who were converted already to Roman Catholic Christianity, under a policy set by 407:

exerted a profound influence over Southeast Asia through trade, religious missions, wars and other forms of contact. Pre-colonial Malaysia was part of 'Indianised Kingdoms' such as

3582: 511:) during the 11th century conquering that country on behalf of one of its rulers who sought his protection and to have established him on the throne. The Cholas had a powerful 780:, etc. in search of better educational and economic opportunities meant that Indians continue to see their share of Malaysia's population decline just as is the case with the 2596:

Further challenges faced by the Indian community is religious conflict due to increasing Islamisation, and there were communal clashes between Indians and Malays such as the

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follow Hinduism as the main faith. Hinduism and Buddhism were brought to the Malay Peninsula from India around the 2nd century AD. The Indian-influenced kingdoms of Kadaram (

645:- the Straits Settlements from 1786 to 1824 started a steady inflow of Indian labour. This consisted of traders, policemen, plantation labourers and colonial soldiers (see 3156: 1968:. Many Sindhis also worship in Sikh Gurdwaras in Malaysia. Christianity is practiced by a minority of Tamil people. In Malaysia, most of the Indian Christians are either 1458:

which are multiracial parties with Indian representatives.However HINDRAF is dissolved as of 2019 by RoS and currently this ruling is being brought to court for hearing.

649:). Apart from this there was also substantial migration of Indians to work in the British colonial government, due to their general good command of the English language. 1267:

in plantations and urban middle class or upper middle class professionals. Many Indians are workers in plantations and attend Tamil language schools. Tamil language

5228: 3373: 1381:(Hindraf) was formed in 2007 to address alleged racial discrimination against Indian Malaysians. It was banned after it staged a large anti-government rally in 3270: 2776: 784:. Today, Malaysian Indians account for approximately 7 per cent of the total population of Malaysia (approx. 2 million) and 9 per cent in Singapore (450,000). 3614: 3189: 2593:

argued the NEP needs to be reformed as it is outdated, and replace it with a system that can help close the gap of poverty regardless of race and religion.

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A good number of Tamil inscriptions as well as Hindu and Buddhist icons emanating from South India have been found in Southeast Asia (and even in parts of

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The ancestral root of about 80% of Malaysian Indians is in the British Empire's Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala).

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restaurants and the recipes are closely guarded secrets. Unlike Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom and other Western countries which tend to focus on

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service and plantations left when British institutions and companies left the country. Since then, lower birth rates and emigration to countries like

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is the most popular festival celebrated by the Malayalee community and is usually observed in the month of August or September. They usually prepare

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community who are technically not Indian but often regarded as such by most Malaysians. Other Indian fringe parties include the pro-Barisan Nasional

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Indian influences could be seen on modern Malaysia as well as on traditional Malay culture. The diffusion of Indian culture includes the following:

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performers. The Temple of Fine Arts in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur is an academy that provides training in traditional Indian dance and music. The

419:. There is a possibility that the first wave of migration from India towards Southeast Asia happened during Asoka's invasion towards Kalinga and 342: 2945: 5183: 3951: 2180:, popularly known as the 'Festival of Lights', is another major Hindu festival which is celebrated by all Hindu communities. Tamils celebrate 5056: 4254: 426:

The Arab and Indian traders had travelled this region including the southern tip of South East Asia the peninsula with maritime trade, the

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arrived as "passenger Indians" much like in other British colonies. These urban Indians may be Hindus, Christians, Sikhs or Muslims. The

6713: 6867: 6861: 6037: 6032: 5687: 3461: 1480: 1615:, the Tamil classical dance of India, is an important feature of Tamil culture and is hence popular in Malaysia. Ramli Ibrahim and 1358: 5665: 1361:(PPP) is technically a multiracial party but its membership is overwhelmingly Indian. It is a member of the Barisan Nasional. The 671:

The establishment of the plantations and the need for mass labour led to an influx of Indian migrants working under the indenture

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in the world. In Malaysia, they represent the third-largest group, constituting 7% of the Malaysian population, after the ethnic

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possibly as early as 110 A.D, the earliest evidence of strong Indian influence which was once prevalent among the pre-Islamic

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Many Indians are also involved in business and trade, the majority of the privately owned businesses belong to the

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kingdoms. The early few Indians arrived and assimilated quickly into the local population through intermarriage.

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Lord Murugan was built at Batu Caves and was unveiled in January 2006, having taken three years to construct.

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It is also customary for major Malaysian corporations to produce television commercials in conjunction with

1369:(DAP) have a large Indian membership and have many Indian lawmakers. Both parties are members of the ruling 5956: 5064: 5042: 2266: 2166:. Some of the more rigid practitioners would bear spikes, spears, and hooks pierced into their bodies. The 1601:. Indian Malaysians have also made significant contributions to the Malaysian English theatre scene. Tamil 1402: 146: 6874: 652: 5736: 5003: 3206: 2384: 2352: 2043: 1414: 1374: 585:

and Singapore from 1926 to 1972. The vessel transported many Indian migrants between South India to then-

6888: 6585: 6570: 6174: 1357:(IPF), another Indian-based party, is affiliated with Barisan Nasional but is not a formal member. The 802: 3159:. Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. Archived from 6351: 6083: 5250: 5178: 4046: 2547: 1515: 1398: 1378: 1346: 491:(from the 9th to the 13th century CE). The trade relations the Tamil merchants had with the ports of 6838: 6068: 5966: 5695: 5673: 5654: 5214: 5013: 4942: 4144: 3955: 3480:"Indian overseas Population - Indians in Malaysia. Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin" 2597: 1640: 321:, and the indigenous groups of Malaysia. Most are descendants of those who migrated from India to 6843: 6144: 6132: 4917: 4863: 4164: 2794: 2415:

ones, relate to the activities of the people and rulers of the Tamil country of South India. The

1997: 1366: 1349:(MIC) is the oldest and largest Indian political party in Malaysia. It is a senior member of the 1305: 278: 166: 2203:, the Malayalee New Year which usually falls in the month of April or the month of Medam in the 1701:

as the Malaysian Indian diaspora is overwhelmingly Tamil, although some northern dishes such as

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mainly worked in the police force, while other northern Indians were involved in business. The

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who live alongside other Australians of ethnic Malaysian Chinese, Malay and European descent.

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is celebrated by most other Indian communities while the Punjabis call their harvest festival

6771: 6679: 6669: 6397: 6139: 5852: 5821: 5753: 5731: 5639: 5377: 5368: 5265: 4977: 4967: 4496: 4114: 4099: 4066: 3271:"Ensuring Effective Targeting of Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Low Income Malaysian Indians" 3045: 2553: 2388: 2067: 1268: 745: 602: 480: 314: 4957: 3969:

Dharani-fying the entire verse. The Pali version never seems to have had any specific title.

3888: 2713: 2688:"From Servitude to Underclass: The Empire's South Indian 'Coolies' in Postcolonial Malaysia" 456:) as a center for Buddhist scholars around 604 before it was overshadowed by the Sanjaya or 6821: 6781: 6694: 6637: 6249: 6159: 5991: 5951: 5825: 5619: 5280: 5270: 4982: 4962: 4927: 4134: 4081: 3831: 2739: 2307: 1698: 1694: 1504: 810: 764: 594: 559: 3926: 1263:

There are significant differences between Malaysian Indians who are part of the Malaysian

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which is a harvest festival usually held from 13–16 January. A similar festival known as

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and communication sector, either as labourers or as administrative and technical staff.

6652: 6632: 6558: 6482: 6409: 6382: 6330: 6254: 6207: 6179: 6073: 5880: 5301: 5260: 5126: 5121: 5116: 4848: 4843: 4833: 4109: 3870: 3689: 3645: 2839: 2601: 2204: 2196: 1989: 1955: 1689:(Mamak rojak) are Indian dishes unique to Malaysia. Nasi kandar is sold exclusively in 818: 710: 464: 442:. The kings welcomed Buddhist missionaries from India, accepting their teaching of the 338: 330: 262: 258: 150: 2399:. It is an inscribed stone bar, rectangular in shape, bears the ye-dharmma formula in 6776: 6731: 6726: 6664: 6647: 6595: 6546: 6503: 6487: 6466: 6461: 6429: 6404: 6392: 6366: 6264: 6222: 6197: 6078: 6063: 6017: 5986: 5976: 5915: 5905: 5790: 5785: 5773: 5741: 5614: 5296: 5275: 5018: 4783: 4734: 4716: 4444: 4281: 4212: 4002: 3985: 3807: 3780: 3753: 3656: 3399: 3133: 3106: 3008: 2953: 2900:"Sources of Income Growth and Inequality Across Ethnic Groups in Malaysia, 1970–2000" 2719: 2524: 2364: 2258: 2181: 1657: 1631:

is a traditional Indian wind instrument often played at Indian weddings in Malaysia.

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shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of Malaysia took stories from episodes of

2215:, a lunch feast consisting 16 to 24 vegetarian dishes (without onions and garlics). 1673:. The word 'Mamak' is sometimes erroneously used to describe any Indian restaurant. 384: 6751: 6736: 6600: 6551: 6530: 6508: 6419: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6318: 6259: 6217: 6098: 6088: 6051: 6022: 5961: 5811: 5768: 5746: 5726: 5582: 5572: 5485: 5136: 5131: 4873: 4868: 4753: 4526: 4429: 4266: 4187: 4076: 3862: 3433: 2919: 2914: 2831: 2590: 2535: 1702: 1649: 1406: 1350: 806: 736:

and Singapore was predominantly adult males who were single or with family back in

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The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins

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The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins

2816: 2600:, as well as protest over racial discrimination and temple demolitions during the 2249:

The festivals celebrated by Malaysian Indians who profess the Christian faith are

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people, played a huge role in Malacca's administration of the local ports such as

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itself. More recent notable Indian Malaysian artists with multiracial appeal are

1447: 1370: 1003: 492: 484: 457: 286: 274: 254: 158: 126: 86: 3088:(fifth printing ed.). Chennai: University of Madras. pp. 86 & 318. 2014: 325:

from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. Most Malaysian Indians are ethnic

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contains a rich number of Indian-influenced mythological characters, such as

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movie channel. The Malaysian Indian community is an important market for the

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Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1949). "Takuapa and its Tamil Inscription Part I.".

1761:, yoghurt and pickles are the usual condiments. Desserts and sweets include 447:

after Indian arrived in the peninsula is that after Kalinga conquered lower

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railways, though a significant proportion found employment on the docks in

756: 713:, Ceylonese and Christian Tamils may be involved in government and private 420: 282: 190: 98: 3613:(in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from 2777:"YPS: 40pc of Malaysian Indians still at bottom rung of the income ladder" 479:

since approximately 1700 years ago. Early contact between the kingdoms of

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Institutionalized racism and discrimination in government policy such as

2312: 2270: 1973: 1718: 1678: 1666: 1485: 852: 836: 660: 516: 42: 3693: 3677: 3188:. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. pp. 11, 62–81. Archived from 2126:

is on the ascendant. It is celebrated in grand style in the temples of,

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ancestry. They now form the fourth-largest group in Malaysia, after the

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is enormous. Indian cuisine has had a strong influence on traditional

1333: 6805: 5475: 4625: 4521: 4491: 2528: 2387:, Malay Peninsula. This refers to the trade relationship between the 2367:. It is a short inscription indicating that an artificial lake named 2360: 2254: 2177: 2171: 2107: 1981: 1943: 1778: 1742: 1738: 1581: 1570: 1562: 1538: 1212: 888: 773: 769: 741: 694: 656: 642: 555: 548: 508: 483:

and the Malay peninsula had been very close during the reigns of the

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Sandhu, Kernial Singh (30 January 2006). K S Sandhu; A Mani (eds.).

3866: 3374:"Why huge disparity in budget allocation for races, Lim asks Ismail" 1645: 5424: 5101: 5067: 4601: 2565: 2412: 2318: 2289: 2227: 2158:

One of the most significant rites performed is the carrying of the

1993: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1871: 1813: 1686: 1590: 1585: 1526: 1377:(PSM), a minor opposition party, has a strong Indian presence. The 1313: 1136: 965: 749: 722: 718: 702: 690: 686: 681: 598: 443: 206: 182: 142: 82: 6921: 2141:

In Kuala Lumpur, Thaipusam has become an almost national seat for

2098: 5762: 5567: 5523: 5429: 5245: 4606: 4469: 4456: 4397: 4159: 3531:"Malaysian Indians have dropped MIC, opt for multiracial parties" 3509:

Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American

2627: 2356: 2262: 2231: 2111: 2005: 1961: 1774: 1762: 1754: 1734: 1602: 1534: 1443: 1117: 984: 868: 698: 677: 606: 528: 222: 214: 3073:. Chicago: International Tamil Language Foundation. p. 877. 2301: 6313: 6234: 5448: 5409: 5106: 4887: 4650: 4586: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4367: 3353: 3059:

European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 7, Number 3 (2009)

3033:

The Indonesian Language: Its history and role in modern society

2817:"The Role of the State in Managing Ethnic Tensions in Malaysia" 2325: 2297: 2293: 2250: 2159: 1942:) practised Hinduism and Buddhism during the rule of the Malay- 1931: 1574: 1193: 1079: 1060: 1022: 884: 856: 826: 664: 638: 634: 630: 578: 540: 532: 353:. They are usually referred to simply as "Indians" in English, 266: 94: 1753:(curry with a thick gravy). Fried bitter gourd, banana chips, 1669:

restaurants and stalls refer to eateries owned and staffed by

523:. Three kinds of craft are distinguished by the author of the 5698: 5542: 5414: 4591: 4563: 4414: 4219: 4207: 4192: 2219: 2200: 2189: 2086: 1947: 1843: 1782: 1766: 1722: 1714: 1627:

drums are often played at religious and cultural events. The

1098: 1041: 946: 927: 872: 840: 760: 737: 706: 646: 472: 448: 393: 306: 198: 106: 102: 90: 3954:. Vinodh's Virtual Cyber Space. 2 April 2012. Archived from 3733:

Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines

3682:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3434:"GOPIO Announces Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Awards" 2980: 2375:

which is the name of an individual who possessed a military

570: 6826: 2552:

Among the notable people of Indian descent in Malaysia are

2425: 2376: 2355:). On the Malay Peninsula, inscriptions have been found at 2208: 2131: 2102:

Idols carried in procession during Thaipusam at Batu Caves.

1710: 1706: 439: 431: 31: 3678:"Diversity Among Indian Christians in Peninsular Malaysia" 3462:"Race-based affirmative action is failing poor Malaysians" 3035:. Sydney: University of South Wales Press Ltd. p. 73. 3007:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 135–136. 495:

led to the emergence of Indianised kingdoms like Kadaram (

3332: 3320: 2261:(mainly celebrated by Catholics). Indian Muslims observe 1438:

highest number of Malaysian Indians elected to parliament

1401:(PPM) which represents Malaysia's Punjabi community. The 879:

6.6% of the Malaysian population are Indians as of 2020.

3924: 3286: 3284: 1733:

in Malay and usually sold by mobile motorcycle vendors.

1709:

bread are common. Southern breakfast delicacies such as

1393:(KIMMA) is a party that represents the interests of the 1253:

Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.

341:. Malaysian Indians form the fifth-largest community of 2898:

Saari, M Yusof; Dietzenbacher, Erik; Los, Bart (2015).

2685: 2630:"Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2020 Group" 2428:- another ancient language of the Indian subcontinent. 777: 3706: 3505:"Malaysia Gets 16 Indian-Origin Members of Parliament" 3354:

Mark Bendeich; Clarence Fernandez (25 November 2007).

3224:

Azman, Suhaini (7 June 1990). "Breaking the pattern".

3207:"A Short History of Tamil Schools in Malaya/ Malaysia" 2983:"Marginalisation and the Indian Community in Malaysia" 1325:

of institutionalized discrimination, such as the NEP.

577:, operating her fortnightly "Straits Service" between 6886: 3735:. Manila: s.n. pp. 37, 38, 41, 43, 45–49, 51–57. 3308: 3296: 3281: 3251: 3132:. Inst of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 150–151. 3105:. Inst of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 149–150. 2897: 2732: 2174:

are usually accompanied by a fire-walking ceremony.

3398:"Chapter 16 - Achieving Growth with Distribution". 2718:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 4, 181–185. 2712:Watson Andaya, Barbara; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). 2711: 2310:was highly influenced by Indian epics, such as the 1241:

Non-citizens are excluded in figures and percentage

3832:"Malaysian Indian leader seeks affirmative action" 3726: 3724: 3722: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3151: 3149: 2347:Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world 2106:One of the biggest Hindu festivals in Malaysia is 1721:(spelled in Malaysia as 'thosai') are common. The 1432:held in 2018, sixteen Indians were elected to the 787: 415:, which formed part of a cultural region known as 373: 3062: 2893: 2891: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2276: 1697:, Indian cuisine in Malaysia is largely based on 1605:was started in Malaysia by pioneers like rappers 6934: 3608:"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" 3183:"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" 3069:International Tamil Language Foundation (2000). 3055: 3053: 2814: 1958:and Telugus in Malaysia also practice Hinduism. 5189:List of Malaysian sportspeople of Indian origin 3905: 3719: 3633: 3146: 3046:Sejarah SMA/MA Kls XI-Bahasa By H Purwanta, dkk 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2246:community also celebrated as Pongal by Tamils. 565: 460:. The most famous Kalingga ruler is Ratu Sima. 5184:List of Malaysian politicians of Indian origin 3927:"Malaysia 'must address issue of brain drain'" 3908:"Malaysian Indians: a disadvantaged community" 3356:"Indian protest rocks Malaysia ahead of polls" 3026: 3024: 2944:Navaratnam, Tan Sri Ramon (25 November 2020). 2888: 2643: 2614: 2383:An inscription dated 779 AD has been found in 1725:is a favourite breakfast dish in Tamil homes. 5681: 5343: 5050: 4045: 4031: 3925:Poorna Rodrigo; EK Heng NG (23 August 2017). 3050: 2866:Pusat Komas, Pusat Komas (24 November 2023). 2265:, the Muslim month of fasting; and celebrate 1930:The Indian community which mostly consist of 4001:(First Reprint ed.). ISEAS Publishing. 3651:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 2868:"Malaysia Racial Discrimination Report 2021" 2761: 2579: 2222:, the Telugu New Year which is based on the 2150:, is about eight miles from the city, and a 1656:The contribution of the Indian community to 547:, Syahbandar (Chief of Port) of Malacca and 3779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 225. 3752:. Cambridge University Press. p. 432. 3730: 3709:Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 3642: 3021: 2865: 2234:, the Sikh New Year which are based on the 5688: 5674: 5357: 5350: 5336: 5057: 5043: 4038: 4024: 3700: 3077: 3071:The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage 3005:The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India 2943: 2628:Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020). 2170:festival and festivals to the Tamil deity 1745:) is highly favoured and served as either 3851:"Whither Malaysia's New Economic Policy?" 3825: 3823: 3126:R. Rajoo (1985). Mohd. Taib Osman (ed.). 3099:R. Rajoo (1985). Mohd. Taib Osman (ed.). 3002: 2918: 1525:shows. India-based channels available in 1481:Lists of Tamil-language media in Malaysia 1385:in 2007. Hindraf's political wing is the 1282: 593:Following the Portuguese colonisation of 487:(from the 4th to the 9th century CE) and 392:. A Hindu-Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient 6877:of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean 4882: 4792: 3125: 3098: 2097: 2004:are often referred to as 'Mamaks' while 1644: 1484: 1477:Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian-Indian 1332: 1290: 862: 846: 830: 651: 569: 383: 6864:of France in the southwest Indian Ocean 3799: 3157:"Population by States and Ethnic Group" 3030: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2774: 867:Tangkak District Indian Association in 721:in money-lending or finance, while the 6935: 3994: 3829: 3820: 3675: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3257: 3083: 2686:Viswanathan Selvaratnam (1 May 2021). 1619:are two non-Indian Malaysians who are 729:may be in various kind of businesses. 463:There is evidence of the existence of 5669: 5331: 5038: 4019: 3456: 3454: 3349: 3347: 3238: 3223: 3092: 2981:Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed (2007). 2976: 2974: 2939: 2937: 2395:there is an inscription found by Dr. 2340: 2122:(January–February) when the asterism 2008:are known as 'Kakas' or 'Malabaris'. 16:Malaysian citizens of Indian ancestry 3998:Indian Communities in Southeast Asia 3952:"Ye Dhamma - The Verse of Causation" 3848: 3772: 3745: 3175: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2801: 2110:. Thaipusam is dedicated to the God 67:Regions with significant populations 3906:V. Suryanarayan (7 December 2007). 3803:A History of Kuala Lumpur 1856–1939 2992:. Nanyang Technological University. 1450:government. This is in addition to 759:many Indian men and women left for 13: 6943:Malaysian people of Indian descent 3451: 3344: 2971: 2934: 2815:M. Shamsul Haque (November 2003). 2658:Singapore Department of Statistics 1569:radio stations of the state-owned 62:of the Malaysian population (2020) 14: 6979: 3731:Arokiaswamy, Celine W.M. (2000). 3655:, 168, 169, 170, 171, & 175. 3647:Indians in Malaysia and Singapore 3580: 3414:from the original on 4 April 2006 2850: 2541: 2508: 1446:is a current ally to the present 1425:(DMIP) which has been dissolved. 1423:Democratic Malaysian Indian Party 434:were able to take control of the 423:'s expedition towards the South. 6920: 6908: 6896: 5921:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5697: 5066: 3830:Rajesh, Y.P. (6 December 2007). 3581:P, Ramasamy (13 December 2023). 3275:Centre for Public Policy Studies 3084:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2000) . 2078: 2060: 2042: 2027: 2013: 1391:Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress 589:as well as independent Malaysia. 41: 3978: 3944: 3918: 3899: 3889:"Ethnic strife shakes Malaysia" 3881: 3842: 3793: 3766: 3739: 3669: 3643:Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1970). 3600: 3574: 3548: 3523: 3497: 3472: 3426: 3391: 3366: 3263: 3232: 3217: 3199: 3119: 3039: 2996: 2114:which occurs on the day in the 796: 788:Third Wave: Contemporary period 507:sent an expedition to Kadaram ( 374:First Wave: Pre-colonial period 3556:"RoS Stumbling block for GE14" 2920:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.07.015 2787: 2705: 2679: 2556:, a prominent figure of early 2363:statues of Khao Phra Narai in 2277:Influence on Malaysian culture 1798:Religions of Indian Malaysians 1496:Satellite television provider 1419:Malaysian Indian Justice Party 1246: 1234: 452:sources mention this kingdom ( 1: 3401:Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 3239:Rajah, M (23 November 2013). 2990:RSIS Commentaries, (131/2007) 2824:American Behavioral Scientist 2692:Economic and Political Weekly 2607: 2525:Australians of Indian descent 2242:is an important festival for 1468:Media and the performing arts 1411:Malaysian Indian United Party 1296: 329:; smaller groups include the 4704:Peranakan Eropah (including 3676:Daniel, J. Rabindra (1992). 2747:Ministry of External Affairs 2574:Malaysian Indian politicians 2093: 1405:(MCC) represents Malaysia's 1403:Malaysian Ceylonese Congress 1258: 566:Second Wave: Colonial period 519:in the Indian Ocean and the 7: 6953:Indian diaspora in Malaysia 5153:Malaysian Indians in Penang 3849:Jomo, K. S. (Winter 1990). 3226:Far Eastern Economic Review 2651:"Census of Population 2010" 2517: 1788: 1521:broadcast locally produced 1421:(MIJP). There was also the 1415:Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party 1375:Socialist Party of Malaysia 1328: 10: 6984: 6948:Indian diaspora by country 5158:Malaysian Indians in Sabah 3003:Sadasivan, Balaji (2011). 2545: 2344: 1638: 1634: 1470: 1430:Malaysian general election 1359:People's Progressive Party 1248: 1236: 803:Malaysian Indian in Penang 800: 503:. Furthermore, Chola king 388:Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of 377: 368: 6958:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 6870:of France in the Americas 6856: 6839:Non-Resident Indian Award 6814: 6712: 6705: 6625: 6539: 6496: 6475: 6454: 6447: 6375: 6339: 6190: 6120: 6113: 6000: 5944: 5851: 5844: 5799: 5717: 5710: 5607: 5535: 5385: 5376: 5365: 5289: 5251:Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur 5238: 5210:Hindu temples in Malaysia 5197: 5179:List of Malaysian Indians 5171: 5145: 5094: 5079: 4916: 4898: 4818: 4733: 4690: 4562: 4455: 4307: 4294: 4173: 4090: 4075: 4064: 4053: 4047:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 3587:www.freemalaysiatoday.com 3560:www.freemalaysiatoday.net 2580:Challenges for the future 2548:List of Malaysian Indians 2230:, the Tamil New Year and 1921: 1913: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1399:Punjabi Party of Malaysia 1379:Hindu Rights Action Force 1347:Malaysian Indian Congress 907: 904: 899: 896: 732:The Indian population in 249: 244: 177: 172: 125: 120: 71: 66: 54: 49: 40: 29: 6968:India–Malaysia relations 6875:sui generis collectivity 5215:Malaysian Indian cuisine 4120:Negeri Sembilanese Malay 3937: 2836:10.1177/0002764203256186 2598:2001 Kampung Medan riots 2035:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 1641:Malaysian Indian Cuisine 1573:and the privately owned 1492:, performed in Malaysia. 1397:community. There is the 1355:Indian Progressive Front 1295:Workers in a plantation 6963:Immigration to Malaysia 6844:Non-Resident Indian Day 4188:Christmas Island Malays 3031:Sneddon, James (2003). 2775:Bernama (15 May 2015). 2401:South Indian characters 2085:Thirumurugan Temple in 1964:is practiced mainly by 1367:Democratic Action Party 1337:Headquarters of MIC in 734:pre-independence Malaya 279:Indians in South Africa 6815:Other related articles 5359:Ethnic groups in Sabah 5220:Malaysian Tamil cinema 5095:Ethnolinguistic groups 5088:Person of India Origin 3800:Gullick, J.M. (2000). 3241:"Unite as a community" 2405:Pallava Grantha script 2308:Early Malay literature 2218:The Telugus celebrate 2103: 1992:Christians are either 1988:. The majority of the 1653: 1621:Indian classical dance 1493: 1473:Malaysian Tamil Cinema 1440:in Malaysian history. 1417:(MMSP) and the latest 1363:People's Justice Party 1342: 1300: 1283:Economy and employment 876: 860: 844: 668: 590: 401: 32: 5911:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5290:Related ethnic groups 5266:Little India, Malacca 3378:freemalaysiatoday.com 2715:A History of Malaysia 2554:K. Thamboosamy Pillay 2101: 2068:Kapitan Keling Mosque 1648: 1639:Further information: 1549:movie channels while 1490:Tamil classical dance 1488: 1336: 1294: 866: 850: 834: 655: 603:Afonso de Albuquerque 573: 438:and part of southern 387: 245:Related ethnic groups 6868:Overseas departments 6822:South Asian diaspora 6435:United Arab Emirates 5281:Sentul, Kuala Lumpur 5271:Little India, Penang 4958:China/Taiwan Chinese 3773:Jupp, James (2001). 3746:Jupp, James (2001). 3129:Malaysian World-view 3102:Malaysian World-view 2267:Hari Raya Aidilfitri 1938:), and Ilangosagam ( 1699:South Indian cuisine 1695:North Indian cuisine 1541:. Thanga Thirai and 811:Malaysian Malayalees 765:Indian National Army 613:. These people were 33:Orang India Malaysia 6862:overseas department 5936:U.S. Virgin Islands 5931:Trinidad and Tobago 5317:Indians in Thailand 5312:Indian Singaporeans 5256:Dhoby Ghaut, Penang 4918:Foreign ethnicities 4301:Indigenous peoples) 3329:, pp. 172–173. 3195:on 5 February 2013. 3163:on 12 February 2016 2436: 2359:, not far from the 2271:Hari Raya Aidiladha 1508:television channels 1322:Ninth Malaysia Plan 823:Malaysian Gujaratis 623:Bombay East Indians 465:Indianised kingdoms 251:Indian Singaporeans 78:Peninsular Malaysia 26: 5871:Dominican Republic 5302:Indian Indonesians 5261:Little India, Ipoh 5163:Indians in Sarawak 5122:Malaysian Malayali 5117:Malaysian Gujarati 4859:Indians in Sarawak 4150:Terengganuan Malay 3562:. 24 November 2017 3341:, p. 173–175. 2749:. 24 November 2023 2667:on 16 October 2016 2602:2007 HINDRAF rally 2532:external territory 2435: 2417:Tamil inscriptions 2341:Language and names 2205:Malayalam calendar 2104: 1654: 1494: 1387:Human Rights Party 1343: 1301: 1273:Federal Government 1271:are funded by the 877: 861: 845: 819:Punjabi Malaysians 669: 591: 560:Malaccan Sultanate 411:, Kadaram and the 402: 303:Malaysian citizens 263:Malaysian Malayali 259:Indian Indonesians 24: 6884: 6883: 6852: 6851: 6621: 6620: 6443: 6442: 6109: 6108: 5840: 5839: 5663: 5662: 5630:Malaysian Indians 5615:Malaysian Chinese 5603: 5602: 5325: 5324: 5276:Paya Besar, Kedah 5127:Malaysian Punjabi 5073:Malaysian Indians 5032: 5031: 4894: 4893: 4814: 4813: 4784:Penangite Chinese 4729: 4728: 4686: 4685: 4290: 4289: 4145:Selangorian Malay 4110:Kelantanese Malay 3990:978-981-4519-03-8 3662:978-0-19-218184-8 3228:. pp. 19–21. 2950:The Straits Times 2907:World Development 2740:"Indian Diaspora" 2506: 2505: 2365:Southern Thailand 2168:Chittirai Paruvam 2164:Chittirai Paruvam 2050:St. Anne's Church 2006:Malayalee Muslims 1998:Syrian Christians 1926: 1925: 1658:Malaysian cuisine 1500:provides several 1254: 1242: 1230: 1229: 815:Malaysian Telugus 715:white-collar work 537:Malacca Sultanate 295:Malaysian Indians 292: 291: 25:Malaysian Indians 6975: 6925: 6924: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6714:Ethnic diasporas 6710: 6709: 6452: 6451: 6118: 6117: 6033:British Columbia 5849: 5848: 5715: 5714: 5702: 5701: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5583:Peninsula Malays 5383: 5382: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5297:Bruneian Indians 5137:Tamil Malaysians 5132:Malaysian Telugu 5071: 5070: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5036: 5035: 4888:Peranakan Chitty 4880: 4879: 4854:Indians in Sabah 4839:Penangite Indian 4790: 4789: 4305: 4304: 4165:Sarawakian Malay 4088: 4087: 4073: 4072: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3958:on 20 March 2012 3948: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3895:. 18 March 2001. 3885: 3879: 3878: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3650: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2848: 2847: 2821: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2772: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2666: 2660:. Archived from 2655: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2591:Ramon Navaratnam 2572:, all prominent 2536:Christmas Island 2437: 2434: 2138:for three days. 2082: 2064: 2046: 2031: 2017: 1795: 1794: 1737:is made to mark 1703:tandoori chicken 1650:Banana leaf rice 1514:and state-owned 1407:Sri Lankan Tamil 1351:Barisan Nasional 1306:Sri Lanka Tamils 1298: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1233: 894: 893: 851:Little India in 835:Little India in 807:Tamil Malaysians 755:However, during 748:in the state of 505:Rajendra Chola I 343:Overseas Indians 151:Indian languages 116:(20,483 in 2010) 50:Total population 45: 35: 27: 23: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6848: 6810: 6701: 6617: 6535: 6492: 6471: 6439: 6371: 6335: 6186: 6105: 6084:Punjabi Mexican 5996: 5940: 5836: 5795: 5706: 5704:Indian diaspora 5696: 5694: 5664: 5659: 5625:Arab Malaysians 5599: 5531: 5491:Bruneian Malays 5387: 5372: 5361: 5356: 5326: 5321: 5307:Indian Filipino 5285: 5234: 5193: 5172:Notable peoples 5167: 5141: 5112:Kristang people 5090: 5086: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5033: 5028: 4919: 4912: 4901:(non-Peranakan) 4900: 4890: 4878: 4822: 4810: 4788: 4737: 4725: 4722:Peranakan Turki 4682: 4558: 4451: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4286: 4169: 4125:Penangite Malay 4079: 4060: 4049: 4044: 4009: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3904: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867:10.2307/2759912 3855:Pacific Affairs 3847: 3843: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3641: 3634: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3237: 3233: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3001: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2942: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2851: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2615: 2610: 2582: 2550: 2544: 2520: 2511: 2391:and Malaya. In 2349: 2343: 2279: 2240:Makar Sankranti 2186:Makar Sankranti 2096: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2037:in Kuala Lumpur 2032: 2023: 2018: 1928: 1927: 1919: 1906: 1893: 1878: 1863: 1850: 1835: 1820: 1791: 1749:(dry curry) or 1643: 1637: 1483: 1465: 1448:Pakatan Harapan 1373:coalition. The 1371:Pakatan Harapan 1353:coalition. The 1331: 1285: 1269:primary schools 1261: 1004:Negeri Sembilan 829: 801:Main articles: 799: 790: 763:as part of the 659:Celebration in 627:Marathi descent 621:Catholics) and 568: 485:Pallava dynasty 458:Mataram Kingdom 382: 376: 371: 299:Indo-Malaysians 287:Indo-Mauritians 275:Indo-Caribbeans 255:Burmese Indians 189: 185: 181: 127:Malaysian Tamil 110: 87:Negeri Sembilan 58: 36: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6981: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6930: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Indo-Caribbean 6588: 6581:United Kingdom 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245:Jawi Peranakan 6242: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6124: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Indo-Caribbean 6066: 6061: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5608:Non-Bumiputera 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5507:Molbog/Balabak 5505: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5239:Ethnic enclave 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4899:Mixed ancestry 4896: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4800:Peranakan Cina 4796: 4794: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717:Peranakan Siam 4714: 4712:Jawi Peranakan 4709: 4702: 4700:Peranakan Arab 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4579: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4331: 4326: 4315: 4313: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4272:Burmese Malays 4269: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4155:Bruneian Malay 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135:Perlisan Malay 4132: 4130:Perakian Malay 4127: 4122: 4117: 4115:Malaccan Malay 4112: 4107: 4102: 4100:Johorean Malay 4096: 4094: 4085: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4008:978-9812304186 4007: 3992: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3917: 3898: 3880: 3861:(4): 469–499. 3841: 3819: 3812: 3792: 3785: 3765: 3758: 3738: 3718: 3699: 3688:(262): 71–88. 3668: 3661: 3632: 3620:on 22 May 2014 3599: 3573: 3547: 3535:www.nst.com.my 3522: 3496: 3471: 3468:. 18 May 2017. 3450: 3425: 3390: 3365: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3317:, p. 167. 3307: 3305:, p. 166. 3295: 3293:, p. 162. 3280: 3262: 3260:, p. 375. 3250: 3231: 3216: 3198: 3174: 3145: 3139:978-9971988128 3138: 3118: 3112:978-9971988128 3111: 3091: 3076: 3061: 3049: 3038: 3020: 3014:978-9814311670 3013: 2995: 2970: 2933: 2887: 2849: 2830:(3): 240–266. 2800: 2786: 2781:The Malay Mail 2760: 2731: 2724: 2704: 2678: 2642: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2581: 2578: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2542:Notable people 2540: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509:Infrastructure 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2489: 2488:variety/ like 2486: 2483: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2397:Quaritch Wales 2373:nangur-Udaiyan 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2323: 2305: 2286:Malay folklore 2278: 2275: 2259:All Souls' Day 2236:solar calendar 2224:lunar calendar 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2054:Bukit Mertajam 2048: 2041: 2039: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2012: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1858:Other Religion 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1671:Indian Muslims 1636: 1633: 1613:Bharata Natyam 1565:. There are 2- 1561:film industry 1512:Astro Vaanavil 1436:. This is the 1330: 1327: 1284: 1281: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1243: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 962: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 943: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 924: 923: 920: 917: 914: 910: 909: 906: 902: 901: 898: 798: 795: 789: 786: 673:Kangani system 625:(Catholics of 615:Goan Catholics 587:British Malaya 567: 564: 398:Kedahan Malays 378:Main article: 375: 372: 370: 367: 361:" in Chinese. 323:British Malaya 290: 289: 247: 246: 242: 241: 231:Zoroastrianism 175: 174: 170: 169: 123: 122: 118: 117: 69: 68: 64: 63: 52: 51: 47: 46: 38: 37: 30: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6980: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6772:South Indians 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Bengali Hindu 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676:New Caledonia 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6052:United States 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001:Anglo-America 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:French Guiana 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945:Latin America 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395:Kadazan-Dusun 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388:(Anak Negeri) 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Buntong, Ipoh 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5225:Tamil schools 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:East Timorese 4961: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4804: 4802:(Baba-Nyonya) 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4572:Kadazan-Dusun 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4344:Orang Seletar 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Patani Malays 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Kedahan Malay 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3970: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3813:9789679948158 3809: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3786:9780521807890 3782: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3761: 3759:9780521807890 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3511:. 15 May 2018 3510: 3506: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3466:The Economist 3463: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2727: 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1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Indian Muslim 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1335: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:working class 1251: 1250: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 915: 912: 911: 903: 895: 892: 890: 886: 880: 874: 870: 865: 858: 854: 849: 842: 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147:Melayu Chetty 144: 140: 136: 133:(majority) • 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 114: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 79: 75: 70: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 39: 34: 28: 19: 6834:Little India 6801:Anglo-Indian 6685:Maori-Indian 6670:South Indian 6425:Saudi Arabia 6229: 6056: 6013:Anglo-Indian 5822:South Africa 5578:Cocos Malays 5444:Orang Sungai 5367: 5081: 5072: 5014:Singaporeans 4920:/expatriates 4819: 4646:Orang Sungai 4183:Cocos Malays 4174: 4140:Pahang Malay 4091: 4065: 4055: 3997: 3979:Bibliography 3967: 3960:. 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Retrieved 2595: 2583: 2562:Karpal Singh 2558:Kuala Lumpur 2551: 2521: 2512: 2494: 2480: 2466: 2452: 2430: 2404: 2382: 2372: 2368: 2350: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2311: 2280: 2248: 2217: 2212: 2194: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2142: 2140: 2136:Kuala Lumpur 2123: 2119: 2105: 1960: 1952: 1929: 1829:Christianity 1750: 1746: 1729:is known as 1726: 1683:maggi goreng 1655: 1611: 1607:Chakra Sonic 1579: 1543:Velli Thirai 1495: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1442: 1434:Dewan Rakyat 1427: 1383:Kuala Lumpur 1344: 1339:Kuala Lumpur 1318: 1311: 1302: 1286: 1277: 1262: 1247: 1235: 1175:Kuala Lumpur 881: 878: 797:Demographics 791: 757:World War II 754: 731: 670: 592: 574: 524: 462: 453: 425: 421:Samudragupta 403: 363: 358: 354: 298: 294: 293: 283:Indo-Fijians 234: 226: 218: 210: 202: 194: 191:Christianity 186: 178: 111: 99:Kuala Lumpur 72: 59: 55: 21:Ethnic group 18: 6782:In the Gulf 6680:New Zealand 6576:Switzerland 6571:Netherlands 6304:Philippines 6128:Afghanistan 6058:by location 5916:Saint Lucia 5635:Indonesians 5558:Sino-Native 4943:Bangladeshi 4806:Sino-Native 4339:Orang Kuala 4329:Orang Kanaq 4319:Proto-Malay 4245:Minangkabau 4224:Bugis-Malay 4175:Anak Dagang 3592:14 December 3566:13 December 3489:12 December 3443:12 December 3383:12 December 3339:Sandhu 2006 3327:Sandhu 2006 3315:Sandhu 2006 3303:Sandhu 2006 3291:Sandhu 2006 3258:Sandhu 2006 3167:12 February 2913:: 311–328. 2880:23 November 2753:24 November 2371:was dug by 2353:south China 2334:Mahabharata 2313:Mahabharata 2128:George Town 2116:Tamil month 2072:George Town 1974:Pentecostal 1887:No Religion 1679:nasi kandar 1389:(HRP). The 922:Proportion 916:Proportion 900:Population 853:Melaka City 837:Johor Bahru 752:that year. 661:Balik Pulau 581:to Penang, 554:, a famous 552:Tun Mutahir 517:naval fleet 501:Langkasugam 357:in Malay, " 355:Orang India 311:South Asian 145:(creole) • 81:(mostly in 6937:Categories 6213:Klingalese 6140:Bangladesh 5906:Martinique 5881:Guadeloupe 5769:Seychelles 5754:Mozambique 5732:Madagascar 5645:Pakistanis 5536:Non-native 5498:Lun Bawang 5461:Sama-Bajau 5378:Bumiputera 5205:Cathedrals 5083:Malaysians 5024:Vietnamese 4978:Indonesian 4864:Sri Lankan 4668:Sama-Bajau 4636:Lun Bawang 4512:Lun Bawang 4445:Semaq Beri 4334:Orang Laut 4309:Peninsular 4296:Orang Asal 4213:Mandailing 4067:Bumiputera 4057:Malaysians 2963:1 December 2926:29 January 2671:4 February 2608:References 2570:Samy Vellu 2529:Australian 2199:celebrate 2197:Malayalees 2148:Batu Caves 2021:Batu Caves 1956:Malayalees 1946:and Tamil- 1940:Langkasuka 1771:mysore pak 1731:putu mayam 1675:Roti canai 1629:nadaswaram 1617:Mavin Khoo 1471:See also: 1365:(PKR) and 1156:Terengganu 711:Malayalees 583:Port Klang 531:, and the 481:Tamilakkam 436:Peninsular 359:Yin du ren 331:Malayalees 187:Minorities 74:West coast 6806:Chindians 6777:Malayalis 6633:Australia 6352:Hong Kong 6309:Singapore 6218:Mardijker 6208:Indonesia 6191:Southeast 6160:Sri Lanka 6038:Vancouver 5992:Venezuela 5952:Argentina 5853:Caribbean 5800:Elsewhere 5737:Mauritius 5719:Southeast 5640:Filipinos 5563:Banjarese 5420:Mangka'ak 5146:By states 5009:Pakistani 4908:Chindians 4883:Peranakan 4793:Peranakan 4764:Hainanese 4754:Cantonese 4719:(Sam-Sam) 4692:Peranakan 4597:Mangka'ak 4492:Orang Ulu 4430:Cheq Wong 4267:Sundanese 4235:Baweanese 4203:Banjarese 4092:Anak Jati 3912:The Hindu 3484:nriol.com 3438:nriol.com 2958:0585-3923 2875:komas.org 2495:(தொப்பி) 2467:(கப்பல்) 2422:James Low 2361:Vishnuite 2255:Christmas 2226:; unlike 2178:Deepavali 2172:Mariamman 2108:Thaipusam 2094:Festivals 1990:Malayalee 1982:Methodist 1944:Srivijaya 1936:Old Kedah 1779:Adhirasam 1743:goat meat 1739:Deepavali 1727:Idiyappam 1599:Alleycats 1582:Deepavali 1575:THR Raaga 1571:Minnal FM 1563:Kollywood 1551:Astro B4U 1539:Chutti TV 1505:satellite 1314:Chettiars 1259:Education 1213:Putrajaya 889:Singapore 774:Australia 770:Singapore 742:Sri Lanka 695:Gujaratis 682:Malayalis 657:Thaipusam 643:Singapore 575:SS Rajula 556:Bendahara 549:Bendahara 509:Srivijaya 497:Old Kedah 477:Srivijaya 430:kings of 428:Sailendra 413:Majapahit 409:Srivijaya 271:Chindians 163:Malayalam 121:Languages 113:Singapore 56:2,019,600 6903:Malaysia 6732:Kashmiri 6727:Gujarati 6706:See also 6665:Gujarati 6638:Malayali 6596:Gujarati 6526:Portugal 6497:Southern 6476:Northern 6326:Thailand 6250:Malayali 6240:Gujarati 6230:Malaysia 6203:Cambodia 6165:Bharatha 6155:Pakistan 6145:Maldives 6074:Gujarati 5926:Suriname 5861:Barbados 5845:Americas 5832:Zimbabwe 5807:Botswana 5781:Tanzania 5655:Bengalis 5620:Timorese 5553:Butonese 5548:Javanese 5515:Bulungan 5454:Tambanuo 5425:Maragang 5102:Chindian 4995:(former) 4988:Japanese 4968:Filipino 4952:Rohingya 4937:Hadhrami 4849:Malayali 4834:Gujarati 4706:Kristang 4656:Tambanuo 4602:Maragang 4425:Mah Meri 4311:Malaysia 4240:Makassar 4230:Javanese 4198:Acehnese 3962:13 April 3694:41493199 3418:23 March 3409:Archived 3245:The Star 2844:53021386 2566:V. David 2518:Diaspora 2446:English 2413:Sanskrit 2330:Ramayana 2319:Ramayana 2316:and the 2290:Bidadari 2228:Puthandu 1994:Catholic 1986:Lutheran 1978:Anglican 1970:Catholic 1966:Punjabis 1872:Buddhism 1814:Hinduism 1803:Religion 1789:Religion 1687:pasembur 1591:Reshmonu 1586:Petronas 1527:Malaysia 1413:(MIUP), 1329:Politics 1185:163,000 1179:156,316 1147:712,000 1141:679,130 1137:Selangor 1071:166,000 1065:153,472 1052:293,300 1046:281,688 1014:154,000 1008:146,214 966:Kelantan 957:143,200 951:136,482 938:230,700 932:217,058 750:Selangor 723:Vellalar 719:Chettiar 703:Marwaris 691:Bengalis 687:Punjabis 599:Malaysia 525:Periplus 513:merchant 467:such as 444:Mahayana 349:and the 339:Punjabis 207:Buddhism 183:Hinduism 173:Religion 153:such as 149:• Other 143:Manglish 83:Selangor 6927:Society 6889:Portals 6794:Telugus 6752:Punjabi 6737:Mirpuri 6690:Punjabi 6643:Punjabi 6626:Oceania 6601:Punjabi 6559:Germany 6540:Western 6483:Finland 6455:Eastern 6410:Lebanon 6383:Bahrain 6331:Vietnam 6287:Myanmar 6280:Sarawak 6255:Punjabi 6133:Punjabi 6079:Punjabi 6064:Bengali 6045:Toronto 6018:Punjabi 5987:Uruguay 5901:Jamaica 5895:Marabou 5876:Grenada 5763:Malbars 5759:Réunion 5568:Bidayuh 5524:Kedayan 5435:Rumanau 5430:Minokok 5400:Kadazan 5369:Sabahan 5198:Culture 4983:Iranian 4948:Burmese 4928:African 4844:Punjabi 4779:Henghua 4774:Foochow 4769:Teochew 4749:Hokkien 4735:Chinese 4631:Illanun 4612:Rumanau 4607:Minokok 4577:Kadazan 4547:Melanau 4538:Others 4502:Kelabit 4475:Bukitan 4470:Bidayuh 4457:Sarawak 4440:Jah Hut 4398:Mendriq 4351:Semelai 4282:Siamese 4250:Kerinci 4160:Kedayan 3875:2759912 3836:Reuters 3624:17 June 3360:Reuters 2635:15 July 2527:on the 2465:Kappal 2357:Takuapa 2294:Jentayu 2263:Ramadan 2232:Vasakhi 2152:chariot 2112:Murugan 1962:Sikhism 1918: 1914:Unknown 1905: 1892: 1877: 1862: 1849: 1834: 1819: 1808:Percent 1775:Murukku 1763:payasam 1755:papadam 1751:peratal 1747:varuval 1735:Murukku 1635:Cuisine 1603:hip hop 1535:Jaya TV 1444:HINDRAF 1428:In the 1249:^Note B 1237:^Note A 1118:Sarawak 1109:12,200 1033:66,300 1027:63,065 995:51,400 989:49,037 985:Malacca 869:Tangkak 782:Chinese 699:Sindhis 678:Telugus 631:Kuparis 619:Konkani 607:Viceroy 605:, then 595:Malacca 558:of the 529:Sumatra 369:History 351:Chinese 335:Telugus 319:Chinese 223:Jainism 215:Sikhism 155:Punjabi 135:English 6789:Tamils 6767:Sindhi 6762:Romani 6653:Sindhi 6606:Sindhi 6586:London 6547:France 6504:Cyprus 6488:Sweden 6467:Russia 6462:Poland 6448:Europe 6430:Turkey 6405:Kuwait 6393:Israel 6367:Taiwan 6314:Chitty 6270:Penang 6265:Telugu 6235:Chitty 6198:Brunei 6180:Telugu 6170:Chetty 6099:Telugu 6089:Sindhi 6023:Sindhi 6008:Canada 5977:Panama 5972:Mexico 5957:Brazil 5886:Guyana 5866:Belize 5791:Zambia 5786:Uganda 5742:Bihari 5711:Africa 5528:Subpan 5519:Iranun 5511:Bisaya 5503:Rungus 5481:Tidung 5476:Ida'an 5449:Dumpas 5410:Kwijau 5386:Native 5107:Chitty 5004:Nepali 4999:Korean 4993:Jewish 4973:Indian 4874:Telugu 4820:Indian 4678:Tidong 4663:Rungus 4651:Dumpas 4626:Ida'an 4621:Bisaya 4587:Kwijau 4552:Miriek 4542:Bisaya 4527:Sa'ban 4507:Kenyah 4485:Selako 4435:Temiar 4403:Mintil 4393:Kintaq 4388:Kensiu 4368:Semang 4361:Temuan 4299:(Other 4005: 3988: 3873: 3810: 3783: 3756: 3692: 3659: 3540:7 June 3515:7 June 3136: 3109: 3086:Cholas 3011: 2956: 2842: 2722: 2698:(18). 2560:, and 2493:Toppi 2485:bagai 2481:(வகை) 2479:Vagai 2471:kapal 2457:kedai 2453:(கடை) 2451:Kadai 2443:Malay 2440:Tamil 2326:Wayang 2298:Garuda 2251:Easter 2244:Telugu 2213:Sadhya 2182:Pongal 2160:kavadi 2143:Poosam 2124:Poosam 1932:Tamils 1625:urumee 1597:, and 1531:Sun TV 1479:, and 1194:Labuan 1188:10.1% 1182:10.3% 1166:3,000 1160:2,397 1150:13.2% 1144:13.5% 1128:7,900 1122:7,411 1103:7,453 1090:3,100 1084:2,745 1080:Perlis 1074:10.6% 1068:10.4% 1061:Penang 1055:12.2% 1049:12.3% 1023:Pahang 1017:14.9% 1011:15.2% 976:4,800 970:3,849 919:Total 913:Total 897:State 885:Penang 857:Melaka 827:Chitty 825:, and 746:Malays 717:, the 693:. The 689:, and 667:. 1937 665:Penang 647:sepoys 641:, and 639:Melaka 635:Penang 579:Madras 541:Chitty 539:, the 533:Ganges 499:) and 493:Malaya 471:, Old 454:Holing 347:Malays 327:Tamils 315:Malays 307:Indian 267:Chitty 239:Baháʼí 235:· 233: 227:· 225: 219:· 217: 211:· 209: 203:· 201: 195:· 193: 167:others 159:Telugu 95:Penang 6915:Tamil 6756:Sikhs 6695:Tamil 6648:Tamil 6611:Tamil 6564:Tamil 6552:Tamil 6531:Spain 6521:Malta 6514:Tamil 6509:Italy 6420:Qatar 6362:Korea 6357:Japan 6347:China 6319:Tamil 6297:Tamil 6275:Sabah 6260:Tamil 6223:Tamil 6175:Tamil 6150:Nepal 6121:South 6094:Tamil 6028:Tamil 5962:Chile 5891:Haiti 5826:Tamil 5817:Ghana 5812:Egypt 5774:Tamil 5747:Tamil 5727:Kenya 5650:Sikhs 5590:Dayak 5573:Malay 5543:Bugis 5486:Malay 5471:Suluk 5466:Murut 5415:Lotud 5405:Dusun 4869:Tamil 4759:Hakka 4673:Suluk 4641:Murut 4592:Lotud 4582:Dusun 4564:Sabah 4522:Punan 4517:Penan 4497:Kayan 4465:Dayak 4420:Semai 4415:Senoi 4383:Jahai 4378:Lanoh 4373:Batek 4356:Temoq 4324:Jakun 4220:Bugis 4208:Batak 4193:Chams 4077:Malay 3938:Notes 3871:JSTOR 3690:JSTOR 3630:p. 82 3618:(PDF) 3611:(PDF) 3412:(PDF) 3405:(PDF) 3211:GRFDT 3193:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 2986:(PDF) 2903:(PDF) 2871:(PDF) 2840:S2CID 2820:(PDF) 2743:(PDF) 2665:(PDF) 2654:(PDF) 2499:topi 2474:ship 2460:shop 2409:Tamil 2385:Ligor 2220:Ugadi 2201:Vishu 2190:Lohri 2087:Tawau 1984:, or 1948:Chola 1922:0.01% 1909:0.04% 1896:0.05% 1844:Islam 1823:86.2% 1783:Puttu 1767:halva 1759:rasam 1723:appam 1715:vadai 1667:Mamak 1567:Tamil 1559:Tamil 1555:Hindi 1553:is a 1547:Tamil 1523:Tamil 1502:Tamil 1498:Astro 1226:1.0% 1220:1.5% 1207:0.9% 1201:0.9% 1169:0.3% 1163:0.2% 1131:0.3% 1125:0.3% 1112:0.5% 1106:0.3% 1099:Sabah 1093:1.3% 1087:1.2% 1042:Perak 1036:4.3% 1030:4.4% 998:6.2% 992:6.2% 979:0.3% 973:0.3% 960:7.2% 954:7.3% 947:Kedah 941:7.0% 935:7.1% 928:Johor 908:2015 905:2010 873:Johor 841:Johor 761:Burma 738:India 707:Sikhs 611:India 535:. 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